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Lumahan LEV, Arif M, Whitener AE, Yi P. Regulating Androgen Receptor Function in Prostate Cancer: Exploring the Diversity of Post-Translational Modifications. Cells 2024; 13:191. [PMID: 38275816 PMCID: PMC10814774 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional activity significantly influences prostate cancer (PCa) progression. In addition to ligand stimulation, AR transcriptional activity is also influenced by a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs). A number of oncogenes and tumor suppressors have been observed leveraging PTMs to influence AR activity. Subjectively targeting these post-translational modifiers based on their impact on PCa cell proliferation is a rapidly developing area of research. This review elucidates the modifiers, contextualizes the effects of these PTMs on AR activity, and connects these cellular interactions to the progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Edward V. Lumahan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Mazia Arif
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77205, USA
| | - Amy E. Whitener
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77205, USA
| | - Ping Yi
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77205, USA
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2
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Wagh K, Stavreva DA, Jensen RAM, Paakinaho V, Fettweis G, Schiltz RL, Wüstner D, Mandrup S, Presman DM, Upadhyaya A, Hager GL. Dynamic switching of transcriptional regulators between two distinct low-mobility chromatin states. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade1122. [PMID: 37315128 PMCID: PMC10954219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
How chromatin dynamics relate to transcriptional activity remains poorly understood. Using single-molecule tracking, coupled with machine learning, we show that histone H2B and multiple chromatin-bound transcriptional regulators display two distinct low-mobility states. Ligand activation results in a marked increase in the propensity of steroid receptors to bind in the lowest-mobility state. Mutational analysis revealed that interactions with chromatin in the lowest-mobility state require an intact DNA binding domain and oligomerization domains. These states are not spatially separated as previously believed, but individual H2B and bound-TF molecules can dynamically switch between them on time scales of seconds. Single bound-TF molecules with different mobilities exhibit different dwell time distributions, suggesting that the mobility of TFs is intimately coupled with their binding dynamics. Together, our results identify two unique and distinct low-mobility states that appear to represent common pathways for transcription activation in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Wagh
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Diana A. Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rikke A. M. Jensen
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ville Paakinaho
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gregory Fettweis
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R. Louis Schiltz
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Diego M. Presman
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Gordon L. Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Fuller PJ, Young MJ, Yang J, Cole TJ. Structure-function relationships of the aldosterone receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:285-312. [PMID: 37717989 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cellular response to the adrenal steroid aldosterone is mediated by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. The MR binds more than one physiological ligand with binding at the MR determined by pre-receptor metabolism of glucocorticoid ligands by 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. The MR has a wide tissue distribution with multiple roles beyond the classical role in electrolyte homeostasis including cardiovascular function, immune cell signaling, neuronal fate and adipocyte differentiation. The MR has three principal functional domains, an N-terminal ligand domain, a central DNA binding domain and a C-terminal, ligand binding domain, with structures having been determined for the latter two domains but not for the whole receptor. MR signal-transduction can be best viewed as a series of interactions which are determined by the conformation conferred on the receptor by ligand binding. This conformation then determines subsequent intra- and inter-molecular interactions. These interactions include chromatin, coregulators and other transcription factors, and additional less well characterized cytoplasmic non-genomic effects via crosstalk with other signaling pathways. This chapter will provide a review of MR structure and function, and an analysis of the critical interactions involved in MR-mediated signal transduction, which contribute to ligand- and tissue-specificity. Understanding the relevant mechanisms for selective MR signaling in terms of these interactions opens the possibility of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of MR-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Morag J Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne and Baker HDI Department of Cardiometabolic Health and Disease, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy J Cole
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Kowalczyk M, Kowalczyk E, Gogolewska M, Skrzypek M, Talarowska M, Majsterek I, Poplawski T, Kwiatkowski P, Sienkiewicz M. Association of polymorphic variants in GEMIN genes with the risk of depression in a Polish population. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14317. [PMID: 36405016 PMCID: PMC9673762 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of miRNA in depression is widely described by many researchers. miRNA is a final product of many genes involved in its formation (maturation). One of the final steps in the formation of miRNAs is the formation of the RISC complex, called the RNA-induced silencing complex, which includes, among others, GEMIN proteins. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may lead to disturbance of miRNA biogenesis and function. The objective of our research was to assess the relationship between the appearance of depression and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GEMIN3 (rs197388) and GEMIN4 (rs7813; rs3744741) genes. Our research provides new knowledge on the genetic factors that influence the risk of depression. They can be used as an element of diagnostics helpful in identifying people at increased risk, as well as indicating people not at risk of depression. Methods A total of 218 participants were examined, including individuals with depressive disorders (n = 102; study group) and healthy people (n = 116, control group). All the patients in the study group and the people in the control group were non-related native Caucasian Poles from central Poland. Blood was collected from study and control groups in order to assess the SNPs of GEMIN genes. Results An analysis of the results obtained showed that in patient population, the risk of depression is almost doubled by polymorphic variants of the genes: rs197388/GEMIN3 genotype A/A in the recessive model and rs3744741/GEMIN4 genotype T/T, codominant and recessive model. The dual role of rs7813/GEMIN4 is noteworthy, where the G/A genotype in the codominant and over dominant model protects against depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Gogolewska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Skrzypek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Talarowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychopathology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Microbiology and Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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El Kharraz S, Dubois V, Launonen KM, Helminen L, Palvimo JJ, Libert C, Smeets E, Moris L, Eerlings R, Vanderschueren D, Helsen C, Claessens F. N/C Interactions Are Dispensable for Normal In Vivo Functioning of the Androgen Receptor in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6652495. [PMID: 35908178 PMCID: PMC9756762 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in the development and maintenance of the male phenotype. The binding of androgens to the receptor induces interactions between the carboxyterminal ligand-binding domain and the highly conserved 23FQNLF27 motif in the aminoterminal domain. The role of these so-called N/C interactions in AR functioning is debated. In vitro assays show that mutating the AR in the 23FQNLF27 motif (called ARNoC) attenuates the AR transactivation of reporter genes, has no effect on ligand binding, but does affect protein-protein interactions with several AR coregulators. To test the in vivo relevance of the N/C interaction, we analyzed the consequences of the genomic introduction of the ARNoC mutation in mice. Surprisingly, the ARNoC/Y mice show a normal male development, with unaffected male anogenital distance and normal accessory sex glands, male circulating androgen levels, body composition, and fertility. The responsiveness of androgen target genes in kidney, prostate, and testes was also unaffected. We thus conclude that the N/C interactions in the AR are not essential for the development of a male phenotype under normal physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah El Kharraz
- Correspondence: Frank Claessens, PhD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium. . Reprint requests can be sent to or
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Basic and Translational Endocrinology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Kaisa-Mari Launonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Laura Helminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Elien Smeets
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Lisa Moris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Roy Eerlings
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Christine Helsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Correspondence: Frank Claessens, PhD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium. . Reprint requests can be sent to or
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Kim S, Au CC, Jamalruddin MAB, Abou-Ghali NE, Mukhtar E, Portella L, Berger A, Worroll D, Vatsa P, Rickman DS, Nanus DM, Giannakakou P. AR-V7 exhibits non-canonical mechanisms of nuclear import and chromatin engagement in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. eLife 2022; 11:e73396. [PMID: 35848798 PMCID: PMC9398446 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the AR splice variant, androgen receptor variant 7 (AR-V7), in prostate cancer is correlated with poor patient survival and resistance to AR targeted therapies and taxanes. Currently, there is no specific inhibitor of AR-V7, while the molecular mechanisms regulating its biological function are not well elucidated. Here, we report that AR-V7 has unique biological features that functionally differentiate it from canonical AR-fl or from the second most prevalent variant, AR-v567. First, AR-V7 exhibits fast nuclear import kinetics via a pathway distinct from the nuclear localization signal dependent importin-α/β pathway used by AR-fl and AR-v567. We also show that the dimerization box domain, known to mediate AR dimerization and transactivation, is required for AR-V7 nuclear import but not for AR-fl. Once in the nucleus, AR-V7 is transcriptionally active, yet exhibits unusually high intranuclear mobility and transient chromatin interactions, unlike the stable chromatin association of liganded AR-fl. The high intranuclear mobility of AR-V7 together with its high transcriptional output, suggest a Hit-and-Run mode of transcription. Our findings reveal unique mechanisms regulating AR-V7 activity, offering the opportunity to develop selective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seaho Kim
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - CheukMan C Au
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | | | | | - Eiman Mukhtar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Luigi Portella
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Adeline Berger
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daniel Worroll
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Prerna Vatsa
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - David S Rickman
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - David M Nanus
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
| | - Paraskevi Giannakakou
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew YorkUnited States
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Mandigo AC, Shafi AA, McCann JJ, Yuan W, Laufer TS, Bogdan D, Gallagher L, Dylgjeri E, Semenova G, Vasilevskaya IA, Schiewer MJ, McNair CM, de Bono JS, Knudsen KE. Novel Oncogenic Transcription Factor Cooperation in RB-Deficient Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:221-234. [PMID: 34625422 PMCID: PMC9397633 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) is a critical regulator of E2F-dependent transcription, controlling a multitude of protumorigenic networks including but not limited to cell-cycle control. Here, genome-wide assessment of E2F1 function after RB loss in isogenic models of prostate cancer revealed unexpected repositioning and cooperation with oncogenic transcription factors, including the major driver of disease progression, the androgen receptor (AR). Further investigation revealed that observed AR/E2F1 cooperation elicited novel transcriptional networks that promote cancer phenotypes, especially as related to evasion of cell death. These observations were reflected in assessment of human disease, indicating the clinical relevance of the AR/E2F1 cooperome in prostate cancer. Together, these studies reveal new mechanisms by which RB loss induces cancer progression and highlight the importance of understanding the targets of E2F1 function. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies that RB loss in prostate cancer drives cooperation between AR and E2F1 as coregulators of transcription, which is linked to the progression of advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Mandigo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer J McCann
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Talya S Laufer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Denisa Bogdan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lewis Gallagher
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Galina Semenova
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Irina A Vasilevskaya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chris M McNair
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK; The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Deng T, Xiao Y, Dai Y, Xie L, Li X. Roles of Key Epigenetic Regulators in the Gene Transcription and Progression of Prostate Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:743376. [PMID: 34977151 PMCID: PMC8714908 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.743376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a top-incidence malignancy, and the second most common cause of death amongst American men and the fifth leading cause of cancer death in men around the world. Androgen receptor (AR), the key transcription factor, is critical for the progression of PCa by regulating a series of target genes by androgen stimulation. A number of co-regulators of AR, including co-activators or co-repressors, have been implicated in AR-mediated gene transcription and PCa progression. Epigenetic regulators, by modifying chromatin integrity and accessibility for transcription regulation without altering DNA sequences, influence the transcriptional activity of AR and further regulate the gene expression of AR target genes in determining cell fate, PCa progression and therapeutic response. In this review, we summarized the structural interaction of AR and epigenetic regulators including histone or DNA methylation, histone acetylation or non-coding RNA, and functional synergy in PCa progression. Importantly, epigenetic regulators have been validated as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A series of epigenetic target drugs have been developed, and have demonstrated the potential to treat PCa alone or in combination with antiandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanggang Deng
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yugang Xiao
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Ahram M, Bawadi R, Abdullah MS, Alsafadi DB, Abaza H, Abdallah S, Mustafa E. Involvement of β-catenin in Androgen-induced Mesenchymal Transition of Breast MDA-MB-453 Cancer Cells. Endocr Res 2021; 46:114-128. [PMID: 33703980 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2021.1895829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The cellular and molecular dynamics of DHT-induced EMT in MDA-MB-453 cells were investigated.Methods:PCR arrays were used to examine the expression of EMT-regulatory genes. Immunoblotting was used to detect protein levels and confirm protein-protein interaction following immunoprecipitation. Immunofluorescence was used to observe rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and cell morphology. Cell migration was assessed by transwell assayResults: Change of cell morphology was concomitant with increased cell migration after treating cells with DHT. Exposure of cells to DHT for one hour was sufficient to induce changes in cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton after 72 hours indicating altered gene expression. A long-term lasting nuclear translocation of AR was observed after a short exposure of cells to DHT. Investigating the expression of 84 EMT-related genes revealed down-expression of β-catenin, N-cadherin, and TCF-4 and increased expression of Slug, all of which were confirmed at the protein level. Yet, not only early interaction of AR and β-catenin was observed following AR activation, inhibition of β-catenin blocked DHT-induced mesenchymal transition and migration. Wnt signaling was found to be partially important in DHT-induced morphological alteration. The mesenchymal transition of cells could be induced by treating cells with an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, an enzyme that inhibits β-catenin; this morphological transition could be reversed by antagonizing AR suggesting that AR functions downstream of β-catenin.Conclusions: These results suggest that MDA-MB-453 cells undergo partial EMT induced by DHT, β-catenin is critical for this phenotypic change, and AR probably reciprocally mediates the mesenchymal transition of these cells upon activation of GSK-3 β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoun Ahram
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Randa Bawadi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad S Abdullah
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Dana B Alsafadi
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Haneen Abaza
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sallam Abdallah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ebtihal Mustafa
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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10
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Liang J, Wang L, Poluben L, Nouri M, Arai S, Xie L, Voznesensky OS, Cato L, Yuan X, Russo JW, Long HW, Brown M, Chen S, Balk SP. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 functions independently of the full length receptor in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:172-184. [PMID: 34256096 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One mechanism for reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) activity after androgen deprivation therapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is expression of splice variants such as ARv7 that delete the ligand binding domain and have constitutive activity. Exogenous overexpressed ARv7 can function as a homodimer or heterodimer with full length AR (ARfl), which is highly expressed with ARv7 in CRPC. However, the extent to which endogenous ARv7 function is dependent on heterodimerization with ARfl remains to be determined. We used double-crosslinking to stabilize AR complexes on chromatin in a CRPC cell line expressing endogenous ARfl and ARv7 (LN95 cells), and established that only trace levels of ARfl were associated with ARv7 on chromatin. Consistent with this result, depletion of ARfl with an AR degrader targeting the AR ligand binding domain did not decrease ARv7 binding to chromatin or its association with HOXB13, but did decrease overall AR transcriptional activity. Comparable results were obtained in CWR22RV1 cells, another CRPC cell line expressing ARfl and ARv7. These results indicate that ARv7 function in CRPC is not dependent on ARfl, and that both contribute independently to overall AR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Liang
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Liyang Wang
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Shaanxi Normal University School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Larysa Poluben
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mannan Nouri
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seiji Arai
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Urology, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Lisha Xie
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Olga S Voznesensky
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Laura Cato
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joshua W Russo
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Henry W Long
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Myles Brown
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Balk
- Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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11
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Shah A, Shah AA, K N, Lobo R. Mechanistic targets for BPH and prostate cancer-a review. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:261-270. [PMID: 32960781 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
All men, almost, suffer from prostatic disorders in average life expectancy. In the year of 1950s, the first autopsy of prostate gland discovered the link between Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and Prostate Cancer (PCa). After that, many histology, biochemistry, epidemiology studies explained the association and associated risk factor for the same. From the various scientific evidence, it is proved that both diseases share some common transcription factors and signalling pathways. Still, BPH cannot be considered as the first step of PCa progression. To define, the relationship between both of the diseases, a well-defined large epidemiological study is needed. Along with androgen signalling, imbalanced apoptosis, oxidative stress, and microbial infection also crucial factors that significantly affect the pathogenesis of BPH. Various signalling pathways are involved in the progression of BPH. Androgen signalling is the driving force for the progress of PCa. In PCa androgen signalling is upregulated as compared to a healthy prostate. Some dominant Androgen-regulated genes and their functions have been discussed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aarti Abhishek Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nandakumar K
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Richard Lobo
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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12
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Kokal M, Mirzakhani K, Pungsrinont T, Baniahmad A. Mechanisms of Androgen Receptor Agonist- and Antagonist-Mediated Cellular Senescence in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071833. [PMID: 32650419 PMCID: PMC7408918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a leading role in the control of prostate cancer (PCa) growth. Interestingly, structurally different AR antagonists with distinct mechanisms of antagonism induce cell senescence, a mechanism that inhibits cell cycle progression, and thus seems to be a key cellular response for the treatment of PCa. Surprisingly, while physiological levels of androgens promote growth, supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL) inhibit PCa growth in an AR-dependent manner by inducing cell senescence in cancer cells. Thus, oppositional acting ligands, AR antagonists, and agonists are able to induce cellular senescence in PCa cells, as shown in cell culture model as well as ex vivo in patient tumor samples. This suggests a dual AR-signaling dependent on androgen levels that leads to the paradox of the rational to keep the AR constantly inactivated in order to treat PCa. These observations however opened the option to treat PCa patients with AR antagonists and/or with androgens at supraphysiological levels. The latter is currently used in clinical trials in so-called bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). Notably, cellular senescence is induced by AR antagonists or agonist in both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Pathway analysis suggests a crosstalk between AR and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src-Akt/PKB and the PI3K-mTOR-autophagy signaling in mediating AR-induced cellular senescence in PCa. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of therapeutic induction and intracellular pathways of AR-mediated cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9396820; Fax: +49-3641-99396822
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13
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Fuller PJ, Yang J, Young MJ. Mechanisms of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Signaling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 109:37-68. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Cancer Mutations of the Tumor Suppressor SPOP Disrupt the Formation of Active, Phase-Separated Compartments. Mol Cell 2018; 72:19-36.e8. [PMID: 30244836 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor SPOP (speckle-type POZ protein) cause prostate, breast, and other solid tumors. SPOP is a substrate adaptor of the cullin3-RING ubiquitin ligase and localizes to nuclear speckles. Although cancer-associated mutations in SPOP interfere with substrate recruitment to the ligase, mechanisms underlying assembly of SPOP with its substrates in liquid nuclear bodies and effects of SPOP mutations on assembly are poorly understood. Here, we show that substrates trigger phase separation of SPOP in vitro and co-localization in membraneless organelles in cells. Enzymatic activity correlates with cellular co-localization and in vitro mesoscale assembly formation. Disease-associated SPOP mutations that lead to the accumulation of proto-oncogenic proteins interfere with phase separation and co-localization in membraneless organelles, suggesting that substrate-directed phase separation of this E3 ligase underlies the regulation of ubiquitin-dependent proteostasis.
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15
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Androgen modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in androgenetic alopecia. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 310:391-399. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Abstract
The ligand-regulated structure and biochemistry of nuclear receptor complexes are commonly determined by in vitro studies of isolated receptors, cofactors, and their fragments. However, in the living cell, the complexes that form are governed not just by the relative affinities of isolated cofactors for the receptor but also by the cell-specific sequestration or concentration of subsets of competing or cooperating cofactors, receptors, and other effectors into distinct subcellular domains and/or their temporary diversion into other cellular activities. Most methods developed to understand nuclear receptor function in the cellular environment involve the direct tagging of the nuclear receptor or its cofactors with fluorescent proteins (FPs) and the tracking of those FP-tagged factors by fluorescence microscopy. One of those approaches, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy, quantifies the transfer of energy from a higher energy "donor" FP to a lower energy "acceptor" FP attached to a single protein or to interacting proteins. The amount of FRET is influenced by the ligand-induced changes in the proximities and orientations of the FPs within the tagged nuclear receptor complexes, which is an indicator of the structure of the complexes, and by the kinetics of the interaction between FP-tagged factors. Here, we provide a guide for parsing information about the structure and biochemistry of nuclear receptor complexes from FRET measurements in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Schaufele
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0540, USA.
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17
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Liu X, Gao Y, Ye H, Gerrin S, Ma F, Wu Y, Zhang T, Russo J, Cai C, Yuan X, Liu J, Chen S, Balk SP. Positive feedback loop mediated by protein phosphatase 1α mobilization of P-TEFb and basal CDK1 drives androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:3738-3751. [PMID: 28062857 PMCID: PMC5397168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
P-TEFb (CDK9/cyclin T) plays a central role in androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transactivation by phosphorylating both RNA polymerase 2 complex proteins and AR at S81. CDK9 dephosphorylation mobilizes P-TEFb from an inhibitory 7SK ribonucleoprotein complex, but mechanisms targeting phosphatases to P-TEFb are unclear. We show that AR recruits protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α), resulting in P-TEFb mobilization and CDK9-mediated AR S81 phosphorylation. This increased pS81 enhances p300 recruitment, histone acetylation, BRD4 binding and subsequent further recruitment of P-TEFb, generating a positive feedback loop that sustains transcription. AR S81 is also phosphorylated by CDK1, and blocking basal CDK1-mediated S81 phosphorylation markedly suppresses AR activity and initiation of this positive feedback loop. Finally, androgen-independent AR activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells is driven by increased CDK1-mediated S81 phosphorylation. Collectively these findings reveal a mechanism involving PP1α, CDK9 and CDK1 that is used by AR to initiate and sustain P-TEFb activity, which may be exploited to drive AR in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaming Liu
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yanfei Gao
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - HuiHui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sean Gerrin
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fen Ma
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yiming Wu
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tengfei Zhang
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joshua Russo
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xin Yuan
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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18
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Fuller PJ, Yang J, Young MJ. 30 YEARS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR: Coregulators as mediators of mineralocorticoid receptor signalling diversity. J Endocrinol 2017. [PMID: 28634265 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cloning of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) 30 years ago was the start of a new era of research into the regulatory processes of MR signalling at target genes in the distal nephron, and subsequently in many other tissues. Nuclear receptor (NR) signalling is modified by interactions with coregulatory proteins that serve to enhance or inhibit the gene transcriptional responses. Over 400 coregulatory proteins have been described for the NR super family, many with functional roles in signalling, cellular function, physiology and pathophysiology. Relatively few coregulators have however been described for the MR although recent studies have demonstrated both ligand and/or tissue selectivity for MR-coregulator interactions. A full understanding of the cell, ligand and promoter-specific requirements for MR-coregulator signalling is an essential first step towards the design of small molecular inhibitors of these protein-protein interactions. Tissue-selective steroidal or non-steroidal modulators of the MR are also a desired therapeutic goal. Selectivity, as for other steroid hormone receptors, will probably depend on differential expression and recruitment of coregulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and MetabolismHudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and MetabolismHudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Centre for Endocrinology and MetabolismHudson Institute of Medical Research and the Monash University Department of Molecular Translational Science, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Lynch C, Sakamuru S, Huang R, Stavreva DA, Varticovski L, Hager GL, Judson RS, Houck KA, Kleinstreuer NC, Casey W, Paules RS, Simeonov A, Xia M. Identifying environmental chemicals as agonists of the androgen receptor by using a quantitative high-throughput screening platform. Toxicology 2017; 385:48-58. [PMID: 28478275 PMCID: PMC6135100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR, NR3C4) is a nuclear receptor whose main function is acting as a transcription factor regulating gene expression for male sexual development and maintaining accessory sexual organ function. It is also a necessary component of female fertility by affecting the functionality of ovarian follicles and ovulation. Pathological processes involving AR include Kennedy's disease and Klinefelter's syndrome, as well as prostate, ovarian, and testicular cancer. Strict regulation of sex hormone signaling is required for normal reproductive organ development and function. Therefore, testing small molecules for their ability to modulate AR is a first step in identifying potential endocrine disruptors. We screened the Tox21 10K compound library in a quantitative high-throughput format to identify activators of AR using two reporter gene cell lines, AR β-lactamase (AR-bla) and AR-luciferase (AR-luc). Seventy-five compounds identified through the primary assay were characterized as potential agonists or inactives through confirmation screens and secondary assays. Biochemical binding and AR nuclear translocation assays were performed to confirm direct binding and activation of AR from these compounds. The top seventeen compounds identified were found to bind to AR, and sixteen of them translocated AR from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Five potentially novel or not well-characterized AR agonists were discovered through primary and follow-up studies. We have identified multiple AR activators, including known AR agonists such as testosterone, as well as novel/not well-known compounds such as prulifloxacin. The information gained from the current study can be directly used to prioritize compounds for further in-depth toxicological evaluations, as well as their potential to disrupt the endocrine system via AR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Lynch
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diana A Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard S Judson
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Keith A Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nicole C Kleinstreuer
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Warren Casey
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard S Paules
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health,Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Roubaud G, Liaw BC, Oh WK, Mulholland DJ. Strategies to avoid treatment-induced lineage crisis in advanced prostate cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:269-283. [PMID: 27874061 PMCID: PMC5567685 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing potency of therapies that target the androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis has correlated with a rise in the proportion of patients with prostate cancer harbouring an adaptive phenotype, termed treatment-induced lineage crisis. This phenotype is characterized by features that include soft-tissue metastasis and/or resistance to standard anticancer therapies. Potent anticancer treatments might force cancer cells to evolve and develop alternative cell lineages that are resistant to primary therapies, a mechanism similar to the generation of multidrug- resistant microorganisms after continued antibiotic use. Herein, we assess the hypothesis that treatment-adapted phenotypes harbour reduced AR expression and/or activity, and acquire compensatory strategies for cell survival. We highlight the striking similarities between castration-resistant prostate cancer and triple-negative breast cancer, another poorly differentiated endocrine malignancy. Alternative treatment paradigms are needed to avoid therapy-induced resistance. Herein, we present a new clinical trial strategy designed to evaluate the potential of rapid drug cycling as an approach to delay the onset of resistance and treatment-induced lineage crisis in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhem Roubaud
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Bergonié, 229 Cours de l'Argonne, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Bobby C Liaw
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - William K Oh
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - David J Mulholland
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
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21
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Stavreva DA, Varticovski L, Levkova L, George AA, Davis L, Pegoraro G, Blazer V, Iwanowicz L, Hager GL. Novel cell-based assay for detection of thyroid receptor beta-interacting environmental contaminants. Toxicology 2016; 368-369:69-79. [PMID: 27528272 PMCID: PMC5069182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Even though the presence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with thyroid hormone (TH)-like activities in the environment is a major health concern, the methods for their efficient detection and monitoring are still limited. Here we describe a novel cell assay, based on the translocation of a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged chimeric molecule of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the thyroid receptor beta (TRβ) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the presence of TR ligands. Unlike the constitutively nuclear TRβ, this GFP-GR-TRβ chimera is cytoplasmic in the absence of hormone while translocating to the nucleus in a time- and concentration-dependent manner upon stimulation with triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid hormone analogue, TRIAC, while the reverse triiodothyronine (3,3',5'-triiodothyronine, or rT3) was inactive. Moreover, GFP-GR-TRβ chimera does not show any cross-reactivity with the GR-activating hormones, thus providing a clean system for the screening of TR beta-interacting EDCs. Using this assay, we demonstrated that Bisphenol A (BPA) and 3,3',5,5'-Tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA) induced GFP-GR-TRβ translocation at micro molar concentrations. We screened over 100 concentrated water samples from different geographic locations in the United States and detected a low, but reproducible contamination in 53% of the samples. This system provides a novel high-throughput approach for screening for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interacting with TR beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, United States.
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, United States
| | - Ludmila Levkova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Anuja A George
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, United States
| | - Luke Davis
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, United States
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, United States
| | - Vicki Blazer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, United States
| | - Luke Iwanowicz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, United States
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Dr., National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, United States.
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22
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DNA binding triggers tetramerization of the glucocorticoid receptor in live cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8236-41. [PMID: 27382178 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606774113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors dynamically bind to chromatin and are essential for the regulation of genes. Although a large percentage of these proteins appear to self-associate to form dimers or higher order oligomers, the stoichiometry of DNA-bound transcription factors has been poorly characterized in vivo. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-regulated transcription factor widely believed to act as a dimer or a monomer. Using a unique set of imaging techniques coupled with a cell line containing an array of DNA binding elements, we show that GR is predominantly a tetramer when bound to its target DNA. We find that DNA binding triggers an interdomain allosteric regulation within the GR, leading to tetramerization. We therefore propose that dynamic changes in GR stoichiometry represent a previously unidentified level of regulation in steroid receptor activation. Quaternary structure analysis of other members of the steroid receptor family (estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors) reveals variation in oligomerization states among this family of transcription factors. Because GR's oligomerization state has been implicated in therapy outcome, our findings open new doors to the rational design of novel GR ligands and redefine the quaternary structure of steroid receptors.
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23
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Tesikova M, Dezitter X, Nenseth HZ, Klokk TI, Mueller F, Hager GL, Saatcioglu F. Divergent Binding and Transactivation by Two Related Steroid Receptors at the Same Response Element. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11899-910. [PMID: 27056330 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.684480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF) recruitment to chromatin is central to activation of transcription. TF-chromatin interactions are highly dynamic, which are evaluated by recovery half time (t1/2) in seconds, determined by fluorescence recovery experiments in living cells, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis, measured in minutes. These two states are related: the larger the t1/2, the longer the ChIP occupancy resulting in increased transcription. Here we present data showing that this relationship does not always hold. We found that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) significantly increased t1/2 of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused androgen receptor (AR) on a tandem array of positive hormone response elements (HREs) in chromatin. This resulted in increased ChIP signal of GFP-AR. Unexpectedly, however, transcription was inhibited. In contrast, the GFP-fused glucocorticoid receptor (GR), acting through the same HREs, displayed a profile consistent with current models. We provide evidence that these differences are mediated, at least in part, by HDACs. Our results provide insight into TF action in living cells and show that very closely related TFs may trigger significantly divergent outcomes at the same REs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tesikova
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Xavier Dezitter
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hatice Z Nenseth
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove I Klokk
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Florian Mueller
- Computational Imaging and Modeling Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Fahri Saatcioglu
- From the Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Division of Cancer and Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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24
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Chiu CL, Patsch K, Cutrale F, Soundararajan A, Agus DB, Fraser SE, Ruderman D. Intracellular kinetics of the androgen receptor shown by multimodal Image Correlation Spectroscopy (mICS). Sci Rep 2016; 6:22435. [PMID: 26936218 PMCID: PMC4776155 DOI: 10.1038/srep22435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) pathway plays a central role in prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression and is a validated therapeutic target. In response to ligand binding AR translocates to the nucleus, though the molecular mechanism is not well understood. We therefore developed multimodal Image Correlation Spectroscopy (mICS) to measure anisotropic molecular motion across a live cell. We applied mICS to AR translocation dynamics to reveal its multimodal motion. By integrating fluorescence imaging methods we observed evidence for diffusion, confined movement, and binding of AR within both the cytoplasm and nucleus of PCa cells. Our findings suggest that in presence of cytoplasmic diffusion, the probability of AR crossing the nuclear membrane is an important factor in determining the AR distribution between cytoplasm and the nucleus, independent of functional microtubule transport. These findings may have implications for the future design of novel therapeutics targeting the AR pathway in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Li Chiu
- Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, University of Southern, California, USA
| | - Katherin Patsch
- Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, University of Southern, California, USA
| | - Francesco Cutrale
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern, California, USA
| | | | - David B Agus
- Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, University of Southern, California, USA
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern, California, USA
| | - Daniel Ruderman
- Center for Applied Molecular Medicine, University of Southern, California, USA
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25
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Reers AR, Eng ML, Williams TD, Elliott JE, Cox ME, Beischlag TV. The Flame-Retardant Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate Represses Androgen Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 30:249-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra R. Reers
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Margaret L. Eng
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6 Canada
- Pacific Wildlife Research Center; Environment Canada; Delta B.C. V4K 3N2 Canada
| | - Tony D. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - John E. Elliott
- Pacific Wildlife Research Center; Environment Canada; Delta B.C. V4K 3N2 Canada
| | - Michael E. Cox
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre; Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute; Vancouver B.C. V6H 3Z6 Canada
| | - Timothy V. Beischlag
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby B.C. V5A 1S6 Canada
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Abstract
Great strides have been made in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with the development of new antiandrogens (enzalutamide) and more potent androgen synthesis inhibitors (abiraterone) that have both improved patient outcomes. These new drugs have also helped unravel the complex biology of androgen-androgen receptor driven prostate cancer and brought into prominence various mechanisms triggering the development of drug resistance and tumour cell survival despite use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The complex role of glucocorticoids in the treatment, management and progression of patients with CRPC is integral to these advances. Historically, glucocorticoid treatment has resulted in both subjective and objective responses in patients with advanced-stage prostate cancer. With the use of these new therapeutic agents, however, unexpected glucocorticoid-related mechanisms that can cause iatrogenic stimulation of prostate cancer growth have emerged, which might contribute to drug resistance and disease progression despite optimal ADT. For example, the upregulation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) during enzalutamide therapy results in glucocorticoid-GR-mediated regulation of androgen target genes, leading to escape from enzalutamide blockade. Thus, understanding the biological role of glucocorticoids in patients with prostate cancer is of major importance in the era of new and evolving antiandrogen therapies.
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Bjelic MM, Stojkov NJ, Radovic SM, Baburski AZ, Janjic MM, Kostic TS, Andric SA. Prolonged in vivo administration of testosterone-enanthate, the widely used and abused anabolic androgenic steroid, disturbs prolactin and cAMP signaling in Leydig cells of adult rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 149:58-69. [PMID: 25603467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to systematically analyze and define the effects of 1-day, 2-weeks, 10-weeks intramuscular administration of testosterone-enanthate, widely used and abused anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS), on main regulators of steroidogenesis and steroidogenic genes expression in testosterone-producing Leydig cells of adult rats. The results showed that prolonged (10-weeks) intramuscular administration of testosterone-enanthate, in clinically relevant dose, significantly increased prolactin, but decreased Prlr2 and Gnrhr in pituitary of adult rat. The levels of testosterone, Insl3, cAMP and mitochondrial membrane potential of Leydig cells were significantly reduced. This was followed by decreased expression of some steroidogenic enzymes and regulatory proteins such as Lhcgr, Prlr1/2, Tspo, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Dax1. Oppositely, Hsd3b1/2, Hsd3b5, Hsd17b4, Ar, Arr19 increased. In the same cells, transcriptional milieu of cAMP signaling elements was disturbed with remarkable up-regulation of PRKA (the main regulator of steroidogenesis). Increased prolactin together with stimulated transcription of Jak2/Jak3 could account for increased Hsd3b1/2 and Hsd3b5 in Leydig cells following 10-weeks in vivo treatment with testosterone-enanthate. In vitro studies revealed that testosterone is capable to increase level of Prlr1, Prlr2, Hsd3b1/2, Hsd3b5 in Leydig cells. Accordingly, testosterone-induced changes in prolactin receptor signaling together with up-regulation of PRKA, Hsd3b1/2, Hsd3b5, Ar in Leydig cells, could be the possible mechanism that contribute to the establishment of a new adaptive response to maintain homeostasis and prevent loss of steroidogenic function. Presented data provide new molecular insights into the relationship between disturbed testosterone homeostasis and mammalian reproduction and are important in terms of wide use and abuse of AASs and human reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Bjelic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Natasa J Stojkov
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sava M Radovic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Z Baburski
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija M Janjic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana S Kostic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Silvana A Andric
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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28
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Yang J, Fuller PJ, Morgan J, Shibata H, Clyne CD, Young MJ. GEMIN4 functions as a coregulator of the mineralocorticoid receptor. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:149-60. [PMID: 25555524 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Pathological activation of the MR causes cardiac fibrosis and heart failure, but clinical use of MR antagonists is limited by the renal side effect of hyperkalemia. Coregulator proteins are known to be critical for nuclear receptor-mediated gene expression. Identification of coregulators, which mediate MR activity in a tissue-specific manner, may allow for the development of novel tissue-selective MR modulators that confer cardiac protection without adverse renal effects. Our earlier studies identified a consensus motif among MR-interacting peptides, MPxLxxLL. Gem (nuclear organelle)-associated protein 4 (GEMIN4) is one of the proteins that contain this motif. Transient transfection experiments in HEK293 and H9c2 cells demonstrated that GEMIN4 repressed agonist-induced MR transactivation in a cell-specific manner. Furthermore, overexpression of GEMIN4 significantly decreased, while knockdown of GEMIN4 increased, the mRNA expression of specific endogenous MR target genes. A physical interaction between GEMIN4 and MR is suggested by their nuclear co-localization upon agonist treatment. These findings indicate that GEMIN4 functions as a novel coregulator of the MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Peter J Fuller
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - James Morgan
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Colin D Clyne
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
| | - Morag J Young
- MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan MIMR-PHI InstitutePO Box 5152, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of MedicineMonash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, AustraliaDepartment of EndocrinologyMetabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Oita University, Yufu 879-5593, Japan
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29
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Screening of synthetic and natural product databases: Identification of novel androgens and antiandrogens. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:267-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Bjelic MM, Stojkov NJ, Baburski AZ, Sokanovic SJ, Mihajlovic AI, Janjic MM, Kostic TS, Andric SA. Molecular adaptations of testosterone-producing Leydig cells during systemic in vivo blockade of the androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 396:10-25. [PMID: 25153259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study systematically evaluates the effects of androgen receptor (AR) blockade on molecular events in Leydig cells. Results showed that intramuscular administration of testosterone-enanthate, at clinically relevant dose, decreased testosterone in interstitial fluid and Leydig cells from adult rats. AR-blocker (Androcur) prevented this effect and testosterone-reduced Leydig cells steroidogenic capacity/activity. Testosterone-reduced expression of some steroidogenic enzymes/proteins (Tspo,StAR,Hsd3b1/2) and transcription factors (Nur77,Gata4,Dax1) was completely abrogated, while decreased expression of Star,Cyp11a1,Cyp17a1,Hsd17b4,Creb1a was partially prevented. In the same cells, increased expression of Hsd3b5/HSD3B and Ar/AR was abolished. Androcur-treatment abolished testosterone-reduced cAMP, coupled with a changed expressional milieu of cAMP signaling elements. Results from in vitro experiments suggest that some of these effects are testosterone-AR dependent, while others could be due to disturbed LH and/or other signals. Presented data provide new molecular insight into Leydig cells function and are important in terms of human reproductive health and the wide-spread use of Androcur as well as use/abuse of testosterone-enanthate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja M Bjelic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Natasa J Stojkov
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Z Baburski
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Srdjan J Sokanovic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar I Mihajlovic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija M Janjic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Tatjana S Kostic
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Silvana A Andric
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Signaling Group, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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31
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Distinctly different dynamics and kinetics of two steroid receptors at the same response elements in living cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105204. [PMID: 25133404 PMCID: PMC4136857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Closely related transcription factors (TFs) can bind to the same response elements (REs) with similar affinities and activate transcription. However, it is unknown whether transcription is similarly orchestrated by different TFs bound at the same RE. Here we have compared the recovery half time (t1/2), binding site occupancy and the resulting temporal changes in transcription upon binding of two closely related steroid receptors, the androgen and glucocorticoid receptors (AR and GR), to their common hormone REs (HREs). We show that there are significant differences at all of these levels between AR and GR at the MMTV HRE when activated by their ligands. These data show that two TFs bound at the same RE can have significantly different modes of action that can affect their responses to environmental cues.
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32
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Mathur A, Ware C, Davis L, Gazdar A, Pan BS, Lutterbach B. FGFR2 is amplified in the NCI-H716 colorectal cancer cell line and is required for growth and survival. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98515. [PMID: 24968263 PMCID: PMC4072591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant kinase activation resulting from mutation, amplification, or translocation can drive growth and survival in a subset of human cancer. FGFR2 is amplified in breast and gastric cancer, and we report here the first characterization of FGFR2 gene amplification in colorectal cancer in the NCI-H716 colorectal cancer cell line. FGFR2 is highly expressed and activated in NCI-H716 cells, and FGFR selective small molecule inhibitors or FGFR2 shRNA strongly inhibited cell viability in vitro, indicating “addiction” of NCI-H716 cells to FGFR2. NCI-H716 growth in a xenograft model was also inhibited by an FGFR small molecule inhibitor. FGFR2 was required for activation of multiple downstream signaling proteins including AKT, ERK, S6RP and NFKB. Inhibition of downstream kinases such as AKT or ERK alone had modest effects on proliferation, whereas combined inhibition of AKT and ERK signaling resulted in a loss of viability similar to FGFR2 inhibition. We identified elevated FGFR2 expression in a small subset of primary colorectal cancer, however FGFR2 amplification was not observed. Although FGFR2 amplification is not common in primary colon cancer or lymph node and liver metastases, other subsets of colorectal cancer such as ascites, from which the NCI-H716 cell line was derived, have yet to be tested. These results suggest that emerging FGFR inhibitor therapeutics may have efficacy in a subset of colon cancer driven by FGFR2 amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjili Mathur
- Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Ware
- Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lenora Davis
- Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adi Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bo-Sheng Pan
- Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bart Lutterbach
- Merck Research Labs, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Yuan X, Cai C, Chen S, Chen S, Yu Z, Balk SP. Androgen receptor functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance to new agents targeting the androgen axis. Oncogene 2014; 33:2815-25. [PMID: 23752196 PMCID: PMC4890635 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic functions of androgen receptor (AR) in normal prostate are circumvented in prostate cancer (PCa) to drive tumor growth, and the AR also can acquire new growth-promoting functions during PCa development and progression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT, surgical or medical castration) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa, but patients invariably relapse despite castrate androgen levels (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Early studies from many groups had shown that AR was highly expressed and transcriptionally active in CRPC, and indicated that steroids from the adrenal glands were contributing to this AR activity. More recent studies showed that CRPC cells had increased expression of enzymes mediating androgen synthesis from adrenal steroids, and could synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol. Phase III clinical trials showing a survival advantage in CRPC for treatment with abiraterone (inhibitor of the enzyme CYP17A1 required for androgen synthesis that markedly reduces androgens and precursor steroids) and for enzalutamide (new AR antagonist) have now confirmed that AR activity driven by residual androgens makes a major contribution to CRPC, and led to the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of both agents. Unfortunately, patients treated with these agents for advanced CRPC generally relapse within a year and AR appears to be active in the relapsed tumors, but the molecular mechanisms mediating intrinsic or acquired resistance to these AR-targeted therapies remain to be defined. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa development and progression, the roles of intratumoral androgen synthesis and AR structural alterations in driving AR activity in CRPC, mechanisms of action for abiraterone and enzalutamide, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Cai
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Yu
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S P Balk
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Arora VK, Schenkein E, Murali R, Subudhi SK, Wongvipat J, Balbas MD, Shah N, Cai L, Efstathiou E, Logothetis C, Zheng D, Sawyers CL. Glucocorticoid receptor confers resistance to antiandrogens by bypassing androgen receptor blockade. Cell 2014; 155:1309-22. [PMID: 24315100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced prostate cancer has been transformed by novel antiandrogen therapies such as enzalutamide. Here, we identify induction of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression as a common feature of drug-resistant tumors in a credentialed preclinical model, a finding also confirmed in patient samples. GR substituted for the androgen receptor (AR) to activate a similar but distinguishable set of target genes and was necessary for maintenance of the resistant phenotype. The GR agonist dexamethasone was sufficient to confer enzalutamide resistance, whereas a GR antagonist restored sensitivity. Acute AR inhibition resulted in GR upregulation in a subset of prostate cancer cells due to relief of AR-mediated feedback repression of GR expression. These findings establish a mechanism of escape from AR blockade through expansion of cells primed to drive AR target genes via an alternative nuclear receptor upon drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Arora
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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35
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Mateo J, Smith A, Ong M, de Bono JS. Novel drugs targeting the androgen receptor pathway in prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:567-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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36
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Shen XY, Kwan HY, Thevasagayam NM, Prakki SRS, Kuznetsova IS, Ngoh SY, Lim Z, Feng F, Chang A, Orbán L. The first transcriptome and genetic linkage map for Asian arowana. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 14:622-35. [PMID: 24354690 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Asian arowana or dragonfish (Scleropages formosus) is an important fish species due to its unusual breeding biology and high economic value in the ornamental fish markets. In the present study, we aimed to (i) create the first transcriptome by Roche 454 pyrosequencing of Asian arowana brain and gonad samples; (ii) identify differentially expressed genes between the two sexes and develop microsatellite (SSR) markers; and (iii) construct a first-generation SSR-based genetic linkage map. A total of over 1.3 million reads were obtained from the brain and gonad of adult Asian arowana individuals through pyrosequencing. These reads were assembled into 16,242 contigs that were further grouped into 13,639 isogroups. BLASTX annotation identified a total of 8316 unique proteins from this data set. Many genes with sexually dimorphic expression levels and some putatively involved in sex development were identified. A total of 316 EST-SSRs and 356 new genomic-SSRs were developed by screening through the current transcriptome data set and SSR-enriched genomic libraries. The first genetic linkage map of the species was constructed based on these markers. Linkage analysis allowed for mapping of 308 markers to 28 linkage groups (LGs), ranging in size from 14.9 to 160.6 cM. The potentially sex-associated gene sox9 was mapped to LG4 on the consensus linkage map. Pairwise putative conserved syntenies between the Asian arowana, zebrafish, and three-spined stickleback were also established. These resources will help the conservation of the species through better understanding of its phylogenetics, genomics and biology, and comparative genome analysis within the Osteoglossidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Shen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Reproductive Genomics Group, Strategic Research Program, Singapore, 117604, Republic of Singapore
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37
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Strehl C, Buttgereit F. Optimized glucocorticoid therapy: teaching old drugs new tricks. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:32-40. [PMID: 23403055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used in the treatment of a wide range of rheumatic and other inflammatory diseases. They exert their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects primarily via so called genomic mechanisms, mediated by the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (cGR). This mechanism of GC action can be divided into the transactivation and the transrepression processes. However, also rapid effects of GCs exist which are mediated by specific and unspecific non-genomic mechanisms. A clinical relevance of this mode of GC action is assumed for effects mediated by membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors, but detailed knowledge on the underlying mechanisms is still missing. Great efforts have been made in the past to diminish GC-induced adverse effects, thus improving the benefit/risk ratio of the drugs. Besides approaches to improve the treatment with conventional glucocorticoids currently available to clinicians, new innovative GCs or GC receptor ligands are also being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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van Royen ME, van de Wijngaart DJ, Cunha SM, Trapman J, Houtsmuller AB. A multi-parameter imaging assay identifies different stages of ligand-induced androgen receptor activation. Cytometry A 2013; 83:806-17. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin E. van Royen
- Department of Pathology; Josephine Nefkens Institute; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | | | - Sónia M. Cunha
- Department of Pathology; Josephine Nefkens Institute; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Jan Trapman
- Department of Pathology; Josephine Nefkens Institute; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan B. Houtsmuller
- Department of Pathology; Josephine Nefkens Institute; Erasmus MC; 3000 CA Rotterdam; The Netherlands
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Stavreva DA, George AA, Klausmeyer P, Varticovski L, Sack D, Voss TC, Schiltz RL, Blazer VS, Iwanowicz LR, Hager GL. Prevalent glucocorticoid and androgen activity in US water sources. Sci Rep 2012; 2:937. [PMID: 23226835 PMCID: PMC3515810 DOI: 10.1038/srep00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of the environment with endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a major health concern. The presence of estrogenic compounds in water and their deleterious effect are well documented. However, detection and monitoring of other classes of EDCs is limited. Here we utilize a high-throughput live cell assay based on sub-cellular relocalization of GFP-tagged glucocorticoid and androgen receptors (GFP-GR and GFP-AR), in combination with gene transcription analysis, to screen for glucocorticoid and androgen activity in water samples. We report previously unrecognized glucocorticoid activity in 27%, and androgen activity in 35% of tested water sources from 14 states in the US. Steroids of both classes impact body development, metabolism, and interfere with reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems. This prevalent contamination could negatively affect wildlife and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Anuja A. George
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Paul Klausmeyer
- Natural Products Support Group SAIC-Frederick, Inc Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Daniel Sack
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Ty C. Voss
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - R. Louis Schiltz
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Vicki S. Blazer
- USGS-BRD Leetown Science Center 11649 Leetown Road Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- USGS-BRD Leetown Science Center 11649 Leetown Road Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - Gordon L. Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
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40
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Kumar S, Tyagi RK. Androgen receptor association with mitotic chromatin - analysis with introduced deletions and disease-inflicting mutations. FEBS J 2012; 279:4598-614. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi; India
| | - Rakesh K. Tyagi
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine; Jawaharlal Nehru University; New Delhi; India
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41
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Hartig SM, He B, Newberg JY, Ochsner SA, Loose DS, Lanz RB, McKenna NJ, Buehrer BM, McGuire SE, Marcelli M, Mancini MA. Feed-forward inhibition of androgen receptor activity by glucocorticoid action in human adipocytes. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2012; 19:1126-41. [PMID: 22999881 PMCID: PMC4259876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We compared transcriptomes of terminally differentiated mouse 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes to identify cell-specific differences. Gene expression and high content analysis (HCA) data identified the androgen receptor (AR) as both expressed and functional, exclusively during early human adipocyte differentiation. The AR agonist dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibited human adipocyte maturation by downregulation of adipocyte marker genes, but not in 3T3-L1. It is interesting that AR induction corresponded with dexamethasone activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR); however, when exposed to the differentiation cocktail required for adipocyte maturation, AR adopted an antagonist conformation and was transcriptionally repressed. To further explore effectors within the cocktail, we applied an image-based support vector machine (SVM) classification scheme to show that adipocyte differentiation components inhibit AR action. The results demonstrate human adipocyte differentiation, via GR activation, upregulates AR but also inhibits AR transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Hartig
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin He
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Justin Y. Newberg
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Scott A. Ochsner
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S. Loose
- Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rainer B. Lanz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neil J. McKenna
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Sean E. McGuire
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marco Marcelli
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael A. Mancini
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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42
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Dynamic SUMOylation is linked to the activity cycles of androgen receptor in the cell nucleus. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4195-205. [PMID: 22890844 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00753-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite of the progress in the molecular etiology of prostate cancer, the androgen receptor (AR) remains the major druggable target for the advanced disease. In addition to hormonal ligands, AR activity is regulated by posttranslational modifications. Here, we show that androgen induces SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 (SUMO-2/3) modification (SUMOylation) of the endogenous AR in prostate cancer cells, which is also reflected in the chromatin-bound receptor. Although only a small percentage of AR is SUMOylated at the steady state, AR SUMOylation sites have an impact on the receptor's stability, intranuclear mobility, and chromatin interactions and on expression of its target genes. Interestingly, short-term proteotoxic and cell stress, such as hyperthermia, that detaches the AR from the chromatin triggers accumulation of the SUMO-2/3-modified AR pool which concentrates into the nuclear matrix compartment. Alleviation of the stress allows rapid reversal of the SUMO-2/3 modifications and the AR to return to the chromatin. In sum, these results suggest that the androgen-induced SUMOylation is linked to the activity cycles of the holo-AR in the nucleus and chromatin binding, whereas the stress-induced SUMO-2/3 modifications sustain the solubility of the AR and protect it from proteotoxic insults in the nucleus.
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van de Wijngaart DJ, Dubbink HJ, van Royen ME, Trapman J, Jenster G. Androgen receptor coregulators: recruitment via the coactivator binding groove. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:57-69. [PMID: 21871527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are key regulators of male sexual differentiation and essential for development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues. The androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone mediate their effect by binding to, and activation of the androgen receptor (AR). Upon activation, the AR is able to recognize specific DNA sequences in gene promoters and enhancers from where it recruits coregulators to orchestrate chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation. The number of proteins that bind to the AR has surpassed 200 and many of them enhance (coactivator) or repress (corepressor) its transactivating capacity. For most of these coregulators, their AR binding interface and their exact mode of action still needs to be elucidated, but for some of the more classical coactivators and corepressors, we gained insight in their working mechanisms. Of particular interest are specific sequences (LxxLL and FxxLF-like motifs) in a subset of coactivators that interact with the AR via a coactivator binding groove in the ligand-binding domain. As compared to other steroid receptors, the conformation of the AR coactivator binding pocket is unique and preferentially binds FxxLF-like motifs. This predisposition is expected to contribute to the regulation of specific sets of target genes via recruitment of selected coregulators. This review provides an overview of these (inter)actions with a focus on the unique characteristics of the AR coactivator binding groove.
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Yang J, Fuller PJ. Interactions of the mineralocorticoid receptor--within and without. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:196-205. [PMID: 21784126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocortoid receptor (MR) regulates salt homeostasis in the kidneys and plays a range of other roles in the heart, vasculature, brain and adipose tissue. It interacts with both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids to mediate transcription of target genes. The ability of the MR to exert tissue- and ligand-specific effects relies on its interactions with a range of binding partners, including the chaperone proteins, coregulators, other transcription factors, DNA and modifying proteins. Interactions within the domains of the MR also modulate the overall transcriptional complex. This review will discuss the current understanding of interactions involving the MR and highlight their relevance to ligand- or tissue-specificity as well as their suitability as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Medicine, Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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45
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Helsen C, Kerkhofs S, Clinckemalie L, Spans L, Laurent M, Boonen S, Vanderschueren D, Claessens F. Structural basis for nuclear hormone receptor DNA binding. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:411-7. [PMID: 21801809 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The gene family of nuclear receptors is characterized by the presence of a typical, well conserved DNA-binding domain. In general, two zinc coordinating modules are folded such that an α-helix is inserted in the major groove of the DNA-helix displaying a sequence similar to one of two hexameric consensus motifs. Both zinc molecules coordinate four cysteines. Although the DNA-binding domains as well as the hormone response elements are very similar, each nuclear receptor will affect transcription of a specific set of target genes. This is in part due to some important receptor-specific variations on the general theme of DNA interaction. For most nuclear receptors, the DNA-binding domain dimerizes on DNA, which explains why most hormone response elements consist of a repeat of two hexamers. The hexamer dimers can be organized either as direct, inverted or everted repeats with spacers of varying lengths. The DNA can be bound by homodimers, heterodimers and for some orphan receptors, as monomer. Another key element for DNA binding by nuclear receptors is the carboxy-terminal extension of the DNA-binding domain extending into the hinge region. This part not only co-determines sequence specificity, but also affects other functions of the receptors like nuclear translocation, intranuclear mobility and transactivation potential. Moreover, allosteric signals passing through towards other receptor domains, explain why to some extent, the DNA elements can also be considered as controlling ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department Molecular Cell Biology, Campus GHB, ON1, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Conway-Campbell BL, Pooley JR, Hager GL, Lightman SL. Molecular dynamics of ultradian glucocorticoid receptor action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:383-93. [PMID: 21872640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it has become evident that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) action in the nucleus is highly dynamic, characterized by a rapid exchange at the chromatin template. This stochastic mode of GR action couples perfectly with a deterministic pulsatile availability of endogenous ligand in vivo. The endogenous glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol in man and corticosterone in rodent) is secreted from the adrenal gland with an ultradian rhythm made up of pulses at approximately hourly intervals. These two components - the rapidly fluctuating ligand and the rapidly exchanging receptor - appear to have evolved to establish and maintain a system that is exquisitely responsive to the physiological demands of the organism. In this review, we discuss recent and innovative work that questions the idea of steady state, static hormone receptor responses, and replaces them with new concepts of stochastic mechanisms and oscillatory activity essential for optimal function in molecular and cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky L Conway-Campbell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
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47
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Retention and transmission of active transcription memory from progenitor to progeny cells via ligand-modulated transcription factors: elucidation of a concept by BIOPIT model. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:177-82. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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49
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Elvenes J, Thomassen EIS, Johnsen SS, Kaino K, Sjøttem E, Johansen T. Pax6 represses androgen receptor-mediated transactivation by inhibiting recruitment of the coactivator SPBP. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24659. [PMID: 21935435 PMCID: PMC3174178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) has a central role in development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and in the etiology of prostate cancer. The transcription factor Pax6 has recently been reported to act as a repressor of AR and to be hypermethylated in prostate cancer cells. SPBP is a transcriptional regulator that previously has been shown to enhance the activity of Pax6. In this study we have identified SPBP to act as a transcriptional coactivator of AR. We also show that Pax6 inhibits SPBP-mediated enhancement of AR activity on the AR target gene probasin promoter, a repression that was partly reversed by increased expression of SPBP. Enhanced expression of Pax6 reduced the amount of SPBP associated with the probasin promoter when assayed by ChIP in HeLa cells. We mapped the interaction between both AR and SPBP, and AR and Pax6 to the DNA-binding domains of the involved proteins. Further binding studies revealed that Pax6 and SPBP compete for binding to AR. These results suggest that Pax6 represses AR activity by displacing and/or inhibiting recruitment of coactivators to AR target promoters. Understanding the mechanism for inhibition of AR coactivators can give rise to molecular targeted drugs for treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Elvenes
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Sylvia Sagen Johnsen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Katrine Kaino
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva Sjøttem
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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50
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George CL, Lightman SL, Biddie SC. Transcription factor interactions in genomic nuclear receptor function. Epigenomics 2011; 3:471-85. [DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TF) regulate gene expression acting as DNA sequence-specific binding factors, orchestrating cofactor recruitment and assembly of the transcriptional machinery. Nuclear receptors, a ligand-inducible TF class, regulate a large proportion of the genome, yet achieve highly cell-specific and context-dependent transcription, despite their widespread expression. High-throughput genome-wide profiling of TF binding reveals a startling proportion of colocalized cell- and context-specific TF-binding patterns, implying TF interactions play a critical role in transcription. These interactions depend on the chromatin architecture, that predominantly acts to predetermine accessibility of TF-binding sites at regulatory elements. Here, we summarize recent findings that highlight the importance of combinatorial TF interactions in determining diverse nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional responses, emphasizing the significance of chromatin structure in directing TF and nuclear receptor recruitment. Interactions between TFs are likely to be a general mechanism of regulatory factors, contributing to transcriptional control in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L George
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience & Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience & Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
| | - Simon C Biddie
- Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 3NY, UK
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