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Sauers LA, Bassingthwaite T, Sierra-Rivera B, Hampton KJ, Duffield KR, Gore H, Ramirez JL, Sadd BM. Membership robustness but structural change of the native gut microbiota of bumble bees upon systemic immune induction. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0086124. [PMID: 39373496 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00861-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors influencing the composition and maintenance of beneficial host-associated microbial communities is central to understanding their ecological, evolutionary, and health consequences for hosts. Host immunity is often implicated as a regulator of these microbiota, but immunity may also play a disruptive role, with responses to infection perturbing beneficial communities. Such effects may be more prominent from innate immune responses, with more rapid-acting and often non-specific components, compared to adaptive responses. We investigated how upregulation of antibacterial immunity in the bumble bee Bombus impatiens affects its core gut microbiota, testing the hypothesis that immunity-induced perturbation impacts the microbiota structure. Freshly emerged adult bees were fed a microbiota inoculum before receiving a non-pathogenic immune stimulation injection. We quantified microbial communities using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and targeted quantitative PCR. Coarse community membership shows apparent robustness, but we find that immune stimulation alters the abundance of two core community members, Gilliamella and Snodgrassella. Moreover, a positive association in communities between these bacteria is perturbed following a Gram-negative challenge. The observed changes in the gut microbial community are suggestive of immune response-induced dysbiosis, linking ecological interactions across levels between hosts, their pathogens, and their beneficial gut microbiota. The potential for collateral perturbation of the natural gut microbiota following an innate immune response may contribute to immune costs, shaping the evolutionary optimization of immune investment depending on the ecological context. IMPORTANCE Our work demonstrates how innate immunity may influence the host-associated microbiota. While previous work has demonstrated the role of adaptive immunity in regulating the microbiota, we show that stimulation of an innate immune response in bumble bees may disrupt the native gut microbial community by shifting individual abundances of some members and pairwise associations. This work builds upon previous work in bumble bees demonstrating factors determining microbe colonization of hosts and microbiota membership, implicating immune response-induced changes as a factor shaping these important gut communities. While some microbiota members appear unaffected, changes in others and the community overall suggests that collateral perturbation of the native gut microbiota upon an innate immune response may serve as an additional selective pressure that shapes the evolution of host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan A Sauers
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Toby Bassingthwaite
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Bryan Sierra-Rivera
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
| | - Kylie J Hampton
- Crop BioProtection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristin R Duffield
- Crop BioProtection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Haley Gore
- Crop BioProtection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - José L Ramirez
- Crop BioProtection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Ben M Sadd
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA
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Zhang Q, Wei X, Fang W, Huang X, Zhang X. The secretory protein COA1 enables Metarhizium robertsii to evade insect immune recognition during cuticle penetration. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1220. [PMID: 39349686 PMCID: PMC11442803 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the insect immune system and entomopathogenic fungi during cuticle penetration is not yet fully understood. Here, we show that a secretory protein COA1 (coat of appressorium 1) from Metarhizium robertsii, an entomopathogenic fungus causing diseases in a wide range of insects, is required to avoid host immune recognition during cuticle penetration. COA1 is highly expressed on the cuticle and translocated to the cell surface, where it directly binds with and masks carbohydrates of the fungal cell wall to avoid provoking the host's intense immune response. Deletion of Coa1 results in a robust immune response, leading to a reduction in bacterial load in both the gut and hemocoel and ultimately attenuating fungal virulence. Our work reveals a novel cell surface protein indispensable for fungal pathogenicity via masking cell wall carbohydrates to avert a hypersensitive response from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xuanlian Wei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuenian Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, China.
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3
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Gao H, Nepovimova E, Adam V, Heger Z, Valko M, Wu Q, Kuca K. Age-associated changes in innate and adaptive immunity: role of the gut microbiota. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1421062. [PMID: 39351234 PMCID: PMC11439693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1421062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is generally regarded as an irreversible process, and its intricate relationship with the immune system has garnered significant attention due to its profound implications for the health and well-being of the aging population. As people age, a multitude of alterations occur within the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. In the realm of innate immunity, aging brings about changes in the number and function of various immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Additionally, certain immune pathways, like the cGAS-STING, become activated. These alterations can potentially result in telomere damage, the disruption of cytokine signaling, and impaired recognition of pathogens. The adaptive immune system, too, undergoes a myriad of changes as age advances. These include shifts in the number, frequency, subtype, and function of T cells and B cells. Furthermore, the human gut microbiota undergoes dynamic changes as a part of the aging process. Notably, the interplay between immune changes and gut microbiota highlights the gut's role in modulating immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. The gut microbiota of centenarians exhibits characteristics akin to those found in young individuals, setting it apart from the microbiota observed in typical elderly individuals. This review delves into the current understanding of how aging impacts the immune system and suggests potential strategies for reversing aging through interventions in immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Gao
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marian Valko
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czechia
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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4
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Feng C, Yan J, Luo T, Zhang H, Zhang H, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Chen H. Vitamin B12 ameliorates gut epithelial injury via modulating the HIF-1 pathway and gut microbiota. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:397. [PMID: 39261351 PMCID: PMC11391010 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are immune chronic diseases characterized by recurrent episodes, resulting in continuous intestinal barrier damage and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Safe strategies aimed at stabilizing and reducing IBDs recurrence have been vigorously pursued. Here, we constructed a recurrent intestinal injury Drosophila model and found that vitamin B12 (VB12), an essential co-factor for organism physiological functions, could effectively protect the intestine and reduce dextran sulfate sodium-induced intestinal barrier disruption. VB12 also alleviated microbial dysbiosis in the Drosophila model and inhibited the growth of gram-negative bacteria. We demonstrated that VB12 could mitigate intestinal damage by activating the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway in injured conditions, which was achieved by regulating the intestinal oxidation. In addition, we also validated the protective effect of VB12 in a murine acute colitis model. In summary, we offer new insights and implications for the potential supportive role of VB12 in the management of recurrent IBDs flare-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Feng
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Anti-Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Anti-Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Anti-Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Laboratory of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Anti-Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Anti-Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Anti-Aging Research, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Anti-Aging Research, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Wang Z, Li S, Zhang S, Zhang T, Wu Y, Liu A, Wang K, Ji X, Cao H, Zhang Y, Tan EK, Wang Y, Wang Y, Liu W. Hosts manipulate lifestyle switch and pathogenicity heterogeneity of opportunistic pathogens in the single-cell resolution. eLife 2024; 13:RP96789. [PMID: 39190452 PMCID: PMC11349298 DOI: 10.7554/elife.96789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Host-microbe interactions are virtually bidirectional, but how the host affects their microbiome is poorly understood. Here, we report that the host is a critical modulator to regulate the lifestyle switch and pathogenicity heterogeneity of the opportunistic pathogens Serratia marcescens utilizing the Drosophila and bacterium model system. First, we find that Drosophila larvae efficiently outcompete S. marcescens and typically drive a bacterial switch from pathogenicity to commensalism toward the fly. Furthermore, Drosophila larvae reshape the transcriptomic and metabolic profiles of S. marcescens characterized by a lifestyle switch. More importantly, the host alters pathogenicity and heterogeneity of S. marcescens in the single-cell resolution. Finally, we find that larvae-derived AMPs are required to recapitulate the response of S. marcescens to larvae. Altogether, our findings provide an insight into the pivotal roles of the host in harnessing the life history and heterogeneity of symbiotic bacterial cells, advancing knowledge of the reciprocal relationships between the host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziguang Wang
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjinChina
- First Clinical Medical College, Mudanjiang Medical CollegeMudanjiangChina
| | - Shuai Li
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Sheng Zhang
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yujie Wu
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Anqi Liu
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Kui Wang
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Xiaowen Ji
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Yinglao Zhang
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Eng King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital CampusSingaporeSingapore
| | | | - Yirong Wang
- Bioinformatics Center, College of Biology, Hunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Plant Protection; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Biology and Innovative Utilization, Anhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
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6
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Li G, Wu M, Xiao Y, Tong Y, Li S, Qian H, Zhao T. Multi-omics reveals the ecological and biological functions of Enterococcus mundtii in the intestine of lepidopteran insects. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101309. [PMID: 39146704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Insect guts offer unique habitats for microbial colonization, with gut bacteria potentially offering numerous benefits to their hosts. Although Enterococcus has emerged as one of the predominant gut commensal bacteria in insects, its establishment in various niches within the gut has not been characterized well. In this study, Enterococcus mundtii was inoculated into the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) to investigate its biological functions. Genome-based analysis revealed that its successful colonization is related to adherence genes (ebpA, ebpC, efaA, srtC, and scm). This bacterium did not alter the activities of related metabolic enzymes or the intestinal barrier function. However, significant changes in the gene expressions levels of Att2, CecA, and Lys suggest potential adaptive mechanisms of host immunity to symbiotic E. mundtii. Moreover, 16S metagenomics analysis revealed a significant increase in the relative abundance of E. mundtii in the intestines of silkworms following inoculation. The intestinal microbiome displayed marked heterogeneity, an elevated gut microbiome health index, a reduced microbial dysbiosis index, and low potential pathogenicity in the treatment group. Additionally, E. mundtii enhanced the breakdown of carbohydrates in host intestines. Overall, E. mundtii serves as a beneficial microbe for insects, promoting intestinal homeostasis by providing competitive advantage. This characteristic helps E. mundtii dominate complex microbial environments and remain prevalent across Lepidoptera, likely fostering long-term symbiosis between the both parties. The present study contributes to clarifying the niche of E. mundtii in the intestine of lepidopteran insects and further reveals its potential roles in their insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 402760, PR China.
| | - Meihong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 402760, PR China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 402760, PR China
| | - Yujie Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 402760, PR China
| | - Sheng Li
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing 402760, PR China
| | - Heying Qian
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China; The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Tianfu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 402760, PR China.
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7
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Kristensen TN, Schönherz AA, Rohde PD, Sørensen JG, Loeschcke V. Selection for stress tolerance and longevity in Drosophila melanogaster have strong impacts on microbiome profiles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17789. [PMID: 39090347 PMCID: PMC11294339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There is experimental evidence that microbiomes have a strong influence on a range of host traits. Understanding the basis and importance of symbiosis between host and associated microorganisms is a rapidly developing research field, and we still lack a mechanistic understanding of ecological and genetic pressures affecting host-microbiome associations. Here Drosophila melanogaster lines from a large-scale artificial selection experiment were used to investigate whether the microbiota differ in lines selected for different stress resistance traits and longevity. Following multiple generations of artificial selection all selection regimes and corresponding controls had their microbiomes assessed. The microbiome was interrogated based on 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that the microbiome of flies from the different selection regimes differed markedly from that of the unselected control regime, and microbial diversity was consistently higher in selected relative to control regimes. Several common Drosophila bacterial species showed differentially abundance in the different selection regimes despite flies being exposed to similar environmental conditions for two generations prior to assessment. Our findings provide strong evidence for symbiosis between host and microbiomes but we cannot reveal whether the interactions are adaptive, nor whether they are caused by genetic or ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Anna A Schönherz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Palle Duun Rohde
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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8
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Liu XL, Zhang Q, Wang X, Liu YP, Ze LJ, Zhang HN, Lu M. Relish involved in immunity and larval survival in the willow leaf beetle Plagiodera versicolora. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3808-3814. [PMID: 38507262 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects mainly rely on innate immunity against pathogen infection. Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a worldwide leaf-eating forest pest in salicaceous trees. However, the mechanisms behind the immunodeficiency pathway (IMD) remain poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, we obtained a Relish gene from transcriptome analysis. Tissue and instar expression profiles were subsequently obtained using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The results showed that Relish has high expression levels in eggs, larvae and adults, and especially in fat bodies. Transcripts of the tested antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), defensin1, defensin2 and attacin2 were downregulated by dsRelish. Knockdown of Relish led to greater mortality in larvae after Staphylococcus aureus infection. In addition, we performed bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA-based high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the relative abundance of some gut bacteria was significantly altered after dsRelish ingestion. CONCLUSION This study provides a greater understanding of the IMD signaling pathway, facilitating functional studies of Relish in P. versicolora. Moreover, a genetic pest management technique might be developed using Relish as a lethal gene to control the pest P. versicolora. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Ji Ze
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai-Nan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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9
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Mullinax SR, Darby AM, Gupta A, Chan P, Smith BR, Unckless RL. A suite of selective pressures supports the maintenance of alleles of a Drosophila immune peptide. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.08.18.553899. [PMID: 37662279 PMCID: PMC10473621 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.18.553899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system provides hosts with a crucial first line of defense against pathogens. While immune genes are often among the fastest evolving genes in the genome, in Drosophila , antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are notable exceptions. Instead, AMPs may be under balancing selection, such that over evolutionary timescales multiple alleles are maintained in populations. In this study, we focus on the Drosophila antimicrobial peptide Diptericin A, which has a segregating amino acid polymorphism associated with differential survival after infection with the Gram-negative bacteria Providencia rettgeri . Diptericin A also helps control opportunistic gut infections by common Drosophila gut microbes, especially those of Lactobacillus plantarum . In addition to genotypic effects on gut immunity, we also see strong sex-specific effects that are most prominent in flies without functional diptericin A . To further characterize differences in microbiomes between different diptericin genotypes, we used 16S metagenomics to look at the microbiome composition. We used both lab reared and wild caught flies for our sequencing and looked at overall composition as well as the differential abundance of individual bacterial families. Overall, we find flies that are homozygous for one allele of diptericin A are better equipped to survive a systemic infection from P. rettgeri , but in general have a shorter lifespans after being fed common gut commensals. Our results suggest a possible mechanism for the maintenance of genetic variation of diptericin A through the complex interactions of sex, systemic immunity, and the maintenance of the gut microbiome.
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10
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Tang Y, Qu S, Ning Z, Wu H. Immunopeptides: immunomodulatory strategies and prospects for ocular immunity applications. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1406762. [PMID: 39076973 PMCID: PMC11284077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunopeptides have low toxicity, low immunogenicity and targeting, and broad application prospects in drug delivery and assembly, which are diverse in application strategies and drug combinations. Immunopeptides are particularly important for regulating ocular immune homeostasis, as the eye is an immune-privileged organ. Immunopeptides have advantages in adaptive immunity and innate immunity, treating eye immune-related diseases by regulating T cells, B cells, immune checkpoints, and cytokines. This article summarizes the application strategies of immunopeptides in innate immunity and adaptive immunity, including autoimmunity, infection, vaccine strategies, and tumors. Furthermore, it focuses on the mechanisms of immunopeptides in mediating ocular immunity (autoimmune diseases, inflammatory storms, and tumors). Moreover, it reviews immunopeptides' application strategies and the therapeutic potential of immunopeptides in the eye. We expect the immune peptide to get attention in treating eye diseases and to provide a direction for eye disease immune peptide research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Wu
- Eye Center of Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Beghelli D, Giusti L, Zallocco L, Ronci M, Cappelli A, Pontifex MG, Muller M, Damiani C, Cirilli I, Hrelia S, Vauzour D, Vittadini E, Favia G, Angeloni C. Dietary fiber supplementation increases Drosophila melanogaster lifespan and gut microbiota diversity. Food Funct 2024; 15:7468-7477. [PMID: 38912918 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00879k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Dietary fiber has been shown to have multiple health benefits, including a positive effect on longevity and the gut microbiota. In the present study, Drosophila melanogaster has been chosen as an in vivo model organism to study the health effects of dietary fiber supplementation (DFS). DFS extended the mean half-life of male and female flies, but the absolute lifespan only increased in females. To reveal the underlying mechanisms, we examined the effect of DFS on gut microbiota diversity and abundance, local gut immunity, and the brain proteome. A significant difference in the gut microbial community was observed between groups with and without fiber supplementation, which reduced the gut pathogenic bacterial load. We also observed an upregulated expression of dual oxidase and a modulated expression of Attacin and Diptericin genes in the gut of older flies, possibly delaying the gut dysbiosis connected to the age-related gut immune dysfunction. Brain proteome analysis showed that DFS led to the modulation of metabolic processes connected to mitochondrial biogenesis, the RhoV-GTPase cycle, organelle biogenesis and maintenance, membrane trafficking and vesicle-mediated transport, possibly orchestrated through a gut-brain axis interaction. Taken together, our study shows that DFS can prolong the half-life and lifespan of flies, possibly by promoting a healthier gut environment and delaying the physiological dysbiosis that characterizes the ageing process. However, the RhoV-GTPase cycle at the brain level may deserve more attention in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Beghelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Matthew G Pontifex
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Michael Muller
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Claudia Damiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Cirilli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, RN, Italy
| | - David Vauzour
- Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Elena Vittadini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, RN, Italy
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12
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Liu Y, Wang X, Jin C, Qiao J, Wang C, Jiang L, Yu S, Pan D, Zhao D, Wang S, Liu M. Total ginsenosides extend healthspan of aging Drosophila by suppressing imbalances in intestinal stem cells and microbiota. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155650. [PMID: 38669971 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruption of stem cell and microbial homeostasis accelerates the aging process. Hence, maintaining these balances effectively delays aging and alleviates the symptoms of age-related diseases. Recent research indicates that targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and immune deficiency (IMD) signalling may play a positive role in maintaining homeostasis in aging intestinal stem cells (ISC) and microbial equilibrium. Previous research has suggested that total ginsenosides (TG) derived from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer may exhibit potential anti-aging properties by mitigating ER stress and mediating the IMD pathway. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether TG improve ISC and microbial homeostasis by modulating ER stress and the IMD pathway to promote healthy aging. PURPOSE To elucidate whether TG promotes healthspan in Drosophila and its underlying molecular mechanisms, focusing on its role in regulating ER stress and the IMD pathway to maintain ISC and intestinal microbiota homeostasis. METHODS High performance liquid chromatography was performed to detect the main saponin monomer in TG. Survival rate, gut length, barrier function, and feeding/excretion behaviour assays were used to evaluate the effects of TG on the lifespan and gut health of Drosophila. At the stem cell level, "esg-luciferase" reporter system, esg-GFP/delta stem cell fluorescent labelling, and phospho-histone H3+ mitotic activity assays were employed to determine whether TG prevented natural aging or oxidative stress-associated ISC over-proliferation in Drosophila. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the effects of TG on ER stress during aging. Overexpression or interference of ER stress target genes and their related c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) gene was manipulated using gene editing technology to verify the molecular mechanism by which TG maintains age-related ISC proliferation homeostasis. Molecular docking and isothermal titration calorimetry were used to verify the direct interactions between TG and ER stress target genes. In addition, at the intestinal flora level, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to analyse the effect of TG on the diversity and abundance of Drosophila intestinal flora and the possible functional pathways involved. RT-qPCR was performed to determine whether TG mediated the expression of target genes in the IMD pathway. A dominant bacterial species-specific mono-association analysis were performed to verify whether the effects of TG on IMD target genes and ISC proliferation depended on the direct control of the dominant bacterial species. RESULTS Our results suggest that administration of TG delays the decline in gut morphology and function in aging Drosophila. TG prevents age-associated ISC hyperproliferation by inhibiting ER stress IRE1-mediated JNK signaling. Furthermore, oral TG prevented aging-associated ISC and gut microbiota dysbiosis by remodelling the gut microbiota and inhibiting Acetobacter-mediated activation of IMD target genes. CONCLUSION TG promotes healthy aging by inhibiting the excessive proliferation of ISC and alleviating intestinal microbial imbalance, thereby providing new insights for the research and development of anti-aging TG products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chenrong Jin
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Juhui Qiao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Leilei Jiang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Shiting Yu
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Daian Pan
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Siming Wang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Meichen Liu
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Tong R, Li Y, Yu X, Zhang N, Liao Q, Pan L. Mechanisms of neurocentral-eyestalk-intestinal immunotoxicity in whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei under ammonia nitrogen exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123956. [PMID: 38626866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia-N, as the most toxic nitrogenous waste, has high toxicity to marine animals. However, the interplay between ammonia-induced neuroendocrine toxicity and intestinal immune homeostasis has been largely overlooked. Here, a significant concordance of metabolome and transcriptome-based "cholinergic synapse" supports that plasma metabolites acetylcholine (ACh) plays an important role during NH4Cl exposure. After blocking the ACh signal transduction, the release of dopamine (DA) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the cerebral ganglia increased, while the release of NPF in the thoracic ganglia and NE in the abdominal ganglia, and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) and neuropeptide F (NPF) in the eyestalk decreased, finally the intestinal immunity was enhanced. After bilateral eyestalk ablation, the neuroendocrine system of shrimp was disturbed, more neuroendocrine factors, such as corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic-hormone (ACTH), ACh, DA, 5-HT, and norepinephrine (NE) were released into the plasma, and further decreased intestinal immunity. Subsequently, these neuroendocrine factors reach the intestine through endocrine or neural pathways and bind to their receptors to affect downstream signaling pathway factors to regulate intestinal immune homeostasis. Combined with different doses of ammonia-N exposure experiment, these findings suggest that NH4Cl may exert intestinal toxicity on shrimp by disrupting the cerebral ganglion-eyestalk axis and the cerebral ganglion-thoracic ganglion-abdominal ganglion axis, thereby damaging intestinal barrier function and inducing inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Yaobing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Xin Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Qilong Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
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14
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Maritan E, Quagliariello A, Frago E, Patarnello T, Martino ME. The role of animal hosts in shaping gut microbiome variation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230071. [PMID: 38497257 PMCID: PMC10945410 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Millions of years of co-evolution between animals and their associated microbial communities have shaped and diversified the nature of their relationship. Studies continue to reveal new layers of complexity in host-microbe interactions, the fate of which depends on a variety of different factors, ranging from neutral processes and environmental factors to local dynamics. Research is increasingly integrating ecosystem-based approaches, metagenomics and mathematical modelling to disentangle the individual contribution of ecological factors to microbiome evolution. Within this framework, host factors are known to be among the dominant drivers of microbiome composition in different animal species. However, the extent to which they shape microbiome assembly and evolution remains unclear. In this review, we summarize our understanding of how host factors drive microbial communities and how these dynamics are conserved and vary across taxa. We conclude by outlining key avenues for research and highlight the need for implementation of and key modifications to existing theory to fully capture the dynamics of host-associated microbiomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Maritan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Quagliariello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Enric Frago
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Université Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Martino
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020 Padova, Italy
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15
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Galambos N, Vincent-Monegat C, Vallier A, Parisot N, Heddi A, Zaidman-Rémy A. Cereal weevils' antimicrobial peptides: at the crosstalk between development, endosymbiosis and immune response. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230062. [PMID: 38497254 PMCID: PMC10945404 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between animals and microbes are ubiquitous in nature and strongly impact animal physiology. These interactions are shaped by the host immune system, which responds to infections and contributes to tailor the associations with beneficial microorganisms. In many insects, beneficial symbiotic associations not only include gut commensals, but also intracellular bacteria, or endosymbionts. Endosymbionts are housed within specialized host cells, the bacteriocytes, and are transmitted vertically across host generations. Host-endosymbiont co-evolution shapes the endosymbiont genome and host immune system, which not only fights against microbial intruders, but also ensures the preservation of endosymbionts and the control of their load and location. The cereal weevil Sitophilus spp. is a remarkable model in which to study the evolutionary adaptation of the immune system to endosymbiosis owing to its binary association with a unique, relatively recently acquired nutritional endosymbiont, Sodalis pierantonius. This Gram-negative bacterium has not experienced the genome size shrinkage observed in long-term endosymbioses and has retained immunogenicity. We focus here on the sixteen antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) identified in the Sitophilus oryzae genome and their expression patterns in different tissues, along host development or upon immune challenges, to address their potential functions in the defensive response and endosymbiosis homeostasis along the insect life cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Galambos
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - A. Vallier
- INRAE, INSA Lyon, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - N. Parisot
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A. Heddi
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - A. Zaidman-Rémy
- INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
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16
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Bosch TCG, Blaser MJ, Ruby E, McFall-Ngai M. A new lexicon in the age of microbiome research. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230060. [PMID: 38497258 PMCID: PMC10945402 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
At a rapid pace, biologists are learning the many ways in which resident microbes influence, and sometimes even control, their hosts to shape both health and disease. Understanding the biochemistry behind these interactions promises to reveal completely novel and targeted ways of counteracting disease processes. However, in our protocols and publications, we continue to describe these new results using a language that originated in a completely different context. This language developed when microbial interactions with hosts were perceived to be primarily pathogenic, as threats that had to be vanquished. Biomedicine had one dominating thought: winning this war against microorganisms. Today, we know that beyond their defensive roles, host tissues, especially epithelia, are vital to ensuring association with the normal microbiota, the communities of microbes that persistently live with the host. Thus, we need to adopt a language that better encompasses the newly appreciated importance of host-microbiota associations. We also need a language that frames the onset and progression of pathogenic conditions within the context of the normal microbiota. Such a reimagined lexicon should make it clear, from the very nature of its words, that microorganisms are primarily vital to our health, and only more rarely the cause of disease. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Edward Ruby
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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17
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Destoumieux-Garzón D, Montagnani C, Dantan L, Nicolas NDS, Travers MA, Duperret L, Charrière GM, Toulza E, Mitta G, Cosseau C, Escoubas JM. Cross-talk and mutual shaping between the immune system and the microbiota during an oyster's life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230065. [PMID: 38497271 PMCID: PMC10945412 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas lives in microbe-rich marine coastal systems subjected to rapid environmental changes. It harbours a diversified and fluctuating microbiota that cohabits with immune cells expressing a diversified immune gene repertoire. In the early stages of oyster development, just after fertilization, the microbiota plays a key role in educating the immune system. Exposure to a rich microbial environment at the larval stage leads to an increase in immune competence throughout the life of the oyster, conferring a better protection against pathogenic infections at later juvenile/adult stages. This beneficial effect, which is intergenerational, is associated with epigenetic remodelling. At juvenile stages, the educated immune system participates in the control of the homeostasis. In particular, the microbiota is fine-tuned by oyster antimicrobial peptides acting through specific and synergistic effects. However, this balance is fragile, as illustrated by the Pacific Oyster Mortality Syndrome, a disease causing mass mortalities in oysters worldwide. In this disease, the weakening of oyster immune defences by OsHV-1 µVar virus induces a dysbiosis leading to fatal sepsis. This review illustrates the continuous interaction between the highly diversified oyster immune system and its dynamic microbiota throughout its life, and the importance of this cross-talk for oyster health. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sculpting the microbiome: how host factors determine and respond to microbial colonization'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Dantan
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Noémie de San Nicolas
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Travers
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Léo Duperret
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume M. Charrière
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- Ifremer, IRD, ILM, Université de Polynésie Française, UMR EIO, Vairao 98179, French Polynesia
| | - Céline Cosseau
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Escoubas
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, University of Perpignan Via Domitia,34090 Montpellier, France
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18
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Massey C, Nosker ME, Gale J, Scott S, Walker CJ, Cluff A, Wilcox S, Morrison A, Gottfredson Morgan SJ, Beltz J, Schmidt P, Chaston JM. Humidity determines penetrance of a latitudinal gradient in genetic selection on the microbiota by Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.02.591907. [PMID: 38746372 PMCID: PMC11092659 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.591907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding how hosts and their microbial partners interact as the host adapts to wild environments. These interactions are readily interrogated because of the low taxonomic and numeric complexity of the flies' bacterial communities. Previous work has established that host genotype, the environment, diet, and interspecies microbial interactions can all influence host fitness and microbiota composition, but the specific processes and characters mediating these processes are incompletely understood. Here, we compared the variation in microbiota composition between wild-derived fly populations when flies could choose between the microorganisms in their diets and when flies were reared under environmental perturbation (different humidities). We also compared the colonization of the resident and transient microorganisms. We show that the ability to choose between microorganisms in the diet and the environmental condition of the flies can influence the relative abundance of the microbiota. There were also key differences in the abundances of the resident and transient microbiota. However, the microbiota only differed between populations when the flies were reared at humidities at or above 50% relative humidity. We also show that elevated humidity determined the penetrance of a gradient in host genetic selection on the microbiota that is associated with the latitude the flies were collected from. Finally, we show that the treatment-dependent variation in microbiota composition is associated with variation in host stress survival. Together, these findings emphasize that host genetic selection on the microbiota composition of a model animal host can be patterned with the source geography, and that such variation has the potential to influence their survival in the wild. Importance The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding how hosts and their microbial partners interact as hosts adapt in wild environments. Our understanding of what causes geographic variation in the fruit fly microbiota remains incomplete. Previous work has shown that the D. melanogaster microbiota has relatively low numerical and taxonomic complexity. Variation in the fly microbiota composition can be attributed to environmental characters and host genetic variation, and variation in microbiota composition can be patterned with the source location of the flies. In this work we explored three possible causes of patterned variation in microbiota composition. We show that host feeding choices, the host niche colonized by the bacteria, and a single environmental character can all contribute to variation in microbiota composition. We also show that penetrance of latitudinally-patterned host genetic selection is only observed at elevated humidities. Together, these results identify several factors that influence microbiota composition in wild fly genotypes and emphasize the interplay between environmental and host genetic factors in determining the microbiota composition of these model hosts.
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19
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Becchimanzi A, Nicoletti R, Di Lelio I, Russo E. Immune Gene Repertoire of Soft Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4922. [PMID: 38732132 PMCID: PMC11084805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Insects possess an effective immune system, which has been extensively characterized in several model species, revealing a plethora of conserved genes involved in recognition, signaling, and responses to pathogens and parasites. However, some taxonomic groups, characterized by peculiar trophic niches, such as plant-sap feeders, which are often important pests of crops and forestry ecosystems, have been largely overlooked regarding their immune gene repertoire. Here we annotated the immune genes of soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) for which omics data are publicly available. By using immune genes of aphids and Drosophila to query the genome of Ericerus pela, as well as the transcriptomes of Ceroplastes cirripediformis and Coccus sp., we highlight the lack of peptidoglycan recognition proteins, galectins, thaumatins, and antimicrobial peptides in Coccidae. This work contributes to expanding our knowledge about the evolutionary trajectories of immune genes and offers a list of promising candidates for developing new control strategies based on the suppression of pests' immunity through RNAi technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Russo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (I.D.L.); (E.R.)
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20
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Shamjana U, Vasu DA, Hembrom PS, Nayak K, Grace T. The role of insect gut microbiota in host fitness, detoxification and nutrient supplementation. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:71. [PMID: 38668783 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-01970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Insects are incredibly diverse, ubiquitous and have successfully flourished out of the dynamic and often unpredictable nature of evolutionary processes. The resident microbiome has accompanied the physical and biological adaptations that enable their continued survival and proliferation in a wide array of environments. The host insect and microbiome's bidirectional relationship exhibits their capability to influence each other's physiology, behavior and characteristics. Insects are reported to rely directly on the microbial community to break down complex food, adapt to nutrient-deficit environments, protect themselves from natural adversaries and control the expression of social behavior. High-throughput metagenomic approaches have enhanced the potential for determining the abundance, composition, diversity and functional activities of microbial fauna associated with insect hosts, enabling in-depth investigation into insect-microbe interactions. We undertook a review of some of the major advances in the field of metagenomics, focusing on insect-microbe interaction, diversity and composition of resident microbiota, the functional capability of endosymbionts and discussions on different symbiotic relationships. The review aims to be a valuable resource on insect gut symbiotic microbiota by providing a comprehensive understanding of how insect gut symbionts systematically perform a range of functions, viz., insecticide degradation, nutritional support and immune fitness. A thorough understanding of manipulating specific gut symbionts may aid in developing advanced insect-associated research to attain health and design strategies for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Shamjana
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Deepa Azhchath Vasu
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Preety Sweta Hembrom
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Karunakar Nayak
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India
| | - Tony Grace
- Department of Genomic Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671316, India.
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21
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Rommelaere S, Carboni A, Bada Juarez JF, Boquete JP, Abriata LA, Teixeira Pinto Meireles F, Rukes V, Vincent C, Kondo S, Dionne MS, Dal Peraro M, Cao C, Lemaitre B. A humoral stress response protects Drosophila tissues from antimicrobial peptides. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1426-1437.e6. [PMID: 38484734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
7An efficient immune system must provide protection against a broad range of pathogens without causing excessive collateral tissue damage. While immune effectors have been well characterized, we know less about the resilience mechanisms protecting the host from its own immune response. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, cationic peptides that contribute to innate defenses by targeting negatively charged membranes of microbes. While protective against pathogens, AMPs can be cytotoxic to host cells. Here, we reveal that a family of stress-induced proteins, the Turandots, protect the Drosophila respiratory system from AMPs, increasing resilience to stress. Flies lacking Turandot genes are susceptible to environmental stresses due to AMP-induced tracheal apoptosis. Turandot proteins bind to host cell membranes and mask negatively charged phospholipids, protecting them from cationic pore-forming AMPs. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Turandot stress proteins mitigate AMP cytotoxicity to host tissues and therefore improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rommelaere
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alexia Carboni
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juan F Bada Juarez
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Boquete
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciano A Abriata
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Teixeira Pinto Meireles
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Verena Rukes
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Crystal Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, UK
| | - Shu Kondo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 162-8601 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marc S Dionne
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chan Cao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Zhou L, Meng G, Zhu L, Ma L, Chen K. Insect Antimicrobial Peptides as Guardians of Immunity and Beyond: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3835. [PMID: 38612644 PMCID: PMC11011964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as immune effectors synthesized by a variety of organisms, not only constitute a robust defense mechanism against a broad spectrum of pathogens in the host but also show promising applications as effective antimicrobial agents. Notably, insects are significant reservoirs of natural AMPs. However, the complex array of variations in types, quantities, antimicrobial activities, and production pathways of AMPs, as well as evolution of AMPs across insect species, presents a significant challenge for immunity system understanding and AMP applications. This review covers insect AMP discoveries, classification, common properties, and mechanisms of action. Additionally, the types, quantities, and activities of immune-related AMPs in each model insect are also summarized. We conducted the first comprehensive investigation into the diversity, distribution, and evolution of 20 types of AMPs in model insects, employing phylogenetic analysis to describe their evolutionary relationships and shed light on conserved and distinctive AMP families. Furthermore, we summarize the regulatory pathways of AMP production through classical signaling pathways and additional pathways associated with Nitric Oxide, insulin-like signaling, and hormones. This review advances our understanding of AMPs as guardians in insect immunity systems and unlocks a gateway to insect AMP resources, facilitating the use of AMPs to address food safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Zhou
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Guanliang Meng
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, 53113 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Ling Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Li Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030810, China
| | - Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
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23
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Xiong P, Wang WW, Liu XS, Wang YF, Wang JL. A CTL - Lys immune function maintains insect metamorphosis by preventing gut bacterial dysbiosis and limiting opportunistic infections. BMC Biol 2024; 22:54. [PMID: 38448930 PMCID: PMC10918859 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01855-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut bacteria are beneficial to the host, many of which must be passed on to host offspring. During metamorphosis, the midgut of holometabolous insects undergoes histolysis and remodeling, and thus risks losing gut bacteria. Strategies employed by holometabolous insects to minimize this risk are obscure. How gut bacteria affect host insects after entering the hemocoel and causing opportunistic infections remains largely elusive. RESULTS We used holometabolous Helicoverpa armigera as a model and found low Lactobacillus load, high level of a C-type lectin (CTL) gene CD209 antigen-like protein 2 (CD209) and its downstream lysozyme 1 (Lys1) in the midgut of the wandering stage. CD209 or Lys1 depletion increased the load of midgut Lactobacillus, which further translocate to the hemocoel. In particular, CD209 or Lys1 depletion, injection of Lactobacillus plantarum, or translocation of midgut L. plantarum into the hemocoel suppressed 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling and delayed pupariation. Injection of L. plantarum decreased triacylglycerol and cholesterol storage, which may result in insufficient energy and 20E available for pupariation. Further, Lysine-type peptidoglycan, the major component of gram-positive bacterial cell wall, contributed to delayed pupariation and decreased levels of triacylglycerols, cholesterols, and 20E, in both H. armigera and Drosophila melanogaster. CONCLUSIONS A mechanism by which (Lactobacillus-induced) opportunistic infections delay insect metamorphosis was found, namely by disturbing the homeostasis of lipid metabolism and reducing 20E production. Moreover, the immune function of CTL - Lys was characterized for insect metamorphosis by maintaining gut homeostasis and limiting the opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Wen Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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24
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Perlmutter JI, Chapman JR, Wilkinson MC, Nevarez-Saenz I, Unckless RL. A single amino acid polymorphism in natural Metchnikowin alleles of Drosophila results in systemic immunity and life history tradeoffs. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011155. [PMID: 38466751 PMCID: PMC10957085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are at the interface of interactions between hosts and microbes and are therefore expected to be rapidly evolving in a coevolutionary arms race with pathogens. In contrast, previous work demonstrated that insect AMPs tend to evolve more slowly than the genome average. Metchikowin (Mtk) is a Drosophila AMP that has a single amino acid residue that segregates as either proline (P) or arginine (R) in populations of four different species, some of which diverged more than 10 million years ago. These results suggest that there is a distinct functional importance to each allele. The most likely hypotheses are driven by two main questions: does each allele have a different efficacy against different specific pathogens (specificity hypothesis)? Or, is one allele a more potent antimicrobial, but with a host fitness cost (autoimmune hypothesis)? To assess their functional differences, we created D. melanogaster lines with the P allele, R allele, or Mtk null mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and performed a series of life history and infection assays to assess them. In males, testing of systemic immune responses to a repertoire of bacteria and fungi demonstrated that the R allele performs as well or better than the P and null alleles with most infections. Females show some results that contrast with males, with Mtk alleles either not contributing to survival or with the P allele outperforming the R allele. In addition, measurements of life history traits demonstrate that the R allele is more costly in the absence of infection for both sexes. These results are consistent with both the specificity hypothesis (either allele can perform better against certain pathogens depending on context), and the autoimmune hypothesis (the R allele is generally the more potent antimicrobial in males, and carries a fitness cost). These results provide strong in vivo evidence that differential fitness with or without infection and sex-based functional differences in alleles may be adaptive mechanisms of maintaining immune gene polymorphisms in contrast with expectations of rapid evolution. Therefore, a complex interplay of forces including pathogen species and host sex may lead to balancing selection for immune genotypes. Strikingly, this selection may act on even a single amino acid polymorphism in an AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamyn I. Perlmutter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Joanne R. Chapman
- Institute of Environmental and Scientific Research (ESR), Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mason C. Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Isaac Nevarez-Saenz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Unckless
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
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25
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Xu X, Foley E. Vibrio cholerae arrests intestinal epithelial proliferation through T6SS-dependent activation of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113750. [PMID: 38340318 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain an effective barrier, intestinal progenitor cells must divide at a rate that matches the loss of dead and dying cells. Otherwise, epithelial breaches expose the host to systemic infection by gut-resident microbes. Unlike most pathogens, Vibrio cholerae blocks tissue repair by arresting progenitor proliferation in the Drosophila model. At present, we do not understand how V. cholerae circumvents such a critical antibacterial defense. We find that V. cholerae blocks epithelial repair by activating the growth inhibitor bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in progenitors. Specifically, we show that interactions between V. cholerae and gut commensals initiate BMP signaling via host innate immune defenses. Notably, we find that V. cholerae also activates BMP and arrests proliferation in zebrafish intestines, indicating an evolutionarily conserved link between infection and failure in tissue repair. Our study highlights how enteric pathogens engage host immune and growth regulatory pathways to disrupt intestinal epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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26
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Hajra D, Kirthivasan N, Chakravortty D. Symbiotic Synergy from Sponges to Humans: Microflora-Host Harmony Is Crucial for Ensuring Survival and Shielding against Invading Pathogens. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:317-336. [PMID: 38170903 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays several roles in the host organism's metabolism and physiology. This phenomenon holds across different species from different kingdoms and classes. Different species across various classes engage in continuous crosstalk via various mechanisms with their gut microbiota, ensuring homeostasis of the host. In this Review, the diversity of the microflora, the development of the microflora in the host, its regulations by the host, and its functional implications on the host, especially in the context of dysbiosis, are discussed across different organisms from sponges to humans. Overall, our review aims to address the indispensable nature of the microbiome in the host's survival, fitness, and protection against invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipasree Hajra
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
| | - Nikhita Kirthivasan
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka-560012, India
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27
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Owings KG, Chow CY. A Drosophila screen identifies a role for histone methylation in ER stress preconditioning. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkad265. [PMID: 38098286 PMCID: PMC11021027 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Stress preconditioning occurs when transient, sublethal stress events impact an organism's ability to counter future stresses. Although preconditioning effects are often noted in the literature, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms. To model preconditioning, we exposed a panel of genetically diverse Drosophila melanogaster to a sublethal heat shock and measured how well the flies survived subsequent exposure to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The impact of preconditioning varied with genetic background, ranging from dying half as fast to 4 and a half times faster with preconditioning compared to no preconditioning. Subsequent association and transcriptional analyses revealed that histone methylation, and transcriptional regulation are both candidate preconditioning modifier pathways. Strikingly, almost all subunits (7/8) in the Set1/COMPASS complex were identified as candidate modifiers of preconditioning. Functional analysis of Set1 knockdown flies demonstrated that loss of Set1 led to the transcriptional dysregulation of canonical ER stress genes during preconditioning. Based on these analyses, we propose a preconditioning model in which Set1 helps to establish an interim transcriptional "memory" of previous stress events, resulting in a preconditioned response to subsequent stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie G Owings
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, EIHG 5200, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Clement Y Chow
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, EIHG 5200, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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28
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Zeng Y, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Xiao X. Crosstalk between glucagon-like peptide 1 and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. mBio 2024; 15:e0203223. [PMID: 38055342 PMCID: PMC10790698 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02032-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota exert influence on gastrointestinal mucosal permeability, bile acid metabolism, short-chain fatty acid synthesis, dietary fiber fermentation, and farnesoid X receptor/Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) signal transduction. The incretin glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is mainly produced by L cells in the gut and regulates postprandial blood glucose. Changes in gut microbiota composition and function have been observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Meanwhile, the function and rhythm of GLP-1 have also been affected in subjects with obesity or T2D. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the link between the gut microbiome and GLP-1. In this review, we describe the interaction between GLP-1 and the gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. On the one hand, gut microbiota metabolites stimulate GLP-1 secretion, and gut microbiota affect GLP-1 function and rhythm. On the other hand, the mechanism of action of GLP-1 on gut microbiota involves the inflammatory response. Additionally, we discuss the effects and mechanism of various interventions, such as prebiotics, probiotics, antidiabetic drugs, and bariatric surgery, on the crosstalk between gut microbiota and GLP-1. Finally, we stress that gut microbiota can be used as a target for metabolic diseases, and the clinical application of GLP-1 receptor agonists should be individualized.
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Grants
- 81870545, 81870579, 82170854, 81570715, 81170736 MOST | National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
- 7202163 Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (Beijing Natural Science Foundation)
- Z201100005520011 Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Adminitrative Commission of Zhongguancun Science Park
- 2017YFC1309603, 2021YFC2501700, 2016YFA0101002, 2018YFC2001100 MOST | National Key Research and Development Program of China (NKPs)
- 2019DCT-M-05 Beijing Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau (BMHRSSB)
- 2017PT31036, 2018PT31021 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)
- 2017PT32020, 2018PT32001 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)
- CIFMS2017-I2M-1-008, CIFMS2021-I2M-1-002 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)
- 2022-PUMCH- C-019, 2022-PUMCH-B-121 National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Deng Y, Yang S, Zhang L, Chen C, Cheng X, Hou C. Chronic bee paralysis virus exploits host antimicrobial peptides and alters gut microbiota composition to facilitate viral infection. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae051. [PMID: 38519112 PMCID: PMC11014883 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The significance of gut microbiota in regulating animal immune response to viral infection is increasingly recognized. However, how chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) exploits host immune to disturb microbiota for its proliferation remains elusive. Through histopathological examination, we discovered that the hindgut harbored the highest level of CBPV, and displayed visible signs of damages. The metagenomic analysis showed that a notable reduction in the levels of Snodgrassella alvi and Lactobacillus apis, and a significant increase in the abundance of the opportunistic pathogens such as Enterobacter hormaechei and Enterobacter cloacae following CBPV infection. Subsequent co-inoculation experiments showed that these opportunistic pathogens facilitated the CBPV proliferation, leading to accelerated mortality in bees and exacerbation of bloated abdomen symptoms after CBPV infection. The expression level of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) was found to be significantly up-regulated by over 1000 times in response to CBPV infection, as demonstrated by subsequent transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR investigations. In particular, through correlation analysis and a bacteriostatic test revealed that the AMPs did not exhibit any inhibitory effect against the two opportunistic pathogens. However, they did demonstrate inhibitory activity against S. alvi and L. apis. Our findings provide different evidence that the virus infection may stimulate and utilize the host's AMPs to eradicate probiotic species and facilitate the proliferation of opportunistic bacteria. This process weakens the intestinal barrier and ultimately resulting in the typical bloated abdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Deng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Sa Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chenxiao Chen
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Xuefen Cheng
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
| | - Chunsheng Hou
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
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30
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Xie BH, Chao L, Wan SJ, Si HR, Yu WD, Huang Z, Wang SG, Desneux N, Tang B, Sun SS. Analysis of gut microbiota of ladybug beetle (Harmonia axyridis) after feeding on different artificial diets. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:5. [PMID: 38172684 PMCID: PMC10763339 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmonia axyridis is an effective natural enemy insect to a variety of phloem-sucking pests and Lepidopteran larvae, such as aphids, scabies, and phylloxera, while its industrial production is limited due to unmature artificial diet. Insect intestinal microbiota affect host development and reproduction. The aim of this study is to understand intestinal microbiota composition of H. axyridis and screen effective probiotics on artificial diet. Considering the role of the components and composition of the diet on the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiome, four kinds of diets were set up: (1) aphid; (2) basic diet; (3) basic diet + glucose; (4) basic diet + trehalose. The gut microbiota of H. axyridis was detected after feeding on different diets. RESULTS Results showed that the gut microbiota between artificial diet group and aphid groups were far apart, while the basic and glucose groups were clearly clustered. Besides, the glucose group and trehalose group had one unique phylum, Cryptophyta and Candidatus Saccharibacteria, respectively. The highest abundance of Proteobacteria was found in the aphid diet. The highest abundance of Firmicutes was found in the basic diet. However, the addition of glucose or trehalose alleviated the change. In addition, the relative abundance of Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified, Enterobacteriales_unclassified and Serratia in the aphid group was higher than other groups. Moreover, the function of gut genes in each group also showed clear differences. CONCLUSION These results have offered a strong link between artificial diets and gut microbes, and also have provided a theoretical basis for the screening of synergistic probiotics in artificial diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hua Xie
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Chao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si-Jing Wan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-Ru Si
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- Zhejiang Dingyi Biotechnology Corporation, Quzhou, 324100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Zhejiang Dingyi Biotechnology Corporation, Quzhou, 324100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Si-Si Sun
- Guizhou Institute of Mountainous Meteorological Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou, China.
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31
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Peng S, Ye L, Li Y, Wang F, Sun T, Wang L, Zhao J, Dong Z. Metagenomic insights into jellyfish-associated microbiome dynamics during strobilation. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycae036. [PMID: 38571744 PMCID: PMC10988111 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Host-associated microbiomes can play key roles in the metamorphosis of animals. Most scyphozoan jellyfish undergo strobilation in their life cycles, similar to metamorphosis in classic bilaterians. The exploration of jellyfish microbiomes may elucidate the ancestral mechanisms and evolutionary trajectories of metazoan-microbe associations and interactions during metamorphosis. However, current knowledge of the functional features of jellyfish microbiomes remains limited. Here, we performed a genome-centric analysis of associated microbiota across four successive life stages (polyp, early strobila, advanced strobila, and ephyra) during strobilation in the common jellyfish Aurelia coerulea. We observed shifts in taxonomic and functional diversity of microbiomes across distinct stages and proposed that the low microbial diversity in ephyra stage may be correlated with the high expression of the host-derived antimicrobial peptide aurelin. Furthermore, we recovered 43 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes and determined the nutritional potential of the dominant Vibrio members. Interestingly, we observed increased abundances of genes related to the biosynthesis of amino acids, vitamins, and cofactors, as well as carbon fixation during the loss of host feeding ability, indicating the functional potential of Aurelia-associated microbiota to support the synthesis of essential nutrients. We also identified several potential mechanisms by which jellyfish-associated microbes establish stage-specific community structures and maintain stable colonization in dynamic host environments, including eukaryotic-like protein production, bacterial secretion systems, restriction-modification systems, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas systems. Our study characterizes unique taxonomic and functional changes in jellyfish microbiomes during strobilation and provides foundations for uncovering the ancestral mechanism of host-microbe interactions during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijun Peng
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lijing Ye
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Yongxue Li
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanghan Wang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijun Dong
- Muping Coastal Environment Research Station, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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32
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Usman D, Abubakar MB, Ibrahim KG, Imam MU. Iron chelation and supplementation: A comparison in the management of inflammatory bowel disease using drosophila. Life Sci 2024; 336:122328. [PMID: 38061132 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is associated with systemic iron deficiency and has been managed with iron supplements which cause adverse side effects. Conversely, some reports highlight iron depletion to ameliorate IBD. The underlying intestinal response and comparative benefit of iron depletion and supplementation in IBD is unknown. The aims of this work were to characterize and compare the effects of iron supplementation and iron depletion in IBD. MAIN METHODS IBD was induced in Drosophila melanogaster using 3 % dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in diet for 7 days. Using this model, we investigated the impacts of acute iron depletion (using bathophenanthroline disulfonate, BPS) and supplementation (using ferrous sulphate, FS), before and after IBD induction, on gut iron homeostasis, cell death, gut permeability, inflammation, antioxidant defence, antimicrobial response and several fly phenotypes. KEY FINDINGS DSS decreased fly mass (p < 0.001), increased gut permeability (p < 0.001) and shortened lifespan (p = 0.035) compared to control. The DSS-fed flies also showed significantly elevated lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001), and the upregulated expression of apoptotic marker- drice (p < 0.001), tight junction protein - bbg (p < 0.001), antimicrobial peptide - dpta (p = 0.002) and proinflammatory cytokine - upd2 (p < 0.001). BPS significantly (p < 0.05) increased fly mass and lifespan, decreased gut permeability, decreased lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of drice, bbg, dpta and upd2 in IBD flies. This iron chelation (using BPS) showed better protection from DSS-induced IBD than iron supplementation (using FS). Preventive and curative interventions, by BPS or FS, also differed in outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE This may inform precise management strategies aimed at tackling IBD and its recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawoud Usman
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Murtala Bello Abubakar
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kasimu Ghandi Ibrahim
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, P. O. Box 2000, Zarqa 13110, Jordan; School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mustapha Umar Imam
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.
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Tang D, Qiu R, Qiu X, Sun M, Su M, Tao Z, Zhang L, Tao S. Dietary restriction rescues 5-fluorouracil-induced lethal intestinal toxicity in old mice by blocking translocation of opportunistic pathogens. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2355693. [PMID: 38780487 PMCID: PMC11123560 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2355693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy remains a major treatment for malignant tumors, yet the application of standard dose intensity chemotherapy is limited due to the side effects of cytotoxic drugs, especially in old populations. The underlying mechanisms of cytotoxicity and strategies to increase the safety and tolerance of chemotherapy remain to be explored. Using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a cornerstone chemotherapeutic drug, we demonstrate that the main cause of death in ad libitum (AL) fed mice after 5-FU chemotherapy was infection caused by translocation of intestinal opportunistic pathogens. We show that these opportunistic pathogens greatly increase in the intestine after chemotherapy, which was closely related to loss of intestinal lysozyme. Of note, two weeks of dietary restriction (DR) prior to chemotherapy significantly protected the loss of lysozyme and increased the content of the beneficial Lactobacillus genera, resulting in a substantial inhibition of intestinal opportunistic pathogens and their translocation. The rescue effect of DR could be mimicked by Lysozyme or Lactobacillus gavage. Our study provides the first evidence that DR achieved a comprehensive protection of the intestinal physical, biological and chemical barriers, which significantly improved the overall survival of 5-FU-treated mice. Importantly, the above findings were more prominent in old mice. Furthermore, we show that patients over 65 years old have enriched opportunistic pathogens in their gut microbiota, especially after 5-FU based chemotherapy. Our study reveals important mechanisms for the poor chemotherapy tolerance of the elderly population, which can be significantly improved by short-term DR. This study generates new insights into methods for improving the chemotherapeutic prognosis by increasing the chemotherapy tolerance and safety of patients with malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duozhuang Tang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rongrong Qiu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingxing Qiu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Man Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingyue Su
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhendong Tao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Medicine, Jiangxi Province Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Tao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Khan SA, Kojour MAM, Han YS. Recent trends in insect gut immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1272143. [PMID: 38193088 PMCID: PMC10773798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1272143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut is a crucial organ in insect defense against various pathogens and harmful substances in their environment and diet. Distinct insect gut compartments possess unique functionalities contributing to their physiological processes, including immunity. The insect gut's cellular composition is vital for cellular and humoral immunity. The peritrophic membrane, mucus layer, lumen, microvilli, and various gut cells provide essential support for activating and regulating immune defense mechanisms. These components also secrete molecules and enzymes that are imperative in physiological activities. Additionally, the gut microbiota initiates various signaling pathways and produces vitamins and minerals that help maintain gut homeostasis. Distinct immune signaling pathways are activated within the gut when insects ingest pathogens or hazardous materials. The pathway induced depends on the infection or pathogen type; include immune deficiency (imd), Toll, JAK/STAT, Duox-ROS, and JNK/FOXO regulatory pathways. These pathways produce different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and maintain gut homeostasis. Furthermore, various signaling mechanisms within gut cells regulate insect gut recovery following infection. Although some questions regarding insect gut immunity in different species require additional study, this review provides insights into the insect gut's structure and composition, commensal microorganism roles in Drosophila melanogaster and Tenebrio molitor life cycles, different signaling pathways involved in gut immune systems, and the insect gut post-infection recovery through various signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidul Ahmed Khan
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Maryam Ali Mohmmadie Kojour
- Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES) Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Griem-Krey H, Petersen C, Hamerich IK, Schulenburg H. The intricate triangular interaction between protective microbe, pathogen and host determines fitness of the metaorganism. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232193. [PMID: 38052248 PMCID: PMC10697802 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota shapes host biology in numerous ways. One example is protection against pathogens, which is likely critical for host fitness in consideration of the ubiquity of pathogens. The host itself can affect abundance of microbiota or pathogens, which has usually been characterized in separate studies. To date, however, it is unclear how the host influences the interaction with both simultaneously and how this triangular interaction determines fitness of the host-microbe assemblage, the so-called metaorganism. To address this current knowledge gap, we focused on a triangular model interaction, consisting of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, its protective symbiont Pseudomonas lurida MYb11 and its pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis Bt679. We combined the two microbes with C. elegans mutants with altered immunity and/or microbial colonization, and found that (i) under pathogen stress, immunocompetence has a larger influence on metaorganism fitness than colonization with the protective microbe; (ii) in almost all cases, MYb11 still improves fitness; and (iii) disruption of p38 MAPK signalling, which contributes centrally to immunity against Bt679, completely reverses the protective effect of MYb11, which further reduces nematode survival and fitness upon infection with Bt679. Our study highlights the complex interplay between host, protective microbe and pathogen in shaping metaorganism biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Griem-Krey
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Carola Petersen
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Inga K. Hamerich
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Hinrich Schulenburg
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel 24118, Germany
- Antibiotic resistance group, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
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36
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Arias-Rojas A, Frahm D, Hurwitz R, Brinkmann V, Iatsenko I. Resistance to host antimicrobial peptides mediates resilience of gut commensals during infection and aging in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305649120. [PMID: 37639605 PMCID: PMC10483595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305649120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Resilience to short-term perturbations, like inflammation, is a fundamental feature of microbiota, yet the underlying mechanisms of microbiota resilience are incompletely understood. Here, we show that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a major Drosophila commensal, stably colonizes the fruit fly gut during infection and is resistant to Drosophila antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). By transposon screening, we identified L. plantarum mutants sensitive to AMPs. These mutants were impaired in peptidoglycan O-acetylation or teichoic acid D-alanylation, resulting in increased negative cell surface charge and higher affinity to cationic AMPs. AMP-sensitive mutants were cleared from the gut after infection and aging-induced gut inflammation in wild-type, but not in AMP-deficient flies, suggesting that resistance to host AMPs is essential for commensal resilience in an inflamed gut environment. Thus, our work reveals that in addition to the host immune tolerance to the microbiota, commensal-encoded resilience mechanisms are necessary to maintain the stable association between host and microbiota during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Arias-Rojas
- Research group Genetics of host–microbe interactions, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin10117, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin14195, Germany
| | - Dagmar Frahm
- Research group Genetics of host–microbe interactions, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin10117, Germany
| | - Robert Hurwitz
- Protein Purification Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin10117, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin10117, Germany
| | - Igor Iatsenko
- Research group Genetics of host–microbe interactions, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin10117, Germany
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37
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Qush A, Al Khatib HA, Rachid H, Al-Tamimi H, Al-Eshaq A, Al-Adwi S, Yassine HM, Kamareddine L. Intake of caffeine containing sugar diet remodels gut microbiota and perturbs Drosophila melanogaster immunity and lifespan. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105149. [PMID: 37169244 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The diet-microbiome-immunity axis is one among the many arms that draw up the "we are what we intake" proclamation. As such, studies on the effect of food and beverage intake on the gut environment and microbiome and on modulating immunological responses and the host's susceptibility to pathogens are on the rise. A typical accompaniment in different sustenance we consume on daily basis is the trimethylxanthine alkaloid caffeine. Being a chief component in our regular aliment, a better understanding of the effect of caffeine containing food and beverages on our gut-microbiome-immunity axis and henceforth on our health is much needed. In this study, we shed more light on the effect of oral consumption of caffeine supplemented sugar diet on the gut environment, specifically on the gut microbiota, innate immunity and host susceptibility to pathogens using the Drosophila melanogaster model organism. Our findings reveal that the oral intake of a dose-specific caffeine containing sucrose/agarose sugar diet causes a significant alteration within the fly gut milieu demarcated by microbial dysbiosis and an elevation in the production of reactive oxygen species and expression of immune-deficiency (Imd) pathway-dependent antimicrobial peptide genes. The oral intake of caffeine containing sucrose/agarose sugar diet also renders the flies more susceptible to bacterial infection and shortens their lifespan in both infection and non-infection settings. Our findings set forth additional insight into the potentiality of diet to alter the gut milieu and highlight the importance of dietary control on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Qush
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hebah A Al Khatib
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hajar Rachid
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hend Al-Tamimi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alyaa Al-Eshaq
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shaima Al-Adwi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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38
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Guo L, Tang J, Tang M, Luo S, Zhou X. Reactive oxygen species are regulated by immune deficiency and Toll pathways in determining the host specificity of honeybee gut bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219634120. [PMID: 37556501 PMCID: PMC10438842 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219634120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Host specificity is observed in gut symbionts of diverse animal lineages. But how hosts maintain symbionts while rejecting their close relatives remains elusive. We use eusocial bees and their codiversified gut bacteria to understand host regulation driving symbiotic specificity. The cross-inoculation of bumblebee Gilliamella induced higher prostaglandin in the honeybee gut, promoting a pronounced host response through immune deficiency (IMD) and Toll pathways. Gene silencing and vitamin C treatments indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS), not antimicrobial peptides, acts as the effector in inhibiting the non-native strain. Quantitative PCR and RNAi further reveal a regulatory function of the IMD and Toll pathways, in which Relish and dorsal-1 may regulate Dual Oxidase (Duox) for ROS production. Therefore, the honeybee maintains symbiotic specificity by creating a hostile gut environment to exotic bacteria, through differential regulation of its immune system, reflecting a co-opting of existing machinery evolved to combat pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Guo
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya572000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junbo Tang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou215100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Luo
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing100083, People’s Republic of China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya572000, People’s Republic of China
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Shu Q, Guo X, Tian C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Cheng J, Li F, Li B. Homeostatic Regulation of the Duox-ROS Defense System: Revelations Based on the Diversity of Gut Bacteria in Silkworms ( Bombyx mori). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12731. [PMID: 37628915 PMCID: PMC10454487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Duox-ROS defense system plays an important role in insect intestinal immunity. To investigate the role of intestinal microbiota in Duox-ROS regulation herein, 16S rRNA sequencing technology was utilized to compare the characteristics of bacterial populations in the midgut of silkworm after different time-periods of treatment with three feeding methods: 1-4 instars artificial diet (AD), 1-4 instars mulberry leaf (ML) and 1-3 instars artificial diet + 4 instar mulberry leaf (TM). The results revealed simple intestinal microbiota in the AD group whilst microbiota were abundant and variable in the ML and TM silkworms. By analyzing the relationship among intestinal pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and microorganism composition, it was identified that an acidic intestinal environment inhibited the growth of intestinal microbiota of silkworms, observed concurrently with low ROS content and a high activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, TPX, CAT). Gene expression associated with the Duox-ROS defense system was detected using RT-qPCR and identified to be low in the AD group and significantly higher in the TM group of silkworms. This study provides a new reference for the future improvement of the artificial diet feeding of silkworm and a systematic indicator for the further study of the relationship between changes in the intestinal environment and intestinal microbiota balance caused by dietary alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (C.T.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Xiqian Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (C.T.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Chao Tian
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (C.T.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (C.T.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (C.T.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Jialu Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (C.T.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (C.T.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
- Sericulture Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (C.T.); (Y.W.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (F.L.)
- Sericulture Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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40
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Du Y, Shi H, Guo Q, Liu C, Zhao K. Hirudomacin: a Protein with Dual Effects of Direct Bacterial Inhibition and Regulation of Innate Immunity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0052723. [PMID: 37428035 PMCID: PMC10370334 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00527-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirudomacin (Hmc) belongs to the Macin family of antimicrobial peptides, which can be used for bactericidal purposes in vitro by cleaving cell membranes. Although the Macin family has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, few studies have been reported on bacterial inhibition by enhancing innate immunity. To further investigate the mechanism of Hmc inhibition, we chose the classical innate immune model organism Caenorhabditis elegans as the study subject. In this investigation, we found that Hmc treatment directly reduced the number of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in the intestine of infected wild-type nematodes and infected pmk-1 mutant nematodes. Hmc treatment significantly prolonged the life span of infected wild-type nematodes and increased the expression of antimicrobial effectors (clec-82, nlp-29, lys-1, lys-7), and Hmc treatment still significantly increased the expression of antimicrobial effectors (clec-82, nlp-29, lys-7) in wild-type nematodes in the absence of bacterial stimulation. In addition, Hmc treatment significantly increased the expression of key genes of the pmk-1/p38 MAPK pathway (pmk-1, tir-1, atf-7, skn-1) under both infected and uninfected conditions but failed to increase the life span of infected pmk-1 mutant nematodes as well as the expression of antimicrobial effector genes. Western blot results further demonstrated that Hmc treatment significantly elevated pmk-1 protein expression levels in infected wild-type nematodes. In conclusion, our data suggest that Hmc has both direct bacteriostatic and immunomodulatory effects and may upregulate antimicrobial peptides in response to infection via the pmk-1/p38 MAPK pathway. It has the potential to serve as a new antibacterial agent and immune modulator. IMPORTANCE In today's world, bacterial drug resistance is becoming increasingly serious, and natural antibacterial proteins are attracting attention because of advantages such as their diverse and complex antibacterial modes, lack of residue, and harder-to-develop drug resistance. Notably, there are few antibacterial proteins with multiple effects such as direct antibacterial and innate immunity enhancement at the same time. We believe that an ideal antimicrobial agent can be developed only through a more comprehensive and in-depth study of the bacteriostatic mechanism of natural antibacterial proteins. The significance of our study is that based on the known in vitro bacterial inhibition of Hirudomacin (Hmc), we further clarified its mechanism in vivo, which can be subsequently developed as a natural bacterial inhibitor for various applications in medicine, food, farming, and daily chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhuan Shi
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaosheng Guo
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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41
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Irvine A, McKenzie D, McCoy CJ, Graham RLJ, Graham C, Huws SA, Atkinson LE, Mousley A. Novel integrated computational AMP discovery approaches highlight diversity in the helminth AMP repertoire. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011508. [PMID: 37523405 PMCID: PMC10414684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are immune effectors that are key components of the invertebrate innate immune system providing protection against pathogenic microbes. Parasitic helminths (phylum Nematoda and phylum Platyhelminthes) share complex interactions with their hosts and closely associated microbiota that are likely regulated by a diverse portfolio of antimicrobial immune effectors including AMPs. Knowledge of helminth AMPs has largely been derived from nematodes, whereas the flatworm AMP repertoire has not been described. This study highlights limitations in the homology-based approaches, used to identify putative nematode AMPs, for the characterisation of flatworm AMPs, and reveals that innovative algorithmic AMP prediction approaches provide an alternative strategy for novel helminth AMP discovery. The data presented here: (i) reveal that flatworms do not encode traditional lophotrochozoan AMP groups (Big Defensin, CSαβ peptides and Myticalin); (ii) describe a unique integrated computational pipeline for the discovery of novel helminth AMPs; (iii) reveal >16,000 putative AMP-like peptides across 127 helminth species; (iv) highlight that cysteine-rich peptides dominate helminth AMP-like peptide profiles; (v) uncover eight novel helminth AMP-like peptides with diverse antibacterial activities, and (vi) demonstrate the detection of AMP-like peptides from Ascaris suum biofluid. These data represent a significant advance in our understanding of the putative helminth AMP repertoire and underscore a potential untapped source of antimicrobial diversity which may provide opportunities for the discovery of novel antimicrobials. Further, unravelling the role of endogenous worm-derived antimicrobials and their potential to influence host-worm-microbiome interactions may be exploited for the development of unique helminth control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allister Irvine
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Darrin McKenzie
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran J. McCoy
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Robert L. J. Graham
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaren Graham
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A. Huws
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Louise E. Atkinson
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Mousley
- Microbes & Pathogen Biology, The Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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42
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Morgan SJ, Chaston JM. Flagellar Genes Are Associated with the Colonization Persistence Phenotype of the Drosophila melanogaster Microbiota. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0458522. [PMID: 37052495 PMCID: PMC10269862 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04585-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we use Drosophila melanogaster as a model to identify bacterial genes necessary for bacteria to colonize their hosts independent of the bulk flow of diet. Early work on this model system established that dietary replenishment drives the composition of the D. melanogaster gut microbiota, and subsequent research has shown that some bacterial strains can stably colonize, or persist within, the fly independent of dietary replenishment. Here, we reveal transposon insertions in specific bacterial genes that influence the bacterial colonization persistence phenotype by using a gene association approach. We initially established that different bacterial strains persist at various levels, independent of dietary replenishment. We then repeated the analysis with an expanded panel of bacterial strains and performed a metagenome-wide association (MGWA) study to identify distinct bacterial genes that are significantly correlated with the level of colonization by persistent bacterial strains. Based on the MGWA study, we tested if 44 bacterial transposon insertion mutants from 6 gene categories affect bacterial persistence within the flies. We identified that transposon insertions in four flagellar genes, one urea carboxylase gene, one phosphatidylinositol gene, one bacterial secretion gene, and one antimicrobial peptide (AMP) resistance gene each significantly influenced the colonization of D. melanogaster by an Acetobacter fabarum strain. Follow-up experiments revealed that each flagellar mutant was nonmotile, even though the wild-type strain was motile. Taken together, these results reveal that transposon insertions in specific bacterial genes, including motility genes, are necessary for at least one member of the fly microbiota to persistently colonize the fly. IMPORTANCE Despite the growing body of research on the microbiota, the mechanisms by which the microbiota colonizes a host can still be further elucidated. This study identifies bacterial genes that are associated with the colonization persistence phenotype of the microbiota in Drosophila melanogaster, which reveals specific bacterial factors that influence the establishment of the microbiota within its host. The identification of specific genes that affect persistence can help inform how the microbiota colonizes a host. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanisms of the establishment of the microbiota could aid in the further development of the Drosophila microbiota as a model for microbiome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Morgan
- Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - John M. Chaston
- Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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43
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Hong S, Sun Y, Chen H, Zhao P, Wang C. Fungus-insect interactions beyond bilateral regimes: the importance and strategy to outcompete host ectomicrobiomes by fungal parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102336. [PMID: 37320866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungus-insect interactions have long been investigated at the bilateral level to unveil the factors involved in mediating fungal entomopathogenicity and insect antifungal immunity. Emerging evidence has shown that insect cuticles are inhabited by different bacteria that can delay and deter fungal parasite infections. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), however, have evolved strategies to combat the colonization resistance mediated by insect ectomicrobiomes by producing antimicrobial peptides or antibiotic compounds. Deprivation of micronutrients may also be employed by EPF to counteract the ectomicrobiome antagonism. Further investigations of insect ectomicrobiome assemblage and fungal factors involved in outcompeting cuticular microbiomes may benefit the development of cost-effective mycoinsecticides while protecting ecologically and economically important insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Hong
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanlei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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44
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Li F, Zhu Q, Dai M, Shu Q, Li X, Guo X, Wang Y, Wei J, Liu W, Dai Y, Li B. Tachinid parasitoid Exorista japonica affects the utilization of diet by changing gut microbial composition in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e22011. [PMID: 36938839 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Changes in both intake and digestion of feed have been demonstrated in the host following parasitization. However, its regulatory mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, silkworms and Exorista japonica were used as research objects to analyze the effect of parasitism on the midgut immune system of the silkworm. After being parasitized, the expressions of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes of silkworms showed a fluctuating trend of first upregulation and then downregulation, while phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were inhibited. To study the possible impact of the downregulation of AMP genes on intestinal microorganisms, the characteristics of the intestinal microbial population of silkworms on the third day of parasitism were analyzed. The relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota decreased, while that of Actinobacteriota increased. The increased abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria Serratia and Staphylococcus might lead to a decrease in the amount of silkworm ingestion. Meanwhile, the abundance of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter promotes an increase in the digestion of nutrients. This study indicated that the imbalance of intestinal microbial homeostasis caused by parasitism may affect the absorption and digestion of nutrients by the host. Collectively, our findings provided a new clue for further exploring the mechanism of nutrient transport among the host, parasitoid, and intestinal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqian Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Suzhou Taihu Snow Silk Co., Ltd, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dai
- Suzhou Taihu Snow Silk Co., Ltd, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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45
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Su J, Li Z, Gao P, Ahmed I, Liu Q, Li R, Cui K, Rehman SU. Comparative evolutionary and molecular genetics based study of Buffalo lysozyme gene family to elucidate their antibacterial function. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123646. [PMID: 36775226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is used as a food preservative, biological medicine, and infant food additive as a natural anti-infective chemical having bactericidal activity and abundantly secreted in mammals' milk, saliva, etc. We systematically analyzed the 16 coding LYZ genes (C and G-type) in buffalo and cattle to elucidate their evolutionary perspective thoroughly by evaluating an evolutionary relationship, motif patterning, physicochemical attributes, gene, and protein structure, as well as the functional role of the mammary gland-specific expressed buffalo and cattle LYZ genes precisely while considering expression levels difference and the interaction sites variation with bacteria envisaged the potential ability of buffalo LYZ protein with enhanced antibacterial effect. Thus, we speculated that the buffalo mammary glands expressed lysozyme has good antibacterial activity. This study on the buffalo lysozyme gene family not only provides comprehensive insights into the genetic architecture and their antibacterial effect but also offers a theoretical basis for the development of new veterinary drugs and animal health care for mastitis, as well as a new molecular genetic basis to study food or medical lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Peipei Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Regional Science Operations, La Trobe Rural Health School, Albury-Wodonga, VIC, Australia
| | - Qingyou Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Ruijia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Kuiqing Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
| | - Saif Ur Rehman
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China; State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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46
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Liang Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Tang T, Liu F, Zhang F. Peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (PGRP-SC) shapes gut microbiota richness, diversity and composition by modulating immunity in the house fly Musca domestica. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:200-212. [PMID: 36522831 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of all animals, including insects, is colonized by a remarkable array of microorganisms which are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. The hosts establish mutually beneficial interactions with the gut microbiota. However, the mechanisms shaping these interactions remain to be better understood. Here, we investigated the roles of Musca domestica peptidoglycan recognition protein SC (MdPGRP-SC), a secreted pattern recognition receptor, in shaping the gut microbial community structure by using biochemical and high-throughput sequencing approaches. The recombinant MdPGRP-SC (rMdPGRP-SC) could strongly bind various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide and D-galactose, and exhibited mild affinity to β-1, 3-glucan and D-mannose. Meanwhile, rMdPGRP-SC could also bind different kinds of microorganisms, including gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Pichia pastoris). rMdPGRP-SC also exhibited weak antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis. Knockdown of MdPGRP-SC by RNAi reduced the persistence of ingested E. coli and a load of indigenous microbiota in the larval gut significantly. In addition, depleted MdPGRP-SC also altered the gut microbiota composition and led to increased ratios of Gram-negative bacteria. We hypothesize that MdPGRP-SC is involved in maintaining gut homeostasis by modulating the immune intensity of the gut through multiple mechanisms, including degrading or neutralizing various PAMPs and selectively suppressing the growth of some bacteria. Considering the functional conservation of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family in insects, the catalytic PGRPs might be promising candidate targets not only for pest and vector control but also for the treatment of bacterial infection in insect farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yongpeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ting Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Fengsong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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47
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Hanson MA, Lemaitre B. Antimicrobial peptides do not directly contribute to aging in Drosophila, but improve lifespan by preventing dysbiosis. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049965. [PMID: 36847474 PMCID: PMC10163324 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are innate immune effectors first studied for their role in host defence. Recent studies have implicated these peptides in the clearance of aberrant cells and in neurodegenerative syndromes. In Drosophila, many AMPs are produced downstream of Toll and Imd NF-κB pathways upon infection. Upon aging, AMPs are upregulated, drawing attention to these molecules as possible causes of age-associated inflammatory diseases. However, functional studies overexpressing or silencing these genes have been inconclusive. Using an isogenic set of AMP gene deletions, we investigated the net impact of AMPs on aging. Overall, we found no major effect of individual AMPs on lifespan, with the possible exception of Defensin. However, ΔAMP14 flies lacking seven AMP gene families displayed reduced lifespan. Increased bacterial load in the food of aged ΔAMP14 flies suggested that their lifespan reduction was due to microbiome dysbiosis, consistent with a previous study. Moreover, germ-free conditions extended the lifespan of ΔAMP14 flies. Overall, our results did not point to an overt role of individual AMPs in lifespan. Instead, we found that AMPs collectively impact lifespan by preventing dysbiosis during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Hanson
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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48
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Unraveling the Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065753. [PMID: 36982826 PMCID: PMC10059942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short, mainly positively charged, amphipathic molecules. AMPs are important effectors of the immune response in insects with a broad spectrum of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In addition to these well-known roles, AMPs exhibit many other, often unobvious, functions in the host. They support insects in the elimination of viral infections. AMPs participate in the regulation of brain-controlled processes, e.g., sleep and non-associative learning. By influencing neuronal health, communication, and activity, they can affect the functioning of the insect nervous system. Expansion of the AMP repertoire and loss of their specificity is connected with the aging process and lifespan of insects. Moreover, AMPs take part in maintaining gut homeostasis, regulating the number of endosymbionts as well as reducing the number of foreign microbiota. In turn, the presence of AMPs in insect venom prevents the spread of infection in social insects, where the prey may be a source of pathogens.
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49
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Owings KG, Chow CY. A Drosophila screen identifies a role for histone methylation in ER stress preconditioning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.10.532109. [PMID: 36945590 PMCID: PMC10028959 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.532109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Stress preconditioning occurs when transient, sublethal stress events impact an organism's ability to counter future stresses. Although preconditioning effects are often noted in the literature, very little is known about the underlying mechanisms. To model preconditioning, we exposed a panel of genetically diverse Drosophila melanogaster to a sublethal heat shock and measured how well the flies survived subsequent exposure to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The impact of preconditioning varied with genetic background, ranging from dying half as fast to four and a half times faster with preconditioning compared to no preconditioning. Subsequent association and transcriptional analyses revealed that histone methylation, transcriptional regulation, and immune status are all candidate preconditioning modifier pathways. Strikingly, almost all subunits (7/8) in the Set1/COMPASS complex were identified as candidate modifiers of preconditioning. Functional analysis of Set1 knockdown flies demonstrated that loss of Set1 led to the transcriptional dysregulation of canonical ER stress genes during preconditioning. Based on these analyses, we propose a model of preconditioning in which Set1 helps to establish an interim transcriptional 'memory' of previous stress events, resulting in a preconditioned response to subsequent stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie G. Owings
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Clement Y. Chow
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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50
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Wang L, Wang H, Zhang H, Wu H. Formation of a biofilm matrix network shapes polymicrobial interactions. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:467-477. [PMID: 36639539 PMCID: PMC9938193 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the same ecological niche as many commensals. However, little is known about how such commensals modulate staphylococcal fitness and persistence. Here we report a new mechanism that mediates dynamic interactions between a commensal streptococcus and S. aureus. Commensal Streptococcus parasanguinis significantly increased the staphylococcal biofilm formation in vitro and enhanced its colonization in vivo. A streptococcal biofilm-associated protein BapA1, not fimbriae-associated protein Fap1, is essential for dual-species biofilm formation. On the other side, three staphylococcal virulence determinants responsible for the BapA1-dependent dual-species biofilm formation were identified by screening a staphylococcal transposon mutant library. The corresponding staphylococcal mutants lacked binding to recombinant BapA1 (rBapA1) due to lower amounts of eDNA in their culture supernatants and were defective in biofilm formation with streptococcus. The rBapA1 selectively colocalized with eDNA within the dual-species biofilm and bound to eDNA in vitro, highlighting the contributions of the biofilm matrix formed between streptococcal BapA1 and staphylococcal eDNA to dual-species biofilm formation. These findings have revealed an additional new mechanism through which an interspecies biofilm matrix network mediates polymicrobial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, 102218, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Hua Zhang
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
- Department of Integrative Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, Oregon Health and Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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