1
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Zyla DS, Della Marca R, Niemeyer G, Zipursky G, Stearns K, Leedale C, Sobolik EB, Callaway HM, Hariharan C, Peng W, Parekh D, Marcink TC, Diaz Avalos R, Horvat B, Mathieu C, Snijder J, Greninger AL, Hastie KM, Niewiesk S, Moscona A, Porotto M, Ollmann Saphire E. A neutralizing antibody prevents postfusion transition of measles virus fusion protein. Science 2024; 384:eadm8693. [PMID: 38935733 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) presents a public health threat that is escalating as vaccine coverage in the general population declines and as populations of immunocompromised individuals, who cannot be vaccinated, increase. There are no approved therapeutics for MeV. Neutralizing antibodies targeting viral fusion are one potential therapeutic approach but have not yet been structurally characterized or advanced to clinical use. We present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of prefusion F alone [2.1-angstrom (Å) resolution], F complexed with a fusion-inhibitory peptide (2.3-Å resolution), F complexed with the neutralizing and protective monoclonal antibody (mAb) 77 (2.6-Å resolution), and an additional structure of postfusion F (2.7-Å resolution). In vitro assays and examination of additional EM classes show that mAb 77 binds prefusion F, arrests F in an intermediate state, and prevents transition to the postfusion conformation. These structures shed light on antibody-mediated neutralization that involves arrest of fusion proteins in an intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid S Zyla
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roberta Della Marca
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gele Niemeyer
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Luebeck, D-23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gillian Zipursky
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kyle Stearns
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cameron Leedale
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Sobolik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather M Callaway
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra Hariharan
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiwei Peng
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tara C Marcink
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Branka Horvat
- Immunobiology of Viral Infections, International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie équipe Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis (NITROVIRE), INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anne Moscona
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Schmitz KS, Handrejk K, Liepina L, Bauer L, Haas GD, van Puijfelik F, Veldhuis Kroeze EJB, Riekstina M, Strautmanis J, Cao H, Verdijk RM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, van Boheemen S, van Riel D, Lee B, Porotto M, de Swart RL, de Vries RD. Functional properties of measles virus proteins derived from a subacute sclerosing panencephalitis patient who received repeated remdesivir treatments. J Virol 2024; 98:e0187423. [PMID: 38329336 PMCID: PMC10949486 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01874-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare but fatal late neurological complication of measles, caused by persistent measles virus (MeV) infection of the central nervous system. There are no drugs approved for the treatment of SSPE. Here, we followed the clinical progression of a 5-year-old SSPE patient after treatment with the nucleoside analog remdesivir, conducted a post-mortem evaluation of the patient's brain, and characterized the MeV detected in the brain. The quality of life of the patient transiently improved after the first two courses of remdesivir, but a third course had no further clinical effect, and the patient eventually succumbed to his condition. Post-mortem evaluation of the brain displayed histopathological changes including loss of neurons and demyelination paired with abundant presence of MeV RNA-positive cells throughout the brain. Next-generation sequencing of RNA isolated from the brain revealed a complete MeV genome with mutations that are typically detected in SSPE, characterized by a hypermutated M gene. Additional mutations were detected in the polymerase (L) gene, which were not associated with resistance to remdesivir. Functional characterization showed that mutations in the F gene led to a hyperfusogenic phenotype predominantly mediated by N465I. Additionally, recombinant wild-type-based MeV with the SSPE-F gene or the F gene with the N465I mutation was no longer lymphotropic but instead efficiently disseminated in neural cultures. Altogether, this case encourages further investigation of remdesivir as a potential treatment of SSPE and highlights the necessity to functionally understand SSPE-causing MeV.IMPORTANCEMeasles virus (MeV) causes acute, systemic disease and remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Despite the lack of known entry receptors in the brain, MeV can persistently infect the brain causing the rare but fatal neurological disorder subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). SSPE-causing MeVs are characterized by a hypermutated genome and a hyperfusogenic F protein that facilitates the rapid spread of MeV throughout the brain. No treatment against SSPE is available, but the nucleoside analog remdesivir was recently demonstrated to be effective against MeV in vitro. We show that treatment of an SSPE patient with remdesivir led to transient clinical improvement and did not induce viral escape mutants, encouraging the future use of remdesivir in SSPE patients. Functional characterization of the viral proteins sheds light on the shared properties of SSPE-causing MeVs and further contributes to understanding how those viruses cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim Handrejk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lelde Liepina
- Clinic for Pediatric Neurology and Neurosurgery, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Griffin D. Haas
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Marta Riekstina
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jurgis Strautmanis
- Clinic for Pediatric Neurology and Neurosurgery, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Huyen Cao
- Departments of Clinical Research, Biometrics, and Virology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Robert M. Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Sharma S, Dhamne C, Bhosale S, Parambil B, Divatia J, Chinnaswamy G, Patil V, Joshi R, Epari S, Mahadevan A, Vaidya S, Kulkarni S, Kulkarni A, Patil V, Srinivasan S, Gollamudi VRM, Roy Moulik N, Prasad M, Narula G, Banavali S. Epilepsia Partialis Continua as a Sequelae of Measles Infection in Children With Hematolymphoid Malignancies. JCO Glob Oncol 2024; 10:e2300399. [PMID: 38422460 PMCID: PMC10914244 DOI: 10.1200/go.23.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To share our clinical experience with the diagnosis and management of children with hematolymphoid malignancies presenting with epilepsia partialis continua (EPC) as a sequelae of measles infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS In December 2022, a series of children in our hemato-oncology unit presented with focal status epilepticus with no conclusive evidence pointing toward any underlying etiology. One such child had a typical measles rash a few weeks before the onset of this focal status epilepticus. After a series of cases with a similar presentation, a clinical pattern suspicious for measles became evident. cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction was positive for measles virus with measles immunoglobin M detected in the serum. This led to the diagnosis of measles inclusion-body encephalitis in a series of children who presented with EPC over a period of 3 months. EPC is a rare manifestation of measles that is seen only in immunocompromised patients. RESULTS Among the 18 children reported in this series, only 10 had a history of rashes. The rash was mostly transient and elicited only on retrospective history taking. Five of the 18 children who did not lose consciousness during the prolonged seizure episode survived the disease but had residual neurologic sequelae. Among the 18 children, two were unimmunized and immunization status could not be confirmed in three other children. CONCLUSION This case series highlights the threats posed by measles infection in children with cancer who are immunosuppressed because of the underlying disease and ongoing chemotherapy. Loss of herd immunity because of declining measles immunization rates secondary to vaccine hesitancy and COVID-19 lockdown pose a greater risk of measles infection and its complications for patients with deficient immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudivya Sharma
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Chetan Dhamne
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shilpushp Bhosale
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Badira Parambil
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Jigeeshu Divatia
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Girish Chinnaswamy
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vasundhara Patil
- Department of Radiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Sridhar Epari
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil Vaidya
- Virus Registry and Virus Repository, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Shilpa Kulkarni
- Department of Neurology, Wadia Children's Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Atul Kulkarni
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijaya Patil
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shyam Srinivasan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Nirmalya Roy Moulik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Maya Prasad
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Gaurav Narula
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Shripad Banavali
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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4
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Yousaf I, Hannon WW, Donohue RC, Pfaller CK, Yadav K, Dikdan RJ, Tyagi S, Schroeder DC, Shieh WJ, Rota PA, Feder AF, Cattaneo R. Brain tropism acquisition: The spatial dynamics and evolution of a measles virus collective infectious unit that drove lethal subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011817. [PMID: 38127684 PMCID: PMC10735034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that pathogens can spread as infectious units constituted by multiple, genetically diverse genomes, also called collective infectious units or genome collectives. However, genetic characterization of the spatial dynamics of collective infectious units in animal hosts is demanding, and it is rarely feasible in humans. Measles virus (MeV), whose spread in lymphatic tissues and airway epithelia relies on collective infectious units, can, in rare cases, cause subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a lethal human brain disease. In different SSPE cases, MeV acquisition of brain tropism has been attributed to mutations affecting either the fusion or the matrix protein, or both, but the overarching mechanism driving brain adaptation is not understood. Here we analyzed MeV RNA from several spatially distinct brain regions of an individual who succumbed to SSPE. Surprisingly, we identified two major MeV genome subpopulations present at variable frequencies in all 15 brain specimens examined. Both genome types accumulated mutations like those shown to favor receptor-independent cell-cell spread in other SSPE cases. Most infected cells carried both genome types, suggesting the possibility of genetic complementation. We cannot definitively chart the history of the spread of this virus in the brain, but several observations suggest that mutant genomes generated in the frontal cortex moved outwards as a collective and diversified. During diversification, mutations affecting the cytoplasmic tails of both viral envelope proteins emerged and fluctuated in frequency across genetic backgrounds, suggesting convergent and potentially frequency-dependent evolution for modulation of fusogenicity. We propose that a collective infectious unit drove MeV pathogenesis in this brain. Re-examination of published data suggests that similar processes may have occurred in other SSPE cases. Our studies provide a primer for analyses of the evolution of collective infectious units of other pathogens that cause lethal disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Yousaf
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - William W. Hannon
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Donohue
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Christian K. Pfaller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kalpana Yadav
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Dikdan
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Declan C. Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wun-Ju Shieh
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alison F. Feder
- Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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5
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Stelitano D, La Frazia S, Ambrosino A, Zannella C, Tay D, Iovane V, Montagnaro S, De Filippis A, Santoro MG, Porotto M, Galdiero M. Antiviral activity of nitazoxanide against Morbillivirus infections. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100353. [PMID: 38028567 PMCID: PMC10679774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The measles virus (MeV) and canine distemper virus (CDV) belong to the genus Morbillivirus of the Paramyxoviridae family. They are enveloped viruses harboring a non-segmented negative-sense RNA. Morbilliviruses are extremely contagious and transmitted through infectious aerosol droplets. Both MeV and CDV may cause respiratory infections and fatal encephalitis, although a high incidence of brain infections is unique to CDV. Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine against these viruses, in recent years we are witnessing a strong resurgence of Morbillivirus infection. Measles still kills more than 100,000 people each year, and CDV causes widespread outbreaks, especially among wild animals, including non-human primates. No drugs are currently approved for MeV and CDV. Therefore, the identification of effective antiviral agents represents an unmet medical need. Here, we have investigated the potential antiviral properties of nitazoxanide (NTZ) against MeV and CDV. Antiviral activity was explored with live virus and cell-based assays. NTZ is a thiazolide that is approved by the FDA as an antiprotozoal agent for the treatment of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum. Further, nitazoxanide and its metabolite tizoxanide have recently emerged as broad-spectrum antiviral agents. We found that NTZ blocks the MeV and CDV replication, acting at the post-entry level. Moreover, we showed that NTZ affects the function of the viral fusion protein (F), impairing viral spread. Our results indicate that NTZ should be further explored as a therapeutic option in measles and canine distemper virus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Stelitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th st, 10032, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th st, 10032, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simone La Frazia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ambrosino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniel Tay
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th st, 10032, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th st, 10032, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Iovane
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, 100-Portici, 80055, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples “Federico II”, via Federico Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna De Filippis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Gabriella Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th st, 10032, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host–Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th st, 10032, New York, NY, USA
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
- Virology and Microbiology Unit, University Hospital “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via Santa Maria di Costantinopoli 16, 80138, Naples, Italy
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6
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Takemoto R, Hirai Y, Watanabe S, Harada H, Suzuki T, Hashiguchi T, Yanagi Y, Shirogane Y. Interaction of the Hemagglutinin Stalk Region with Cell Adhesion Molecule (CADM) 1 and CADM2 Mediates the Spread between Neurons and Neuropathogenicity of Measles Virus with a Hyperfusogenic Fusion Protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0034023. [PMID: 37166307 PMCID: PMC10231178 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00340-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV), the causative agent of measles, is an enveloped RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, which remains an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. MeV has two envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins. During viral entry or virus-mediated fusion between infected cells and neighboring susceptible cells, the head domain of the H protein initially binds to its receptors, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 (SLAM) and nectin-4, and then the stalk region of the H protein transmits the fusion-triggering signal to the F protein. MeV may persist in the human brain and cause a fatal neurodegenerative disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Recently, we showed, using in vitro cell culture, that cell adhesion molecule (CADM) 1 and CADM2 are host factors that trigger hyperfusogenic mutant F proteins, causing cell-to-cell fusion and the transfer of the MeV genome between neurons. Unlike conventional receptors, CADM1 and CADM2 interact in cis (on the same membrane) with the H protein and then trigger membrane fusion. Here, we show that alanine substitutions in part of the stalk region (positions 171-175) abolish the ability of the H protein to mediate membrane fusion triggered by CADM1 and CADM2, but not by SLAM. The recombinant hyperfusogenic MeV carrying this mutant H protein loses its ability to spread in primary mouse neurons as well as its neurovirulence in experimentally infected suckling hamsters. These results indicate that CADM1 and CADM2 are key molecules for MeV propagation in the brain and its neurovirulence in vivo. IMPORTANCE Measles is an acute febrile illness with skin rash. Despite the availability of highly effective vaccines, measles is still an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in many countries. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 120,000 people died from measles worldwide in 2021. Measles virus (MeV), the causative agent of measles, can also cause a fatal progressive neurological disorder, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), several years after acute infection. There is currently no effective treatment for this disease. In this study, using recombinant MeVs with altered receptor usage patterns, we show that cell adhesion molecule (CADM) 1 and CADM2 are host factors critical for MeV spread in neurons and its neurovirulence. These findings further our understanding of the molecular mechanism of MeV neuropathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Takemoto
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirai
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shumpei Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Harada
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tateki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuta Shirogane
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Escudero-Pérez B, Lalande A, Mathieu C, Lawrence P. Host–Pathogen Interactions Influencing Zoonotic Spillover Potential and Transmission in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030599. [PMID: 36992308 PMCID: PMC10060007 DOI: 10.3390/v15030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases of zoonotic origin are an ever-increasing public health risk and economic burden. The factors that determine if and when an animal virus is able to spill over into the human population with sufficient success to achieve ongoing transmission in humans are complex and dynamic. We are currently unable to fully predict which pathogens may appear in humans, where and with what impact. In this review, we highlight current knowledge of the key host–pathogen interactions known to influence zoonotic spillover potential and transmission in humans, with a particular focus on two important human viruses of zoonotic origin, the Nipah virus and the Ebola virus. Namely, key factors determining spillover potential include cellular and tissue tropism, as well as the virulence and pathogenic characteristics of the pathogen and the capacity of the pathogen to adapt and evolve within a novel host environment. We also detail our emerging understanding of the importance of steric hindrance of host cell factors by viral proteins using a “flytrap”-type mechanism of protein amyloidogenesis that could be crucial in developing future antiviral therapies against emerging pathogens. Finally, we discuss strategies to prepare for and to reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover occurrences in order to minimize the risk of new outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Reims, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI (Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie), Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Philip Lawrence
- CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanités (EA 1598), Université Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence:
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8
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Marcink TC, Zipursky G, Cheng W, Stearns K, Stenglein S, Golub K, Cohen F, Bovier F, Pfalmer D, Greninger AL, Porotto M, des Georges A, Moscona A. Subnanometer structure of an enveloped virus fusion complex on viral surface reveals new entry mechanisms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade2727. [PMID: 36763666 PMCID: PMC9917000 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses-including important pathogens like parainfluenza, measles, and Nipah viruses-use a receptor binding protein [hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) for parainfluenza] and a fusion protein (F), acting in a complex, to enter cells. We use cryo-electron tomography to visualize the fusion complex of human parainfluenza virus 3 (HN/F) on the surface of authentic clinical viruses at a subnanometer resolution sufficient to answer mechanistic questions. An HN loop inserts in a pocket on F, showing how the fusion complex remains in a ready but quiescent state until activation. The globular HN heads are rotated with respect to each other: one downward to contact F, and the other upward to grapple cellular receptors, demonstrating how HN/F performs distinct steps before F activation. This depiction of viral fusion illuminates potentially druggable targets for paramyxoviruses and sheds light on fusion processes that underpin wide-ranging biological processes but have not been visualized in situ or at the present resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C. Marcink
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gillian Zipursky
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenjing Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle Stearns
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shari Stenglein
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kate Golub
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frances Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Bovier
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Pfalmer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Amedee des Georges
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- PhD Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Shirogane Y, Harada H, Hirai Y, Takemoto R, Suzuki T, Hashiguchi T, Yanagi Y. Collective fusion activity determines neurotropism of an en bloc transmitted enveloped virus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3731. [PMID: 36706187 PMCID: PMC9882980 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV), which is usually non-neurotropic, sometimes persists in the brain and causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) several years after acute infection, serving as a model for persistent viral infections. The persisting MeVs have hyperfusogenic mutant fusion (F) proteins that likely enable cell-cell fusion at synapses and "en bloc transmission" between neurons. We here show that during persistence, F protein fusogenicity is generally enhanced by cumulative mutations, yet mutations paradoxically reducing the fusogenicity may be selected alongside the wild-type (non-neurotropic) MeV genome. A mutant F protein having SSPE-derived substitutions exhibits lower fusogenicity than the hyperfusogenic F protein containing some of those substitutions, but by the wild-type F protein coexpression, the fusogenicity of the former F protein is enhanced, while that of the latter is nearly abolished. These findings advance the understanding of the long-term process of MeV neuropathogenicity and provide critical insight into the genotype-phenotype relationships of en bloc transmitted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shirogane
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Harada
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirai
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Takemoto
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tateki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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10
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Ferren M, Lalande A, Iampietro M, Canus L, Decimo D, Gerlier D, Porotto M, Mathieu C. Early Permissiveness of Central Nervous System Cells to Measles Virus Infection Is Determined by Hyperfusogenicity and Interferon Pressure. Viruses 2023; 15:229. [PMID: 36680268 PMCID: PMC9861295 DOI: 10.3390/v15010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cessation of measles virus (MeV) vaccination in more than 40 countries as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to significantly increase deaths due to measles. MeV can infect the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to lethal encephalitis. Substantial part of virus sequences recovered from patients' brain were mutated in the matrix and/or the fusion protein (F). Mutations of the heptad repeat domain located in the C terminal (HRC) part of the F protein were often observed and were associated to hyperfusogenicity. These mutations promote brain invasion as a hallmark of neuroadaptation. Wild-type F allows entry into the brain, followed by limited spreading compared with the massive invasion observed for hyperfusogenic MeV. Taking advantage of our ex vivo models of hamster organotypic brain cultures, we investigated how the hyperfusogenic mutations in the F HRC domain modulate virus distribution in CNS cells. In this study, we also identified the dependence of neural cells susceptibility on both their activation state and destabilization of the virus F protein. Type I interferon (IFN-I) impaired mainly astrocytes and microglial cells permissiveness contrarily to neurons, opening a new way of consideration on the development of treatments against viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ferren
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Lalande
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Lola Canus
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Didier Decimo
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli,” 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
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11
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Sakamoto K, Satoh Y, Takahashi KI, Wakimoto H, Kitagawa Y, Gotoh B, Ayata M, Itoh M. Upregulation of viral RNA polymerase activity promotes adaptation of SSPE virus to neuronal cells. Virology 2022; 573:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Short-stalk isoforms of CADM1 and CADM2 trigger neuropathogenic measles virus-mediated membrane fusion by interacting with the viral hemagglutinin. J Virol 2021; 96:e0194921. [PMID: 34788082 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01949-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV), an enveloped RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae, usually causes acute febrile illness with skin rash, but in rare cases persists in the brain, causing a progressive neurological disorder, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). MeV bears two envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins. The H protein possesses a head domain that initially mediates receptor binding and a stalk domain that subsequently transmits the fusion-triggering signal to the F protein. We have recently shown that cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1, also known as IGSF4A, Necl-2, SynCAM1) and CADM2 (also known as IGSF4D, Necl-3, SynCAM2) are host factors enabling cell-cell membrane fusion mediated by hyperfusogenic F proteins of neuropathogenic MeVs as well as MeV spread between neurons lacking the known receptors. CADM1 and CADM2 interact in cis with the H protein on the same cell membrane, triggering hyperfusogenic F protein-mediated membrane fusion. Multiple isoforms of CADM1 and CADM2 containing various lengths of their stalk regions are generated by alternative splicing. Here we show that only short-stalk isoforms of CADM1 and CADM2 predominantly expressed in the brain induce hyperfusogenic F protein-mediated membrane fusion. While the known receptors interact in trans with the H protein through its head domain, these isoforms can interact in cis even with the H protein lacking the head domain and trigger membrane fusion, presumably through its stalk domain. Thus, our results unveil a new mechanism of viral fusion triggering by host factors. Importance Measles, an acute febrile illness with skin rash, is still an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Measles virus (MeV), the causative agent of measles, may also cause a progressive neurological disorder, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), several years after acute infection. The disease is fatal, and no effective therapy is available. Recently, we have reported that cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) and CADM2 are host factors enabling MeV cell-to-cell spread in neurons. These molecules interact in cis with the MeV attachment protein on the same cell membrane, triggering the fusion protein and causing membrane fusion. CADM1 and CADM2 are known to exist in multiple splice isoforms. In this study, we report that their short-stalk isoforms can induce membrane fusion by interacting in cis with the viral attachment protein independently of its receptor-binding head domain. This finding may have important implications for cis-acting fusion triggering by host factors.
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13
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Satoh Y, Higuchi K, Nishikawa D, Wakimoto H, Konami M, Sakamoto K, Kitagawa Y, Gotoh B, Jiang DP, Hotta H, Itoh M. M protein of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis virus, synergistically with the F protein, plays a crucial role in viral neuropathogenicity. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34643483 PMCID: PMC8604190 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by a measles virus (MV) variant, SSPE virus, that accumulates mutations during long-term persistent infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Clusters of mutations identified around the matrix (M) protein in many SSPE viruses suppress productive infectious particle release and accelerate cell–cell fusion, which are features of SSPE viruses. It was reported, however, that these defects of M protein function might not be correlated directly with promotion of neurovirulence, although they might enable establishment of persistent infection. Neuropathogenicity is closely related to the character of the viral fusion (F) protein, and amino acid substitution(s) in the F protein of some SSPE viruses confers F protein hyperfusogenicity, facilitating viral propagation in the CNS through cell–cell fusion and leading to neurovirulence. The F protein of an SSPE virus Kobe-1 strain, however, displayed only moderately enhanced fusion activity and required additional mutations in the M protein for neuropathogenicity in mice. We demonstrated here the mechanism for the M protein of the Kobe-1 strain supporting the fusion activity of the F protein and cooperatively inducing neurovirulence, even though each protein, independently, has no effect on virulence. The occurrence of SSPE has been estimated recently as one in several thousand in children who acquired measles under the age of 5 years, markedly higher than reported previously. The probability of a specific mutation (or mutations) occurring in the F protein conferring hyperfusogenicity and neuropathogenicity might not be sufficient to explain the high frequency of SSPE. The induction of neurovirulence by M protein synergistically with moderately fusogenic F protein could account for the high frequency of SSPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Satoh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kurara Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Daichi Nishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wakimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Miho Konami
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kento Sakamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Bin Gotoh
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Da-Peng Jiang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hak Hotta
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women’s University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masae Itoh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masae Itoh,
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14
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Greninger AL, Rybkina K, Lin MJ, Drew-Bear J, Marcink TC, Shean RC, Makhsous N, Boeckh M, Harder O, Bovier F, Burstein SR, Niewiesk S, Rima BK, Porotto M, Moscona A. Human parainfluenza virus evolution during lung infection of immunocompromised humans promotes viral persistence. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150506. [PMID: 34609969 DOI: 10.1172/jci150506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of respiratory viruses to undergo evolution within the respiratory tract raises the possibility of evolution under the selective pressure of the host environment or drug treatment. Long-term infections in immunocompromised hosts are potential drivers of viral evolution and development of infectious variants. We show that intra-host evolution in chronic human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) infection in immunocompromised individuals elicited mutations that favor viral entry and persistence, suggesting that similar processes may operate across enveloped respiratory viruses. We profiled longitudinal HPIV3 infections from two immunocompromised individuals that persisted for 278 and 98 days. Mutations accrued in the HPIV3 attachment protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), including the first in vivo mutation in HN's receptor binding site responsible for activating the viral fusion process. Fixation of this mutation was associated with exposure to a drug that cleaves host cell sialic acid moieties. Longitudinal adaptation of HN was associated with features that promote viral entry and persistence in cells, including greater avidity for sialic acid and more active fusion activity in vitro, but not with antibody escape. Long term infection thus led to mutations promoting viral persistence, suggesting that host-directed therapeutics may support the evolution of viruses that alter their biophysical characteristics to persist in the face of these agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle J Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Drew-Bear
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Tara C Marcink
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Shean
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Olivia Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Francesca Bovier
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Shana R Burstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Bert K Rima
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sceinces, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
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15
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Ferren M, Favède V, Decimo D, Iampietro M, Lieberman NAP, Weickert JL, Pelissier R, Mazelier M, Terrier O, Moscona A, Porotto M, Greninger AL, Messaddeq N, Horvat B, Mathieu C. Hamster organotypic modeling of SARS-CoV-2 lung and brainstem infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5809. [PMID: 34608167 PMCID: PMC8490365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic of COVID-19 since its emergence in December 2019. The infection causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome and may also spread to central nervous system leading to neurological sequelae. We have developed and characterized two new organotypic cultures from hamster brainstem and lung tissues that offer a unique opportunity to study the early steps of viral infection and screening antivirals. These models are not dedicated to investigate how the virus reaches the brain. However, they allow validating the early tropism of the virus in the lungs and demonstrating that SARS-CoV-2 could infect the brainstem and the cerebellum, mainly by targeting granular neurons. Viral infection induces specific interferon and innate immune responses with patterns specific to each organ, along with cell death by apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Overall, our data illustrate the potential of rapid modeling of complex tissue-level interactions during infection by a newly emerged virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ferren
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France.
| | - Valérie Favède
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
- Département du Rhône, Lyon, France
| | - Didier Decimo
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Mathieu Iampietro
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Nicole A P Lieberman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Weickert
- Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Rodolphe Pelissier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Magalie Mazelier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team VirPath, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Anne Moscona
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Study of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institut de Génétique et Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral infections, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, LYON, France.
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16
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Mathieu C, Touret F, Jacquemin C, Janin YL, Nougairède A, Brailly M, Mazelier M, Décimo D, Vasseur V, Hans A, Valle-Casuso JC, de Lamballerie X, Horvat B, André P, Si-Tahar M, Lotteau V, Vidalain PO. A Bioluminescent 3CL Pro Activity Assay to Monitor SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Identify Inhibitors. Viruses 2021; 13:1814. [PMID: 34578395 PMCID: PMC8473059 DOI: 10.3390/v13091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our therapeutic arsenal against viruses is very limited and the current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 highlights the critical need for effective antivirals against emerging coronaviruses. Cellular assays allowing a precise quantification of viral replication in high-throughput experimental settings are essential to the screening of chemical libraries and the selection of best antiviral chemical structures. To develop a reporting system for SARS-CoV-2 infection, we generated cell lines expressing a firefly luciferase maintained in an inactive form by a consensus cleavage site for the viral protease 3CLPro of coronaviruses, so that the luminescent biosensor is turned on upon 3CLPro expression or SARS-CoV-2 infection. This cellular assay was used to screen a metabolism-oriented library of 492 compounds to identify metabolic vulnerabilities of coronaviruses for developing innovative therapeutic strategies. In agreement with recent reports, inhibitors of pyrimidine biosynthesis were found to prevent SARS-CoV-2 replication. Among the top hits, we also identified the NADPH oxidase (NOX) inhibitor Setanaxib. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of Setanaxib was further confirmed using ACE2-expressing human pulmonary cells Beas2B as well as human primary nasal epithelial cells. Altogether, these results validate our cell-based functional assay and the interest of screening libraries of different origins to identify inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 for drug repurposing or development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.M.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (D.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Franck Touret
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 190, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.T.); (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Clémence Jacquemin
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Viral Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.J.); (P.A.)
| | - Yves L. Janin
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 3523, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, CEDEX 15, 75724 Paris, France;
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 190, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.T.); (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Manon Brailly
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.M.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (D.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Magalie Mazelier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.M.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (D.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Didier Décimo
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.M.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (D.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1100, Faculty of Medecine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (V.V.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Aymeric Hans
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (ANSES), Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies équines (PhEED) Unit, 14430 Goustranville, France; (A.H.); (J.-C.V.-C.)
| | - José-Carlos Valle-Casuso
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail (ANSES), Physiopathologie et épidémiologie des maladies équines (PhEED) Unit, 14430 Goustranville, France; (A.H.); (J.-C.V.-C.)
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Aix Marseille Univ, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 190, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (F.T.); (A.N.); (X.d.L.)
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Immunobiology of the Viral Infections, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.M.); (M.B.); (M.M.); (D.D.); (B.H.)
| | - Patrice André
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Viral Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.J.); (P.A.)
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1100, Faculty of Medecine, University of Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (V.V.); (M.S.-T.)
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Viral Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.J.); (P.A.)
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team Viral Infection, Metabolism and Immunity, Univ Lyon, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69007 Lyon, France; (C.J.); (P.A.)
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17
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Bovier FT, Rybkina K, Biswas S, Harder O, Marcink TC, Niewiesk S, Moscona A, Alabi CA, Porotto M. Inhibition of Measles Viral Fusion Is Enhanced by Targeting Multiple Domains of the Fusion Protein. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12794-12803. [PMID: 34291895 PMCID: PMC9164017 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) infection remains a significant public health threat despite ongoing global efforts to increase vaccine coverage. As eradication of MeV stalls, and vulnerable populations expand, effective antivirals against MeV are in high demand. Here, we describe the development of an antiviral peptide that targets the MeV fusion (F) protein. This antiviral peptide construct is composed of a carbobenzoxy-d-Phe-l-Phe-Gly (fusion inhibitor peptide; FIP) conjugated to a lipidated MeV F C-terminal heptad repeat (HRC) domain derivative. Initial in vitro testing showed high antiviral potency and specific targeting of MeV F-associated cell plasma membranes, with minimal cytotoxicity. The FIP and HRC-derived peptide conjugates showed synergistic antiviral activities when administered individually. However, their chemical conjugation resulted in markedly increased antiviral potency. In vitro mechanistic experiments revealed that the FIP-HRC lipid conjugate exerted its antiviral activity predominantly through stabilization of the prefusion F, while HRC-derived peptides alone act predominantly on the F protein after its activation. Coupled with in vivo experiments showing effective prevention of MeV infection in cotton rats, FIP-HRC lipid conjugates show promise as potential MeV antivirals via specific targeting and stabilization of the prefusion MeV F structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca T Bovier
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Sudipta Biswas
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Olivia Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tara C Marcink
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anne Moscona
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Christopher A Alabi
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
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18
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CADM1 and CADM2 Trigger Neuropathogenic Measles Virus-Mediated Membrane Fusion by Acting in cis. J Virol 2021; 95:e0052821. [PMID: 33910952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00528-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV), an enveloped RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae, is still an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. MeV usually causes acute febrile illness with skin rash, but in rare cases persists in the brain, causing a progressive neurological disorder, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). The disease is fatal, and no effective therapy is currently available. Although transsynaptic cell-to-cell transmission is thought to account for MeV propagation in the brain, neurons do not express the known receptors for MeV. Recent studies have shown that hyperfusogenic changes in the MeV fusion (F) protein play a key role in MeV propagation in the brain. However, how such mutant viruses spread in neurons remains unexplained. Here, we show that cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1; also known as IGSF4A, Necl-2, and SynCAM1) and CADM2 (also known as IGSF4D, Necl-3, SynCAM2) are host factors that enable MeV to cause membrane fusion in cells lacking the known receptors and to spread between neurons. During enveloped virus entry, a cellular receptor generally interacts in trans with the attachment protein on the envelope. However, CADM1 and CADM2 interact in cis with the MeV attachment protein on the same cell membrane, causing the fusion protein triggering and membrane fusion. Knockdown of CADM1 and CADM2 inhibits syncytium formation and virus transmission between neurons that are both mediated by hyperfusogenic F proteins. Thus, our results unravel the molecular mechanism (receptor-mimicking cis-acting fusion triggering) by which MeV spreads transsynaptically between neurons, thereby causing SSPE. IMPORTANCE Measles virus (MeV), an enveloped RNA virus, is the causative agent of measles, which is still an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Persistent MeV infection in the brain causes a fatal progressive neurological disorder, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), several years after acute infection. However, how MeV spreads in neurons, which are mainly affected in SSPE, remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1) and CADM2 are host factors enabling MeV spread between neurons. During enveloped virus entry, a cellular receptor generally interacts in trans with the attachment protein on the viral membrane (envelope). Remarkably, CADM1 and CADM2 interact in cis with the MeV attachment protein on the same membrane, triggering the fusion protein and causing membrane fusion, as viral receptors usually do in trans. Careful screening may lead to more examples of such "receptor-mimicking cis-acting fusion triggering" in other viruses.
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19
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Molecular Features of the Measles Virus Viral Fusion Complex That Favor Infection and Spread in the Brain. mBio 2021; 12:e0079921. [PMID: 34061592 PMCID: PMC8263006 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00799-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) bearing a single amino acid change in the fusion protein (F)—L454W—was isolated from two patients who died of MeV central nervous system (CNS) infection. This mutation in F confers an advantage over wild-type virus in the CNS, contributing to disease in these patients. Using murine ex vivo organotypic brain cultures and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids, we show that CNS adaptive mutations in F enhance the spread of virus ex vivo. The spread of virus in human brain organoids is blocked by an inhibitory peptide that targets F, confirming that dissemination in the brain tissue is attributable to F. A single mutation in MeV F thus alters the fusion complex to render MeV more neuropathogenic.
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20
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Fitness selection of hyperfusogenic measles virus F proteins associated with neuropathogenic phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026027118. [PMID: 33903248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026027118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is resurgent and caused >200,000 deaths in 2019. MeV infection can establish a chronic latent infection of the brain that can recrudesce months to years after recovery from the primary infection. Recrudescent MeV leads to fatal subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) or measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) as the virus spreads across multiple brain regions. Most clinical isolates of SSPE/MIBE strains show mutations in the fusion (F) gene that result in a hyperfusogenic phenotype in vitro and allow for efficient spread in primary human neurons. Wild-type MeV receptor-binding protein is indispensable for manifesting these mutant F phenotypes, even though neurons lack canonical MeV receptors (CD150/SLAMF1 or nectin-4). How such hyperfusogenic F mutants are selected and whether they confer a fitness advantage for efficient neuronal spread is unresolved. To better understand the fitness landscape that allows for the selection of such hyperfusogenic F mutants, we conducted a screen of ≥3.1 × 105 MeV-F point mutants in their genomic context. We rescued and amplified our genomic MeV-F mutant libraries in BSR-T7 cells under conditions in which MeV-F-T461I (a known SSPE mutant), but not wild-type MeV, can spread. We recovered known SSPE mutants but also characterized at least 15 hyperfusogenic F mutations with an SSPE phenotype. Structural mapping of these mutants onto the prefusion MeV-F trimer confirm and extend our understanding of the F regulatory domains in MeV-F. Our list of hyperfusogenic F mutants is a valuable resource for future studies into MeV neuropathogenesis and the regulation of paramyxovirus F.
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21
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22
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Busch J, Chey S, Sieg M, Vahlenkamp TW, Liebert UG. Mutated Measles Virus Matrix and Fusion Protein Influence Viral Titer In Vitro and Neuro-Invasion in Lewis Rat Brain Slice Cultures. Viruses 2021; 13:605. [PMID: 33916225 PMCID: PMC8066528 DOI: 10.3390/v13040605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) can cause severe acute diseases as well as long-lasting clinical deteriorations due to viral-induced immunosuppression and neuronal manifestation. How the virus enters the brain and manages to persist in neuronal tissue is not fully understood. Various mutations in the viral genes were found in MV strains isolated from patient brains. In this study, reverse genetics was used to introduce mutations in the fusion, matrix and polymerase genes of MV. The generated virus clones were characterized in cell culture and used to infect rat brain slice cultures. A mutation in the carboxy-terminal domain of the matrix protein (R293Q) promoted the production of progeny virions. This effect was observed in Vero cells irrespective of the expression of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). Furthermore, a mutation in the fusion protein (I225M) induced syncytia formation on Vero cells in the absence of SLAM and promoted viral spread throughout the rat brain slices. In this study, a solid ex vivo model was established to elucidate the MV mutations contributing to neural manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Busch
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.C.); (U.G.L.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (T.W.V.)
| | - Soroth Chey
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.C.); (U.G.L.)
| | - Michael Sieg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (T.W.V.)
| | - Thomas W. Vahlenkamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Virology, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (T.W.V.)
| | - Uwe G. Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (S.C.); (U.G.L.)
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23
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Ferren M, Horvat B, Gerlier D, Mathieu C. [Type I interferon and selective permissiveness of central nervous system to measles virus infection]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:22-25. [PMID: 33492214 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ferren
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (CIRI), équipe d'immunobiologie des infections virales, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 avenue Tony-Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (CIRI), équipe d'immunobiologie des infections virales, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 avenue Tony-Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (CIRI), équipe d'immunobiologie des infections virales, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 avenue Tony-Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Centre international de recherche en infectiologie (CIRI), équipe d'immunobiologie des infections virales, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 avenue Tony-Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France
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24
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Structural characteristics of measles virus entry. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 41:52-58. [PMID: 32413678 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus, a member of the genus Morbillivirus, is highly contagious and still shows considerable mortality with over 100000 deaths annually, although efficient attenuated vaccines exist. Recent studies of measles virus haemagglutinin (MeV-H) and its receptor, including crystallographic and electron microscopic structural analyses combined with functional assays, have revealed how the MeV-H protein recognizes its cognate receptors, SLAM and Nectin-4, and how the glycan shield ensures effective vaccination. In addition, the crystal structure of the MeV-F protein indicated its similarity to those of other paramyxoviruses. Taking into account these data, several models of viral entry/membrane fusion of measles viruses and related paramyxoviruses have been proposed. Furthermore, anti-MeV-F inhibitors targeted to specific regions to inhibit MeV-F protein activation were reported, with potency for preventing MeV infection. The inhibitors targeted for entry events may potentially be applied to treatment of MeV-derived diseases, although escape mutations and drug profiles should be considered.
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25
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Abstract
Paramyxoviruses, including human parainfluenza virus type 3, are internalized into host cells by fusion between viral and target cell membranes. The receptor binding protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), upon binding to its cell receptor, triggers conformational changes in the fusion protein (F). This action of HN activates F to reach its fusion-competent state. Using small molecules that interact with HN, we can induce the premature activation of F and inactivate the virus. To obtain highly active pretriggering compounds, we carried out a virtual modeling screen for molecules that interact with a sialic acid binding site on HN that we propose to be the site involved in activating F. We use cryo-electron tomography of authentic intact viral particles for the first time to directly assess the mechanism of action of this treatment on the conformation of the viral F protein and present the first direct observation of the induced conformational rearrangement in the viral F protein. The receptor binding protein of parainfluenza virus, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), is responsible for actively triggering the viral fusion protein (F) to undergo a conformational change leading to insertion into the target cell and fusion of the virus with the target cell membrane. For proper viral entry to occur, this process must occur when HN is engaged with host cell receptors at the cell surface. It is possible to interfere with this process through premature activation of the F protein, distant from the target cell receptor. Conformational changes in the F protein and adoption of the postfusion form of the protein prior to receptor engagement of HN at the host cell membrane inactivate the virus. We previously identified small molecules that interact with HN and induce it to activate F in an untimely fashion, validating a new antiviral strategy. To obtain highly active pretriggering candidate molecules we carried out a virtual modeling screen for molecules that interact with sialic acid binding site II on HN, which we propose to be the site responsible for activating F. To directly assess the mechanism of action of one such highly effective new premature activating compound, PAC-3066, we use cryo-electron tomography on authentic intact viral particles for the first time to examine the effects of PAC-3066 treatment on the conformation of the viral F protein. We present the first direct observation of the conformational rearrangement induced in the viral F protein.
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Shirogane Y, Hashiguchi T, Yanagi Y. Weak cis and trans Interactions of the Hemagglutinin with Receptors Trigger Fusion Proteins of Neuropathogenic Measles Virus Isolates. J Virol 2020; 94:e01727-19. [PMID: 31619560 PMCID: PMC6955248 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01727-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) is an enveloped RNA virus bearing two envelope glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins. Upon receptor binding, the H protein triggers conformational changes of the F protein, causing membrane fusion and subsequent virus entry. MeV may persist in the brain, infecting neurons and causing fatal subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Since neurons do not express either of the MeV receptors, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM; also called CD150) and nectin-4, how MeV propagates in neurons is unknown. Recent studies have shown that specific substitutions in the F protein found in MeV isolates from SSPE patients are critical for MeV neuropathogenicity by rendering the protein unstable and hyperfusogenic. Recombinant MeVs possessing the F proteins with such substitutions can spread in primary human neurons and in the brains of mice and hamsters and induce cell-cell fusion in cells lacking SLAM and nectin-4. Here, we show that receptor-blind mutant H proteins that have decreased binding affinities to receptors can support membrane fusion mediated by hyperfusogenic mutant F proteins, but not the wild-type F protein, in cells expressing the corresponding receptors. The results suggest that weak interactions of the H protein with certain molecules (putative neuron receptors) trigger hyperfusogenic F proteins in SSPE patients. Notably, where cell-cell contacts are ensured, the weak cis interaction of the H protein with SLAM on the same cell surface also could trigger hyperfusogenic F proteins. Some enveloped viruses may exploit such cis interactions with receptors to infect target cells, especially in cell-to-cell transmission.IMPORTANCE Measles virus (MeV) may persist in the brain, causing incurable subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Because neurons, the main target in SSPE, do not express receptors for wild-type (WT) MeV, how MeV propagates in the brain is a key question for the disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that specific substitutions in the MeV fusion (F) protein are critical for neuropathogenicity. Here, we show that weak cis and trans interactions of the MeV attachment protein with receptors that are not sufficient to trigger the WT MeV F protein can trigger the mutant F proteins from neuropathogenic MeV isolates. Our study not only provides an important clue to understand MeV neuropathogenicity but also reveals a novel viral strategy to expand cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shirogane
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ferren M, Horvat B, Mathieu C. Measles Encephalitis: Towards New Therapeutics. Viruses 2019; 11:E1017. [PMID: 31684034 PMCID: PMC6893791 DOI: 10.3390/v11111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide among vaccine preventable diseases. Recent decline in vaccination coverage resulted in re-emergence of measles outbreaks. Measles virus (MeV) infection causes an acute systemic disease, associated in certain cases with central nervous system (CNS) infection leading to lethal neurological disease. Early following MeV infection some patients develop acute post-infectious measles encephalitis (APME), which is not associated with direct infection of the brain. MeV can also infect the CNS and cause sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in immunocompetent people or measles inclusion-body encephalitis (MIBE) in immunocompromised patients. To date, cellular and molecular mechanisms governing CNS invasion are still poorly understood. Moreover, the known MeV entry receptors are not expressed in the CNS and how MeV enters and spreads in the brain is not fully understood. Different antiviral treatments have been tested and validated in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, mainly in small animal models. Most treatments have high efficacy at preventing infection but their effectiveness after CNS manifestations remains to be evaluated. This review describes MeV neural infection and current most advanced therapeutic approaches potentially applicable to treat MeV CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ferren
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, INSERM U1111, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.
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Duro N, Varma S. Role of Structural Fluctuations in Allosteric Stimulation of Paramyxovirus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase. Structure 2019; 27:1601-1611.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Generous AR, Harrison OJ, Troyanovsky RB, Mateo M, Navaratnarajah CK, Donohue RC, Pfaller CK, Alekhina O, Sergeeva AP, Indra I, Thornburg T, Kochetkova I, Billadeau DD, Taylor MP, Troyanovsky SM, Honig B, Shapiro L, Cattaneo R. Trans-endocytosis elicited by nectins transfers cytoplasmic cargo, including infectious material, between cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs235507. [PMID: 31331966 PMCID: PMC6737912 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that cells expressing the adherens junction protein nectin-1 capture nectin-4-containing membranes from the surface of adjacent cells in a trans-endocytosis process. We find that internalized nectin-1-nectin-4 complexes follow the endocytic pathway. The nectin-1 cytoplasmic tail controls transfer: its deletion prevents trans-endocytosis, while its exchange with the nectin-4 tail reverses transfer direction. Nectin-1-expressing cells acquire dye-labeled cytoplasmic proteins synchronously with nectin-4, a process most active during cell adhesion. Some cytoplasmic cargo remains functional after transfer, as demonstrated with encapsidated genomes of measles virus (MeV). This virus uses nectin-4, but not nectin-1, as a receptor. Epithelial cells expressing nectin-4, but not those expressing another MeV receptor in its place, can transfer infection to nectin-1-expressing primary neurons. Thus, this newly discovered process can move cytoplasmic cargo, including infectious material, from epithelial cells to neurons. We name the process nectin-elicited cytoplasm transfer (NECT). NECT-related trans-endocytosis processes may be exploited by pathogens to extend tropism. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Generous
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Oliver J Harrison
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Systems Biology and Medicine, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Regina B Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Mathieu Mateo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chanakha K Navaratnarajah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ryan C Donohue
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Olga Alekhina
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alina P Sergeeva
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Systems Biology and Medicine, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Indrajyoti Indra
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Theresa Thornburg
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Irina Kochetkova
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | | | - Matthew P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Sergey M Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Barry Honig
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Systems Biology and Medicine, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Systems Biology and Medicine, Zuckerman Mind, Brain, Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Roberto Cattaneo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Virology and Gene Therapy Track, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Welsch JC, Charvet B, Dussurgey S, Allatif O, Aurine N, Horvat B, Gerlier D, Mathieu C. Type I Interferon Receptor Signaling Drives Selective Permissiveness of Astrocytes and Microglia to Measles Virus during Brain Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:e00618-19. [PMID: 31019048 PMCID: PMC6580971 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00618-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal neurological syndromes can occur after measles virus (MeV) infection of the brain. The mechanisms controlling MeV spread within the central nervous system (CNS) remain poorly understood. We analyzed the role of type I interferon (IFN-I) receptor (IFNAR) signaling in the control of MeV infection in a murine model of brain infection. Using organotypic brain cultures (OBC) from wild-type and IFNAR-knockout (IFNARKO) transgenic mice ubiquitously expressing the human SLAM (CD150) receptor, the heterogeneity of the permissiveness of different CNS cell types to MeV infection was characterized. In the absence of IFNAR signaling, MeV propagated significantly better in explant slices. In OBC from IFNAR-competent mice, while astrocytes and microglia were infected on the day of explant preparation, they became refractory to infection with time, in contrast to neurons and oligodendrocytes, which remained permissive to infection. This selective loss of permissiveness to MeV infection was not observed in IFNARKO mouse OBC. Accordingly, the development of astrogliosis related to the OBC procedure was exacerbated in the presence of IFNAR signaling. In the hippocampus, this astrogliosis was characterized by a change in the astrocyte phenotype and by an increase of IFN-I transcripts. A proteome analysis showed the upregulation of 84 out of 111 secreted proteins. In the absence of IFNAR, only 27 secreted proteins were upregulated, and none of these were associated with antiviral activities. Our results highlight the essential role of the IFN-I response in astrogliosis and in the permissiveness of astrocytes and microglia that could control MeV propagation throughout the CNS.IMPORTANCE Measles virus (MeV) can infect the central nervous system (CNS), with dramatic consequences. The mechanisms controlling MeV invasion of the CNS remain ill-defined since most previous data were obtained from postmortem analysis. Here, we highlight for the first time the crucial role of the type I interferon (IFN-I) response not only in the control of CNS invasion but also in the early permissiveness of glial cells to measles virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Charles Welsch
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Charvet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Dussurgey
- SFR BioSciences, INSERM, CNRS, UMS3444/US8, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Omran Allatif
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Noemie Aurine
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Branka Horvat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Measles Virus Bearing Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis-Derived Fusion Protein Is Pathogenic after Infection via the Respiratory Route. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01862-18. [PMID: 30728259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01862-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical isolate of measles virus (MeV) bearing a single amino acid alteration in the viral fusion protein (F; L454W) was previously identified in two patients with lethal sequelae of MeV central nervous system (CNS) infection. The mutation dysregulated the viral fusion machinery so that the mutated F protein mediated cell fusion in the absence of known MeV cellular receptors. While this virus could feasibly have arisen via intrahost evolution of the wild-type (wt) virus, it was recently shown that the same mutation emerged under the selective pressure of small-molecule antiviral treatment. Under these conditions, a potentially neuropathogenic variant emerged outside the CNS. While CNS adaptation of MeV was thought to generate viruses that are less fit for interhost spread, we show that two animal models can be readily infected with CNS-adapted MeV via the respiratory route. Despite bearing a fusion protein that is less stable at 37°C than the wt MeV F, this virus infects and replicates in cotton rat lung tissue more efficiently than the wt virus and is lethal in a suckling mouse model of MeV encephalitis even with a lower inoculum. Thus, either during lethal MeV CNS infection or during antiviral treatment in vitro, neuropathogenic MeV can emerge, can infect new hosts via the respiratory route, and is more pathogenic (at least in these animal models) than wt MeV.IMPORTANCE Measles virus (MeV) infection can be severe in immunocompromised individuals and lead to complications, including measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE). In some cases, MeV persistence and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) occur even in the face of an intact immune response. While they are relatively rare complications of MeV infection, MIBE and SSPE are lethal. This work addresses the hypothesis that despite a dysregulated viral fusion complex, central nervous system (CNS)-adapted measles virus can spread outside the CNS within an infected host.
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Abstract
Paramyxoviruses, including human parainfluenza virus type 3, are internalized into host cells by fusion between viral and target cell membranes. The receptor binding protein, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), and the fusion protein (F) facilitate viral fusion and entry into cells through a process involving HN activation by receptor binding, which triggers conformational changes in F to activate it to reach its fusion-competent state. Interfering with this process through premature activation of the F protein may be an effective antiviral strategy in vitro. We identified and optimized small compounds that implement this antiviral strategy through an interaction with HN, causing HN to activate F in an untimely fashion. To address that mechanism, we produced novel anti-HPIV3 F conformation-specific antibodies that can be used to assess the functionality of compounds designed to induce F activation. Both the novel antiviral compounds that we present and these newly characterized postfusion antibodies are novel tools for the exploration and development of antiviral approaches. Paramyxoviruses, specifically, the childhood pathogen human parainfluenza virus type 3, are internalized into host cells following fusion between the viral and target cell membranes. The receptor binding protein, hemagglutinin (HA)-neuraminidase (HN), and the fusion protein (F) facilitate viral fusion and entry into the cell through a coordinated process involving HN activation by receptor binding, which triggers conformational changes in the F protein to activate it to reach its fusion-competent state. Interfering with this process through premature activation of the F protein has been shown to be an effective antiviral strategy in vitro. Conformational changes in the F protein leading to adoption of the postfusion form of the protein—prior to receptor engagement of HN at the host cell membrane—render the virus noninfectious. We previously identified a small compound (CSC11) that implements this antiviral strategy through an interaction with HN, causing HN to activate F in an untimely process. To assess the functionality of such compounds, it is necessary to verify that the postfusion state of F has been achieved. As demonstrated by Melero and colleagues, soluble forms of the recombinant postfusion pneumovirus F proteins and of their six helix bundle (6HB) motifs can be used to generate postfusion-specific antibodies. We produced novel anti-HPIV3 F conformation-specific antibodies that can be used to assess the functionality of compounds designed to induce F activation. In this study, using systematic chemical modifications of CSC11, we synthesized a more potent derivative of this compound, CM9. Much like CSC11, CM9 causes premature triggering of the F protein through an interaction with HN prior to receptor engagement, thereby preventing fusion and subsequent infection. In addition to validating the potency of CM9 using plaque reduction, fusion inhibition, and binding avidity assays, we confirmed the transition to a postfusion conformation of F in the presence of CM9 using our novel anti-HPIV3 conformation-specific antibodies. We present both CM9 and these newly characterized postfusion antibodies as novel tools to explore and develop antiviral approaches. In turn, these advances in both our molecular toolset and our understanding of HN-F interaction will support development of more-effective antivirals. Combining the findings described here with our recently described physiologically relevant ex vivo system, we have the potential to inform the development of therapeutics to block viral infection.
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Analysis of a Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Genotype B3 Virus from the 2009-2010 South African Measles Epidemic Shows That Hyperfusogenic F Proteins Contribute to Measles Virus Infection in the Brain. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01700-18. [PMID: 30487282 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01700-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
During a measles virus (MeV) epidemic in 2009 in South Africa, measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE) was identified in several HIV-infected patients. Years later, children are presenting with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). To investigate the features of established MeV neuronal infections, viral sequences were analyzed from brain tissue samples of a single SSPE case and compared with MIBE sequences previously obtained from patients infected during the same epidemic. Both the SSPE and the MIBE viruses had amino acid substitutions in the ectodomain of the F protein that confer enhanced fusion properties. Functional analysis of the fusion complexes confirmed that both MIBE and SSPE F protein mutations promoted fusion with less dependence on interaction by the viral receptor-binding protein with known MeV receptors. While the SSPE F required the presence of a homotypic attachment protein, MeV H, in order to fuse, MIBE F did not. Both F proteins had decreased thermal stability compared to that of the corresponding wild-type F protein. Finally, recombinant viruses expressing MIBE or SSPE fusion complexes spread in the absence of known MeV receptors, with MIBE F-bearing viruses causing large syncytia in these cells. Our results suggest that alterations to the MeV fusion complex that promote fusion and cell-to-cell spread in the absence of known MeV receptors is a key property for infection of the brain.IMPORTANCE Measles virus can invade the central nervous system (CNS) and cause severe neurological complications, such as MIBE and SSPE. However, mechanisms by which MeV enters the CNS and triggers the disease remain unclear. We analyzed viruses from brain tissue of individuals with MIBE or SSPE, infected during the same epidemic, after the onset of neurological disease. Our findings indicate that the emergence of hyperfusogenic MeV F proteins is associated with infection of the brain. We also demonstrate that hyperfusogenic F proteins permit MeV to enter cells and spread without the need to engage nectin-4 or CD150, known receptors for MeV that are not present on neural cells.
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Watanabe S, Shirogane Y, Sato Y, Hashiguchi T, Yanagi Y. New Insights into Measles Virus Brain Infections. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:164-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kalbermatter D, Shrestha N, Ader-Ebert N, Herren M, Moll P, Plemper RK, Altmann KH, Langedijk JP, Gall F, Lindenmann U, Riedl R, Fotiadis D, Plattet P. Primary resistance mechanism of the canine distemper virus fusion protein against a small-molecule membrane fusion inhibitor. Virus Res 2018; 259:28-37. [PMID: 30296457 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Morbilliviruses (e.g. measles virus [MeV] or canine distemper virus [CDV]) employ the attachment (H) and fusion (F) envelope glycoproteins for cell entry. H protein engagement to a cognate receptor eventually leads to F-triggering. Upon activation, F proteins transit from a prefusion to a postfusion conformation; a refolding process that is associated with membrane merging. Small-molecule morbilliviral fusion inhibitors such as the compound 3G (a chemical analog in the AS-48 class) were previously generated and mechanistic studies revealed a stabilizing effect on morbilliviral prefusion F trimers. Here, we aimed at designing 3G-resistant CDV F mutants by introducing single cysteine residues at hydrophobic core positions of the helical stalk region. Covalently-linked F dimers were generated, which highlighted substantial conformational flexibility within the stalk to achieve those irregular F conformations. Our findings demonstrate that "top-stalk" CDV F cysteine mutants (F-V571C and F-L575C) remained functional and gained resistance to 3G. Conversely, although not all "bottom-stalk" F cysteine variants preserved proper bioactivity, those that remained functional exhibited 3G-sensitivity. According to the recently determined prefusion MeV F trimer/AS-48 co-crystal structure, CDV residues F-V571 and F-L575 may directly interact with 3G. A combination of conformation-specific anti-F antibodies and low-resolution electron microscopy structural analyses confirmed that 3G lost its stabilizing effect on "top-stalk" F cysteine mutants thus suggesting a primary resistance mechanism. Overall, our data suggest that the fusion inhibitor 3G stabilizes prefusion CDV F trimers by docking at the top of the stalk domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kalbermatter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Neeta Shrestha
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Ader-Ebert
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Herren
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Moll
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Flavio Gall
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Urs Lindenmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Riedl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, CH-8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Division of Experimental and Clinical Research, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
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Sato Y, Watanabe S, Fukuda Y, Hashiguchi T, Yanagi Y, Ohno S. Cell-to-Cell Measles Virus Spread between Human Neurons Is Dependent on Hemagglutinin and Hyperfusogenic Fusion Protein. J Virol 2018; 92:e02166-17. [PMID: 29298883 PMCID: PMC5827375 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02166-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) usually causes acute infection but in rare cases persists in the brain, resulting in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Since human neurons, an important target affected in the disease, do not express the known MV receptors (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule [SLAM] and nectin 4), how MV infects neurons and spreads between them is unknown. Recent studies have shown that many virus strains isolated from SSPE patients possess substitutions in the extracellular domain of the fusion (F) protein which confer enhanced fusion activity. Hyperfusogenic viruses with such mutations, unlike the wild-type MV, can induce cell-cell fusion even in SLAM- and nectin 4-negative cells and spread efficiently in human primary neurons and the brains of animal models. We show here that a hyperfusogenic mutant MV, IC323-F(T461I)-EGFP (IC323 with a fusion-enhancing T461I substitution in the F protein and expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein), but not the wild-type MV, spreads in differentiated NT2 cells, a widely used human neuron model. Confocal time-lapse imaging revealed the cell-to-cell spread of IC323-F(T461I)-EGFP between NT2 neurons without syncytium formation. The production of virus particles was strongly suppressed in NT2 neurons, also supporting cell-to-cell viral transmission. The spread of IC323-F(T461I)-EGFP was inhibited by a fusion inhibitor peptide as well as by some but not all of the anti-hemagglutinin antibodies which neutralize SLAM- or nectin-4-dependent MV infection, suggesting the presence of a distinct neuronal receptor. Our results indicate that MV spreads in a cell-to-cell manner between human neurons without causing syncytium formation and that the spread is dependent on the hyperfusogenic F protein, the hemagglutinin, and the putative neuronal receptor for MV.IMPORTANCE Measles virus (MV), in rare cases, persists in the human central nervous system (CNS) and causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) several years after acute infection. This neurological complication is almost always fatal, and there is currently no effective treatment for it. Mechanisms by which MV invades the CNS and causes the disease remain to be elucidated. We have previously shown that fusion-enhancing substitutions in the fusion protein of MVs isolated from SSPE patients contribute to MV spread in neurons. In this study, we demonstrate that MV bearing the hyperfusogenic mutant fusion protein spreads between human neurons in a cell-to-cell manner. Spread of the virus was inhibited by a fusion inhibitor peptide and antibodies against the MV hemagglutinin, indicating that both the hemagglutinin and hyperfusogenic fusion protein play important roles in MV spread between human neurons. The findings help us better understand the disease process of SSPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Sato
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shumpei Watanabe
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Fukuda
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yanagi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Ohno
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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Structures of the prefusion form of measles virus fusion protein in complex with inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2496-2501. [PMID: 29463726 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718957115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV), a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, is highly immunotropic and one of the most contagious pathogens. MeV may establish, albeit rarely, persistent infection in the central nervous system, causing fatal and intractable neurodegenerative diseases such as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and measles inclusion body encephalitis. Recent studies have suggested that particular substitutions in the MeV fusion (F) protein are involved in the pathogenesis by destabilizing the F protein and endowing it with hyperfusogenicity. Here we show the crystal structures of the prefusion MeV-F alone and in complex with the small compound AS-48 or a fusion inhibitor peptide. Notably, these independently developed inhibitors bind the same hydrophobic pocket located at the region connecting the head and stalk of MeV-F, where a number of substitutions in MeV isolates from neurodegenerative diseases are also localized. Since these inhibitors could suppress membrane fusion mediated by most of the hyperfusogenic MeV-F mutants, the development of more effective inhibitors based on the structures may be warranted to treat MeV-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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38
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Biophysical Properties and Antiviral Activities of Measles Fusion Protein Derived Peptide Conjugated with 25-Hydroxycholesterol. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111869. [PMID: 29088094 PMCID: PMC5775476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) infection is re-emerging, despite the availability of an effective vaccine. The mechanism of MV entry into a target cell relies on coordinated action between the MV hemagglutinin (H) receptor binding protein and the fusion envelope glycoprotein (F) which mediates fusion between the viral and cell membranes. Peptides derived from the C-terminal heptad repeat (HRC) of F can interfere with this process, blocking MV infection. As previously described, biophysical properties of HRC-derived peptides modulate their antiviral potency. In this work, we characterized a MV peptide fusion inhibitor conjugated to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a cholesterol derivative with intrinsic antiviral activity, and evaluated its interaction with membrane model systems and human blood cells. The peptide (MV.
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Kleinlützum D, Hanauer JDS, Muik A, Hanschmann KM, Kays SK, Ayala-Breton C, Peng KW, Mühlebach MD, Abel T, Buchholz CJ. Enhancing the Oncolytic Activity of CD133-Targeted Measles Virus: Receptor Extension or Chimerism with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Are Most Effective. Front Oncol 2017; 7:127. [PMID: 28695108 PMCID: PMC5483446 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy resistance and tumor recurrence are often linked to a small refractory and highly tumorigenic subpopulation of neoplastic cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). A putative marker of CSCs is CD133 (prominin-1). We have previously described a CD133-targeted oncolytic measles virus (MV-CD133) as a promising approach to specifically eliminate CD133-positive tumor cells. Selectivity was introduced at the level of cell entry by an engineered MV hemagglutinin (H). The H protein was blinded for its native receptors and displayed a CD133-specific single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) as targeting domain. Interestingly, MV-CD133 was more active in killing CD133-positive tumors than the unmodified MV-NSe despite being highly selective for its target cells. To further enhance the antitumoral activity of MV-CD133, we here pursued arming technologies, receptor extension, and chimeras between MV-CD133 and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). All newly generated viruses including VSV-CD133 were highly selective in eliminating CD133-positive cells. MV-CD46/CD133 killed in addition CD133-negative cells being positive for the MV receptors. In an orthotopic glioma model, MV-CD46/CD133 and MVSCD-CD133, which encodes the super cytosine deaminase, were most effective. Notably, VSV-CD133 caused fatal neurotoxicity in this tumor model. Use of CD133 as receptor could be excluded as being causative. In a subcutaneous tumor model of hepatocellular cancer, VSV-CD133 revealed the most potent oncolytic activity and also significantly prolonged survival of the mice when injected intravenously. Compared to MV-CD133, VSV-CD133 infected a more than 104-fold larger area of the tumor within the same time period. Our data not only suggest new concepts and approaches toward enhancing the oncolytic activity of CD133-targeted oncolytic viruses but also raise awareness about careful toxicity testing of novel virus types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Kleinlützum
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia D S Hanauer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Alexander Muik
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Sarah-Katharina Kays
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | | | - Kah-Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael D Mühlebach
- Product Testing of Immunological Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Tobias Abel
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Adu-Gyamfi E, Kim LS, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA. Flexibility of the Head-Stalk Linker Domain of Paramyxovirus HN Glycoprotein Is Essential for Triggering Virus Fusion. J Virol 2016; 90:9172-81. [PMID: 27489276 PMCID: PMC5044854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01187-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Paramyxoviridae comprise a large family of enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with significant economic and public health implications. For nearly all paramyxoviruses, infection is initiated by fusion of the viral and host cell plasma membranes in a pH-independent fashion. Fusion is orchestrated by the receptor binding protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN; also called H or G depending on the virus type) protein and a fusion (F) protein, the latter undergoing a major refolding process to merge the two membranes. Mechanistic details regarding the coupling of receptor binding to F activation are not fully understood. Here, we have identified the flexible loop region connecting the bulky enzymatically active head and the four-helix bundle stalk to be essential for fusion promotion. Proline substitution in this region of HN of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) and Newcastle disease virus HN abolishes cell-cell fusion, whereas HN retains receptor binding and neuraminidase activity. By using reverse genetics, we engineered recombinant PIV5-EGFP viruses with mutations in the head-stalk linker region of HN. Mutations in this region abolished virus recovery and infectivity. In sum, our data suggest that the loop region acts as a "hinge" around which the bulky head of HN swings to-and-fro to facilitate timely HN-mediate F-triggering, a notion consistent with the stalk-mediated activation model of paramyxovirus fusion. IMPORTANCE Paramyxovirus fusion with the host cell plasma membrane is essential for virus infection. Membrane fusion is orchestrated via interaction of the receptor binding protein (HN, H, or G) with the viral fusion glycoprotein (F). Two distinct models have been suggested to describe the mechanism of fusion: these include "the clamp" and the "provocateur" model of activation. By using biochemical and reverse genetics tools, we have obtained strong evidence in favor of the HN stalk-mediated activation of paramyxovirus fusion. Specifically, our data strongly support the notion that the short linker between the head and stalk plays a role in "conformational switching" of the head group to facilitate F-HN interaction and triggering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Adu-Gyamfi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Lori S Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Measles Virus Fusion Protein: Structure, Function and Inhibition. Viruses 2016; 8:112. [PMID: 27110811 PMCID: PMC4848605 DOI: 10.3390/v8040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV), a highly contagious member of the Paramyxoviridae family, causes measles in humans. The Paramyxoviridae family of negative single-stranded enveloped viruses includes several important human and animal pathogens, with MeV causing approximately 120,000 deaths annually. MeV and canine distemper virus (CDV)-mediated diseases can be prevented by vaccination. However, sub-optimal vaccine delivery continues to foster MeV outbreaks. Post-exposure prophylaxis with antivirals has been proposed as a novel strategy to complement vaccination programs by filling herd immunity gaps. Recent research has shown that membrane fusion induced by the morbillivirus glycoproteins is the first critical step for viral entry and infection, and determines cell pathology and disease outcome. Our molecular understanding of morbillivirus-associated membrane fusion has greatly progressed towards the feasibility to control this process by treating the fusion glycoprotein with inhibitory molecules. Current approaches to develop anti-membrane fusion drugs and our knowledge on drug resistance mechanisms strongly suggest that combined therapies will be a prerequisite. Thus, discovery of additional anti-fusion and/or anti-attachment protein small-molecule compounds may eventually translate into realistic therapeutic options.
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