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Lee JY, Bhandare RR, Boddu SHS, Shaik AB, Saktivel LP, Gupta G, Negi P, Barakat M, Singh SK, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of tumour suppressor genes in lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116275. [PMID: 38394846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumour suppressor genes play a cardinal role in the development of a large array of human cancers, including lung cancer, which is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Therefore, extensive studies have been committed to deciphering the underlying mechanisms of alterations of tumour suppressor genes in governing tumourigenesis, as well as resistance to cancer therapies. In spite of the encouraging clinical outcomes demonstrated by lung cancer patients on initial treatment, the subsequent unresponsiveness to first-line treatments manifested by virtually all the patients is inherently a contentious issue. In light of the aforementioned concerns, this review compiles the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of some of the tumour suppressor genes implicated in lung cancer that are either frequently mutated and/or are located on the chromosomal arms having high LOH rates (1p, 3p, 9p, 10q, 13q, and 17p). Our study identifies specific genomic loci prone to LOH, revealing a recurrent pattern in lung cancer cases. These loci, including 3p14.2 (FHIT), 9p21.3 (p16INK4a), 10q23 (PTEN), 17p13 (TP53), exhibit a higher susceptibility to LOH due to environmental factors such as exposure to DNA-damaging agents (carcinogens in cigarette smoke) and genetic factors such as chromosomal instability, genetic mutations, DNA replication errors, and genetic predisposition. Furthermore, this review summarizes the current treatment landscape and advancements for lung cancers, including the challenges and endeavours to overcome it. This review envisages inspired researchers to embark on a journey of discovery to add to the list of what was known in hopes of prompting the development of effective therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yee Lee
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Richie R Bhandare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afzal B Shaik
- St. Mary's College of Pharmacy, St. Mary's Group of Institutions Guntur, Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Chebrolu, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522212, India; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
| | - Lakshmana Prabu Saktivel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering (BIT Campus), Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Al-Jurf, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Poonam Negi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, PO Box 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Muna Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman-11937, Jordan
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara 144411, India; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
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Deng W, Chen R, Xiong S, Nie J, Yang H, Jiang M, Hu B, Liu X, Fu B. CircFSCN1 induces tumor progression and triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition in bladder cancer through augmentation of MDM2-mediated p53 silencing. Cell Signal 2024; 114:110982. [PMID: 37981069 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compelling evidences indicated that circular RNA (circRNA) was a novel class of non-coding RNA that played critical and distinct roles in various human cancers. Their roles and underlying mechanisms, however, in bladder cancer (BC) remained largely unknown. METHODS A novel circRNA derived from oncogene FSCN1, namely circFSCN1, was selected from a microarray analysis. The phenotypic alterations were assessed with functional experiments in vitro and in vivo. RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, luciferase reporter assay, and rescue experiments were sequentially proceeded to clarify the interactions among circFSCN1, miR-145-5p, MDM2, and p53. RESULTS We observed that the expression of circFSCN1 was elevated in BC cell lines and tissues. Next, we validated the fundamental properties of circFSCN1. In the meanwhile, we noticed that elevated circFSCN1 level, pathological T stage, and tumor grade were identified as independent factors associated with cancer-specific survivals of patients with BC,as determined by univariate and multivariable COX regression analyses. Phenotype studies demonstrated the promoting effects of circFSCN1 on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of BC cells. Mechanistically, we elucidated that circFSCN1, primarily localized in the cytoplasm, upregulated the expression of MDM2, a well-known inhibitor of p53, by directly binding to miR-145-5p. CONCLUSIONS Elevated circFSCN1 induces tumor progression and EMT in BC via enhancing MDM2-mediated silencing of p53 by sponging miR-145-5p. Targeting circFSCN1, a novel identified target, may be conducive in impeding BC progression and providing survival benefits for patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Deng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China; Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China; Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China; Department of Urology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou City 350001, China
| | - Situ Xiong
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China
| | - Jianqiang Nie
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China
| | - Hailang Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China; Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China; Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China; Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China; Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China.
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China; Jiangxi Institute of Urology, Yongwai street 17, Nanchang City 330006, China.
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Kamata K, Takenaka M, Nishida N, Hara A, Otsuka Y, Tanaka H, Omoto S, Minaga K, Yamao K, Chiba Y, Sakai K, Nishio K, Watanabe T, Kudo M. Impact of Smad4 and p53 mutations on the prognosis of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma undergoing chemotherapy. Int J Clin Oncol 2023; 28:1511-1519. [PMID: 37596505 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-023-02396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective cohort study evaluated the feasibility of using endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) samples for comprehensive mutational analysis of cancer-related genes using microtissues. METHODS Fifty patients with suspected pancreatic cancer presenting consecutively at the Kindai University Hospital between January 2018 and January 2019 were enrolled. Cancerous tissues from EUS-FNB were obtained from each tumor and subjected to histological examination and mutational analysis. The primary endpoint was the collection rate of EUS-FNB specimens suitable for comprehensive cancer panels using deep sequencing. Clinical history and genetic variations between the disease control and progressive disease groups of patients on chemotherapy were evaluated as secondary endpoints. RESULTS The collection rate of EUS-FNB specimens suitable for comprehensive cancer panels using deep sequencing was 93.6%. The cancer panel was sequenced for 25 patients with pancreatic cancer treated initially with systemic chemotherapy. Mutation in p53 and Smad4 were positively and negatively associated, respectively, with disease control at the initial evaluation. The median time to progression in 15 patients with p53 and without Smad4 mutations was 182.0 days; whereas, it was 92.5 days in other 10 patients; this difference was significant (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Tissue samples from EUS-FNB were suitable for mutational analysis. Pancreatic cancers with p53 and without Smad4 mutations responded better to chemotherapy and had a better prognosis than those others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takenaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Naoshi Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan.
| | - Akane Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Omoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Chiba
- Clinical Research Center, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kazuko Sakai
- Department of Genome Biology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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Carlsen L, Zhang S, Tian X, De La Cruz A, George A, Arnoff TE, El-Deiry WS. The role of p53 in anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1148389. [PMID: 37602328 PMCID: PMC10434531 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1148389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in tumor suppression. p53 mutations mediate tumorigenesis and occur in approximately 50% of human cancers. p53 regulates hundreds of target genes that induce various cell fates including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage repair. p53 also plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity by regulating TRAIL, DR5, TLRs, Fas, PKR, ULBP1/2, and CCL2; T-cell inhibitory ligand PD-L1; pro-inflammatory cytokines; immune cell activation state; and antigen presentation. Genetic alteration of p53 can contribute to immune evasion by influencing immune cell recruitment to the tumor, cytokine secretion in the TME, and inflammatory signaling pathways. In some contexts, p53 mutations increase neoantigen load which improves response to immune checkpoint inhibition. Therapeutic restoration of mutated p53 can restore anti-cancer immune cell infiltration and ameliorate pro-tumor signaling to induce tumor regression. Indeed, there is clinical evidence to suggest that restoring p53 can induce an anti-cancer immune response in immunologically cold tumors. Clinical trials investigating the combination of p53-restoring compounds or p53-based vaccines with immunotherapy have demonstrated anti-tumor immune activation and tumor regression with heterogeneity across cancer type. In this Review, we discuss the impact of wild-type and mutant p53 on the anti-tumor immune response, outline clinical progress as far as activating p53 to induce an immune response across a variety of cancer types, and highlight open questions limiting effective clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Carlsen
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Xiaobing Tian
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Arielle De La Cruz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Andrew George
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Taylor E. Arnoff
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Balasundaram A, Kumar S U, D TK, Anil Dedge A, R G, K SS, R S, C GPD. The targeted next-generation sequence revealed SMAD4, AKT1, and TP53 mutations from circulating cell-free DNA of breast cancer and its effect on protein structure - A computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15584-15597. [PMID: 37011004 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2191122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer biomarkers that detect marginally advanced stages are still challenging. The detection of specific abnormalities, targeted therapy selection, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment effectiveness over time are all made possible by circulating free DNA (cfDNA) analysis. The proposed study will detect specific genetic abnormalities from the plasma cfDNA of a female breast cancer patient by sequencing a cancer-related gene panel (MGM455 - Oncotrack Ultima), including 56 theranostic genes (SNVs and small INDELs). Initially, we determined the pathogenicity of the observed mutations using PredictSNP, iStable, Align-GVGD, and ConSurf servers. As a next step, molecular dynamics (MD) was implemented to determine the functional significance of SMAD4 mutation (V465M). Lastly, the mutant gene relationships were examined using the Cytoscape plug-in GeneMANIA. Using ClueGO, we determined the gene's functional enrichment and integrative analysis. The structural characteristics of SMAD4 V465M protein by MD simulation analysis further demonstrated that the mutation was deleterious. The simulation showed that the native structure was more significantly altered by the SMAD4 (V465M) mutation. Our findings suggest that SMAD4 V465M mutation might be significantly associated with breast cancer, and other patient-found mutations (AKT1-E17K and TP53-R175H) are synergistically involved in the process of SMAD4 translocate to nuclease, which affects the target gene translation. Therefore, this combination of gene mutations could alter the TGF-β signaling pathway in BC. We further proposed that the SMAD4 protein loss may contribute to an aggressive phenotype by inhibiting the TGF-β signaling pathway. Thus, breast cancer's SMAD4 (V465M) mutation might increase their invasive and metastatic capabilities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambritha Balasundaram
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Udhaya Kumar S
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirumal Kumar D
- Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aditi Anil Dedge
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan R
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Satish Srinivas K
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Siva R
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Laboratory of Integrative Genomics, Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sengupta S, Ghufran SM, Khan A, Biswas S, Roychoudhury S. Transition of amyloid/mutant p53 from tumor suppressor to an oncogene and therapeutic approaches to ameliorate metastasis and cancer stemness. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:416. [PMID: 36567312 PMCID: PMC9791775 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 when undergoes amyloid formation confers several gain-of-function (GOF) activities that affect molecular pathways crucial for tumorigenesis and progression like some of the p53 mutants. Even after successful cancer treatment, metastasis and recurrence can result in poor survival rates. The major cause of recurrence is mainly the remnant cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, which are resistant to any chemotherapy treatment. Several studies have demonstrated the role of p53 mutants in exacerbating cancer stemness properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in these remnant cancer cells. Analyzing the amyloid/mutant p53-mediated signaling pathways that trigger metastasis, relapse or chemoresistance may be helpful for the development of novel or improved individualized treatment plans. In this review, we discuss the changes in the metabolic pathways such as mevalonate pathway and different signaling pathways such as TGF-β, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB and Wnt due to p53 amyloid formation, or mutation. In addition to this, we have discussed the role of the regulatory microRNAs and lncRNAs linked with the mutant or amyloid p53 in human malignancies. Such changes promote tumor spread, potential recurrence, and stemness. Importantly, this review discusses the cancer therapies that target either mutant or amyloid p53, restore wild-type functions, and exploit the synthetic lethal interactions with mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjinee Sengupta
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
| | - Shaikh Maryam Ghufran
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
| | - Aqsa Khan
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
| | - Subhrajit Biswas
- grid.444644.20000 0004 1805 0217Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313 India
| | - Susanta Roychoudhury
- grid.489176.50000 0004 1803 6730Division of Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, 700063 India ,grid.417635.20000 0001 2216 5074Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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7
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Roles of TGF- β in cancer hallmarks and emerging onco-therapeutic design. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e42. [PMID: 36345661 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a double-edged sword in cancer treatment because of its pivotal yet complex and roles played during cancer initiation/development. Current anti-cancer strategies involving TGF-β largely view TGF-β as an onco-therapeutic target that not only substantially hinders its full utilisation for cancer control, but also considerably restricts innovations in this field. Thereby, how to take advantages of therapeutically favourable properties of TGF-β for cancer management represents an interesting and less investigated problem. Here, by categorising cancer hallmarks into four critical transition events and one enabling characteristic controlling cancer initiation and progression, and delineating TGF-β complexities according to these cancer traits, we identify the suppressive role of TGF-β in tumour initiation and early-stage progression and its promotive functionalities in cancer metastasis as well as other cancer hallmarks. We also propose the feasibility and possible scenarios of combining cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) with onco-therapeutics utilising TGF-β for cancer control given the intrinsic properties of CAP against cancer hallmarks.
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8
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Semenov O, Daks A, Fedorova O, Shuvalov O, Barlev NA. Opposing Roles of Wild-type and Mutant p53 in the Process of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:928399. [PMID: 35813818 PMCID: PMC9261265 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.928399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role of an aberrantly activated EMT program in defining the critical features of aggressive carcinomas is well documented and includes cell plasticity, metastatic dissemination, drug resistance, and cancer stem cell-like phenotypes. The p53 tumor suppressor is critical for leashing off all the features mentioned above. On the molecular level, the suppression of these effects is exerted by p53 via regulation of its target genes, whose products are involved in cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, DNA repair, and interactions with immune cells. Importantly, a set of specific mutations in the TP53 gene (named Gain-of-Function mutations) converts this tumor suppressor into an oncogene. In this review, we attempted to contrast different regulatory roles of wild-type and mutant p53 in the multi-faceted process of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Semenov
- Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Regulation of Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology RAS, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signalling, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- The Group of Targeted Delivery Mechanisms of Nanosystems, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Nickolai A. Barlev,
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9
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Yao C, Guan X, Carraro G, Parimon T, Liu X, Huang G, Mulay A, Soukiasian HJ, David G, Weigt SS, Belperio JA, Chen P, Jiang D, Noble PW, Stripp BR. Senescence of Alveolar Type 2 Cells Drives Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:707-717. [PMID: 32991815 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202004-1274oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an insidious and fatal interstitial lung disease associated with declining pulmonary function. Accelerated aging, loss of epithelial progenitor cell function and/or numbers, and cellular senescence are implicated in the pathogenies of IPF.Objectives: We sought to investigate the role of alveolar type 2 (AT2) cellular senescence in initiation and/or progression of pulmonary fibrosis and therapeutic potential of targeting senescence-related pathways and senescent cells.Methods: Epithelial cells of 9 control donor proximal and distal lung tissues and 11 IPF fibrotic lung tissues were profiled by single-cell RNA sequencing to assesses the contribution of epithelial cells to the senescent cell fraction for IPF. A novel mouse model of conditional AT2 cell senescence was generated to study the role of cellular senescence in pulmonary fibrosis.Measurements and Main Results: We show that AT2 cells isolated from IPF lung tissue exhibit characteristic transcriptomic features of cellular senescence. We used conditional loss of Sin3a in adult mouse AT2 cells to initiate a program of p53-dependent cellular senescence, AT2 cell depletion, and spontaneous, progressive pulmonary fibrosis. We establish that senescence rather than loss of AT2 cells promotes progressive fibrosis and show that either genetic or pharmacologic interventions targeting p53 activation or senescence block fibrogenesis.Conclusions: Senescence of AT2 cells is sufficient to drive progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Early attenuation of senescence-related pathways and elimination of senescent cells are promising therapeutic approaches to prevent pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfu Yao
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine.,The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | | | | | | | - Xue Liu
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Apoorva Mulay
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Harmik J Soukiasian
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gregory David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York; and
| | - Stephen S Weigt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John A Belperio
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter Chen
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Paul W Noble
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine.,The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, and
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10
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Friedel L, Loewer A. The guardian's choice: how p53 enables context-specific decision-making in individual cells. FEBS J 2021; 289:40-52. [PMID: 33590949 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
p53 plays a central role in defending the genomic integrity of our cells. In response to genotoxic stress, this tumour suppressor orchestrates the expression of hundreds of target genes, which induce a variety of cellular outcomes ranging from damage repair to induction of apoptosis. In this review, we examine how the p53 response is regulated on several levels in individual cells to allow precise and context-specific fate decisions. We discuss that the p53 response is not only controlled by its canonical regulators but also controlled by interconnected signalling pathways that influence the dynamics of p53 accumulation upon damage and modulate its transcriptional activity at target gene promoters. Additionally, we consider how the p53 response is diversified through a variety of mechanisms at the promoter level and beyond to induce context-specific outcomes in individual cells. These layers of regulation allow p53 to react in a stimulus-specific manner and fine-tune its signalling according to the individual needs of a given cell, enabling it to take the right decision on survival or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Friedel
- Systems Biology of the Stress Response, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alexander Loewer
- Systems Biology of the Stress Response, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
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11
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Guo AK, Itahana Y, Seshachalam VP, Chow HY, Ghosh S, Itahana K. Mutant TP53 interacts with BCAR1 to contribute to cancer cell invasion. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:299-312. [PMID: 33144694 PMCID: PMC7782524 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutant TP53 interacts with other proteins to produce gain-of-function properties that contribute to cancer metastasis. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. METHODS Using immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays, we evaluated breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1) as a novel binding partner of TP53R273H, a TP53 mutant frequently found in human cancers. The biological functions of their binding were examined by the transwell invasion assay. Clinical outcome of patients was analysed based on TP53 status and BCAR1 expression using public database. RESULTS We discovered a novel interaction between TP53R273H and BCAR1. We found that BCAR1 translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and binds to TP53R273H in a manner dependent on SRC family kinases (SFKs), which are known to enhance metastasis. The expression of full-length TP53R273H, but not the BCAR1 binding-deficient mutant TP53R273HΔ102-207, promoted cancer cell invasion. Furthermore, among the patients with mutant TP53, high BCAR1 expression was associated with a poorer prognosis. CONCLUSIONS The interaction between TP53R273H and BCAR1 plays an important role in enhancing cancer cell invasion. Thus, our study suggests a disruption of the TP53R273H-BCAR1 binding as a potential therapeutic approach for TP53R273H-harbouring cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Kunyao Guo
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Yoko Itahana
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | | | - Hui Ying Chow
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Avenue 1, Singapore, 529757, Singapore
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Koji Itahana
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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12
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Long-Term Helicobacter pylori Infection Switches Gastric Epithelium Reprogramming Towards Cancer Stem Cell-Related Differentiation Program in Hp-Activated Gastric Fibroblast-TGFβ Dependent Manner. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101519. [PMID: 33023180 PMCID: PMC7599721 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-induced inflammatory reaction leads to a persistent disturbance of gastric mucosa and chronic gastritis evidenced by deregulation of tissue self-renewal and local fibrosis with the crucial role of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in this process. As we reported before, Hp activated gastric fibroblasts into cells possessing cancer-associated fibroblast properties (CAFs), which secreted factors responsible for EMT process initiation in normal gastric epithelial RGM1 cells. Here, we showed that the long-term incubation of RGM1 cells in the presence of Hp-activated gastric fibroblast (Hp-AGF) secretome induced their shift towards plastic LGR5+/Oct4high/Sox-2high/c-Mychigh/Klf4low phenotype (l.t.EMT+RGM1 cells), while Hp-non-infected gastric fibroblast (GF) secretome prompted a permanent epithelial–myofibroblast transition (EMyoT) of RGM1 cells favoring LGR−/Oct4high/Sox2low/c-Myclow/Klf4high phenotype (l.t.EMT−RGM1 cells). TGFβ1 rich secretome from Hp-reprogrammed fibroblasts prompted phenotypic plasticity and EMT of gastric epithelium, inducing pro-neoplastic expansion of post-EMT cells in the presence of low TGFβR1 and TGFβR2 activity. In turn, TGFβR1 activity along with GF-induced TGFβR2 activation in l.t.EMT−RGM1 cells prompted their stromal phenotype. Collectively, our data show that infected and non-infected gastric fibroblast secretome induces alternative differentiation programs in gastric epithelium at least partially dependent on TGFβ signaling. Hp infection-activated fibroblasts can switch gastric epithelium microevolution towards cancer stem cell-related differentiation program that can potentially initiate gastric neoplasm.
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13
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Kasi A, Handa S, Bhatti S, Umar S, Bansal A, Sun W. Molecular Pathogenesis and Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2020; 16:97-106. [PMID: 32905465 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-020-00458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review Molecular pathways in colorectal carcinogenesis involve several complex genetic and epigenetic modulations that cause normal colonic mucosa to metamorphose into a benign polyp and subsequently into a malignant tumor. Our purpose is to recapitulate historical and recent genomic research in order to augment the understanding of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Recent Findings In 2015, the molecular classification for colorectal cancers was unified into one system with four distinct groups, also called as consensus molecular subtypes. This led to an enhanced understanding of molecular and immune signatures which has implications on predicting the clinical behavior as well as response to different therapeutic agents. Summary In this review, we expound on the current literature as well as draw on our own experience to present the important molecular pathogenesis pathways, key genetic mutations, differences in pathogenesis of left versus right sided tumors as well as the molecular classification of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Kasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Shivani Handa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai West & Morningside, NY, NY
| | - Sajjad Bhatti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Surgery, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Ajay Bansal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Weijing Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
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14
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Stein Y, Aloni-Grinstein R, Rotter V. Mutant p53-a potential player in shaping the tumor-stroma crosstalk. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:600-604. [PMID: 31318969 PMCID: PMC6736352 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of studies suggest that the non-transformed cellular and non-cellular components of the tumor, collectively known as the tumor microenvironment, have a significant impact on the tumorigenic process. It was suggested that the microenvironment, which initially restricts tumor development, is recruited by the tumor and maintains a crosstalk that further promotes cancer progression. Indeed, many of the molecules that participate in the tumor–stroma crosstalk have been characterized. However, the crucial factors that are responsible for the initiation of this crosstalk or the ‘recruitment’ process remain poorly understood. We propose that oncogenes themselves may influence the ‘recruitment’ of the stromal cells, while focusing on mutant p53. Apart from losing its tumor-suppressing properties, mutant p53 gains novel oncogenic functions, a phenomenon dubbed mutant p53 gain of function (GOF). Here, we discuss possible ways in which mutant p53 may modulate the microenvironment in order to promote tumorigenesis. We thus propose that mutant p53 may serve as a key player in the modulation of the tumor–stroma crosstalk in a way that benefits the tumor. Further elucidation of these ‘recruitment’ processes, dictated by mutant p53, may be utilized for tailoring personalized therapeutic approaches for patients with tumors that harbor p53 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Stein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ronit Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Box 19, Ness Ziona 7410001, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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15
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Lin S, Yu L, Ni Y, He L, Weng X, Lu X, Zhang C. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Attenuates Diabetes-Induced Renal Fibrosis by Negatively Regulating TGF-β-p53-Smad2/3-Mediated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition via Activation of AKT. Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:158-172. [PMID: 31701691 PMCID: PMC7043973 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is required for renal fibrosis, which is a characteristic of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Our previous study demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) prevented DN associated with the suppressing renal connective tissue growth factor expression, a key marker of renal fibrosis. Therefore, the effects of FGF21 on renal fibrosis in a DN mouse model and the underlying mechanisms were investigated in this study. METHODS Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced in C57BL/6J mice by intraperitoneal injections of multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Then, diabetic and non-diabetic mice were treated with or without FGF21 in the presence of pifithrin-α (p53 inhibitor) or 10-[4'-(N,N-Diethylamino)butyl]-2-chlorophenoxazine hydrochloride (10-DEBC) hydrochloride (Akt inhibitor) for 4 months. RESULTS DN was diagnosed by renal dysfunction, hypertrophy, tubulointerstitial lesions, and glomerulosclerosis associated with severe fibrosis, all of which were prevented by FGF21. FGF21 also suppressed the diabetes-induced renal EMT in DN mice by negatively regulating transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced nuclear translocation of Smad2/3, which is required for the transcription of multiple fibrotic genes. The mechanistic studies showed that FGF21 attenuated nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 by inhibiting renal activity of its conjugated protein p53, which carries Smad2/3 into the nucleus. Moreover pifithrin-α inhibited the FGF21-induced preventive effects on the renal EMT and subsequent renal fibrosis in DN mice. In addition, 10-DEBC also blocked FGF21-induced inhibition of renal p53 activity by phosphorylation of mouse double minute-2 homolog (MDM2). CONCLUSION FGF21 prevents renal fibrosis via negative regulation of the TGF-β/Smad2/3-mediated EMT process by activation of the Akt/MDM2/p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundong Lin
- Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lechu Yu
- Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongqing Ni
- Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lulu He
- Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Weng
- Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuemian Lu
- Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Ruian Center of Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
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16
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Tang Q, Su Z, Gu W, Rustgi AK. Mutant p53 on the Path to Metastasis. Trends Cancer 2019; 6:62-73. [PMID: 31952783 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis contributes to the vast majority of cancer-related mortality. Regulatory mechanisms of the multistep invasion-metastasis cascade are being unraveled. TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene across human cancers. Accumulating evidence has shown that mutations of TP53 not only lead to loss of function or dominant negative effects, but also promotes a gain of function. Specifically, gain of function mutant p53 promotes cancer cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and functions of mutant p53 that foster metastasis in different types of cancers. We also discuss the prognostic value of mutant p53 and current status of therapeutic strategies targeting mutant p53. Future studies will shed light on discovering novel mechanisms of mutant p53-driven cancer metastasis and developing innovative therapeutics to improve clinical outcomes in patients harboring p53 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaosi Tang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Zhenyi Su
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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17
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Gain-of-Function Mutant p53: All the Roads Lead to Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246197. [PMID: 31817996 PMCID: PMC6940767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein is mutated in about 50% of human cancers. Aside from losing the tumor-suppressive functions of the wild-type form, mutant p53 proteins often acquire inherent, novel oncogenic functions, a phenomenon termed mutant p53 gain-of-function (GOF). A growing body of evidence suggests that these pro-oncogenic functions of mutant p53 proteins are mediated by affecting the transcription of various genes, as well as by protein-protein interactions with transcription factors and other effectors. In the current review, we discuss the various GOF effects of mutant p53, and how it may serve as a central node in a network of genes and proteins, which, altogether, promote the tumorigenic process. Finally, we discuss mechanisms by which "Mother Nature" tries to abrogate the pro-oncogenic functions of mutant p53. Thus, we suggest that targeting mutant p53, via its reactivation to the wild-type form, may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for many cancers that harbor mutant p53. Not only will this strategy abrogate mutant p53 GOF, but it will also restore WT p53 tumor-suppressive functions.
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18
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Olszewski MB, Pruszko M, Snaar-Jagalska E, Zylicz A, Zylicz M. Diverse and cancer type‑specific roles of the p53 R248Q gain‑of‑function mutation in cancer migration and invasiveness. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1168-1182. [PMID: 30968154 PMCID: PMC6411346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain‑of‑function (GOF) mutations in the TP53 gene lead to acquisition of new functions by the mutated tumor suppressor p53 protein. A number of the over‑represented 'hot spot' mutations, including the ones in codons 175, 248 or 273, convey GOF phenotypes. Such phenotypes may include resistance to chemotherapeutics or changes in motility and invasiveness. Whereas the prevalent notion is that the acquisition of the p53 GOF phenotype translates into poorer prognosis for the patient, the analysis of a human somatic p53 mutations dataset demonstrated earlier tumor onset, but decreased frequency and altered location of metastases in patients with the p53‑R248Q allele. Therefore, the GOF activities of p53‑R248Q and p53‑D281G were analyzed in triple negative breast cancer MDA‑MB‑231 and lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cell lines with regard to invasive and metastatic traits. The expression of p53‑D281G increased the motility and invasiveness of the lung cancer cells, but not those of the breast cancer cells. In contrast, the expression of p53‑R248Q decreased the motility and invasiveness of the breast and lung cancer cells in a p53 transactivation‑dependent manner. The intravenous xenotransplantation of MDA‑MB‑231 cells expressing p53‑R248Q into zebrafish embryos resulted in an alteration of the distribution of cancer cells in the body of the fish. In p53‑R248Q‑expressing H1299 cells a decrease in the expression of TCF8/ZEB1 and N‑cadherin was observed, suggesting partial mesenchymal‑to‑epithelial transition. In the two cell lines expressing p53‑R248Q a decrease was noted in the expression of myosin light chain 2, a protein involved in actomyosin‑based motility. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is one of only few reports demonstrating the mutated p53 GOF activity resulting in a decrease of a malignant trait in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Boleslaw Olszewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02‑109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Pruszko
- Department of Molecular Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02‑109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Snaar-Jagalska
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alicja Zylicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02‑109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Zylicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02‑109 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Wu J, Xiao Z, Chen A, He H, He C, Shuai X, Li X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Ren B, Zheng J, Xiao J. Sulfated zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) hydrogels promote complete skin regeneration. Acta Biomater 2018. [PMID: 29535009 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a still long-history challenging problem and impeded by the foreign-body reaction including severe inflammation response, poor neovascularization, incomplete re-epithelialization and defective ECM remodeling. Development of biocompatible polymers, in combination with specific drugs or growth factors, has been considered as a promising strategy to treat skin wounds. Significant research efforts have been made to develop poly(ethylene glycol) PEG-based polymers for wound healing, however less efforts has been paid to zwitterionic materials, some of which have demonstrated their super low-fouling property in vitro and anti-inflammatory property in vivo. Here, we synthesized ultra-low-fouling zwitterionic sulfated poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (polySBMA) hydrogels and applied them to full-thickness cutaneous wounds in mice. The healing effects of SBMA hydrogels on the wound closure, re-epithelialization ratio, ECM remodeling, angiogenesis, and macrophage responses during wound healing processes were histologically evaluated by in vivo experiments. Collective results indicate that SBMA hydrogels promote full-thickness excisional acute wound regeneration in mice by enhancing angiogenesis, decreasing inflammation response, and modulating macrophage polarization. Consistently, the incorporation of SBMA into PEG hydrogels also improved the overall wound healing efficiency as compared to pure PEG hydrogels. This work demonstrates zwitterionic SBMA hydrogels as promising wound dressings for treating full-thickness excisional skin wounds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Development of highly effective wound regeneration system is practically important for biomedical applications. Here, we synthesized ultra-low-fouling zwitterionic sulfated poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (polySBMA) hydrogels and applied it to full-thickness cutaneous wounds in mice, in comparison with PEG hydrogels as a control. We are the first to examine and reveal the difference between zwitterionic SBMA hydrogels and PEG hydrogels using a full-thickness excisional mice model. Overall, a series of in vivo systematic tests demonstrated that zwitterionic SBMA hydrogels exhibited superior wound healing property in almost all aspects as compared to PEG hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zecong Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Huacheng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Chaochao He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- PCFM Lab of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yanxian Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Baiping Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA; College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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20
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Morrison CD, Allington TM, Thompson CL, Gilmore HL, Chang JC, Keri RA, Schiemann WP. c-Abl inhibits breast cancer tumorigenesis through reactivation of p53-mediated p21 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72777-72794. [PMID: 27626309 PMCID: PMC5340126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that constitutive c-Abl activity (CST-Abl) abrogates the tumorigenicity of triple-negative breast cancer cells through the combined actions of two cellular events: downregulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and upregulated p21Waf1/Cip1 expression. We now find decreased c-Abl expression to be significantly associated with diminished relapse-fee survival in breast cancer patients, particularly those exhibiting invasive and basal phenotypes. Moreover, CST-Abl expression enabled 4T1 cells to persist innocuously in the mammary glands of mice, doing so by exhausting their supply of cancer stem cells. Restoring MMP-9 expression and activity in CST-Abl-expressing 4T1 cells failed to rescue their malignant phenotypes; however, rendering these same cells deficient in p21 expression not only delayed their acquisition of senescent phenotypes, but also partially restored their tumorigenicity in mice. Although 4T1 cells lacked detectable expression of p53, those engineered to express CST-Abl exhibited robust production and secretion of TGF-β1 that engendered the reactivated expression of p53. Mechanistically, TGF-β-mediated p53 expression transpired through the combined actions of Smad1/5/8 and Smad2, leading to the dramatic upregulation of p21 and its stimulation of TNBC senescence. Collectively, we identified a novel c-Abl:p53:p21 signaling axis that functions as a powerful suppressor of mammary tumorigenesis and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chevaun D Morrison
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Tressa M Allington
- Department of Pharmacology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cheryl L Thompson
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hannah L Gilmore
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals, Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jenny C Chang
- Houston Methodist Research Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruth A Keri
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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21
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Chandrasinghe P, Cereser B, Moorghen M, Al Bakir I, Tabassum N, Hart A, Stebbing J, Warusavitarne J. Role of SMAD proteins in colitis-associated cancer: from known to the unknown. Oncogene 2017; 37:1-7. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Pfister NT, Prives C. Transcriptional Regulation by Wild-Type and Cancer-Related Mutant Forms of p53. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026054. [PMID: 27836911 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
TP53 missense mutations produce a mutant p53 protein that cannot activate the p53 tumor suppressive transcriptional response, which is the primary selective pressure for TP53 mutation. Specific codons of TP53, termed hotspot mutants, are mutated at elevated frequency. Hotspot forms of mutant p53 possess oncogenic properties in addition to being deficient in tumor suppression. Such p53 mutants accumulate to high levels in the cells they inhabit, causing transcriptional alterations that produce pro-oncogenic activities, such as increased pro-growth signaling, invasiveness, and metastases. These forms of mutant p53 very likely use features of wild-type p53, such as interactions with the transcriptional machinery, to produce oncogenic effects. In this review, we discuss commonalities between wild-type and mutant p53 proteins with an emphasis on transcriptional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil T Pfister
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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23
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Sun N, Taguchi A, Hanash S. Switching Roles of TGF-β in Cancer Development: Implications for Therapeutic Target and Biomarker Studies. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5120109. [PMID: 27916872 PMCID: PMC5184782 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5120109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β induces complicated and even opposite responses in numerous biological processes, e.g., tumor suppression in pre-malignant cells and metastasis promotion in cancer cells. However, the cellular contextual determinants of these different TGF-β roles remain elusive, and the driver genes triggering the determinants’ changes have not been identified. Recently, however, several findings have provided new insights on the contextual determinants of Smads in TGF-β’s biological processes. These novel switches and their effectors may serve as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets of TGF-β-mediated cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ayumu Taguchi
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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24
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Shetzer Y, Molchadsky A, Rotter V. Oncogenic Mutant p53 Gain of Function Nourishes the Vicious Cycle of Tumor Development and Cancer Stem-Cell Formation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026203. [PMID: 27235476 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
More than half of human tumors harbor an inactivated p53 tumor-suppressor gene. It is well accepted that mutant p53 shows an oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) activity that facilitates the transformed phenotype of cancer cells. In addition, a growing body of evidence supports the notion that cancer stem cells comprise a seminal constituent in the initiation and progression of cancer development. Here, we elaborate on the mutant p53 oncogenic GOF leading toward the acquisition of a transformed phenotype, as well as placing mutant p53 as a major component in the establishment of cancer stem cell entity. Therefore, therapy targeted toward cancer stem cells harboring mutant p53 is expected to pave the way to eradicate tumor growth and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alina Molchadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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25
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Gadea G, Arsic N, Fernandes K, Diot A, Joruiz SM, Abdallah S, Meuray V, Vinot S, Anguille C, Remenyi J, Khoury MP, Quinlan PR, Purdie CA, Jordan LB, Fuller-Pace FV, de Toledo M, Cren M, Thompson AM, Bourdon JC, Roux P. TP53 drives invasion through expression of its Δ133p53β variant. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27630122 PMCID: PMC5067115 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TP53 is conventionally thought to prevent cancer formation and progression to metastasis, while mutant TP53 has transforming activities. However, in the clinic, TP53 mutation status does not accurately predict cancer progression. Here we report, based on clinical analysis corroborated with experimental data, that the p53 isoform Δ133p53β promotes cancer cell invasion, regardless of TP53 mutation status. Δ133p53β increases risk of cancer recurrence and death in breast cancer patients. Furthermore Δ133p53β is critical to define invasiveness in a panel of breast and colon cell lines, expressing WT or mutant TP53. Endogenous mutant Δ133p53β depletion prevents invasiveness without affecting mutant full-length p53 protein expression. Mechanistically WT and mutant Δ133p53β induces EMT. Our findings provide explanations to 2 long-lasting and important clinical conundrums: how WT TP53 can promote cancer cell invasion and reciprocally why mutant TP53 gene does not systematically induce cancer progression. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14734.001 Most cancers are caused by a build-up of mutations that are acquired throughout life. One gene in particular, called TP53, is the most commonly mutated gene in many types of human cancers. This suggests that TP53 mutations play an important role in cancer development. It is widely considered that the TP53 gene normally stops tumors from forming, while mutant forms of the gene somehow promote cancer growth. Evidence from patients with cancer has shown, however, that the relationship between TP53 mutations and cancer is not that simple. Some very aggressive cancers that resist treatment and spread have a normal TP53 gene. Some cancers with a mutated gene do not spread and respond well to cancer treatments. Recent studies have shown that the normal TP53 gene produces many different versions of its protein, and that some of these naturally occurring forms are found more often in tumors that others. However, it was not clear if certain versions of TP53’s proteins contributed to the development of cancer. Now, Gadea, Arsic, Fernandes et al. show that Δ133p53β, one version of the protein produced by the TP53 gene in human cells, helps tumor cells to spread to other organs. Tests of 273 tumors taken from patients with breast cancer revealed that tumors with the Δ133p53β protein were more likely to spread. Patients with these Δ133p53β-containing tumors were also more likely to develop secondary tumors at other sites in the body and to die within five years. Next, a series of experiments showed that removing Δ133p53β from breast cancer cells grown in the laboratory made them less likely to invade, while adding it back had the opposite effect. The same thing happened in colon cancer cells grown in the laboratory. The experiments showed that Δ133p53β causes tumor cells with the normal TP53 gene or a mutated TP53 gene to spread to other organs. Together the new findings help explain why some aggressive cancers develop even with a normal version of the tumor-suppressing TP53 gene. They also help explain why not all cancers with a mutant version of the TP53 gene go on to spread. Future studies will be needed to determine whether drugs that prevent the production of the Δ133p53β protein can help to treat aggressive cancers. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14734.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Gadea
- CRBM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nikola Arsic
- CRBM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kenneth Fernandes
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Diot
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien M Joruiz
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Samer Abdallah
- CRBM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Valerie Meuray
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphanie Vinot
- CRBM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christelle Anguille
- CRBM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Judit Remenyi
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Marie P Khoury
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Quinlan
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Colin A Purdie
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lee B Jordan
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Frances V Fuller-Pace
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Marion de Toledo
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,CNRS, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maïlys Cren
- Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRB, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, Montpellier, France
| | - Alastair M Thompson
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, United States
| | - Jean-Christophe Bourdon
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Roux
- CRBM, CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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26
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Kumar P, Naumann U, Aigner L, Wischhusen J, Beier CP, Beier D. Impaired TGF-β induced growth inhibition contributes to the increased proliferation rate of neural stem cells harboring mutant p53. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:3436-3445. [PMID: 26807323 PMCID: PMC4697689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas have been classified according to their histological properties. However, their respective cells of origin are still unknown. Neural progenitor cells (NPC) from the subventricular zone (SVZ) can initiate tumors in murine models of glioma and are likely cells of origin in the human disease. In both, p53 signaling is often functionally impaired which may contribute to tumor formation. Also, TGF-beta, which under physiological conditions exerts a strong control on the proliferation of NPCs in the SVZ, is a potent mitogen on glioma cells. Here, we approach on the crosstalk between p53 and TGF-beta by loss of function experiments using NPCs derived from p53 mutant mice, as well as pharmacological inhibition of TGF-beta signaling using TGF-beta receptor inhibitors. NPC derived from p53 mutant mice showed increased clonogenicity and more rapid proliferation than their wildtype counterparts. Further, NPC derived from p53(mut/mut) mice were insensitive to TGF-beta induced growth arrest. Still, the canonical TGF-beta signaling pathway remained functional in the absence of p53 signaling and expression of key proteins as well as phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SMAD2 were unaltered. TGF-beta-induced p21 expression could, in contrast, only be detected in p53(wt/wt) but not in p53(mut/mut) NPC. Conversely, inhibition of TGF-beta signaling using SB431542 increased proliferation of p53(wt/wt) but not of p53(mut/mut) NPC. In conclusion, our data suggest that the TGF-beta induced growth arrest in NPC depends on functional p53. Mutational inactivation of p53 hence contributes to increased proliferation of NPC and likely to the formation of hyperplasia of the SVZ observed in p53 deficient mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kumar
- Department of Neurology, RWTH AachenPauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal UniversityManipal - 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Neurology, University of TuebingenOtfried-Müller-Str. 27, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburg, Austria
| | - Joerg Wischhusen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Würzburg, Medical School, Clinics for Gynecology and ObstetricsJosef-Schneider-Str. 4, Würzburg 97080, Germany
| | - Christoph P Beier
- Department of Neurology, RWTH AachenPauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Odense and Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkSdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Dagmar Beier
- Department of Neurology, RWTH AachenPauwelsstrasse 30, Aachen 52074, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Odense and Clinical Institute, University of Southern DenmarkSdr. Boulevard 29, Odense 5000, Denmark
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27
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Tateossian H, Morse S, Simon MM, Dean CH, Brown SDM. Interactions between the otitis media gene, Fbxo11, and p53 in the mouse embryonic lung. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1531-42. [PMID: 26471094 PMCID: PMC4728322 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.022426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the most common cause of hearing loss in children, and tympanostomy (ear tube insertion) to alleviate the condition remains the commonest surgical intervention in children in the developed world. Chronic and recurrent forms of otitis media (OM) are known to have a very substantial genetic component; however, until recently, little was known of the underlying genes involved. The Jeff mouse mutant carries a mutation in the Fbxo11 gene, a member of the F-box family, and develops deafness due to a chronic proliferative OM. We previously reported that Fbxo11 is involved in the regulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling by regulating the levels of phospho-Smad2 in the epithelial cells of palatal shelves, eyelids and airways of the lungs. It has been proposed that FBXO11 regulates the cell's response to TGF-β through the ubiquitination of CDT2. Additional substrates for FBXO11 have been identified, including p53. Here, we have studied both the genetic and biochemical interactions between FBXO11 and p53 in order to better understand the function of FBXO11 in epithelial development and its potential role in OM. In mice, we show that p53 (also known as Tp53) homozygous mutants and double heterozygous mutants (Jf/+ p53/+) exhibit similar epithelial developmental defects to Fbxo11 homozygotes. FBXO11 and p53 interact in the embryonic lung, and mutation in Fbxo11 prevents the interaction with p53. Both p53 and double mutants show raised levels of pSMAD2, recapitulating that seen in Fbxo11 homozygotes. Overall, our results support the conclusion that FBXO11 regulates the TGF-β pathway in the embryonic lung via cross-talk with p53. Summary: Genetic interactions between Fbxo11 and p53 illustrate the cross-talk between the TGF-β and p53 signalling pathways in epithelial development, with implications for the underlying molecular pathology of otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Tateossian
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Susan Morse
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michelle M Simon
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Charlotte H Dean
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK Leukocyte Biology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Steve D M Brown
- Medical Research Council, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
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28
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Popoca-Cuaya M, Diaz-Chavez J, Hernandez-Monge J, Alvarez-Rios E, Lambert PF, Gariglio P. The HPV16 E6 oncoprotein and UVB irradiation inhibit the tumor suppressor TGFβ pathway in the epidermis of the K14E6 transgenic mouse. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:430-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Popoca-Cuaya
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Jose Diaz-Chavez
- Unit of Biomedical Research in Cancer; UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Jesus Hernandez-Monge
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Alvarez-Rios
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Paul F. Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison WI USA
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology; Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV); Mexico City Mexico
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29
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Ji L, Xu J, Liu J, Amjad A, Zhang K, Liu Q, Zhou L, Xiao J, Li X. Mutant p53 promotes tumor cell malignancy by both positive and negative regulation of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11729-40. [PMID: 25767119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific p53 mutations abrogate tumor-suppressive functions by gaining new abilities to promote tumorigenesis. Inactivation of p53 is known to distort TGF-β signaling, which paradoxically displays both tumor-suppressive and pro-oncogenic functions. The molecular mechanisms of how mutant p53 simultaneously antagonizes the tumor-suppressive and synergizes the tumor-promoting function of the TGF-β pathway remain elusive. Here we demonstrate that mutant p53 differentially regulates subsets of TGF-β target genes by enhanced binding to the MH2 domain in Smad3 upon the integration of ERK signaling, therefore disrupting Smad3/Smad4 complex formation. Silencing Smad2, inhibition of ERK, or introducing a phosphorylation-defective mutation at Ser-392 in p53 abrogates the R175H mutant p53-dependent regulation of these TGF-β target genes. Our study shows a mechanism to reconcile the seemingly contradictory observations that mutant p53 can both attenuate and cooperate with the TGF-β pathway to promote cancer cell malignancy in the same cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jian Liu
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Ali Amjad
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qingwu Liu
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianru Xiao
- the Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaotao Li
- From the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China, the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, and
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30
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Liu H, Bao D, Xia X, Chau JFL, Li B. An unconventional role of BMP-Smad1 signaling in DNA damage response: a mechanism for tumor suppression. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:450-6. [PMID: 24142423 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The genome is under constant attack by self-produced reactive oxygen species and genotoxic reagents in the environment. Cells have evolved a DNA damage response (DDR) system to sense DNA damage, to halt cell cycle progression and repair the lesions, or to induce apoptosis if encountering irreparable damage. The best studied DDR pathways are the PIKK-p53 and PIKK-Chk1/2. Mutations in these genes encoding DDR molecules usually lead to genome instability and tumorigenesis. It is worth noting that there exist unconventional pathways that facilitate the canonical pathways or take over in the absence of the canonical pathways in DDR. This review will summarize on several unconventional pathways that participate in DDR with an emphasis on the BMP-Smad1 pathway, a known regulator of mouse development and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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31
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Wild-type p53 inhibits pro-invasive properties of TGF-β3 in breast cancer, in part through regulation of EPHB2, a new TGF-β target gene. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 148:7-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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32
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Differential regulation of the REGγ-proteasome pathway by p53/TGF-β signalling and mutant p53 in cancer cells. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2667. [PMID: 24157709 PMCID: PMC3876931 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome activity is frequently enhanced in cancer to accelerate metastasis and
tumorigenesis. REGγ, a proteasome
activator known to promote p53/p21/p16 degradation, is often overexpressed in cancer
cells. Here we show that p53/TGF-β
signalling inhibits the REGγ–20S proteasome pathway by repressing REGγ expression. Smad3 and p53 interact on the REGγ promoter via the p53RE/SBE region. Conversely, mutant p53 binds to the REGγ promoter and recruits p300. Importantly, mutant p53 prevents Smad3/N-CoR complex
formation on the REGγ promoter,
which enhances the activity of the REGγ–20S proteasome pathway and contributes to mutant
p53 gain of function. Depletion of
REGγ alters the cellular response
to p53/TGF-β signalling in drug
resistance, proliferation, cell cycle progression and proteasome activity. Moreover,
p53 mutations show a positive
correlation with REGγ expression in
cancer samples. These findings suggest that targeting REGγ–20S proteasome for cancer therapy may be applicable to
human tumours with abnormal p53/Smad
protein status. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a link between p53/TGF-β signalling and the REGγ–20S proteasome pathway, and provides
insight into the REGγ/p53 feedback loop. REGγ is a proteasome activator and is frequently overexpressed in
cancer cells. Here Ali et al. demonstrate that p53/TGF-β signalling inhibits
REGγ expression, whereas p53 mutations increase REGγ transcription, identifying a
gain of function for mutant p53.
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33
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Takahashi RU, Takeshita F, Honma K, Ono M, Kato K, Ochiya T. Ribophorin II regulates breast tumor initiation and metastasis through the functional suppression of GSK3β. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2474. [PMID: 23959174 PMCID: PMC3747512 DOI: 10.1038/srep02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant p53 (mtp53) gain of function (GOF) contributes to various aspects of tumor progression including cancer stem cell (CSC) property acquisition. A key factor of GOF is stabilization and accumulation of mtp53. However, the precise molecular mechanism of the mtp53 oncogenic activity remains unclear. Here, we show that ribophorin II (RPN2) regulates CSC properties through the stabilization of mtp53 (R280K and del126-133) in breast cancer. RPN2 stabilized mtp53 by inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) which suppresses Snail, a master regulator of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. RPN2 knockdown promoted GSK3β-mediated suppression of heat shock proteins that are essential for mtp53 stabilization. Furthermore, our study reveals that high expression of RPN2 and concomitant accumulation of mtp53 were associated with cancer tissues in a small cohort of metastatic breast cancer patients. These findings elucidate a molecular mechanism for mtp53 stabilization and suggest that RPN2 could be a promising target for anti-CSC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryou-u Takahashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, 1-1, Tsukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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34
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Girardini JE, Walerych D, Del Sal G. Cooperation of p53 mutations with other oncogenic alterations in cancer. Subcell Biochem 2014; 85:41-70. [PMID: 25201188 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9211-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Following the initial findings suggesting a pro-oncogenic role for p53 point mutants, more than 30 years of research have unveiled the critical role exerted by these mutants in human cancer. A growing body of evidence, including mouse models and clinical data, has clearly demonstrated a connection between mutant p53 and the development of aggressive and metastatic tumors. Even if the molecular mechanisms underlying mutant p53 activities are still the object of intense scrutiny, it seems evident that full activation of its oncogenic role requires the functional interaction with other oncogenic alterations. p53 point mutants, with their pleiotropic effects, simultaneously activating several mechanisms of aggressiveness, are engaged in multiple cross-talk with a variety of other cancer-related processes, thus depicting a complex molecular landscape for the mutant p53 network. In this chapter revealing evidence illustrating different ways through which this cooperation may be achieved will be discussed. Considering the proposed role for mutant p53 as a driver of cancer aggressiveness, disarming mutant p53 function by uncoupling the cooperation with other oncogenic alterations, stands out as an exciting possibility for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier E Girardini
- Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of Rosario, IBR-CONICET, Rosario, Argentina
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35
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Vaughan C, Pearsall I, Yeudall A, Deb SP, Deb S. p53: its mutations and their impact on transcription. Subcell Biochem 2014; 85:71-90. [PMID: 25201189 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9211-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a tumor suppressor protein whose key function is to maintain the integrity of the cell. Mutations in p53 have been found in up to 50 % of all human cancers and cause an increase in oncogenic phenotypes such as proliferation and tumorigenicity. Both wild-type and mutant p53 have been shown to transactivate their target genes, either through directly binding to DNA, or indirectly through protein-protein interactions. This review discusses possible mechanisms behind both wild-type and mutant p53-mediated transactivation and touches on the concept of addiction to mutant p53 of cancer cells and how that may be used for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Vaughan
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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England B, Huang T, Karsy M. Current understanding of the role and targeting of tumor suppressor p53 in glioblastoma multiforme. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2063-74. [PMID: 23737287 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignancy in the brain and confers a uniformly poor prognosis. Despite decades of research on the topic, limited progress has been made to improve the poor survival associated with this disease. GBM arises de novo (primary GBM) or via dedifferentiation of lower grade glioma (secondary GBM). While distinct mutations are predominant in each subtype, alterations of tumor suppressor p53 are the most common, seen in 25-30 % of primary GBM and 60-70 % of secondary GBM. Various roles of p53 that protect against neoplastic transformation include modulation of cell cycle, DNA repair, apoptosis, senescence, angiogenesis, and metabolism, resulting in an extremely complex signaling network. Mutations of p53 in GBM are most common in the DNA-binding domain, namely within six hotspot mutation sites (codons 175, 245, 248, 249, 273, and 282). These alterations generally result in loss-of-function, gain-of-function, and dominant-negative mutational effects for p53, however, the distinct effect of these mutation types in GBM pathogenesis remain unclear. Signaling alterations downstream from p53 (e.g., MDM2, MDM4, INK4/ARF), p53 isoforms (e.g., p63, p73), and microRNAs (e.g., miR-34) also play critical roles in modulating the p53 pathway. Despite novel mouse models of GBM showing that p53 combined with other mutation generate tumors de novo, the role of p53 as a molecular marker of GBM remains controversial with most studies failing to show an association with prognosis. Regarding treatment in GBM, p53 targeted-gene therapy and vaccinations have reached phase I clinical trials while therapeutic drugs are still in preclinical development. This review aims to discuss the most recent findings regarding the impact of p53 mutations on GBM pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant England
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Abstract
In the past fifteen years, it has become apparent that tumour-associated p53 mutations can provoke activities that are different to those resulting from simply loss of wild-type tumour-suppressing p53 function. Many of these mutant p53 proteins acquire oncogenic properties that enable them to promote invasion, metastasis, proliferation and cell survival. Here we highlight some of the emerging molecular mechanisms through which mutant p53 proteins can exert these oncogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A J Muller
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
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Cheng X, Gao W, Dang Y, Liu X, Li Y, Peng X, Ye X. Both ERK/MAPK and TGF-Beta/Smad signaling pathways play a role in the kidney fibrosis of diabetic mice accelerated by blood glucose fluctuation. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:463740. [PMID: 23936866 PMCID: PMC3725803 DOI: 10.1155/2013/463740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The notion that diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of renal fibrosis prompted us to investigate the effects of blood glucose fluctuation (BGF) under high glucose condition on kidney in the mice. METHODS The diabetic and BGF animal models were established in this study. Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and RT-PCR analysis were applied to detect the expression of type I collagen, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- β 1), phosphorylated-ERK, p38, smad2/3, and Akt. RESULTS BGF treatment increased type I collagen synthesis by two times compared with the control. The expression of MMP1 was reduced markedly while TIMP1 synthesis was enhanced after BGF treatment. ERK phosphorylation exhibits a significant increase in the mice treated with BGF. Furthermore, BGF can markedly upregulate TGF- β 1 expression. The p-smad2 showed 2-fold increases compared with the only diabetic mice. However, p-AKT levels were unchanged after BGF treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that BGF can accelerate the trend of kidney fibrosis in diabetic mice by increasing collagen production and inhibiting collagen degradation. Both ERK/MAPK and TGF- β /smad signaling pathways seem to play a role in the development of kidney fibrosis accelerated by blood glucose fluctuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wenke Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yongyan Dang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xu Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiyun Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- *Xiyun Ye:
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Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is critical for suppressing all types of human cancers, including breast cancer. The p53 gene is somatically mutated in over half of all human cancers. The majority of the p53 mutations are missense mutations, leading to the expression of the full-length p53 mutants. Several hotspot mutations, including R175H, are frequently detected in human breast cancer. P53 cancer mutants not only lose tumor suppression activity but, more problematically, also gain new oncogenic activities. Despite correlation of the expression of p53 cancer mutants and the poor prognosis of human breast cancer patients, the roles of p53 cancer mutants in promoting breast cancer remain unclear. We used the humanized p53 cancer mutant knock-in (R175H) mice and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Wnt-1 transgenic (mWnt-1) mice to specifically address the gain of function of R175H in promoting breast cancer. Although both R175H/R175HmWnt-1(R175HmWnt-1) and p53(-/-)mWnt-1 mice died from mammary tumor at the same kinetics, which was much earlier than mWnt-1 mice, most of the R175HmWnt-1 mice developed multiple mammary tumors per mouse, whereas p53(-/-)mWnt-1 and mWnt-1 mice mostly developed one tumor per mouse. The multiple mammary tumors arose in the same R175HmWnt-1 mouse exhibited different histological characters. Moreover, R175H gain-of-function mutant expands the mammary epithelial stem cells (MESCs) that give rise to the mammary tumors. As ATM suppresses the expansion of MESCs, the inactivation of ATM by R175H in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) could contribute to the expansion of MESCs in R175HmWnt-1 mice. These findings provide the basis for R175H to promote the initiation of breast cancer by expanding MESCs.
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Crosstalk between p53 and TGF-β Signalling. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:294097. [PMID: 22545213 PMCID: PMC3321553 DOI: 10.1155/2012/294097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type p53 and TGF-β are key tumour suppressors which regulate an array of cellular responses. TGF-β signals in part via the Smad signal transduction pathway. Wild-type p53 and Smads physically interact and coordinately induce transcription of a number of key tumour suppressive genes. Conversely mutant p53 generally subverts tumour suppressive TGF-β responses, diminishing transcriptional activation of key TGF-β target genes. Mutant p53 can also interact with Smads and this enables complex formation with the p53 family member p63 and blocks p63-mediated activation of metastasis suppressing genes to promote tumour progression. p53 and Smad function may also overlap during miRNA biogenesis as they can interact with the same components of the Drosha miRNA processing complex to promote maturation of specific subsets of miRNAs. This paper investigates the crosstalk between p53 and TGF-β signalling and the potential roles this plays in cancer biology.
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Goldstein I, Ezra O, Rivlin N, Molchadsky A, Madar S, Goldfinger N, Rotter V. p53, a novel regulator of lipid metabolism pathways. J Hepatol 2012; 56:656-62. [PMID: 22037227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In this study we aimed at characterizing the regulation of hepatic metabolic pathways by the p53 transcription factor. METHODS Analysis of gene expression following alteration of p53 status in several human- and mouse-derived cells using microarray analysis, quantitative real-time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and reporter gene assays. A functional assay was performed to determine lipid transfer activity. RESULTS We identified a novel role for the p53 protein in regulating lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, a process not yet conceived as related to p53, which is known mainly for its tumor suppressive functions. We revealed a group of 341 genes whose expression was induced by p53 in the liver-derived cell line HepG2. Twenty of these genes encode proteins involved in many aspects of lipid homeostasis. The mode of regulation of three representative genes (Pltp, Abca12, and Cel) was further characterized. In addition to HepG2, the genes were induced following activation of p53 in human primary hepatic cells isolated from liver donors. p53-dependent regulation of these genes was evident in other cell types namely Hep3B cells, mouse hepatocytes, and fibroblasts. Furthermore, p53 was found to bind to the genes' promoters in designated p53 responsive elements and thereby increase transcription. Importantly, p53 augmented the activity of secreted PLTP, which plays a major role in lipoprotein biology and atherosclerosis pathology. CONCLUSIONS These findings expose another facet of p53 functions unrelated to tumor suppression and render it a novel regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and consequently of systemic lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Shukla A, Yuspa SH. CLIC4 and Schnurri-2: a dynamic duo in TGF-beta signaling with broader implications in cellular homeostasis and disease. NUCLEUS (AUSTIN, TEX.) 2012; 1:144-9. [PMID: 20617112 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.1.2.10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CLIC4 is a highly conserved, multifunctional member of the chloride intracellular channel family of proteins. The protein is largely cytoplasmic but translocates to the nucleus upon a variety of stimuli including TGF-beta, TNF-alpha and etoposide. Nuclear resident CLIC4 causes growth arrest, terminal differentiation and apoptosis. Recently, it was discovered that TGF-beta causes CLIC4 to associate with Schnurri-2 and together they translocate to the nucleus and dissociate thereafter. The nuclear function of CLIC4 was further illuminated by the discovery that CLIC4 enhances TGF-beta signaling by associating with phospho-Smad2 and 3 and preventing their dephosphorylation. Enhanced TGF-beta dependent gene expression and growth inhibition are downstream consequences of this activity of CLIC4. In this article, we speculate on other consequences of the CLIC4 relation to TGF-beta signaling and the potential for CLIC4 to participate in other cellular functions related to normal homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shukla
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, 37 Convent Drive, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lin S, Yu L, Yang J, Liu Z, Karia B, Bishop AJR, Jackson J, Lozano G, Copland JA, Mu X, Sun B, Sun LZ. Mutant p53 disrupts role of ShcA protein in balancing Smad protein-dependent and -independent signaling activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44023-44034. [PMID: 22039050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.265397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are lacking for identifying the switch of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) from tumor-suppressing to tumor-promoting. Mutated p53 (mp53) has been suggested to switch TGF-β to a tumor promoter. However, we found that mp53 does not always promote the oncogenic role of TGF-β. Here, we show that endogenous mp53 knockdown enhanced cell migration and phosphorylation of ERK in DU145 prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, ectopic expression of mp53 in p53-null PC-3 prostate cancer cells enhanced Smad-dependent signaling but inhibited TGF-β-induced cell migration by down-regulating activated ERK. Reactivation of ERK by the expression of its activator, MEK-1, restored TGF-β-induced cell migration. Because TGF-β is known to activate the MAPK/ERK pathway through direct phosphorylation of the adaptor protein ShcA and MAPK/ERK signaling is pivotal to tumor progression, we investigated whether ShcA contributed to mp53-induced ERK inhibition and the conversion of the role of TGF-β during carcinogenesis. We found that mp53 expression led to a decrease of phosphorylated p52ShcA/ERK levels and an increase of phosphorylated Smad levels in a panel of mp53-expressing cancer cell lines and in mammary glands and tumors from mp53 knock-in mice. By manipulating ShcA levels to regulate ERK and Smad signaling in human untransformed and cancer cell lines, we showed that the role of TGF-β in regulating anchorage-dependent and -independent growth and migration can be shifted between growth suppression and migration promotion. Thus, our results for the first time suggest that mp53 disrupts the role of ShcA in balancing the Smad-dependent and -independent signaling activity of TGF-β and that ShcA/ERK signaling is a major pathway regulating the tumor-promoting activity of TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Lin
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Bijal Karia
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - James Jackson
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Guillermina Lozano
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - John A Copland
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Xiaoxin Mu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China 210009
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China 210009
| | - Lu-Zhe Sun
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229.
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Zhao J, Lu Y, Shen HM. Targeting p53 as a therapeutic strategy in sensitizing TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 314:8-23. [PMID: 22030255 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been intensively studied as a cancer therapeutic agent due to its unique ability to induce apoptosis in malignant cells but not in normal cells. However, as more human cancer cells are reported to be resistant to TRAIL treatment, it is important to develop new therapeutic strategies to overcome this resistance. p53 is an important tumor suppressor that is widely involved in cellular responses to various stresses. In this mini-review, we aim to provide an overview of the intricate relationship between p53 and the TRAIL-mediated apoptosis pathway, and to summarize the current approaches of targeting p53 as a therapeutic strategy to sensitize TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. Although in some cases TRAIL kills cancer cells in a p53-independent manner, it is believed that in cancers with wild-type and functional p53, targeting p53 may be an important strategy for overcoming TRAIL-resistance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Wild-type p53 controls cell motility and invasion by dual regulation of MET expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14240-5. [PMID: 21831840 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1017536108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent observations suggest that p53 mutations are responsible not only for growth of primary tumors but also for their dissemination. However, mechanisms involved in p53-mediated control of cell motility and invasion remain poorly understood. By using the primary ovarian surface epithelium cell culture, we show that conditional inactivation of p53 or expression of its mutant forms results in overexpression of MET receptor tyrosine kinase, a crucial regulator of invasive growth. At the same time, cells acquire increased MET-dependent motility and invasion. Wild-type p53 negatively regulates MET expression by two mechanisms: (i) transactivation of MET-targeting miR-34, and (ii) inhibition of SP1 binding to MET promoter. Both mechanisms are not functional in p53 absence, but mutant p53 proteins retain partial MET promoter suppression. Accordingly, MET overexpression, cell motility, and invasion are particularly high in p53-null cells. These results identify MET as a critical effector of p53 and suggest that inhibition of MET may be an effective antimetastatic approach to treat cancers with p53 mutations. These results also show that the extent of advanced cancer traits, such as invasion, may be determined by alterations in individual components of p53/MET regulatory network.
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Bornstein C, Brosh R, Molchadsky A, Madar S, Kogan-Sakin I, Goldstein I, Chakravarti D, Flores ER, Goldfinger N, Sarig R, Rotter V. SPATA18, a spermatogenesis-associated gene, is a novel transcriptional target of p53 and p63. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:1679-89. [PMID: 21300779 PMCID: PMC3126342 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01072-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 functions not only to suppress tumorigenesis but also to maintain normal development and homeostasis. Although p53 was implicated in different aspects of fertility, including spermatogenesis and implantation, the mechanism underlying p53 involvement in spermatogenesis is poorly resolved. In this study we describe the identification of a spermatogenesis-associated gene, SPATA18, as a novel p53 transcriptional target and show that SPATA18 transcription is induced by p53 in a variety of cell types of both human and mouse origin. p53 binds a consensus DNA motif that resides within the first intron of SPATA18. We describe the spatiotemporal expression patterns of SPATA18 in mouse seminiferous tubules and suggest that SPATA18 transcription is regulated in vivo by p53. We also demonstrate the induction of SPATA18 by p63 and suggest that p63 can compensate for the loss of p53 activity in vivo. Our data not only enrich the known collection of p53 targets but may also provide insights on spermatogenesis defects that are associated with p53 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamutal Bornstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ran Brosh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alina Molchadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shalom Madar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ira Kogan-Sakin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ido Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Deepavali Chakravarti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Elsa R. Flores
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Naomi Goldfinger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rachel Sarig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Muller PAJ, Vousden KH, Norman JC. p53 and its mutants in tumor cell migration and invasion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 192:209-18. [PMID: 21263025 PMCID: PMC3172183 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201009059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In about half of all human cancers, the tumor suppressor p53 protein is either lost or mutated, frequently resulting in the expression of a transcriptionally inactive mutant p53 protein. Loss of p53 function is well known to influence cell cycle checkpoint controls and apoptosis. But it is now clear that p53 regulates other key stages of metastatic progression, such as cell migration and invasion. Moreover, recent data suggests that expression of mutant p53 is not the equivalent of p53 loss, and that mutant p53s can acquire new functions to drive cell migration, invasion, and metastasis, in part by interfering with p63 function.
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Abstract
In its wild-type form, p53 is a major tumor suppressor whose function is critical for protection against cancer. Many human tumors carry missense mutations in the TP53 gene, encoding p53. Typically, the affected tumor cells accumulate excessive amounts of the mutant p53 protein. Various lines of evidence indicate that, in addition to abrogating the tumor suppressor functions of wild-type p53, the common types of cancer-associated p53 mutations also endow the mutant protein with new activities that can contribute actively to various stages of tumor progression and to increased resistance to anticancer treatments. Collectively, these activities are referred to as mutant p53 gain-of-function. This article addresses the biological manifestations of mutant p53 gain-of-function, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and their possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, The Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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49
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Maslon MM, Hupp TR. Drug discovery and mutant p53. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:542-55. [PMID: 20656489 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the p53 gene are commonly selected for in developing human cancer cells. These diverse mutations in p53 can inactivate its normal sequence-specific DNA-binding and transactivation function, but these mutations can also stabilize a mutant form of p53 with pro-oncogenic potential. Recent multi-disciplinary advances have demonstrated exciting and unexpected potential in therapeutically targeting the mutant p53 pathway, including: the development of biophysical models to explain how mutations inactivate p53 and strategies for refolding and reactivation of mutant p53, the ability of mutant p53 protein to escape MDM2-mediated degradation in human cancers, and the growing 'interactome' of mutant p53 that begins to explain how the mutant p53 protein can contribute to diverse oncogenic and pro-metastatic signaling. Our rapidly accumulating knowledge on mutant p53-signaling pathways will facilitate drug discovery programmes in the challenging area of protein-protein interactions and mutant protein conformational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda M Maslon
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Cell Signalling Unit, Cancer Research UK p53 Signal Transduction Group, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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50
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Zhao Y, Wang Q, Deng X, Zhao Y, Zhang TB. Significance of expression of metastasis-related factors uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:791-797. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i8.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the significance of expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).
METHODS: The expression of uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 mRNAs and proteins in 124 GISTs specimens was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively.
RESULTS: In gastrointestinal stromal tumors, the mRNA expression of uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 is closely correlated with tumor stage (NIH classification), mucosal invasion and lymphatic metastasis. The mRNA expression levels of uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 were up-regulated with increasing tumor stage, showing significant differences among low-, moderate- and high-risk GISTs. The positive rates of uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 mRNA expression was not correlated with age, sex and histological type. Similar results were obtained for the expression of uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9 and TGF-β1 proteins in GISTs. The expression of uPA protein is positively correlated with that of TGF-β1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 (r = 0.356, 0.323 and 0.346, respectively).
CONCLUSION: The positive activation of TGF-β1 in GISTs possibly up-regulates uPA expression which in turn activates MMP-2 and MMP-9. The activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 may lead to the degradation of extracellular matrix degradation and promote tumor invasion and metastasis.
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