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Munir M, Embry A, Doench JG, Heaton NS, Wilen CB, Orchard RC. Genome-wide CRISPR activation screen identifies JADE3 as an antiviral activator of NF-kB-dependent IFITM3 expression. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107153. [PMID: 38462163 PMCID: PMC11001640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system features a web of interacting pathways that require exquisite regulation. To identify novel nodes in this immune landscape, we conducted a gain-of-function, genome-wide CRISPR activation screen with influenza A virus. We identified both appreciated and novel antiviral genes, including Jade family PHD zinc finger 3 (JADE3) a protein involved in directing the histone acetyltransferase histone acetyltransferase binding to ORC1 complex to modify chromatin and regulate transcription. JADE3 is both necessary and sufficient to restrict influenza A virus infection. Our results suggest a distinct function for JADE3 as expression of the closely related paralogs JADE1 and JADE2 does not confer resistance to influenza A virus infection. JADE3 is required for both constitutive and inducible expression of the well-characterized antiviral gene interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3). Furthermore, we find JADE3 activates the NF-kB signaling pathway, which is required for the promotion of IFITM3 expression by JADE3. Therefore, we propose JADE3 activates an antiviral genetic program involving NF-kB-dependent IFITM3 expression to restrict influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiz Munir
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aaron Embry
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Xu T, Zeng L, Liu F, Huang X, Liu Q. Interactions among microorganisms open up a new world for anti-infectious therapy. FEBS J 2024; 291:1615-1631. [PMID: 36527169 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome, containing bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is a community that coexists peacefully with humans most of the time, but with the potential to cause disease under certain conditions. When the environment changes or certain stimuli are received, microbes may interact with each other, causing or increasing the severity of disease in a host. With the appropriate methods, we can make these microbiota work for us, creating new applications for human health. This review discusses the wide range of interactions between microorganisms that result in an increase in susceptibility to, severity of, and mortality of diseases, and also briefly introduces how microorganisms interact with each other directly or indirectly. The study of microbial interactions and their mechanisms has revealed a new world of treatments for infectious disease. The regulation of the balance between intestinal flora, the correct application of probiotics, and the development of effective drugs by symbiosis all demonstrate the great contributions of the microbiota to human health and its powerful potential value. Consequently, the study of interactions between microorganisms plays an essential role in identifying the causes of diseases and the development of treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejia Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Hanchi Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Fadi Liu
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaotian Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, China
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3
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Munir M, Embry A, Doench JG, Heaton NS, Wilen CB, Orchard RC. Genome-wide CRISPR activation screen identifies JADE3 as an antiviral activator of NF-kB. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560128. [PMID: 37808733 PMCID: PMC10557722 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system features a web of interacting pathways that require exquisite regulation. To identify novel nodes in this immune landscape we conducted a gain of function, genome-wide CRISPR activation screen with influenza A virus. We identified both appreciated and novel antiviral genes, including JADE3 a protein involved in directing the histone acetyltransferase HBO1 complex to modify chromatin and regulate transcription. JADE3 is both necessary and sufficient to restrict influenza A virus infection. Interestingly, expression of the closely related paralogues JADE1 and JADE2 are unable to restrict influenza A virus infection, suggesting a distinct function of JADE3. We identify both shared and unique transcriptional signatures between uninfected cells expressing JADE3 and JADE2. These data provide a framework for understanding the overlapping and distinct functions of the JADE family of paralogues. Specifically, we find that JADE3 expression activates the NF-kB signaling pathway, consistent with an antiviral function. Therefore, we propose JADE3, but not JADE1 or JADE2, activates an antiviral genetic program involving the NF-kB pathway to restrict influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiz Munir
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aaron Embry
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John G. Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert C. Orchard
- Departments of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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4
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Yedlapati SH, Mendu A, Tummala VR, Maganti SS, Nasir K, Khan SU. Vaccines and cardiovascular outcomes: lessons learned from influenza epidemics. Eur Heart J Suppl 2023; 25:A17-A24. [PMID: 36937374 PMCID: PMC10021491 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world and is largely preventable. An increasing amount of evidence suggests that annual influenza vaccination reduces CVD-related morbidity and mortality. Despite various clinical guidelines recommending annual influenza vaccination for the general population for influenza-like illness risk reduction, with a particular emphasis on people with CVD, vaccination rates fall consistently below the goal established by the World Health Organization. This review outlines the importance of influenza vaccination, mechanisms of cardiovascular events in influenza, summarizing the available literature on the effects of influenza vaccine in CVD and the benefits of influenza vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva H Yedlapati
- Department of Medicine, Erie County Medical Center, 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Anuradha Mendu
- Department of Medicine, Erie County Medical Center, 462 Grider Street, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Venkat R Tummala
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 W Cary St, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Sowmith S Maganti
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 W Cary St, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Khurram Nasir
- Department of Cardiology, DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, 6565 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Safi U Khan
- Department of Cardiology, DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, 6565 Fannin St, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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5
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Schott BH, Wang L, Zhu X, Harding AT, Ko ER, Bourgeois JS, Washington EJ, Burke TW, Anderson J, Bergstrom E, Gardener Z, Paterson S, Brennan RG, Chiu C, McClain MT, Woods CW, Gregory SG, Heaton NS, Ko DC. Single-cell genome-wide association reveals that a nonsynonymous variant in ERAP1 confers increased susceptibility to influenza virus. CELL GENOMICS 2022; 2:100207. [PMID: 36465279 PMCID: PMC9718543 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During pandemics, individuals exhibit differences in risk and clinical outcomes. Here, we developed single-cell high-throughput human in vitro susceptibility testing (scHi-HOST), a method for rapidly identifying genetic variants that confer resistance and susceptibility. We applied this method to influenza A virus (IAV), the cause of four pandemics since the start of the 20th century. scHi-HOST leverages single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to simultaneously assign genetic identity to cells in mixed infections of cell lines of European, African, and Asian origin, reveal associated genetic variants for viral burden, and identify expression quantitative trait loci. Integration of scHi-HOST with human challenge and experimental validation demonstrated that a missense variant in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1; rs27895) increased IAV burden in cells and human volunteers. rs27895 exhibits population differentiation, likely contributing to greater permissivity of cells from African populations to IAV. scHi-HOST is a broadly applicable method and resource for decoding infectious-disease genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Schott
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Liuyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alfred T Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emily R Ko
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Hospital Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke Regional Hospital, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bourgeois
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica J Washington
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas W Burke
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jack Anderson
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emma Bergstrom
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Zoe Gardener
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Suzanna Paterson
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Richard G Brennan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Micah T McClain
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Simon G Gregory
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis C Ko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, 0048B CARL Building Box 3053, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Lead contact
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6
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A Virion-Based Combination Vaccine Protects against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Disease in Mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0068922. [PMID: 35862698 PMCID: PMC9364787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00689-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to be highly effective; however, the breadth against emerging variants and the longevity of protection remains unclear. Postimmunization boosting has been shown to be beneficial for disease protection, and as new variants continue to emerge, periodic (and perhaps annual) vaccination will likely be recommended. New seasonal influenza virus vaccines currently need to be developed every year due to continual antigenic drift, an undertaking made possible by a robust global vaccine production and distribution infrastructure. To create a seasonal combination vaccine targeting both influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 that is also amenable to frequent reformulation, we have developed an influenza A virus (IAV) genetic platform that allows the incorporation of an immunogenic domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein onto IAV particles. Vaccination with this combination vaccine elicited neutralizing antibodies and provided protection from lethal challenge with both pathogens in mice. This approach may allow the leveraging of established influenza vaccine infrastructure to generate a cost-effective and scalable seasonal vaccine solution for both influenza and coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants since the onset of the pandemic has highlighted the need for both periodic vaccination “boosts” and a platform that can be rapidly reformulated to manufacture new vaccines. In this work, we report an approach that can utilize current influenza vaccine manufacturing infrastructure to generate combination vaccines capable of protecting from both influenza virus- and SARS-CoV-2-induced disease. The production of a combined influenza/SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may represent a practical solution to boost immunity to these important respiratory viruses without the increased cost and administration burden of multiple independent vaccines.
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7
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Ullah S, Ross TM. Next generation live-attenuated influenza vaccine platforms. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1097-1110. [PMID: 35502639 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2072301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza virus is a major cause of seasonal epidemics and intermittent pandemics. Despite the current molecular biology and vaccine development, influenza virus infection is a significant burden. Vaccines are considered an essential countermeasure for effective control and prevention of influenza virus infection. Even though current influenza virus vaccines provide efficient protection against seasonal influenza outbreaks, the efficacy of these vaccines is not suitable due to antigenic changes of the viruses. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on different live-attenuated platforms for influenza virus vaccine development and proposes essential considerations for a rational universal influenza virus vaccine design. EXPERT OPINION Despite the recent efforts for universal influenza virus vaccines, there is a lack of broadly reactive antibodies' induction that can confer broad and long-lasting protection. Various strategies using live-attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIVs) are investigated to induce broadly reactive, durable, and cross-protective immune responses. LAIVs based on NS segment truncation prevent influenza virus infection and have shown to be effective vaccine candidates among other vaccine platforms. Although many approaches have been used for LAIVs generation, there is still a need to focus on the LAIVs development platforms to generate a universal influenza virus vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhan Ullah
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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8
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Chiem K, Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L. Generation, Characterization, and Applications of Influenza A Reporter Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2524:249-268. [PMID: 35821477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2453-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary experimental procedures such as immunostaining have been utilized to study wild-type influenza A viruses (IAV) but are inadequate to rapidly determine the virus in infected cells or for the high-throughput screening (HTS) of antivirals or neutralizing antibodies. Reverse genetics approaches have allowed the generation of recombinant IAV expressing bioluminescent (BL) reporters or fluorescent proteins (FPs). These approaches can easily track viral infections in cultured cells and in validated animal models of infection using in vivo imaging systems (IVIS). Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate recombinant monomeric (m)Cherry-expressing influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8-mCherry) H1N1 by altering the non-structural (NS) vRNA segment and its use in mCherry-based microneutralization assays to assess antivirals and neutralizing antibodies. The experimental procedures could be used for the generation of other recombinant influenza virus types (e.g., influenza B) or IAV subtypes (e.g., H3N2) expressing mCherry or other BL reporters or FPs from the NS or other vRNA segment. These recombinant reporter-expressing viruses represent an excellent toolbox for the identification of prophylactics or therapeutics for the treatment of influenza viral infections in HTS settings as well as to study different aspects related with the biology of influenza viruses and/or its interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chiem
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, INIA-CISA/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Research, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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9
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Koonpaew S, Kaewborisuth C, Srisutthisamphan K, Wanitchang A, Thaweerattanasinp T, Saenboonrueng J, Poonsuk S, Jengarn J, Viriyakitkosol R, Kramyu J, Jongkaewwattana A. A Single-Cycle Influenza A Virus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Elicits Potent Immune Responses in a Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080850. [PMID: 34451975 PMCID: PMC8402467 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of virus-vectored platforms has increasingly gained attention in vaccine development as a means for delivering antigenic genes of interest into target hosts. Here, we describe a single-cycle influenza virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine designated as scPR8-RBD-M2. The vaccine utilizes the chimeric gene encoding 2A peptide-based bicistronic protein cassette of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) and influenza matrix 2 (M2) protein. The C-terminus of the RBD was designed to link with the cytoplasmic domain of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) to anchor the RBD on the surface of producing cells and virus envelope. The chimeric RBD-M2 gene was incorporated in place of the HA open-reading frame (ORF) between the 3′ and 5′ UTR of HA gene for the virus rescue in MDCK cells stably expressing HA. The virus was also constructed with the disrupted M2 ORF in segment seven to ensure that M2 from the RBD-M2 was utilized. The chimeric gene was intact and strongly expressed in infected cells upon several passages, suggesting that the antigen was stably maintained in the vaccine candidate. Mice inoculated with scPR8-RBD-M2 via two alternative prime-boost regimens (intranasal-intranasal or intranasal-intramuscular routes) elicited robust mucosal and systemic humoral immune responses and cell-mediated immunity. Notably, we demonstrated that immunized mouse sera exhibited neutralizing activity against pseudotyped viruses bearing SARS-CoV-2 spikes from various variants, albeit with varying potency. Our study warrants further development of a replication-deficient influenza virus as a promising SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surapong Koonpaew
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Kanjana Srisutthisamphan
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Asawin Wanitchang
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Theeradej Thaweerattanasinp
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Janya Saenboonrueng
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Sukontip Poonsuk
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Juggragarn Jengarn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | | | - Jarin Kramyu
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; (S.K.); (C.K.); (K.S.); (A.W.); (T.T.); (J.S.); (S.P.); (J.J.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Froggatt HM, Harding AT, Chaparian RR, Heaton NS. ETV7 limits antiviral gene expression and control of influenza viruses. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/691/eabe1194. [PMID: 34257104 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is an important component of the innate immune response to viral infection. Precise control of IFN responses is critical because insufficient expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) can lead to a failure to restrict viral spread, whereas excessive ISG activation can result in IFN-related pathologies. Although both positive and negative regulatory factors control the magnitude and duration of IFN signaling, it is also appreciated that several ISGs regulate aspects of the IFN response themselves. In this study, we performed a CRISPR activation screen to identify previously unknown regulators of the type I IFN response. We identified the strongly induced ISG encoding ETS variant transcription factor 7 (ETV7) as a negative regulator of the type I IFN response. However, ETV7 did not uniformly suppress ISG transcription. Instead, ETV7 preferentially targeted a subset of antiviral ISGs that were particularly important for IFN-mediated control of influenza viruses. Together, our data assign a function for ETV7 as an IFN response regulator and also identify ETV7 as a potential therapeutic target to increase innate antiviral responses and enhance IFN-based antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Froggatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alfred T Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan R Chaparian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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11
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Stacey HD, Golubeva D, Posca A, Ang JC, Novakowski KE, Zahoor MA, Kaushic C, Cairns E, Bowdish DME, Mullarkey CE, Miller MS. IgA potentiates NETosis in response to viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101497118. [PMID: 34183391 PMCID: PMC8271757 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101497118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA is the second most abundant antibody present in circulation and is enriched at mucosal surfaces. As such, IgA plays a key role in protection against a variety of mucosal pathogens including viruses. In addition to neutralizing viruses directly, IgA can also stimulate Fc-dependent effector functions via engagement of Fc alpha receptors (Fc-αRI) expressed on the surface of certain immune effector cells. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte, express Fc-αRI, and are often the first to respond to sites of injury and infection. Here, we describe a function for IgA-virus immune complexes (ICs) during viral infections. We show that IgA-virus ICs potentiate NETosis-the programmed cell-death pathway through which neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Mechanistically, IgA-virus ICs potentiated a suicidal NETosis pathway via engagement of Fc-αRI on neutrophils through a toll-like receptor-independent, NADPH oxidase complex-dependent pathway. NETs also were capable of trapping and inactivating viruses, consistent with an antiviral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Stacey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Diana Golubeva
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Alyssa Posca
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Jann C Ang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Kyle E Novakowski
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Ewa Cairns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 3K7
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada, N6A 3K7
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Caitlin E Mullarkey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1;
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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12
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Xu C, Zhou Y, Xiao Q, He B, Geng G, Wang Z, Cao B, Dong X, Bai W, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhou D, Yuan T, Huo X, Lai J, Yang H. Programmable RNA editing with compact CRISPR-Cas13 systems from uncultivated microbes. Nat Methods 2021; 18:499-506. [PMID: 33941935 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Competitive coevolution between microbes and viruses has led to the diversification of CRISPR-Cas defense systems against infectious agents. By analyzing metagenomic terabase datasets, we identified two compact families (775 to 803 amino acids (aa)) of CRISPR-Cas ribonucleases from hypersaline samples, named Cas13X and Cas13Y. We engineered Cas13X.1 (775 aa) for RNA interference experiments in mammalian cell lines. We found Cas13X.1 could tolerate single-nucleotide mismatches in RNA recognition, facilitating prophylactic RNA virus inhibition. Moreover, a minimal RNA base editor, composed of engineered deaminase (385 aa) and truncated Cas13X.1 (445 aa), exhibited robust editing efficiency and high specificity to induce RNA base conversions. Our results suggest that there exist untapped bacterial defense systems in natural microbes that can function efficiently in mammalian cells, and thus potentially are useful for RNA-editing-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingsi Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qingquan Xiao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing He
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zikang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Birong Cao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiya Bai
- Huigene Therapeutics Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tanglong Yuan
- Center for Animal Genomics, Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaona Huo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Engineered influenza virions reveal the contributions of non-hemagglutinin structural proteins to vaccine mediated protection. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02021-20. [PMID: 33658342 PMCID: PMC8139674 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02021-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of improved and universal anti-influenza vaccines would represent a major advance in the protection of human health. In order to facilitate the development of such vaccines, understanding how viral proteins can contribute to protection from disease is critical. Much of the previous work to address these questions relied on reductionist systems (i.e. vaccinating with individual proteins or VLPs that contain only a few viral proteins); thus we have an incomplete understanding of how immunity to different subsets of viral proteins contribute to protection. Here, we report the development of a platform in which a single viral protein can be deleted from an authentic viral particle that retains the remaining full complement of structural proteins and viral RNA. As a first study with this system, we chose to delete the major IAV antigen, the hemagglutinin protein, to evaluate how the other components of the viral particle contribute en masse to protection from influenza disease. Our results show that while anti-HA immunity plays a major role in protection from challenge with a vaccine-matched strain, the contributions from other structural proteins were the major drivers of protection against highly antigenically drifted, homosubtypic strains. This work highlights the importance of evaluating the inclusion of non-HA viral proteins in the development of broadly efficacious and long-lasting influenza vaccines.ImportanceInfluenza virus vaccines currently afford short-term protection from viruses that are closely related to the vaccine strains. There is currently much effort to develop improved, next-generation influenza vaccines that elicit broader and longer-lasting protection. While the hemagglutinin protein is the major viral antigen, in this work, we developed an approach with which to evaluate the contributions of the non-hemagglutinin proteins to vaccine mediated protection. Our results indicate that other structural proteins together may help to mediate broad antiviral protection and should be considered in the development of more universal influenza vaccines.
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14
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Banerjee A, El-Sayes N, Budylowski P, Jacob RA, Richard D, Maan H, Aguiar JA, Demian WL, Baid K, D'Agostino MR, Ang JC, Murdza T, Tremblay BJM, Afkhami S, Karimzadeh M, Irving AT, Yip L, Ostrowski M, Hirota JA, Kozak R, Capellini TD, Miller MS, Wang B, Mubareka S, McGeer AJ, McArthur AG, Doxey AC, Mossman K. Experimental and natural evidence of SARS-CoV-2-infection-induced activation of type I interferon responses. iScience 2021; 24:102477. [PMID: 33937724 PMCID: PMC8074517 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are our first line of defense against virus infection. Recent studies have suggested the ability of SARS-CoV-2 proteins to inhibit IFN responses. Emerging data also suggest that timing and extent of IFN production is associated with manifestation of COVID-19 severity. In spite of progress in understanding how SARS-CoV-2 activates antiviral responses, mechanistic studies into wild-type SARS-CoV-2-mediated induction and inhibition of human type I IFN responses are scarce. Here we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a type I IFN response in vitro and in moderate cases of COVID-19. In vitro stimulation of type I IFN expression and signaling in human airway epithelial cells is associated with activation of canonical transcriptions factors, and SARS-CoV-2 is unable to inhibit exogenous induction of these responses. Furthermore, we show that physiological levels of IFNα detected in patients with moderate COVID-19 is sufficient to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Corresponding author
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Patrick Budylowski
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rajesh Abraham Jacob
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Daniel Richard
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hassaan Maan
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Jennifer A. Aguiar
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Wael L. Demian
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kaushal Baid
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Michael R. D'Agostino
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jann Catherine Ang
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | | | - Sam Afkhami
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mehran Karimzadeh
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Zhejiang University – University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, China
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lily Yip
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, UnityHealth, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Hirota
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Terence D. Capellini
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthew S. Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Bo Wang
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Allison J. McGeer
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Andrew G. McArthur
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Andrew C. Doxey
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Corresponding author
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15
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Harding AT, Goff MA, Froggatt HM, Lim JK, Heaton NS. GPER1 is required to protect fetal health from maternal inflammation. Science 2021; 371:271-276. [PMID: 33446553 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) signaling in fetal tissues causes developmental abnormalities and fetal demise. Although pathogens that infect fetal tissues can induce birth defects through the local production of type I IFN, it remains unknown why systemic IFN generated during maternal infections only rarely causes fetal developmental defects. Here, we report that activation of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) during pregnancy is both necessary and sufficient to suppress IFN signaling and does so disproportionately in reproductive and fetal tissues. Inactivation of GPER1 in mice halted fetal development and promoted fetal demise, but only in the context of maternal inflammation. Thus, GPER1 is a central regulator of IFN signaling during pregnancy that allows dynamic antiviral responses in maternal tissues while also preserving fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred T Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marisa A Goff
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Heather M Froggatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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16
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Cianci R, Newton EE, Pagliari D. Efforts to Improve the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040645. [PMID: 33153011 PMCID: PMC7712773 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cianci
- General Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli”, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Danilo Pagliari
- General Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli”, IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Medical Officer of the Carabinieri Corps, Carabinieri Officers School, 00165 Rome, Italy
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17
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Behrouzi B, Araujo Campoverde MV, Liang K, Talbot HK, Bogoch II, McGeer A, Fröbert O, Loeb M, Vardeny O, Solomon SD, Udell JA. Influenza Vaccination to Reduce Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76:1777-1794. [PMID: 33032740 PMCID: PMC7535809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory infections are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Underlying CVD is also associated with an increased risk of complications following viral respiratory infections, including increased morbidity, mortality, and health care utilization. Globally, these phenomena are observed with seasonal influenza and with the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Persons with CVD represent an important target population for respiratory virus vaccines, with capacity developed within 3 large ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials to determine the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines. In the context of COVID-19, these international trial networks may be uniquely positioned to redeploy infrastructure to study therapies for primary and secondary prevention of COVID-19. Here, we describe mechanistic links between influenza and COVID-19 infection and the risk of acute cardiovascular events, summarize the data to date on the potential cardioprotective effects of influenza vaccines, and describe the ongoing influenza vaccine cardiovascular outcomes trials, highlighting important lessons learned that are applicable to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Behrouzi
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Viviana Araujo Campoverde
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Liang
- Women's College Hospital Institute for Health System Solutions and Virtual Care (WIHV), Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Isaac I Bogoch
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Microbiology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ole Fröbert
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Orly Vardeny
- Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott D Solomon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacob A Udell
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Loes AN, Gentles LE, Greaney AJ, Crawford KHD, Bloom JD. Attenuated Influenza Virions Expressing the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain Induce Neutralizing Antibodies in Mice. Viruses 2020; 12:E987. [PMID: 32899480 PMCID: PMC7552029 DOI: 10.3390/v12090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine is essential for controlling the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Here, we describe an influenza virus-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. We incorporated a membrane-anchored form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) in place of the neuraminidase (NA) coding sequence in an influenza virus also possessing a mutation that reduces the affinity of hemagglutinin for its sialic acid receptor. The resulting ΔNA(RBD)-Flu virus can be generated by reverse genetics and grown to high titers in cell culture. A single-dose intranasal inoculation of mice with ΔNA(RBD)-Flu elicits serum neutralizing antibody titers against SAR-CoV-2 comparable to those observed in humans following natural infection (~1:200). Furthermore, ΔNA(RBD)-Flu itself causes no apparent disease in mice. It might be possible to produce a vaccine similar to ΔNA(RBD)-Flu at scale by leveraging existing platforms for the production of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Loes
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.N.L.); (L.E.G.); (A.J.G.); (K.H.D.C.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Lauren E. Gentles
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.N.L.); (L.E.G.); (A.J.G.); (K.H.D.C.)
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA
| | - Allison J. Greaney
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.N.L.); (L.E.G.); (A.J.G.); (K.H.D.C.)
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katharine H. D. Crawford
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.N.L.); (L.E.G.); (A.J.G.); (K.H.D.C.)
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.N.L.); (L.E.G.); (A.J.G.); (K.H.D.C.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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19
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Loes AN, Gentles LE, Greaney AJ, Crawford KHD, Bloom JD. Attenuated influenza virions expressing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain induce neutralizing antibodies in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.08.12.248823. [PMID: 32817935 PMCID: PMC7430565 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.12.248823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
An effective vaccine is essential to controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Here, we describe an influenza-virus-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2. We incorporated a membrane-anchored form of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) in place of the neuraminidase (NA) coding sequence in an influenza virus also possessing a mutation that reduces the affinity of hemagglutinin for its sialic acid receptor. The resulting ΔNA(RBD)-Flu virus can be generated by reverse genetics and grown to high titers in cell culture. A single-dose intranasal inoculation of mice with ΔNA(RBD)-Flu elicits serum neutralizing antibody titers against SAR-CoV-2 comparable to those observed in humans following natural infection (~1:200). Furthermore, ΔNA(RBD)-Flu itself causes no apparent disease in mice. It might be possible to produce a vaccine similar to ΔNA(RBD)-Flu at scale by leveraging existing platforms for production of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N. Loes
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Lauren E. Gentles
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA
| | - Allison J. Greaney
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Katharine H. D. Crawford
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7735, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Next Generation Influenza Vaccines: Looking into the Crystal Ball. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030464. [PMID: 32825635 PMCID: PMC7563445 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infections are responsible for significant number of deaths and overwhelming costs worldwide every year. Vaccination represents the only cost-efficient alternative to address this major problem in human health. However, current vaccines are fraught by many limitations, being far from optimal. Among them, the need to upgrade vaccines every year through a time-consuming process open to different caveats, and the critical fact that they exhibit poorer efficacy in individuals who are at high risk for severe infections. Where are we? How can knowledge and technologies contribute towards removing current roadblocks? What does the future offer in terms of next generation vaccines?
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21
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Abbott TR, Dhamdhere G, Liu Y, Lin X, Goudy L, Zeng L, Chemparathy A, Chmura S, Heaton NS, Debs R, Pande T, Endy D, La Russa MF, Lewis DB, Qi LS. Development of CRISPR as an Antiviral Strategy to Combat SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza. Cell 2020; 181:865-876.e12. [PMID: 32353252 PMCID: PMC7189862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has highlighted the need for antiviral approaches that can target emerging viruses with no effective vaccines or pharmaceuticals. Here, we demonstrate a CRISPR-Cas13-based strategy, PAC-MAN (prophylactic antiviral CRISPR in human cells), for viral inhibition that can effectively degrade RNA from SARS-CoV-2 sequences and live influenza A virus (IAV) in human lung epithelial cells. We designed and screened CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) targeting conserved viral regions and identified functional crRNAs targeting SARS-CoV-2. This approach effectively reduced H1N1 IAV load in respiratory epithelial cells. Our bioinformatic analysis showed that a group of only six crRNAs can target more than 90% of all coronaviruses. With the development of a safe and effective system for respiratory tract delivery, PAC-MAN has the potential to become an important pan-coronavirus inhibition strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Abbott
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Girija Dhamdhere
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xueqiu Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laine Goudy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leiping Zeng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Augustine Chemparathy
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Tara Pande
- Los Altos High School, Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Drew Endy
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marie F La Russa
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - David B Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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22
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Yang Z, Bochkov YA, Voelker DR, Foster MW, Que LG. Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of Human Rhinovirus Replication and Inflammation in Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:58-67. [PMID: 30156431 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0058oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV), the major cause of the common cold, triggers the majority of acute airway exacerbations in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nitric oxide, and the related metabolite S-nitrosoglutathione, are produced in the airway epithelium via nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 2 and have been shown to function in host defense against RV infection. We hypothesized that inhibitors of the S-nitrosoglutathione-metabolizing enzyme, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), might potentiate the antiviral properties of airway-derived NOS2. Using in vitro models of RV-A serotype 16 (RV-A16) and mNeonGreen-H1N1pr8 infection of human airway epithelial cells, we found that treatment with a previously characterized GSNOR inhibitor (4-[[2-[[(3-cyanophenyl)methyl]thio]-4-oxothieno-[3,2-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]methyl]-benzoic acid; referred to as C3m) decreased RV-A16 replication and expression of downstream proinflammatory and antiviral mediators (e.g., RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted], CXCL10, and Mx1), and increased Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2)-dependent genes (e.g., SQSTM1 and TrxR1). In contrast, C3m had no effect on influenza virus H1N1pr8 replication. Moreover, a structurally dissimilar GSNOR inhibitor (N6022) did not alter RV replication, suggesting that the properties of C3m may be specific to rhinovirus owing to an off-target effect. Consistent with this, C3m antiviral effects were not blocked by either NOS inhibition or GSNOR knockdown but appeared to be mediated by reduced intercellular adhesion molecule 1 transcription and increased shedding of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 protein. Collectively these data show that C3m has novel antirhinoviral properties that may synergize with, but are unrelated to, its GSNOR inhibitor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Yang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Dennis R Voelker
- 3 Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Matthew W Foster
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Loretta G Que
- 1 Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
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Harding AT, Haas GD, Chambers BS, Heaton NS. Influenza viruses that require 10 genomic segments as antiviral therapeutics. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008098. [PMID: 31730644 PMCID: PMC6881065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) encode their genome across eight, negative sense RNA segments. During viral assembly, the failure to package all eight segments, or packaging a mutated segment, renders the resulting virion incompletely infectious. It is known that the accumulation of these defective particles can limit viral disease by interfering with the spread of fully infectious particles. In order to harness this phenomenon therapeutically, we defined which viral packaging signals were amenable to duplication and developed a viral genetic platform which produced replication competent IAVs that require up to two additional artificial genome segments for full infectivity. The modified and artificial genome segments propagated by this approach are capable of acting as "decoy" segments that, when packaged by coinfecting wild-type viruses, lead to the production of non-infectious viral particles. Although IAVs which require 10 genomic segments for full infectivity are able to replicate themselves and spread in vivo, their genomic modifications render them avirulent in mice. Administration of these viruses, both prophylactically and therapeutically, was able to rescue animals from a lethal influenza virus challenge. Together, our results show that replicating IAVs designed to propagate and spread defective genomic segments represent a potent anti-influenza biological therapy that can target the conserved process of particle assembly to limit viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred T. Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Griffin D. Haas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Benjamin S. Chambers
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States of America
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24
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Wu NC, Lv H, Thompson AJ, Wu DC, Ng WWS, Kadam RU, Lin CW, Nycholat CM, McBride R, Liang W, Paulson JC, Mok CKP, Wilson IA. Preventing an Antigenically Disruptive Mutation in Egg-Based H3N2 Seasonal Influenza Vaccines by Mutational Incompatibility. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:836-844.e5. [PMID: 31151913 PMCID: PMC6579542 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Egg-based seasonal influenza vaccines are the major preventive countermeasure against influenza virus. However, their effectiveness can be compromised when antigenic changes arise from egg-adaptive mutations on influenza hemagglutinin (HA). The L194P mutation is commonly observed in egg-based H3N2 vaccine seed strains and significantly alters HA antigenicity. An approach to prevent L194P would therefore be beneficial. We show that emergence of L194P during egg passaging can be impeded by preexistence of a G186V mutation, revealing strong incompatibility between these mutations. X-ray structures illustrate that individual G186V and L194P mutations have opposing effects on the HA receptor-binding site (RBS), and when both G186V and L194P are present, the RBS is severely disrupted. Importantly, wild-type HA antigenicity is maintained with G186V, but not L194P. Our results demonstrate that these epistatic interactions can be used to prevent the emergence of mutations that adversely alter antigenicity during egg adaptation. Most H3N2 egg isolates carry hemagglutinin mutation G186V or L194P, but not both Hemagglutinin double mutation G186V/L194P is highly deleterious to the virus Hemagglutinin double mutation G186V/L194P disrupts the receptor-binding site Wild-type hemagglutinin antigenicity is maintained in G186V, but not in L194P
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites
- Chick Embryo
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Conformation
- Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods
- Virus Cultivation/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Douglas C Wu
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Wilson W S Ng
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Rameshwar U Kadam
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiwen Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chris K P Mok
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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25
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Direct interactions with influenza promote bacterial adherence during respiratory infections. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1328-1336. [PMID: 31110359 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological observations and animal models have long shown synergy between influenza virus infections and bacterial infections. Influenza virus infection leads to an increase in both the susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections and the severity of the bacterial infections, primarily pneumonias caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus. We show that, in addition to the widely described immune modulation and tissue-remodelling mechanisms of bacterial-viral synergy, the virus interacts directly with the bacterial surface. Similar to the recent observation of direct interactions between enteric bacteria and enteric viruses, we observed a direct interaction between influenza virus on the surface of Gram-positive, S. pneumoniae and S. aureus, and Gram-negative, Moraxella catarrhalis and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, bacterial colonizers and pathogens in the respiratory tract. Pre-incubation of influenza virus with bacteria, followed by the removal of unbound virus, increased bacterial adherence to respiratory epithelial cells in culture. This result was recapitulated in vivo, with higher bacterial burdens in murine tissues when infected with pneumococci pre-incubated with influenza virus versus control bacteria without virus. These observations support an additional mechanism of bacteria-influenza virus synergy at the earliest steps of pathogenesis.
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26
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27
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Yang S, Harding AT, Sweeney C, Miao D, Swan G, Zhou C, Jiang Z, Fitzgerald KA, Hammer G, Bergo MO, Kroh HK, Lacy DB, Sun C, Glogauer M, Que LG, Heaton NS, Wang D. Control of antiviral innate immune response by protein geranylgeranylation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7999. [PMID: 31149635 PMCID: PMC6541464 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) orchestrates host antiviral innate immune response to RNA virus infection. However, how MAVS signaling is controlled to eradicate virus while preventing self-destructive inflammation remains obscure. Here, we show that protein geranylgeranylation, a posttranslational lipid modification of proteins, limits MAVS-mediated immune signaling by targeting Rho family small guanosine triphosphatase Rac1 into the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAMs) at the mitochondria-ER junction. Protein geranylgeranylation and subsequent palmitoylation promote Rac1 translocation into MAMs upon viral infection. MAM-localized Rac1 limits MAVS' interaction with E3 ligase Trim31 and hence inhibits MAVS ubiquitination, aggregation, and activation. Rac1 also facilitates the recruitment of caspase-8 and cFLIPL to the MAVS signalosome and the subsequent cleavage of Ripk1 that terminates MAVS signaling. Consistently, mice with myeloid deficiency of protein geranylgeranylation showed improved survival upon influenza A virus infection. Our work revealed a critical role of protein geranylgeranylation in regulating antiviral innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigao Yang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alfred T. Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Sweeney
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Miao
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory Swan
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Connie Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Katherine A. Fitzgerald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gianna Hammer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martin O. Bergo
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, NEO Building 6th Floor, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Heather K. Kroh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - D. Borden Lacy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Loretta G. Que
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Donghai Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, 207 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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28
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A Novel Fluorescent and Bioluminescent Bireporter Influenza A Virus To Evaluate Viral Infections. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00032-19. [PMID: 30867298 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00032-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying influenza A virus (IAV) requires the use of secondary approaches to detect the presence of virus in infected cells. To overcome this problem, we and others have generated recombinant IAV expressing fluorescent or luciferase reporter genes. These foreign reporter genes can be used as valid surrogates to track the presence of virus. However, the limited capacity for incorporating foreign sequences in the viral genome forced researchers to select a fluorescent or a luciferase reporter gene, depending on the type of study. To circumvent this limitation, we engineered a novel recombinant replication-competent bireporter IAV (BIRFLU) expressing both fluorescent and luciferase reporter genes. In cultured cells, BIRFLU displayed growth kinetics comparable to those of wild-type (WT) virus and was used to screen neutralizing antibodies or compounds with antiviral activity. The expression of two reporter genes allows monitoring of viral inhibition by fluorescence or bioluminescence, overcoming the limitations associated with the use of one reporter gene as a readout. In vivo, BIRFLU effectively infected mice, and both reporter genes were detected using in vivo imaging systems (IVIS). The ability to generate recombinant IAV harboring multiple foreign genes opens unique possibilities for studying virus-host interactions and for using IAV in high-throughput screenings (HTS) to identify novel antivirals that can be incorporated into the therapeutic armamentarium to control IAV infections. Moreover, the ability to genetically manipulate the viral genome to express two foreign genes offers the possibility of developing novel influenza vaccines and the feasibility for using recombinant IAV as vaccine vectors to treat other pathogen infections.IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) causes a human respiratory disease that is associated with significant health and economic consequences. In recent years, the use of replication-competent IAV expressing an easily traceable fluorescent or luciferase reporter protein has significantly contributed to progress in influenza research. However, researchers have been forced to select a fluorescent or a luciferase reporter gene due to the restricted capacity of the influenza viral genome for including foreign sequences. To overcome this limitation, we generated, for the first time, a recombinant replication-competent bireporter IAV (BIRFLU) that stably expresses two reporter genes (one fluorescent and one luciferase) to track IAV infections in vitro and in vivo The combination of cutting-edge techniques from molecular biology, animal research, and imaging technologies brings researchers the unique opportunity to use this new generation of reporter-expressing IAV to study viral infection dynamics in both cultured cells and animal models of viral infection.
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29
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Toniolo SP, Afkhami S, Mahmood A, Fradin C, Lichty BD, Miller MS, Xing Z, Cranston ED, Thompson MR. Excipient selection for thermally stable enveloped and non-enveloped viral vaccine platforms in dry powders. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:66-73. [PMID: 30825554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Two enveloped viral vectors, vesicular stomatitis virus and influenza virus, and a non-enveloped viral vector, human adenovirus type 5, were encapsulated by spray drying to enhance thermal stability.Results with these candidates led to the hypothesis that stability performance of chosen excipients may be less virus-specific, as previously postulated in the literature, and more differentiated based on whether the virus has a lipid envelope. Spray dried samples were characterized for their thermal properties, RNA viability and in vitro viral activity after storage at 37 °C for up to 30 days or at 45 °C for up to 3 days. The enveloped viral vectors, as a group, were more thermally stable in trehalose while the non-enveloped viral vector showed higher activity with mannitol as the primary excipient in blends. Trehalose shows strong hydrogen bonds with the envelope's lipid membrane than the other carbohydrates, more effectively replacing water molecules while maintaining the fluidity of the membrane. Conversely, the small size of mannitol molecules was attributed to the more effective hydrogen bonding between water and the protein capsid of non-enveloped viral vectors. In all cases, a matrix with high glass transition temperature contributed to thermal stabilization through vitrification. This work suggests that carbohydrate stabilizer selection may be more dependent on the envelope rather than the specific viral vector, which, if universally true, will provide a guideline for future formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Toniolo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmad Mahmood
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cécile Fradin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Diseases Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, and Department of Biochemistry & Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael R Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020190. [PMID: 30813325 PMCID: PMC6409754 DOI: 10.3390/v11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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Non-lytic clearance of influenza B virus from infected cells preserves epithelial barrier function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:779. [PMID: 30770807 PMCID: PMC6377627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is an acute, respiratory RNA virus that has been assumed to induce the eventual death of all infected cells. We and others have shown however, that infection with apparently cytopathic viruses does not necessarily lead to cell death; some cells can intrinsically clear the virus and persist in the host long-term. To determine if any cells can survive direct IBV infection, we here generate a recombinant IBV capable of activating a host-cell reporter to permanently label all infected cells. Using this system, we demonstrate that IBV infection leads to the formation of a survivor cell population in the proximal airways that are ciliated-like, but transcriptionally and phenotypically distinct from both actively infected and bystander ciliated cells. We also show that survivor cells are critical to maintain respiratory barrier function. These results highlight a host response pathway that preserves the epithelium to limit the severity of IBV disease. Infection of a cell with influenza B virus (IBV) often results in cell death and the role of surviving cells in pathogenesis is unclear. Here, Dumm et al. generate a recombinant IBV that activates a host-cell reporter to permanently label infected cells, and show that surviving cells are important to preserve epithelial barrier function.
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Heaton BE, Kennedy EM, Dumm RE, Harding AT, Sacco MT, Sachs D, Heaton NS. A CRISPR Activation Screen Identifies a Pan-avian Influenza Virus Inhibitory Host Factor. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1503-1512. [PMID: 28813663 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen that poses significant risks to human health. It is therefore critical to develop strategies to prevent influenza disease. Many loss-of-function screens have been performed to identify the host proteins required for viral infection. However, there has been no systematic screen to identify the host factors that, when overexpressed, are sufficient to prevent infection. In this study, we used CRISPR/dCas9 activation technology to perform a genome-wide overexpression screen to identify IAV restriction factors. The major hit from our screen, B4GALNT2, showed inhibitory activity against influenza viruses with an α2,3-linked sialic acid receptor preference. B4GALNT2 overexpression prevented the infection of every avian influenza virus strain tested, including the H5, H9, and H7 subtypes, which have previously caused disease in humans. Thus, we have used CRISPR/dCas9 activation technology to identify a factor that can abolish infection by avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brook E Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Edward M Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rebekah E Dumm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alfred T Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew T Sacco
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Sachs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Efforts to Improve the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020019. [PMID: 29601497 PMCID: PMC6027170 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses infect approximately 20% of the global population annually, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths. While there are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antiviral drugs for combating the disease, vaccination remains the best strategy for preventing infection. Due to the rapid mutation rate of influenza viruses, vaccine formulations need to be updated every year to provide adequate protection. In recent years, a great amount of effort has been focused on the development of a universal vaccine capable of eliciting broadly protective immunity. While universal influenza vaccines clearly have the best potential to provide long-lasting protection against influenza viruses, the timeline for their development, as well as the true universality of protection they afford, remains uncertain. In an attempt to reduce influenza disease burden while universal vaccines are developed and tested, many groups are working on a variety of strategies to improve the efficacy of the standard seasonal vaccine. This review will highlight the different techniques and technologies that have been, or are being, developed to improve the seasonal vaccination efforts against influenza viruses.
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Rajão DS, Pérez DR. Universal Vaccines and Vaccine Platforms to Protect against Influenza Viruses in Humans and Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:123. [PMID: 29467737 PMCID: PMC5808216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections pose a significant threat to public health due to annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza is also associated with significant economic losses in animal production. The most effective way to prevent influenza infections is through vaccination. Current vaccine programs rely heavily on the vaccine's ability to stimulate neutralizing antibody responses to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. One of the biggest challenges to an effective vaccination program lies on the fact that influenza viruses are ever-changing, leading to antigenic drift that results in escape from earlier immune responses. Efforts toward overcoming these challenges aim at improving the strength and/or breadth of the immune response. Novel vaccine technologies, the so-called universal vaccines, focus on stimulating better cross-protection against many or all influenza strains. However, vaccine platforms or manufacturing technologies being tested to improve vaccine efficacy are heterogeneous between different species and/or either tailored for epidemic or pandemic influenza. Here, we discuss current vaccines to protect humans and animals against influenza, highlighting challenges faced to effective and uniform novel vaccination strategies and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Rajão
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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