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Fan Q, Yan R, Li Y, Lu L, Liu J, Li S, Fu T, Xue Y, Liu J, Li Z. Exploring Immune Cell Diversity in the Lacrimal Glands of Healthy Mice: A Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Atlas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1208. [PMID: 38279208 PMCID: PMC10816500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland is responsible for maintaining the health of the ocular surface through the production of tears. However, our understanding of the immune system within the lacrimal gland is currently limited. Therefore, in this study, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to identify and analyze immune cells and molecules present in the lacrimal glands of normal mice. A total of 34,891 cells were obtained from the lacrimal glands of mice and classified into 18 distinct cell clusters using Seurat clustering. Within these cell populations, 26 different immune cell subpopulations were identified, including T cells, innate lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and B cells. Network analysis revealed complex cell-cell interactions between these immune cells, with particularly significant interactions observed among T cells, macrophages, plasma cells, and dendritic cells. Interestingly, T cells were found to be the main source of ligands for the Thy1 signaling pathway, while M2 macrophages were identified as the primary target of this pathway. Moreover, some of these immune cells were validated using immunohistological techniques. Collectively, these findings highlight the abundance and interactions of immune cells and provide valuable insights into the complexity of the lacrimal gland immune system and its relevance to associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Fan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Q.F.); (J.L.)
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruyu Yan
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yan Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Liyuan Lu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiangman Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Q.F.); (J.L.)
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Senmao Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ting Fu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yunxia Xue
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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2
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Bui I, Bonavida B. Polarization of M2 Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Cancer Immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncog 2024; 29:75-95. [PMID: 38989739 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2024053830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
We have witnessed in the last decade new milestones in the treatment of various resistant cancers with new immunotherapeutic modalities. These advances have resulted in significant objective durable clinical responses in a subset of cancer patients. These findings strongly suggested that immunotherapy should be considered for the treatment of all subsets of cancer patients. Accordingly, the mechanisms underlying resistance to immunotherapy must be explored and develop new means to target these resistant factors. One of the pivotal resistance mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is the high infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that are highly immunosuppressive and responsible, in large part, of cancer immune evasion. Thus, various approaches have been investigated to target the TAMs to restore the anti-tumor immune response. One approach is to polarize the M2 TAMS to the M1 phenotype that participates in the activation of the anti-tumor response. In this review, we discuss the various and differential properties of the M1 and M2 phenotypes, the molecular signaling pathways that participate in the polarization, and various approaches used to target the polarization of the M2 TAMs into the M1 anti-tumor phenotype. These approaches include inhibitors of histone deacetylases, PI3K inhibitors, STAT3 inhibitors, TLR agonists, and metabolic reprogramming. Clearly, due to the distinct features of various cancers and their heterogeneities, a single approach outlined above might only be effective against some cancers and not others. In addition, targeting by itself may not be efficacious unless used in combination with other therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indy Bui
- University of California Los Angeles
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1747, USA
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3
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Atella MO, Carvalho AS, Da Poian AT. Role of macrophages in the onset, maintenance, or control of arthritis caused by alphaviruses. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2039-2044. [PMID: 38058027 PMCID: PMC10800133 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231214261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that cause a debilitating rheumatic disease characterized by fever, headache, rash, myalgia, and polyarthralgia with the potential to evolve into a severe and very prolonged illness. Although these viruses have been geographically restricted by vector hosts and reservoirs, recent epidemics have revealed the risks of their spread worldwide. In this review, we aim to discuss the protective and pathological roles of macrophages during the development of arthritis caused by alphaviruses. The progression to the chronic phase of the disease is related to the extension of viral replication and the maintenance of articular inflammation, in which the cellular infiltrate is predominantly composed of macrophages. We explore the possible implications of macrophage polarization to M1/M2 activation phenotypes, drawing a parallel between alphavirus arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic inflammatory disease that also affects articular tissues. In RA, it is well established that M1 macrophages contribute to tissue damage and inflammation, while M2 macrophages have a role in cartilage repair, so modulating the M1/M2 macrophage ratio is being considered as a strategy in the treatment of this disease. In the case of alphavirus-induced arthritis, the picture is more complex, as proinflammatory factors derived from M1 macrophages contribute to the antiviral response but cause tissue damage, while M2 macrophages may contribute to tissue repair but impair viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea T Da Poian
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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Lee R, Yoon BI, Hunter CA, Kwon HM, Sung HW, Park J. Short chain fatty acids facilitate protective immunity by macrophages and T cells during acute fowl adenovirus-4 infection. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17999. [PMID: 37865711 PMCID: PMC10590440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are major gut metabolites that are involved in the regulation of dysfunction in immune responses, such as autoimmunity and cytokine storm. Numerous studies have reported a protective action of SCFAs against infectious diseases. This study investigated whether SCFAs have protective effect for immunity during fowl adenovirus-4 (FAdV-4) infection. We examined whether SCFA mixture (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) administration could protect against intramuscular challenge of a virulent viral strain. SCFA treatment promoted MHCII-expressing monocytes, the active form of T cells, and effector molecules in both peripheral and lymphoid tissues. It also boosted the production of immune molecules involved in pathogen elimination by intraepithelial lymphocytes and changed the intestinal microbial composition. We suggest that gut metabolites influence the gut microbial environment, and these changes stimulate macrophages and T cells to fight against the intramuscular challenge of FAdV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangyeon Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyuk Moo Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
- Multidimensional Genomics Research Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wei Q, Deng Y, Yang Q, Zhan A, Wang L. The markers to delineate different phenotypes of macrophages related to metabolic disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1084636. [PMID: 36814909 PMCID: PMC9940311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1084636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have a wide variety of roles in physiological and pathological conditions, making them promising diagnostic and therapeutic targets in diseases, especially metabolic disorders, which have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Owing to their heterogeneity and polarization, the phenotypes and functions of macrophages related to metabolic disorders are diverse and complicated. In the past three decades, the rapid progress of macrophage research has benefited from the emergence of specific molecular markers to delineate different phenotypes of macrophages and elucidate their role in metabolic disorders. In this review, we analyze the functions and applications of commonly used and novel markers of macrophages related to metabolic disorders, facilitating the better use of these macrophage markers in metabolic disorder research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quxing Wei
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyue Deng
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Angyu Zhan
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lexun Wang
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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N-Linked Glycans Shape Skin Immune Responses during Arthritis and Myositis after Intradermal Infection with Ross River Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0099922. [PMID: 36000846 PMCID: PMC9472629 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00999-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are mosquito-borne arboviruses that include several re-emerging human pathogens, including the chikungunya (CHIKV), Ross River (RRV), Mayaro (MAYV), and o'nyong-nyong (ONNV) virus. Arboviruses are transmitted via a mosquito bite to the skin. Herein, we describe intradermal RRV infection in a mouse model that replicates the arthritis and myositis seen in humans with Ross River virus disease (RRVD). We show that skin infection with RRV results in the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, which together with dendritic cells migrate to draining lymph nodes (LN) of the skin. Neutrophils and monocytes are productively infected and traffic virus from the skin to LN. We show that viral envelope N-linked glycosylation is a key determinant of skin immune responses and disease severity. RRV grown in mammalian cells elicited robust early antiviral responses in the skin, while RRV grown in mosquito cells stimulated poorer early antiviral responses. We used glycan mass spectrometry to characterize the glycan profile of mosquito and mammalian cell-derived RRV, showing deglycosylation of the RRV E2 glycoprotein is associated with curtailed skin immune responses and reduced disease following intradermal infection. Altogether, our findings demonstrate skin infection with an arthritogenic alphavirus leads to musculoskeletal disease and envelope glycoprotein glycosylation shapes disease outcome. IMPORTANCE Arthritogenic alphaviruses are transmitted via mosquito bites through the skin, potentially causing debilitating diseases. Our understanding of how viral infection starts in the skin and how virus systemically disseminates to cause disease remains limited. Intradermal arbovirus infection described herein results in musculoskeletal pathology, which is dependent on viral envelope N-linked glycosylation. As such, intradermal infection route provides new insights into how arboviruses cause disease and could be extended to future investigations of skin immune responses following infection with other re-emerging arboviruses.
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7
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Mostafavi H, Tharmarajah K, Vider J, West NP, Freitas JR, Cameron B, Foster PS, Hueston LP, Lloyd AR, Mahalingam S, Zaid A. Interleukin-17 contributes to Ross River virus-induced arthritis and myositis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010185. [PMID: 35143591 PMCID: PMC8830676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that are a major cause of infectious arthropathies worldwide, and recent outbreaks of chikungunya virus and Ross River virus (RRV) infections highlight the need for robust intervention strategies. Alphaviral arthritis can persist for months after the initial acute disease, and is mediated by cellular immune responses. A common strategy to limit inflammation and pathology is to dampen the overwhelming inflammatory responses by modulating proinflammatory cytokine pathways. Here, we investigate the contribution of interleukin-17 (IL-17), a cytokine involved in arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, in the development RRV-induced arthritis and myositis. IL-17 was quantified in serum from RRV-infected patients, and mice were infected with RRV and joints and muscle tissues collected to analyse cellular infiltrates, tissue mRNA, cytokine expression, and joint and muscle histopathology. IL-17 expression was increased in musculoskeletal tissues and serum of RRV-infected mice and humans, respectively. IL-17–producing T cells and neutrophils contributed to the cellular infiltrate in the joint and muscle tissue during acute RRV disease in mice. Blockade of IL-17A/F using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) reduced disease severity in RRV-infected mice and led to decreased proinflammatory proteins, cellular infiltration in synovial tissues and cartilage damage, without affecting viral titers in inflamed tissues. IL-17A/F blockade triggered a shift in transcriptional profile of both leukocyte infiltrates and musculoskeletal stromal cells by downregulating proinflammatory genes. This study highlights a previously uncharacterized role for an effector cytokine in alphaviral pathology and points towards potential therapeutic benefit in targeting IL-17 to treat patients presenting with RRV-induced arthropathy. Some viruses transmitted by mosquitoes cause painful and debilitating arthritis, which manifests both as an acute form shortly following infection, and a chronic form long after the initial symptoms have subsided. These viruses, termed arboviruses, are difficult to control and there are currently no specific treatments to alleviate the pain and loss of mobility. Arthritis caused by arboviruses shares similarities with a non-infectious, autoimmune form of arthritis called rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In RA, an immune molecule termed interleukin-17, or IL-17, has been shown to drive arthritis and treatments that target or block IL-17 are being developed to treat RA. Here, we asked whether arthritis caused by an arbovirus, Ross River virus (RRV), was also associated with elevated IL-17 in humans and mice. Disease severity in mice was associated with high IL-17 expression in the feet and muscle, and blocking IL-17 using an anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibody ameliorated disease in mice infected with RRV. Our study provides new information on a molecule that is implicated in arthritic inflammation, and could be targeted to treat disease caused by arthritogenic arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Mostafavi
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Kothila Tharmarajah
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Jelena Vider
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. West
- Mucosal Immunology Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph R. Freitas
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Barbara Cameron
- Viral immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Paul S. Foster
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Linda P. Hueston
- Arbovirus Emerging Diseases Unit, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Pathology West—ICPMR Westmead, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Lloyd
- Viral immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (SM); (AZ)
| | - Ali Zaid
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Global Virus Network (GVN) Centre of Excellence in Arboviruses, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (SM); (AZ)
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8
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Kafai NM, Diamond MS, Fox JM. Distinct Cellular Tropism and Immune Responses to Alphavirus Infection. Annu Rev Immunol 2022; 40:615-649. [PMID: 35134315 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-101220-014952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are emerging and reemerging viruses that cause disease syndromes ranging from incapacitating arthritis to potentially fatal encephalitis. While infection by arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses results in distinct clinical manifestations, both virus groups induce robust innate and adaptive immune responses. However, differences in cellular tropism, type I interferon induction, immune cell recruitment, and B and T cell responses result in differential disease progression and outcome. In this review, we discuss aspects of immune responses that contribute to protective or pathogenic outcomes after alphavirus infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; , .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; , .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
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9
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Pamphlett R, Locatelli G, King NJC. Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:179-224. [PMID: 34853891 PMCID: PMC8742818 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In neurological diseases, the actions of microglia, the resident myeloid cells of the CNS parenchyma, may diverge from, or intersect with, those of recruited monocytes to drive immune-mediated pathology. However, defining the precise roles of each cell type has historically been impeded by the lack of discriminating markers and experimental systems capable of accurately identifying them. Our ability to distinguish microglia from monocytes in neuroinflammation has advanced with single-cell technologies, new markers and drugs that identify and deplete them, respectively. Nevertheless, the focus of individual studies on particular cell types, diseases or experimental approaches has limited our ability to connect phenotype and function more widely and across diverse CNS pathologies. Here, we critically review, tabulate and integrate the disease-specific functions and immune profiles of microglia and monocytes to provide a comprehensive atlas of myeloid responses in viral encephalitis, demyelination, neurodegeneration and ischemic injury. In emphasizing the differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the severe neuroinflammatory disease of viral encephalitis, we connect inflammatory pathways common to equally incapacitating diseases with less severe inflammation. We examine these findings in the context of human studies and highlight the benefits and inherent limitations of animal models that may impede or facilitate clinical translation. This enables us to highlight common and contrasting, non-redundant and often opposing roles of microglia and monocytes in disease that could be targeted therapeutically.
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10
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Abstract
Infection with mosquito-borne arthritogenic alphaviruses, such as Ross River virus (RRV) and Barmah Forest virus (BFV), can lead to long-lasting rheumatic disease. Existing mouse models that recapitulate the disease signs and immunopathogenesis of acute RRV and BFV infection have consistently shown relevance to human disease. However, these mouse models, which chiefly model hindlimb dysfunction, may be prone to subjective interpretation when scoring disease. Assessment is therefore time-consuming and requires experienced users. The DigiGait system provides video-based measurements of movement, behavior, and gait dynamics in mice and small animals. Previous studies have shown DigiGait to be a reliable system to objectively quantify changes in gait in other models of pain and inflammation. Here, for the first time, we determine measurable differences in the gait of mice with infectious arthritis using the DigiGait system. Statistically significant differences in paw area and paw angle were detected during peak disease in RRV-infected mice. Significant differences in temporal gait parameters were also identified during the period of peak disease in RRV-infected mice. These trends were less obvious or absent in BFV-infected mice, which typically present with milder disease signs than RRV-infected mice. The DigiGait system therefore provides an objective model of variations in gait dynamics in mice acutely infected with RRV. DigiGait is likely to have further utility for murine models that develop severe forms of infectious arthritis resulting in hindlimb dysfunction like RRV. IMPORTANCE Mouse models that accurately replicate the immunopathogenesis and clinical disease of alphavirus infection are vital to the preclinical development of therapeutic strategies that target alphavirus infection and disease. Current models rely on subjective scoring made through experienced observation of infected mice. Here, we demonstrate how the DigiGait system, and interventions on mice to use this system, can make an efficient objective assessment of acute disease progression and changes in gait in alphavirus-infected mice. Our study highlights the importance of measuring gait parameters in the assessment of models of infectious arthritis.
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11
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Kril V, Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet O, Briant L, Amara A. New Insights into Chikungunya Virus Infection and Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:327-347. [PMID: 34255544 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for major outbreaks of disease since 2004 in the Indian Ocean islands, South east Asia, and the Americas. CHIKV causes debilitating musculoskeletal disorders in humans that are characterized by fever, rash, polyarthralgia, and myalgia. The disease is often self-limiting and nonlethal; however, some patients experience atypical or severe clinical manifestations, as well as a chronic rheumatic syndrome. Unfortunately, no efficient antivirals against CHIKV infection are available so far, highlighting the importance of deepening our knowledge of CHIKV host cell interactions and viral replication strategies. In this review, we discuss recent breakthroughs in the molecular mechanisms that regulate CHIKV infection and lay down the foundations to understand viral pathogenesis. We describe the role of the recently identified host factors co-opted by the virus for infection and pathogenesis, and emphasize the importance of CHIKV nonstructural proteins in both replication complex assembly and host immune response evasion. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliya Kril
- Biology of Emerging Virus Team, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
| | - Olivier Aïqui-Reboul-Paviet
- RNA Viruses and Metabolism Team, CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Laurence Briant
- RNA Viruses and Metabolism Team, CNRS UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34293 Montpellier, France;
| | - Ali Amara
- Biology of Emerging Virus Team, INSERM U944, CNRS UMR 7212, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010 Paris, France;
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12
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Lu MY, Lin YL, Kuo Y, Chuang CF, Wang JR, Liao F. Muscle Tissue Damage and Recovery After EV71 Infection Correspond to Dynamic Macrophage Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648184. [PMID: 34305887 PMCID: PMC8299204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a positive single-stranded RNA virus from the enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Most young children infected with EV71 develop mild symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease, but some develop severe symptoms with neurological involvement. Limb paralysis from EV71 infection is presumed to arise mainly from dysfunction of motor neurons in the spinal cord. However, EV71 also targets and damages skeletal muscle, which may also contribute to the debilitating symptoms. In this study, we have delineated the impacts of EV71 infection on skeletal muscle using a mouse model. Mouse pups infected with EV71 developed limb paralysis, starting at day 3 post-infection and peaking at day 5-7 post-infection. At later times, mice recovered gradually but not completely. Notably, severe disease was associated with high levels of myositis accompanied by muscle calcification and persistent motor end plate abnormalities. Interestingly, macrophages exhibited a dynamic change in phenotype, with inflammatory macrophages (CD45+CD11b+Ly6Chi) appearing in the early stage of infection and anti-inflammatory/restorative macrophages (CD45+CD11b+Ly6Clow/-) appearing in the late stage. The presence of inflammatory macrophages was associated with severe inflammation, while the restorative macrophages were associated with recovery. Altogether, we have demonstrated that EV71 infection causes myositis, muscle calcification and structural defects in motor end plates. Subsequent muscle regeneration is associated with a dynamic change in macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yi Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yali Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fen Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Zaid A, Burt FJ, Liu X, Poo YS, Zandi K, Suhrbier A, Weaver SC, Texeira MM, Mahalingam S. Arthritogenic alphaviruses: epidemiological and clinical perspective on emerging arboviruses. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 21:e123-e133. [PMID: 33160445 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses, or arboviruses, have been part of the infectious disease landscape for centuries, and are often, but not exclusively, endemic to equatorial and subtropical regions of the world. The past two decades saw the re-emergence of arthritogenic alphaviruses, a genus of arboviruses that includes several members that cause severe arthritic disease. Recent outbreaks further highlight the substantial public health burden caused by these viruses. Arthritogenic alphaviruses are often reported in the context of focused outbreaks in specific regions (eg, Caribbean, southeast Asia, and Indian Ocean) and cause debilitating acute disease that can extend to chronic manifestations for years after infection. These viruses are classified among several antigenic complexes, span a range of hosts and mosquito vectors, and can be distributed along specific geographical locations. In this Review, we highlight key features of alphaviruses that are known to cause arthritic disease in humans and outline the present findings pertaining to classification, immunogenicity, pathogenesis, and experimental approaches aimed at limiting disease manifestations. Although the most prominent alphavirus outbreaks in the past 15 years featured chikungunya virus, and a large body of work has been dedicated to understanding chikungunya disease mechanisms, this Review will instead focus on other arthritogenic alphaviruses that have been identified globally and provide a comprehensive appraisal of present and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zaid
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation, and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity J Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Services, Bloemfontein, South Africa; Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Xiang Liu
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation, and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Yee Suan Poo
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation, and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Keivan Zandi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mauro M Texeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Emerging Viruses, Inflammation, and Therapeutics Group, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Pinget GV, Tan J, Niewold P, Mazur E, Angelatos AS, King NJC, Macia L. Immune Modulation of Monocytes Dampens the IL-17 + γδ T Cell Response and Associated Psoriasis Pathology in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2398-2407.e1. [PMID: 32389535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune skin condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is driven by IL-17-producing CD4 and γδ T cells and targeted by current anti-IL-17 or anti-IL-23 mAb therapies. These treatments are expensive, increase the risk of opportunistic infections, and do not specifically target the inflammatory cascade. Other cells, including inflammatory monocytes, have been shown to migrate to psoriatic plaques in both human disease and the imiquimod-induced mouse model and could thus constitute potential alternative therapeutic targets. In the mouse, immune modifying particles (IMPs) specifically target Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes migrating to the site of inflammation, sequestering them in the spleen. In this project, we determined whether IMPs could mitigate the development of imiquimod -induced psoriasis in mice. IMP treatment significantly reduced imiquimod-induced psoriasis severity, decreasing dermal infiltration of Ly6Chi monocytes as well as early-stage monocyte-derived dermal macrophages. This was associated with reduced levels of hallmark cytokines IL-23 and IL-1β as well as associated IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Our work highlights the crucial importance of inflammatory monocytes in the development of this disease as well as a therapeutic potential for IMP in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela V Pinget
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jian Tan
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Human Health, Nuclear Science & Technology and Landmark Infrastructure (NSTLI), Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugenia Mazur
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra S Angelatos
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and The Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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