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Rocha AS, Collado-Solé A, Graña-Castro O, Redondo-Pedraza J, Soria-Alcaide G, Cordero A, Santamaría PG, González-Suárez E. Luminal Rank loss decreases cell fitness leading to basal cell bipotency in parous mammary glands. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6213. [PMID: 37813842 PMCID: PMC10562464 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rank signaling pathway regulates mammary gland homeostasis and epithelial cell differentiation. Although Rank receptor is expressed by basal cells and luminal progenitors, its role in each individual cell lineage remains unclear. By combining temporal/lineage specific Rank genetic deletion with lineage tracing techniques, we found that loss of luminal Rank reduces the luminal progenitor pool and leads to aberrant alveolar-like differentiation with high protein translation capacity in virgin mammary glands. These Rank-deleted luminal cells are unable to expand during the first pregnancy, leading to lactation failure and impairment of protein synthesis potential in the parous stage. The unfit parous Rank-deleted luminal cells in the alveoli are progressively replaced by Rank-proficient cells early during the second pregnancy, thereby restoring lactation. Transcriptomic analysis and functional assays point to the awakening of basal bipotency after pregnancy by the induction of Rank/NF-κB signaling in basal parous cell to restore lactation and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Rocha
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA-Nemesio Díez), School of Medicine, San Pablo-CEU University, CEU Universities, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Alex Cordero
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eva González-Suárez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
- Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Lin S, Margueron R, Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C. Disruption of lineage integrity as a precursor to breast tumor initiation. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:887-897. [PMID: 37061355 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Increase in lineage infidelity and/or imbalance is frequently observed around the earliest stage of breast tumor initiation. In response to disruption of homeostasis, differentiated cells can partially lose their identity and gain cellular plasticity, a process involving epigenome landscape remodeling. This increase of cellular plasticity may promote the malignant transformation of breast tumors and fuel their heterogeneity. Here, we review recent studies that have yield insights into important regulators of lineage integrity and mechanisms that trigger mammary epithelial lineage derail, and evaluate their impacts on breast tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuheng Lin
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univeristy, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Margueron
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univeristy, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.
| | - Christophe Ginestier
- CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Univeristy, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Laboratory, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE Contre le Cancer, Marseille, France.
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3
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Gao Z, Shao D, Zhao C, Liu H, Zhao X, Wei Q, Ma B. The High Level of RANKL Improves IκB/p65/Cyclin D1 Expression and Decreases p-Stat5 Expression in Firm Udder of Dairy Goats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108841. [PMID: 37240191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Udder traits, influencing udder health and function, are positively correlated with lactation performance. Among them, breast texture influences heritability and impacts on the milk yield of cattle; however, there is a lack of systematic research on its underlying mechanism in dairy goats in particular. Here, we showed the structure of firm udders with developed connective tissue and smaller acini per lobule during lactation and confirmed that there were lower serum levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (PROG), and higher mammary expression of estrogen nuclear receptor (ER) α and progesterone receptor (PR), in dairy goats with firm udders. The results of transcriptome sequencing of the mammary gland revealed that the downstream pathway of PR, the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) signal, participated in the formation of firm mammary glands. During the culture of goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs), high RANKL level additions promote the Inhibitor kappaB (IκB)/p65/Cyclin D1 expression related to cell proliferation and decrease the phosphorylated signal transduction and transcription activator 5 (Stat5) expression related to milk-protein synthesis of GMECs, which is consistent with electron microscope results showing that there are fewer lactoprotein particles in the acinar cavity of a firm mammary. Furthermore, co-culturing with adipocyte-like cells for 7 d is beneficial for the acinar structure formation of GMECs, while there is a slightly negative effect of high RANKL level on it. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed the structure of firm udders structure and confirmed the serum hormone levels and their receptor expression in the mammary glands of dairy goats with firm udders. The underlying mechanism leading to firm udders and a decrease in milk yield were explored preliminarily, which provided an important foundation for the prevention and amelioration of firm udders and improving udder health and milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dan Shao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Chunrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Haokun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaoe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Baohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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4
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Meier ME, Hagelstein-Rotman M, Majoor BCJ, Geels RES, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Bravenboer N. Expression of RANKL in breast cancer tissue in patients with fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome. Bone 2023; 169:116679. [PMID: 36652988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome (FD/MAS), mosaic mutations in the GNAS gene lead to locally abnormal bone turnover. Additionally, patients with FD/MAS, particularly with thoracic lesions, have an increased risk for breast cancer. Development and progression of breast cancer has been associated with expression of Receptor Activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in mammary tissue, and due to the GNAS mutation, RANKL is systemically increased in patients with FD/MAS. Yet it is unknown whether breast cancer in FD/MAS is also dependent on RANKL. We hypothesized that the GNAS mutation might induce RANKL overproduction and an oncogenic niche in mammary tissue, and examined RANKL expression in breast cancer tissue of patients with FD/MAS compared to controls. METHODS Nine patients with FD/MAS and breast cancer were included and clinical data were retrieved. Patients were matched to controls with breast cancer without FD/MAS based on age and tumor type. Three pregnant breast cancer patients were included as positive controls. Immunohistochemical detection of RANKL was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer specimens. Staining intensity was classified as weak, moderate or intense. The area of positive RANKL staining divided by the total ductal-lobular area was assessed (positive area percentage, PAP). Number of patients with RANKL expression was compared between FD/MAS and control group by chi-square (χ2) test, the PAP by Mann-Whitney U test (MWU). RESULTS RANKL expression was observed in 3 patients with FD/MAS (38 %), mainly in healthy tissue, and none of the control patients (χ2p = 0.055). The FD/MAS group demonstrated considerably more intense staining than the control group, comparable to positive controls. The median PAP was 0.64 % (range 0.14-2.04 %) in the 3 FD/MAS patients with RANKL expression, 0.01 % (Q1-Q3: 0.0003-0.514 %) in the entire FD/MAS group, 0.006 % (Q1-Q3: 0.001-0.012 %) in the control group (MWU = 0.574), and 0.19 % (0.08-0.32 %) in the pregnant patients. All patients with FD/MAS and RANKL expression had thoracic bone lesions, but no correlation was observed between RANKL expression and presence of the GNAS mutation or FD disease burden. CONCLUSIONS The triad of a higher number of patients, higher positive area percentage and stronger intensity in the FD/MAS compared to the control group indicates that RANKL may be upregulated in mammary tissue in a subset of patients with FD/MAS, which may explain the increased risk for breast cancer, although the clinical significance remains unclear. Further research is needed to establish risk profiles for the development of RANKL-positive breast cancer and to improve early screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Meier
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - M Hagelstein-Rotman
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - B C J Majoor
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R E S Geels
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - N M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - N Bravenboer
- Center for Bone Quality, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Cordero A, Santamaría PG, González-Suárez E. Rank ectopic expression in the presence of Neu and MMTV oncogenes alters mammary epithelial cell populations and their tumorigenic potential. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:2. [PMID: 36808257 PMCID: PMC9938814 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the mammary epithelial cell that serves as the cell of origin for breast cancer is key to understand tumor heterogeneity and clinical management. In this study, we aimed to decipher whether Rank expression in the presence of PyMT and Neu oncogenes might affect the cell of origin of mammary gland tumors. We observed that Rank expression in PyMT+/- and Neu+/- mammary glands alters the basal and luminal mammary cell populations already in preneoplasic tissue, which may interfere with the tumor cell of origin restricting their tumorigenesis ability upon transplantation assays. In spite of this, Rank expression eventually promotes tumor aggressiveness once tumorigenesis is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cordero
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Patricia G Santamaría
- Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva González-Suárez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908, Barcelona, Spain.
- Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Mao Y, Yang H, Ma X, Wang C, Zhang L, Cui Y. Prolactin regulates RANKL expression via signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a signaling in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:920-928. [PMID: 36651326 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Receptor of activated nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) is regulated by prolactin in the mammary gland. However, the intrinsic molecular mechanism is not well understood. Herein, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) of dairy cows were isolated to characterize the molecular mechanism of prolactin in vitro. We demonstrated that prolactin stimulation increased the expression of RANKL in MECs. Moreover, the expression of RANKL induced by prolactin was inhibited by the prolactin receptor or signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A (STAT5a) knockdown. Furthermore, prolactin markedly increased RANKL-Luciferase reporter activity in MECs. We identified a putative gamma-interferon activated site (GAS) in the region between residues -883 to -239 bp of the RANKL promoter. Subsequently, we found that the mutated GAS sequence failed to respond to prolactin stimulation. In addition, STAT5a knockdown markedly decreased prolactin-stimulated RANKL promoter activity. Western blot results revealed that RANKL overexpression markedly decreased the STAT5a phosphorylation level in MECs. These findings indicate that prolactin could regulate RANKL promoter activity via STAT5a, contributing to increased RANKL expression in MECs. RANKL may have a negative regulatory effect on STAT5a activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Mao
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaocong Ma
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingjun Cui
- College of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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7
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Castillo P, Aisagbonhi O, Saenz CC, ElShamy WM. Novel insights linking BRCA1-IRIS role in mammary gland development to formation of aggressive PABCs: the case for longer breastfeeding. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:396-426. [PMID: 35141026 PMCID: PMC8822284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is diagnosed during or shortly after pregnancy. Although rare, PABC is a serious occurrence often of the triple negative (TNBC) subtype. Here we show progesterone, prolactin, and RANKL upregulate BRCA1-IRIS (IRIS) in separate and overlapping subpopulations of human mammary epithelial cell lines, which exacerbates the proliferation, survival, and the TNBC-like phenotype in them. Conversely, vitamin D3 reduces IRIS expression in TNBC cell lines, which attenuates growth, survival, and the TNBC-like phenotype in them. In the mouse, Brca1-Iris (Iris, mouse IRIS homolog) is expressed at low-level in nulliparous mice, increases ~10-fold in pregnant/lactating mice, to completely disappear in involuting mice, and reappears at low-level in regressed glands. Mice underwent 3 constitutive pregnancies followed by a forced involution (after 5 days of lactation) contained ~10-fold higher Iris in their mammary glands compared to those underwent physiological involution (after 21 days of lactation). While protein extracts from lactating glands promote proliferation in IRISlow and IRIS overexpressing (IRISOE) cells, extracts from involuting glands promote apoptosis in IRISlow, and aneuploidy in IRISOE cells. In a cohort of breast cancer patients, lack of breastfeeding was associated with formation of chemotherapy resistant, metastatic IRISOE breast cancers. We propose that terminal differentiation triggered by long-term breastfeeding reduces IRIS expression in mammary cells allowing their elimination by the inflammatory microenvironment during physiological involution. No/short-term breastfeeding retains in the mammary gland IRISOE cells that thrive in the inflammatory microenvironment during forced involution to become precursors for aggressive breast cancers shortly after pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castillo
- Breast Cancer Program, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UC San Diego Health SystemSan Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Omonigho Aisagbonhi
- Department of Pathology, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UC San Diego Health SystemSan Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Cheryl C Saenz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UC San Diego Health SystemSan Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Wael M ElShamy
- Breast Cancer Program, San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UC San Diego Health SystemSan Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Peters S, Danson S, Ejedepang D, Dafni U, Hasan B, Radcliffe HS, Bustin F, Crequit J, Coate L, Guillot M, Surmont V, Rauch D, Rudzki J, O'Mahony D, Barneto Aranda I, Scherz A, Tsourti Z, Roschitzki-Voser H, Pochesci A, Demonty G, Stahel RA, O'Brien M. Combined, patient-level, analysis of two randomised trials evaluating the addition of denosumab to standard first-line chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC - The ETOP/EORTC SPLENDOUR and AMGEN-249 trials. Lung Cancer 2021; 161:76-85. [PMID: 34543941 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The efficacy of adding denosumab to standard first-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC patients has been evaluated in two separate randomised trials (SPLENDOUR and AMGEN-249). In this pooled analysis, we will assess the combination-treatment effect in the largest available population, in order to conclude about the potential impact of denosumab in NSCLC. METHODS Both trials included in this combined analysis, were randomised (SPLENDOUR 1:1, AMGEN-249 2:1) multi-centre trials stratified by histology, bone metastasis, geographical region and for SPLENDOUR only, ECOG PS. Cox proportional hazards models, were used to assess the treatment effect with respect to overall survival (OS; primary endpoint) and progression-free survival (PFS; secondary endpoint). Heterogeneity between trials was assessed, and subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS The pooled analysis was based on 740 randomised patients (SPLENDOUR:514; AMGEN-249:226), with 407 patients in the chemotherapy-denosumab arm and 333 in the chemotherapy-alone arm. In the chemotherapy-denosumab arm, at a median follow-up of 22.0 months, 277 (68.1%) deaths were reported with median OS 9.2 months (95%CI:[8.0-10.7]), while in the chemotherapy-alone arm, with similar median follow-up of 20.3 months, 230 (69.1%) deaths with median OS 9.9 months (95%CI:[8.2-11.2]). No significant denosumab effect was found (HR = 0.98; 95%CI:[0.82-1.18]; P = 0.85). Among subgroups, interaction was found between treatment and histology subtypes (P = 0.020), with a statistically significant benefit in the squamous group (HR = 0.70; 95%CI:[0.49-0.98]; P = 0.038), from 7.6 to 9.0 months median OS. With respect to PFS, 363 (89.2%) and 298 (89.5%) events were reported in the chemotherapy-denosumab and chemotherapy-alone arms, respectively, with corresponding medians 4.8 months (95%CI:[4.4-5.3]) and 4.9 months (95%CI:[4.3-5.4]). HR for PFS was 0.97(95%CI:[0.83-1.15]; P = 0.76), indicating that no significant denosumab benefit existed for PFS. CONCLUSION In this pooled analysis, no statistically significant improvement was shown in PFS/OS with the combination of denosumab and chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC and no meaningful benefit in any of the subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Peters
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah Danson
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism & Sheffield Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Sheffield, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Dunson Ejedepang
- Headquarters, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Urania Dafni
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens & Frontier Science Foundation-Hellas, Athens, Greece
| | - Baktiar Hasan
- Headquarters, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Linda Coate
- Mid-Western Cancer Centre, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Cancer Trials, Ireland
| | - Monica Guillot
- Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Palma, Spain; Spanish Lung Cancer Group (GECP), Spain
| | | | - Daniel Rauch
- Spital STS AG Thun, Switzerland; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK), Switzerland
| | - Jakob Rudzki
- Innsbruck Universitaetsklinik, Austria; Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), Austria
| | | | - Isidoro Barneto Aranda
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain; Spanish Lung Cancer Group (GECP), Spain
| | - Amina Scherz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK), Switzerland
| | - Zoi Tsourti
- Frontier Science Foundation-Hellas, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alessia Pochesci
- Headquarters, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Rolf A Stahel
- Coordinating Office, European Thoracic Oncology Platform (ETOP), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mary O'Brien
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital Sutton, UK
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9
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Ruiz TFR, Taboga SR, Leonel ECR. Molecular mechanisms of mammary gland remodeling: A review of the homeostatic versus bisphenol a disrupted microenvironment. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:1-16. [PMID: 34343637 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mammary gland (MG) undergoes critical points of structural changes throughout a woman's life. During the perinatal and pubertal stages, MG develops through growth and differentiation to establish a pre-mature feature. If pregnancy and lactation occur, the epithelial compartment branches and differentiates to create a specialized structure for milk secretion and nurturing of the newborn. However, the ultimate MG modification consists of a regression process aiming to reestablish the smaller and less energy demanding structure until another production cycle happens. The unraveling of these fascinating physiologic cycles has helped the scientific community elucidate aspects of molecular regulation of proliferative and apoptotic events and remodeling of the stromal compartment. However, greater understanding of the hormonal pathways involved in MG developmental stages led to concern that endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA), may influence these specific development/involution stages, called "windows of susceptibility". Since it is used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, BPA is a ubiquitous chemical present in human everyday life, exerting an estrogenic effect. Thus, descriptions of its deleterious effects on the MG, especially in terms of serum hormone concentrations, hormonal receptor expression, molecular pathways, and epigenetic alterations, have been widely published. Therefore, allied to a didactic description of the main physiological mechanisms involved in different critical points of MG development, the current review provides a summary of key mechanisms by which the endocrine disruptor BPA impacts MG homeostasis at different windows of susceptibility, causing short- and long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil.
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil.
| | - Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São José Do Rio Preto, Brazil; Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Goiânia, Brazil.
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10
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Slepicka PF, Somasundara AVH, Dos Santos CO. The molecular basis of mammary gland development and epithelial differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 114:93-112. [PMID: 33082117 PMCID: PMC8052380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular events underpinning the development of mammalian organ systems has been increasing rapidly in recent years. With the advent of new and improved next-generation sequencing methods, we are now able to dig deeper than ever before into the genomic and epigenomic events that play critical roles in determining the fates of stem and progenitor cells during the development of an embryo into an adult. In this review, we detail and discuss the genes and pathways that are involved in mammary gland development, from embryogenesis, through maturation into an adult gland, to the role of pregnancy signals in directing the terminal maturation of the mammary gland into a milk producing organ that can nurture the offspring. We also provide an overview of the latest research in the single-cell genomics of mammary gland development, which may help us to understand the lineage commitment of mammary stem cells (MaSCs) into luminal or basal epithelial cells that constitute the mammary gland. Finally, we summarize the use of 3D organoid cultures as a model system to study the molecular events during mammary gland development. Our increased investigation of the molecular requirements for normal mammary gland development will advance the discovery of targets to predict breast cancer risk and the development of new breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferreira Slepicka
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Camila O Dos Santos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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11
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Benítez S, Cordero A, Santamaría PG, Redondo-Pedraza J, Rocha AS, Collado-Solé A, Jimenez M, Sanz-Moreno A, Yoldi G, Santos JC, De Benedictis I, Gómez-Aleza C, Da Silva-Álvarez S, Troulé K, Gómez-López G, Alcazar N, Palmero I, Collado M, Serrano M, Gonzalez-Suarez E. RANK links senescence to stemness in the mammary epithelia, delaying tumor onset but increasing tumor aggressiveness. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1727-1741.e7. [PMID: 34004159 PMCID: PMC8221814 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rank signaling enhances stemness in mouse and human mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and mediates mammary tumor initiation. Mammary tumors initiated by oncogenes or carcinogen exposure display high levels of Rank and Rank pathway inhibitors have emerged as a new strategy for breast cancer prevention and treatment. Here, we show that ectopic Rank expression in the mammary epithelia unexpectedly delays tumor onset and reduces tumor incidence in the oncogene-driven Neu and PyMT models. Mechanistically, we have found that ectopic expression of Rank or exposure to Rankl induces senescence, even in the absence of other oncogenic mutations. Rank leads to DNA damage and senescence through p16/p19. Moreover, RANK-induced senescence is essential for Rank-driven stemness, and although initially translates into delayed tumor growth, eventually promotes tumor progression and metastasis. We uncover a dual role for Rank in the mammary epithelia: Rank induces senescence and stemness, delaying tumor initiation but increasing tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Benítez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Cordero
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Patricia G Santamaría
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Ana S Rocha
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Collado-Solé
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jimenez
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian Sanz-Moreno
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, HMGU, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Guillermo Yoldi
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana C Santos
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ilaria De Benedictis
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Gómez-Aleza
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabela Da Silva-Álvarez
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), E15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Kevin Troulé
- Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Noelia Alcazar
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Palmero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Collado
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), E15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Hidalgo-Mora JJ, Tarín JJ, Cano A. Ovarian steroids and cancer: news on the breast, questions on the reproductive tract. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:383-384. [PMID: 33825589 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1904871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Hidalgo-Mora
- Research Unit on Women's Health-Institute of Health Research, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Tarín
- Department of Cellular Biology, Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cano
- Research Unit on Women's Health-Institute of Health Research, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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13
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Sanz-Moreno A, Palomeras S, Pedersen K, Morancho B, Pascual T, Galván P, Benítez S, Gomez-Miragaya J, Ciscar M, Jimenez M, Pernas S, Petit A, Soler-Monsó MT, Viñas G, Alsaleem M, Rakha EA, Green AR, Santamaria PG, Mulder C, Lemeer S, Arribas J, Prat A, Puig T, Gonzalez-Suarez E. RANK signaling increases after anti-HER2 therapy contributing to the emergence of resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:42. [PMID: 33785053 PMCID: PMC8008631 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 15-20% of primary breast cancers are characterized by HER2 protein overexpression and/or HER2 gene amplification. Despite the successful development of anti-HER2 drugs, intrinsic and acquired resistance represents a major hurdle. This study was performed to analyze the RANK pathway contribution in HER2-positive breast cancer and anti-HER2 therapy resistance. METHODS RANK and RANKL protein expression was assessed in samples from HER2-positive breast cancer patients resistant to anti-HER2 therapy and treatment-naive patients. RANK and RANKL gene expression was analyzed in paired samples from patients treated with neoadjuvant dual HER2-blockade (lapatinib and trastuzumab) from the SOLTI-1114 PAMELA trial. Additionally, HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines were used to modulate RANK expression and analyze in vitro the contribution of RANK signaling to anti-HER2 resistance and downstream signaling. RESULTS RANK and RANKL proteins are more frequently detected in HER2-positive tumors that have acquired resistance to anti-HER2 therapies than in treatment-naive ones. RANK (but not RANKL) gene expression increased after dual anti-HER2 neoadjuvant therapy in the cohort from the SOLTI-1114 PAMELA trial. Results in HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines recapitulate the clinical observations, with increased RANK expression observed after short-term treatment with the HER2 inhibitor lapatinib or dual anti-HER2 therapy and in lapatinib-resistant cells. After RANKL stimulation, lapatinib-resistant cells show increased NF-κB activation compared to their sensitive counterparts, confirming the enhanced functionality of the RANK pathway in anti-HER2-resistant breast cancer. Overactivation of the RANK signaling pathway enhances ERK and NF-κB signaling and increases lapatinib resistance in different HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines, whereas RANK loss sensitizes lapatinib-resistant cells to the drug. Our results indicate that ErbB signaling is required for RANK/RANKL-driven activation of ERK in several HER2-positive cell lines. In contrast, lapatinib is not able to counteract the NF-κB activation elicited after RANKL treatment in RANK-overexpressing cells. Finally, we show that RANK binds to HER2 in breast cancer cells and that enhanced RANK pathway activation alters HER2 phosphorylation status. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a physical and functional link between RANK and HER2 signaling in breast cancer and demonstrate that increased RANK signaling may contribute to the development of lapatinib resistance through NF-κB activation. Whether HER2-positive breast cancer patients with tumoral RANK expression might benefit from dual HER2 and RANK inhibition therapy remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Present Address: German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, HMGU, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Sonia Palomeras
- New Therapeutics Targets Lab (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Kim Pedersen
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Morancho
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Pascual
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,SOLTI Breast Cancer Research Group, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Galván
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Benítez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Gomez-Miragaya
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Present Address: Department of Biomedicine, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marina Ciscar
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jimenez
- Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Pernas
- SOLTI Breast Cancer Research Group, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), University Hospital of Bellvitge IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Petit
- Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), University Hospital of Bellvitge IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Soler-Monsó
- Department of Medical Oncology, Breast Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), University Hospital of Bellvitge IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, University Hospital of Bellvitge, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Viñas
- New Therapeutics Targets Lab (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.,Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Spain
| | - Mansour Alsaleem
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Patricia G Santamaria
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celine Mulder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Lemeer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joaquin Arribas
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aleix Prat
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,SOLTI Breast Cancer Research Group, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Medicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Puig
- New Therapeutics Targets Lab (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Gómez-Aleza C, Nguyen B, Yoldi G, Ciscar M, Barranco A, Hernández-Jiménez E, Maetens M, Salgado R, Zafeiroglou M, Pellegrini P, Venet D, Garaud S, Trinidad EM, Benítez S, Vuylsteke P, Polastro L, Wildiers H, Simon P, Lindeman G, Larsimont D, Van den Eynden G, Velghe C, Rothé F, Willard-Gallo K, Michiels S, Muñoz P, Walzer T, Planelles L, Penninger J, Azim HA, Loi S, Piccart M, Sotiriou C, González-Suárez E. Inhibition of RANK signaling in breast cancer induces an anti-tumor immune response orchestrated by CD8+ T cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6335. [PMID: 33303745 PMCID: PMC7728758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20138-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most breast cancers exhibit low immune infiltration and are unresponsive to immunotherapy. We hypothesized that inhibition of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) signaling pathway may enhance immune activation. Here we report that loss of RANK signaling in mouse tumor cells increases leukocytes, lymphocytes, and CD8+ T cells, and reduces macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. CD8+ T cells mediate the attenuated tumor phenotype observed upon RANK loss, whereas neutrophils, supported by RANK-expressing tumor cells, induce immunosuppression. RANKL inhibition increases the anti-tumor effect of immunotherapies in breast cancer through a tumor cell mediated effect. Comparably, pre-operative single-agent denosumab in premenopausal early-stage breast cancer patients from the Phase-II D-BEYOND clinical trial (NCT01864798) is well tolerated, inhibits RANK pathway and increases tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and CD8+ T cells. Higher RANK signaling activation in tumors and serum RANKL levels at baseline predict these immune-modulatory effects. No changes in tumor cell proliferation (primary endpoint) or other secondary endpoints are observed. Overall, our preclinical and clinical findings reveal that tumor cells exploit RANK pathway as a mechanism to evade immune surveillance and support the use of RANK pathway inhibitors to prime luminal breast cancer for immunotherapy. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK)/RANK-ligand (RANKL) signaling regulates the tumor-immune crosstalk. Here the authors show that systemic RANKL inhibition promotes CD8 + T cell infiltration in patients with early breast cancer and that loss of RANK signaling in tumor cells drives a T cell-dependent anti-tumor response in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gómez-Aleza
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bastien Nguyen
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Guillermo Yoldi
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Ciscar
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Barranco
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marion Maetens
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto Salgado
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, GZA-ZNA Ziekenhuizen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Zafeiroglou
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Pellegrini
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Venet
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soizic Garaud
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva M Trinidad
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Benítez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Vuylsteke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL, Namur, site Sainte-Elisabeth, Namur, Belgium
| | - Laura Polastro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hans Wildiers
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Simon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Lindeman
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gert Van den Eynden
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chloé Velghe
- Clinical Trial Supporting Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Rothé
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Michiels
- Service de Biostatistique et D'Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, CESP, U1018, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médcine, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Purificación Muñoz
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, CIRI, Inserm U1111, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
| | - Lourdes Planelles
- BiOncotech Therapeutics, Parc Cientific Universitat, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josef Penninger
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem A Azim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sherene Loi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Martine Piccart
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christos Sotiriou
- Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory J.-C. Heuson, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eva González-Suárez
- Oncobell, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain. .,Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Simatou A, Sarantis P, Koustas E, Papavassiliou AG, Karamouzis MV. The Role of the RANKL/RANK Axis in the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Anti-RANKL. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207570. [PMID: 33066388 PMCID: PMC7590202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and the RANK ligand (RANKL) were reported in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation/activation and bone homeostasis. Additionally, the RANKL/RANK axis is a significant mediator of progesterone-driven mammary epithelial cell proliferation, potentially contributing to breast cancer initiation and progression. Moreover, several studies supported the synergistic effect of RANK and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and described RANK's involvement in epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ERBB2)-positive carcinogenesis. Consequently, anti-RANKL treatment has been proposed as a new approach to preventing and treating breast cancer and metastases. Recently, RANKL/RANK signaling pathway inhibition has been shown to modulate the immune environment and enhance the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies against solid tumors. Clinical and experimental trials have emerged evaluating RANKL inhibition as an enhancer of the immune response, rendering resistant tumors responsive to immune therapies. Trials evaluating the combinatorial effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-RANKL treatment in double-positive (RANK+/ERBB2+) patients are encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Correspondence: (A.G.P.); (M.V.K.); Tel.: +30-210-746-2508 (ext. 9) (M.V.K.); Fax: +30-210-746-2703 (M.V.K.)
| | - Michalis V. Karamouzis
- Correspondence: (A.G.P.); (M.V.K.); Tel.: +30-210-746-2508 (ext. 9) (M.V.K.); Fax: +30-210-746-2703 (M.V.K.)
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16
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Classical and Non-Classical Progesterone Signaling in Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092440. [PMID: 32867363 PMCID: PMC7563480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Much emphasis is placed on estrogen (E2) and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling as most research is focused on understanding E2 and ER’s ability to enhance proliferative signals in breast cancers. Progesterone (P4) is important for normal mammary gland development, function and menstrual control. However, P4 and its receptors (PRs) in breast cancer etiology continue to be understudied and its role in breast cancer remains controversial. The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial clearly demonstrated the importance of progestogens in breast cancer development. P4 has historically been associated with classical-signaling through nuclear receptors, however non-classical P4 signaling via membrane receptors has been described. Progestogens have the ability to bind to nuclear and membrane receptors and studies have demonstrated that both can promote breast cancer cell proliferation and breast tumor growth. In this review, we attempt to understand the classical and non-classical signaling role of P4 in breast cancers because both nuclear and membrane receptors could become viable therapeutic options for breast cancer patients.
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17
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Ming J, Cronin SJF, Penninger JM. Targeting the RANKL/RANK/OPG Axis for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1283. [PMID: 32850393 PMCID: PMC7426519 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RANKL and RANK are expressed in different cell types and tissues throughout the body. They were originally described for their essential roles in bone remodeling and the immune system but have subsequently been shown to provide essential signals from regulating mammary gland homeostasis during pregnancy to modulating tumorigenesis. The success of RANKL/RANK research serves as a paragon for translational research from the laboratory to the bedside. The case in point has been the development of Denosumab, a RANKL-blocking monoclonal antibody which has already helped millions of patients suffering from post-menopausal osteoporosis and skeletal related events in cancer. Here we will provide an overview of the pathway from its origins to its clinical relevance in disease, with a special focus on emerging evidence demonstrating the therapeutic value of targeting the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis not only in breast cancer but also as an addition to the cancer immunotherapy arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ming
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shane J F Cronin
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Gadag S, Sinha S, Nayak Y, Garg S, Nayak UY. Combination Therapy and Nanoparticulate Systems: Smart Approaches for the Effective Treatment of Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E524. [PMID: 32521684 PMCID: PMC7355786 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has become one of the biggest concerns for oncologists in the past few decades because of its unpredictable etiopathology and nonavailability of personalized translational medicine. The number of women getting affected by breast cancer has increased dramatically, owing to lifestyle and environmental changes. Besides, the development of multidrug resistance has become a challenge in the therapeutic management of breast cancer. Studies reveal that the use of monotherapy is not effective in the management of breast cancer due to high toxicity and the development of resistance. Combination therapies, such as radiation therapy with adjuvant therapy, endocrine therapy with chemotherapy, and targeted therapy with immunotherapy, are found to be effective. Thus, multimodal and combination treatments, along with nanomedicine, have emerged as a promising strategy with minimum side effects and drug resistance. In this review, we emphasize the multimodal approaches and recent advancements in breast cancer treatment modalities, giving importance to the current data on clinical trials. The novel treatment approach by targeted therapy, according to type, such as luminal, HER2 positive, and triple-negative breast cancer, are discussed. Further, passive and active targeting technologies, including nanoparticles, bioconjugate systems, stimuli-responsive, and nucleic acid delivery systems, including siRNA and aptamer, are explained. The recent research exploring the role of nanomedicine in combination therapy and the possible use of artificial intelligence in breast cancer therapy is also discussed herein. The complexity and dynamism of disease changes require the constant upgrading of knowledge, and innovation is essential for future drug development for treating breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad Gadag
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Shristi Sinha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India;
| | - Sanjay Garg
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Usha Y. Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India; (S.G.); (S.S.)
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Trabert B, Sherman ME, Kannan N, Stanczyk FZ. Progesterone and Breast Cancer. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5568276. [PMID: 31512725 PMCID: PMC7156851 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic progestogens (progestins) have been linked to increased breast cancer risk; however, the role of endogenous progesterone in breast physiology and carcinogenesis is less clearly defined. Mechanistic studies using cell culture, tissue culture, and preclinical models implicate progesterone in breast carcinogenesis. In contrast, limited epidemiologic data generally do not show an association of circulating progesterone levels with risk, and it is unclear whether this reflects methodologic limitations or a truly null relationship. Challenges related to defining the role of progesterone in breast physiology and neoplasia include: complex interactions with estrogens and other hormones (eg, androgens, prolactin, etc.), accounting for timing of blood collections for hormone measurements among cycling women, and limitations of assays to measure progesterone metabolites in blood and progesterone receptor isotypes (PRs) in tissues. Separating the individual effects of estrogens and progesterone is further complicated by the partial dependence of PR transcription on estrogen receptor (ER)α-mediated transcriptional events; indeed, interpreting the integrated interaction of the hormones may be more essential than isolating independent effects. Further, many of the actions of both estrogens and progesterone, particularly in "normal" breast tissues, are driven by paracrine mechanisms in which ligand binding to receptor-positive cells evokes secretion of factors that influence cell division of neighboring receptor-negative cells. Accordingly, blood and tissue levels may differ, and the latter are challenging to measure. Given conflicting data related to the potential role of progesterone in breast cancer etiology and interest in blocking progesterone action to prevent or treat breast cancer, we provide a review of the evidence that links progesterone to breast cancer risk and suggest future directions for filling current gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Trabert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Frank Z Stanczyk
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Coleman R, Finkelstein DM, Barrios C, Martin M, Iwata H, Hegg R, Glaspy J, Periañez AM, Tonkin K, Deleu I, Sohn J, Crown J, Delaloge S, Dai T, Zhou Y, Jandial D, Chan A. Adjuvant denosumab in early breast cancer (D-CARE): an international, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2019; 21:60-72. [PMID: 31806543 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30687-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds to, and inhibits, the receptor activator of RANKL (TNFSF11) and might affect breast cancer biology, as shown by preclinical evidence. We aimed to assess whether denosumab combined with standard-of-care adjuvant or neoadjuvant systemic therapy and locoregional treatments would increase bone metastasis-free survival in women with breast cancer. METHOD In this international, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study (D-CARE), patients were recruited from 389 centres in 39 countries. We enrolled women (aged ≥ 18 years) with histologically confirmed stage II or III breast cancer and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. On eligibility confirmation, investigators at each site telephoned an interactive voice response system to centrally randomly assign patients (1:1) based on a fixed stratified permuted block randomisation list (block size 4) to receive either denosumab (120 mg) or matching placebo subcutaneously every 3-4 weeks, starting with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy, for about 6 months and then every 12 weeks for a total duration of 5 years. Stratification factors were breast cancer therapy, lymph node status, hormone receptor and HER2 status, age, and geographical region. The primary endpoint was the composite endpoint of bone metastasis-free survival. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01077154. FINDINGS Between June 2, 2010, and Aug 24, 2012, 4509 women were randomly assigned to receive denosumab (n=2256) or placebo (n=2253) and included in the intention-to-treat analysis. The primary analysis of the study was done when all patients had the opportunity to complete 5 years of follow-up with an analysis data cutoff date of Aug 31, 2017. The primary endpoint of bone metastasis-free survival was not significantly different between the groups (median not reached in either group; hazard ratio 0·97, 95% CI 0·82-1·14; p=0·70). The most common grade 3 or worse treatment-emergent adverse events, reported in patients who had at least one dose of the investigational product (2241 patients with denosumab vs 2218 patients with placebo), were neutropenia (340 [15%] vs 328 [15%]), febrile neutropenia (112 [5%] vs 142 [6%]), and leucopenia (62 [3%] vs 61 [3%]). Positively adjudicated osteonecrosis of the jaw occurred in 122 (5%) of 2241 patients treated with denosumab versus four (<1%) of 2218 patients treated with placebo; treatment-emergent hypocalcaemia occurred in 152 (7%) versus 82 (4%). Two treatment-related deaths occurred in the placebo group due to acute myeloid leukaemia and depressed level of consciousness. INTERPRETATION Despite preclinical evidence suggesting RANKL inhibition might delay bone metastasis or disease recurrence in patients with early-stage breast cancer, in this study, denosumab did not improve disease-related outcomes for women with high-risk early breast cancer. FUNDING Amgen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Coleman
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | | | - Carlos Barrios
- Centro de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Hospital São Lucas, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miguel Martin
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Gregorio Marañon, Ciberonc, Geicam, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Hegg
- Hospital Pérola Byington and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John Glaspy
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ines Deleu
- Oncology Center, AZ Nikolass, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
| | - Joohyuk Sohn
- Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John Crown
- All-Ireland Co-Operative Oncology Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Tian Dai
- Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Arlene Chan
- Breast Cancer Research Centre Western Australia and School of Medicine, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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21
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Cenciarini ME, Proietti CJ. Molecular mechanisms underlying progesterone receptor action in breast cancer: Insights into cell proliferation and stem cell regulation. Steroids 2019; 152:108503. [PMID: 31562879 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ovarian steroid hormone progesterone and its nuclear receptor, the Progesterone Receptor (PR), play an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in the mammary gland. In addition, experimental and clinical evidence demonstrate their critical role in controlling mammary gland tumorigenesis and breast cancer development. When bound to its ligand, the main action of PR is as a transcription factor, which regulates the expression of target genes networks. PR also activates signal transduction pathways through a rapid or non-genomic mechanism in breast cancer cells, an event that is fully integrated with its genomic effects. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of the ligand-activated PR actions that drive epithelial cell proliferation and the regulation of the stem cell population in the normal breast and in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro E Cenciarini
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Cecilia J Proietti
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), CONICET, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina.
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22
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Fu NY, Nolan E, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Stem Cells and the Differentiation Hierarchy in Mammary Gland Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:489-523. [PMID: 31539305 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by dedicated stem and progenitor cells. Both short- and long-lived lineage-restricted progenitors have been identified in adult tissue as well as a small pool of multipotent mammary stem cells (MaSCs), reflecting intrinsic complexity within the epithelial hierarchy. While unipotent progenitor cells predominantly execute day-to-day homeostasis and postnatal morphogenesis during puberty and pregnancy, multipotent MaSCs have been implicated in coordinating alveologenesis and long-term ductal maintenance. Nonetheless, the multipotency of stem cells in the adult remains controversial. The advent of large-scale single-cell molecular profiling has revealed striking changes in the gene expression landscape through ontogeny and the presence of transient intermediate populations. An increasing number of lineage cell-fate determination factors and potential niche regulators have now been mapped along the hierarchy, with many implicated in breast carcinogenesis. The emerging diversity among stem and progenitor populations of the mammary epithelium is likely to underpin the heterogeneity that characterizes breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Yang Fu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma Nolan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Tumour-Host Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that control the transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA by binding to specific DNA sequences either on their own or with other proteins as a complex. TFs thus support or suppress the recruitment of the corresponding RNA polymerase. In general, TFs are classified by structure or function. The TF, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), is expressed in all cell types and tissues. NF-κB signaling and crosstalk are involved in several steps of carcinogenesis including in sequences involving pathogenic stimulus, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, establishment of its remodeling to the precancerous niche (PCN) and transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell. Triggered by various inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB is activated along with other TFs with subsequent stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. The involvement of NF-κB in carcinogenesis provides an opportunity to develop anti-NF-κB therapies. The complexity of these interactions requires that we elucidate those aspects of NF-κB interactions that play a role in carcinogenesis, the sequence of events leading to cancer.
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24
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Infante M, Fabi A, Cognetti F, Gorini S, Caprio M, Fabbri A. RANKL/RANK/OPG system beyond bone remodeling: involvement in breast cancer and clinical perspectives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:12. [PMID: 30621730 PMCID: PMC6325760 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-1001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RANKL/RANK/OPG system consists of three essential signaling molecules: i) the receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kB-ligand (RANKL), ii) the receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK), and iii) the soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). Although this system is critical for the regulation of osteoclast differentiation/activation and calcium release from the skeleton, different studies have elucidated its specific role in mammary gland physiology and hormone-driven epithelial proliferation during pregnancy. Of note, several data suggest that progesterone induces mammary RANKL expression in mice and humans. In turn, RANKL controls cell proliferation in breast epithelium under physiological conditions typically associated with higher serum progesterone levels, such as luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Hence, RANKL/RANK system can be regarded as a major downstream mediator of progesterone-driven mammary epithelial cells proliferation, potentially contributing to breast cancer initiation and progression. Expression of RANKL, RANK, and OPG has been detected in breast cancer cell lines and in human primary breast cancers. To date, dysregulation of RANKL/RANK/OPG system at the skeletal level has been widely documented in the context of metastatic bone disease. In fact, RANKL inhibition through the RANKL-blocking human monoclonal antibody denosumab represents a well-established therapeutic option to prevent skeletal-related events in metastatic bone disease and adjuvant therapy-induced bone loss in breast cancer. On the other hand, the exact role of OPG in breast tumorigenesis is still unclear. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms linking RANKL/RANK/OPG system to mammary tumorigenesis, highlighting pre-clinical and clinical evidence for the potential efficacy of RANKL inhibition as a prevention strategy and adjuvant therapy in breast cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Via San Nemesio, 21, 00145, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fabi
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cognetti
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, CTO A. Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, University Tor Vergata, Via San Nemesio, 21, 00145, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Sarink D, Schock H, Johnson T, Chang-Claude J, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Arveux P, Fournier A, Kvaskoff M, Boeing H, Karakatsani A, Trichopoulou A, La Vecchia C, Masala G, Agnoli C, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, van Gils CH, Peeters PHM, Weiderpass E, Agudo A, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Gil L, Kaw KT, Schmidt JA, Dossus L, His M, Aune D, Riboli E, Kaaks R, Fortner RT. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand, osteoprotegerin, and risk of death following a breast cancer diagnosis: results from the EPIC cohort. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1010. [PMID: 30348163 PMCID: PMC6196438 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK)-signaling is involved in tumor growth and spread in experimental models. Binding of RANK ligand (RANKL) to RANK activates signaling, which is inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG). We have previously shown that circulating soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and OPG are associated with breast cancer risk. Here we extend these findings to provide the first data on pre-diagnosis concentrations of sRANKL and OPG and risk of breast cancer-specific and overall mortality after a breast cancer diagnosis. METHODS Two thousand six pre- and postmenopausal women with incident invasive breast cancer (1620 (81%) with ER+ disease) participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort were followed-up for mortality. Pre-diagnosis concentrations of sRANKL and OPG were quantified in baseline serum samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electrochemiluminescent assay, respectively. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breast cancer-specific and overall mortality were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS Especially in women with ER+ disease, higher circulating OPG concentrations were associated with higher risk of breast cancer-specific (quintile 5 vs 1 HR 1.77 [CI 1.03, 3.04]; ptrend 0.10) and overall mortality (q5 vs 1 HR 1.39 [CI 0.94, 2.05]; ptrend 0.02). sRANKL and the sRANKL/OPG ratio were not associated with mortality following a breast cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS High pre-diagnosis endogenous concentrations of OPG, the decoy receptor for RANKL, were associated with increased risk of death after a breast cancer diagnosis, especially in those with ER+ disease. These results need to be confirmed in well-characterized patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danja Sarink
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helena Schock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Patrick Arveux
- Breast and Gynaecologic Cancer Registry of Côte d’Or, Georges-François Leclerc Comprehensive Cancer Care Centre, Dijon, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Agnès Fournier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marina Kvaskoff
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anna Karakatsani
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- 2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, Haidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute – ISP, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicine Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, “Civic M.P.Arezzo” Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy
| | - Carla H. van Gils
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra H. M. Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Gil
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kay Tee Kaw
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julie A. Schmidt
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laure Dossus
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Mathilde His
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renée T. Fortner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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NFκB activation in differentiating glioblastoma stem-like cells is promoted by hyaluronic acid signaling through TLR4. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6341. [PMID: 29679017 PMCID: PMC5910430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24444-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously described that the NFκB pathway is upregulated during differentiation of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) which keeps differentiating GSCs in a proliferative astrocytic precursor state. However, extracellular signals and cellular mediators of this pathway are not clear yet. Here, we show that TLR4 is a key factor to promote NFκB activation in differentiating GSCs. TLR4 is upregulated during differentiation of GSCs and promotes transcriptional activation of NFκB as determined by luciferase-reporter assays and expression of NFκB target genes. Downregulation of TLR4 by shRNAs or blockade with anti-TLR4 specific antibodies drastically inhibited NFκB activity which promoted further differentiation and reduced proliferation of GSCs. We found that hyaluronic acid (HA), a main component of brain extracellular matrix, triggers the TLR4-NFκB pathway in differentiating GSCs. Moreover, HA is synthesized and released by GSCs undergoing differentiation and leads to transcriptional activation of NFκB, which is inhibited following downregulation of TLR4 or blockade of HA synthesis. Thus, we have demonstrated that during the process of differentiation, GSCs upregulate TLR4 and release the TLR4 ligand HA, which activates the TLR4-NFκB signaling pathway. This strategy may efficiently be used by differentiating GSCs to maintain their proliferative potential and consequently their tumorigenic capacity.
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The Proliferative Response to p27 Down-Regulation in Estrogen Plus Progestin Hormonal Therapy is Lost in Breast Tumors. Transl Oncol 2018. [PMID: 29524829 PMCID: PMC5884216 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased proliferation and breast cancer risk has been observed in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen (E) + progestin hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Progestin action is mediated through two progesterone receptor (PR) isoforms, PRA and PRB, with unique transcriptional activity and function. The current study examines hormonal regulation of PR isoforms in the normal postmenopausal human breast and the mechanism by which progestins increase proliferation and breast cancer risk. Archival benign breast biopsies from postmenopausal and premenopausal women, and luminal breast tumor biopsies from postmenopausal women, were analyzed for regulation of PRA and PRB expression by E and E+medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). In the postmenopausal breast without HRT, PRA and PRB expression was decreased compared to the premenopausal breast. Both E (n = 12) and E+MPA (n = 13) HRT in the postmenopausal breast were associated with increased PRA and PRB expression, increased nuclear cyclin E expression, and decreased nuclear p27 expression compared to no HRT (n = 16). With E+MPA HRT, there was a further decrease in nuclear p27 and increased Receptor Activator of NF-kappa B Ligand (RANKL) expression compared to E-alone HRT. In luminal breast cancers, E+MPA HRT (n = 6) was also associated with decreased nuclear expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 compared to E HRT (n = 6), but was not associated with increased proliferation. These results suggest that p27 mediates progestin-induced proliferation in the normal human breast and that regulation of this proliferative response by E+MPA is lost in breast tumors.
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Rao S, Cronin SJF, Sigl V, Penninger JM. RANKL and RANK: From Mammalian Physiology to Cancer Treatment. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 28:213-223. [PMID: 29241686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor RANK (TNFRSF11A) and its ligand RANKL (TNFSF11) regulate osteoclast development and bone metabolism. They also control stem cell expansion and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells via the sex hormone progesterone. As such, RANKL and RANK have been implicated in the onset of hormone-induced breast cancer. Recently, RANK/RANKL were identified as crucial regulators for BRCA1 mutation-driven breast cancer. Current prevention strategies for BRCA1 mutation carriers are associated with wide-ranging risks; therefore, the search for alternative, non-invasive strategies is of paramount importance. We summarize here the functions of the RANKL/RANK pathway in mammalian physiology and focus on its recently uncovered role in breast cancer. We propose that anti-RANKL therapy should be pursued as a preventative strategy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Rao
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Shane J F Cronin
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Verena Sigl
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Coulson R, Liew SH, Connelly AA, Yee NS, Deb S, Kumar B, Vargas AC, O'Toole SA, Parslow AC, Poh A, Putoczki T, Morrow RJ, Alorro M, Lazarus KA, Yeap EFW, Walton KL, Harrison CA, Hannan NJ, George AJ, Clyne CD, Ernst M, Allen AM, Chand AL. The angiotensin receptor blocker, Losartan, inhibits mammary tumor development and progression to invasive carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:18640-18656. [PMID: 28416734 PMCID: PMC5386636 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs that target the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) have recently come into focus for their potential utility as cancer treatments. The use of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors (ACEIs) to manage hypertension in cancer patients is correlated with improved survival outcomes for renal, prostate, breast and small cell lung cancer. Previous studies demonstrate that the Angiotensin Receptor Type I (AT1R) is linked to breast cancer pathogenesis, with unbiased analysis of gene-expression studies identifying significant up-regulation of AGTR1, the gene encoding AT1R in ER+ve/HER2−ve tumors correlating with poor prognosis. However, there is no evidence, so far, of the functional contribution of AT1R to breast tumorigenesis. We explored the potential therapeutic benefit of ARB in a carcinogen-induced mouse model of breast cancer and clarified the mechanisms associated with its success. Mammary tumors were induced with 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]antracene (DMBA) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) in female wild type mice and the effects of the ARB, Losartan treatment assessed in a preventative setting (n = 15 per group). Tumor histopathology was characterised by immunohistochemistry, real-time qPCR to detect gene expression signatures, and tumor cytokine levels measured with quantitative bioplex assays. AT1R was detected with radiolabelled ligand binding assays in fresh frozen tumor samples. We showed that therapeutic inhibition of AT1R, with Losartan, resulted in a significant reduction in tumor burden; and no mammary tumor incidence in 20% of animals. We observed a significant reduction in tumor progression from DCIS to invasive cancer with Losartan treatment. This was associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation and a significant reduction in IL-6, pSTAT3 and TNFα levels. Analysis of tumor immune cell infiltrates, however, demonstrated no significant differences in the recruitment of lymphocytes or tumour-associated macrophages in Losartan or vehicle-treated mammary tumors. Analysis of AT1R expression with radiolabelled ligand binding assays in human breast cancer biopsies showed high AT1R levels in 30% of invasive ductal carcinomas analysed. Furthermore, analysis of the TCGA database identified that high AT1R expression to be associated with luminal breast cancer subtype. Our in vivo data and analysis of human invasive ductal carcinoma samples identify the AT1R is a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer, with the availability of a range of well-tolerated inhibitors currently used in clinics. We describe a novel signalling pathway critical in breast tumorigenesis, that may provide new therapeutic avenues to complement current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Coulson
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Translational Breast Cancer Research, Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Seng H Liew
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas S Yee
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Deb
- Anatomical Pathology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Beena Kumar
- Anatomical Pathology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ana C Vargas
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra A O'Toole
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW, Australia.,Translational Breast Cancer Research, Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, NSW, Australia
| | - Adam C Parslow
- Tumor Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Poh
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy Putoczki
- Inflammation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, VIC, Australia
| | - Riley J Morrow
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Mariah Alorro
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Kyren A Lazarus
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Evie F W Yeap
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kelly L Walton
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Craig A Harrison
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Amee J George
- The ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Colin D Clyne
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew M Allen
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashwini L Chand
- Cancer Drug Discovery, Hudson's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cancer and Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
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30
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Sau A, Cabrita MA, Pratt MAC. NF-κB at the Crossroads of Normal Mammary Gland Biology and the Pathogenesis and Prevention of BRCA1-Mutated Breast Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 11:69-80. [PMID: 29101208 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that progesterone receptor (PR)-expressing cells respond to progesterone in part through the induction of the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), which acts in a paracrine manner to induce expansion of a RANK-expressing luminal progenitor cell population. The RANK+ population in human breast tissue from carriers of BRCA1 mutations (BRCA1mut/+) as well as the luminal progenitor population in Brca1-deficient mouse mammary glands is abnormally amplified. Remarkably, mouse Brca1+/- and human BRCA1mut/+ progenitor cells are able to form colonies in vitro in the absence of progesterone, demonstrating a hormone-independent proliferative capacity. Our research has demonstrated that proliferation in BRCA1-deficient cells results in a DNA damage response (DDR) that activates a persistent NF-κB signal, which supplants progesterone/RANKL signaling for an extended time period. Thus, the transcriptional targets normally activated by RANKL that promote a proliferative response in luminal progenitors can contribute to the susceptibility of mammary epithelial cells to BRCA1-mutated breast cancers as a consequence of DDR-induced NF-κB. Together, these latest findings mark substantial progress in uncovering the mechanisms driving high rates of breast tumorigenesis in BRCA1 mutation carriers and ultimately reveal possibilities for nonsurgical prevention strategies. Cancer Prev Res; 11(2); 69-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sau
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Sarink D, Schock H, Johnson T, Overvad K, Holm M, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, His M, Kvaskoff M, Boeing H, Lagiou P, Papatesta EM, Trichopoulou A, Palli D, Pala V, Mattiello A, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HBA, van Gils CH, Peeters PH, Weiderpass E, Agudo A, Sánchez MJ, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Khaw KT, Travis R, Dossus L, Gunter M, Rinaldi S, Merritt M, Riboli E, Kaaks R, Fortner RT. Circulating RANKL and RANKL/OPG and Breast Cancer Risk by ER and PR Subtype: Results from the EPIC Cohort. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:525-534. [PMID: 28701332 PMCID: PMC5603271 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)-RANK ligand (RANKL) signaling promotes mammary tumor development in experimental models. Circulating concentrations of soluble RANKL (sRANKL) may influence breast cancer risk via activation of RANK signaling; this may be modulated by osteoprotegerin (OPG), the decoy receptor for RANKL. sRANKL and breast cancer risk by hormone receptor subtype has not previously been investigated. A case-control study was nested in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. This study included 1,976 incident invasive breast cancer cases [estrogen receptor positive (ER+), n = 1,598], matched 1:1 to controls. Women were pre- or postmenopausal at blood collection. Serum sRANKL was quantified using an ELISA, serum OPG using an electrochemiluminescent assay. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Associations between sRANKL and breast cancer risk differed by tumor hormone receptor status (Phet = 0.05). Higher concentrations of sRANKL were positively associated with risk of ER+ breast cancer [5th vs. 1st quintile RR 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01-1.63); Ptrend = 0.20], but not ER- disease. For both ER+ and estrogen and progesterone receptor positive (ER+PR+) breast cancer, results considering the sRANKL/OPG ratio were similar to those for sRANKL; we observed a suggestive inverse association between the ratio and ER-PR- disease [5th vs. 1st quintile RR = 0.60 (0.31-1.14); Ptrend = 0.03]. This study provides the first large-scale prospective data on circulating sRANKL and breast cancer. We observed limited evidence for an association between sRANKL and breast cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res; 10(9); 525-34. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danja Sarink
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helena Schock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne Holm
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Unit of Diet, Genes and Environment, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mathilde His
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Marina Kvaskoff
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute, ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, "Civic- M.P Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy
| | - H B As Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carla H van Gils
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra H Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-José Sánchez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, BioDonostia Health Research Istitute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Kay Tee Khaw
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Dossus
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Mark Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Melissa Merritt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renée T Fortner
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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Bado I, Gugala Z, Fuqua SAW, Zhang XHF. Estrogen receptors in breast and bone: from virtue of remodeling to vileness of metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:4527-4537. [PMID: 28368409 PMCID: PMC5552443 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer. High rates of bone colonization in breast cancer, especially in the subtype expressing estrogen receptors (ERs), suggest tissue-specific proclivities for metastatic tumor formation. The mechanisms behind this subtype-specific organ-tropism remains largely elusive. Interestingly, as the major driver of ER+ breast cancer, ERs also have important roles in bone development and homeostasis. Thus, any agents targeting ER will also inevitably affect the microenvironment, which involves the osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Yet, how such microenvironmental effects are integrated with direct therapeutic responses of cancer cells remain poorly understood. Recent findings on ER mutations, especially their enrichment in bone metastasis, raised even more provocative questions on the role of ER in cancer-bone interaction. In this review, we evaluate the importance of ERs in bone metastasis and discuss new avenues of investigation for bone metastasis treatment based on current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bado
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Zbigniew Gugala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Suzanne A. W. Fuqua
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Xiang H.-F. Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030
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33
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Pham K, Dong J, Jiang X, Qu Y, Yu H, Yang Y, Olea W, Marini JC, Chan L, Wang J, Wehrens XHT, Cui X, Li Y, Hadsell DL, Cheng N. Loss of glutaredoxin 3 impedes mammary lobuloalveolar development during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E136-E149. [PMID: 27894063 PMCID: PMC5374299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00150.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3) has been shown to be important for regulating cellular redox homeostasis in the cell. Our previous studies indicate that Grx3 is significantly overexpressed in various human cancers including breast cancer and demonstrate that Grx3 controls cancer cell growth and invasion by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF-κB signaling pathways. However, it remains to be determined whether Grx3 is required for normal mammary gland development and how it contributes to epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo. In the present study, we examined Grx3 expression in different cell types within the developing mouse mammary gland (MG) and found enhanced expression of Grx3 at pregnancy and lactation stages. To assess the physiological role of Grx3 in MG, we generated the mutant mice in which Grx3 was deleted specifically in mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Although the reduction of Grx3 expression had only minimal effects on mammary ductal development in virgin mice, it did reduce alveolar density during pregnancy and lactation. The impairment of lobuloalveolar development was associated with high levels of ROS accumulation and reduced expression of milk protein genes. In addition, proliferative gene expression was significantly suppressed with proliferation defects occurring in knockout MECs during alveolar development compared with wild-type controls. Therefore, our findings suggest that Grx3 is a key regulator of ROS in vivo and is involved in pregnancy-dependent mammary gland development and secretory activation through modulating cellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Pham
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jie Dong
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Han Yu
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Walter Olea
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Juan C Marini
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Darryl L Hadsell
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ninghui Cheng
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
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34
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Owen S, Zabkiewicz C, Ye L, Sanders AJ, Gong C, Jiang WG. Key Factors in Breast Cancer Dissemination and Establishment at the Bone: Past, Present and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1026:197-216. [PMID: 29282685 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6020-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bone metastases associated with breast cancer remain a clinical challenge due to their associated morbidity, limited therapeutic intervention and lack of prognostic markers. With a continually evolving understanding of bone biology and its dynamic microenvironment, many potential new targets have been proposed. In this chapter, we discuss the roles of well-established bone markers and how their targeting, in addition to tumour-targeted therapies, might help in the prevention and treatment of bone metastases. There are a vast number of bone markers, of which one of the best-known families is the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). This chapter focuses on their role in breast cancer-associated bone metastases, associated signalling pathways and the possibilities for potential therapeutic intervention. In addition, this chapter provides an update on the role receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) play on breast cancer development and their subsequent influence during the homing and establishment of breast cancer-associated bone metastases. Beyond the well-established bone molecules, this chapter also explores the role of other potential factors such as activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) and its potential impact on breast cancer cells' affinity for the bone environment, which implies that ALCAM could be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sioned Owen
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, CCMRC, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Catherine Zabkiewicz
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, CCMRC, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, CCMRC, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew J Sanders
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, CCMRC, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Chang Gong
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, CCMRC, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.,Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, CCMRC, Cardiff University, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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35
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Molecular regulation of lactation: The complex and requisite roles for zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Bernhardt SM, Dasari P, Walsh D, Townsend AR, Price TJ, Ingman WV. Hormonal Modulation of Breast Cancer Gene Expression: Implications for Intrinsic Subtyping in Premenopausal Women. Front Oncol 2016; 6:241. [PMID: 27896218 PMCID: PMC5107819 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinics are increasingly adopting gene-expression profiling to diagnose breast cancer subtype, providing an intrinsic, molecular portrait of the tumor. For example, the PAM50-based Prosigna test quantifies expression of 50 key genes to classify breast cancer subtype, and this method of classification has been demonstrated to be superior over traditional immunohistochemical methods that detect proteins, to predict risk of disease recurrence. However, these tests were largely developed and validated using breast cancer samples from postmenopausal women. Thus, the accuracy of such tests has not been explored in the context of the hormonal fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone that occur during the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women. Concordance between traditional methods of subtyping and the new tests in premenopausal women is likely to depend on the stage of the menstrual cycle at which the tissue sample is taken and the relative effect of hormones on expression of genes versus proteins. The lack of knowledge around the effect of fluctuating estrogen and progesterone on gene expression in breast cancer patients raises serious concerns for intrinsic subtyping in premenopausal women, which comprise about 25% of breast cancer diagnoses. Further research on the impact of the menstrual cycle on intrinsic breast cancer profiling is required if premenopausal women are to benefit from the new technology of intrinsic subtyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Bernhardt
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pallave Dasari
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David Walsh
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide , Woodville, SA , Australia
| | - Amanda R Townsend
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Price
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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RANKL Signaling and ErbB Receptors in Breast Carcinogenesis. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:839-850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Oncogenic events combined with a favourable environment are the two main factors in the oncological process. The tumour microenvironment is composed of a complex, interconnected network of protagonists, including soluble factors such as cytokines, extracellular matrix components, interacting with fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and various specific cell types depending on the location of the cancer cells (e.g. pulmonary epithelium, osteoblasts). This diversity defines specific "niches" (e.g. vascular, immune, bone niches) involved in tumour growth and the metastatic process. These actors communicate together by direct intercellular communications and/or in an autocrine/paracrine/endocrine manner involving cytokines and growth factors. Among these glycoproteins, RANKL (receptor activator nuclear factor-κB ligand) and its receptor RANK (receptor activator nuclear factor), members of the TNF and TNFR superfamilies, have stimulated the interest of the scientific community. RANK is frequently expressed by cancer cells in contrast with RANKL which is frequently detected in the tumour microenvironment and together they participate in every step in cancer development. Their activities are markedly regulated by osteoprotegerin (OPG, a soluble decoy receptor) and its ligands, and by LGR4, a membrane receptor able to bind RANKL. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the functional implication of the RANK/RANKL system in cancer development, and to underline the most recent clinical studies.
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Yoldi G, Pellegrini P, Trinidad EM, Cordero A, Gomez-Miragaya J, Serra-Musach J, Dougall WC, Muñoz P, Pujana MA, Planelles L, González-Suárez E. RANK Signaling Blockade Reduces Breast Cancer Recurrence by Inducing Tumor Cell Differentiation. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5857-5869. [PMID: 27480274 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RANK expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer even though its therapeutic potential remains unknown. RANKL and its receptor RANK are downstream effectors of the progesterone signaling pathway. However, RANK expression is enriched in hormone receptor negative adenocarcinomas, suggesting additional roles for RANK signaling beyond its hormone-dependent function. Here, to explore the role of RANK signaling once tumors have developed, we use the mouse mammary tumor virus-Polyoma Middle T (MMTV-PyMT), which mimics RANK and RANKL expression patterns seen in human breast adenocarcinomas. Complementary genetic and pharmacologic approaches demonstrate that therapeutic inhibition of RANK signaling drastically reduces the cancer stem cell pool, decreases tumor and metastasis initiation, and enhances sensitivity to chemotherapy. Mechanistically, genome-wide expression analyses show that anti-RANKL therapy promotes lactogenic differentiation of tumor cells. Moreover, RANK signaling in tumor cells negatively regulates the expression of Ap2 transcription factors, and enhances the Wnt agonist Rspo1 and the Sca1-population, enriched in tumor-initiating cells. In addition, we found that expression of TFAP2B and the RANK inhibitor, OPG, in human breast cancer correlate and are associated with relapse-free tumors. These results support the use of RANKL inhibitors to reduce recurrence and metastasis in breast cancer patients based on its ability to induce tumor cell differentiation. Cancer Res; 76(19); 5857-69. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Yoldi
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Pellegrini
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva M Trinidad
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Cordero
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Gomez-Miragaya
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Serra-Musach
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Lab, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Purificación Muñoz
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel-Angel Pujana
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Lab, Catalan Institute of Oncology, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Planelles
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva González-Suárez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
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Grimm SL, Hartig SM, Edwards DP. Progesterone Receptor Signaling Mechanisms. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3831-49. [PMID: 27380738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor (PR) is a master regulator in female reproductive tissues that controls developmental processes and proliferation and differentiation during the reproductive cycle and pregnancy. PR also plays a role in progression of endocrine-dependent breast cancer. As a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-dependent transcription factors, the main action of PR is to regulate networks of target gene expression in response to binding its cognate steroid hormone, progesterone. This paper summarizes recent advances in understanding the structure-function properties of the receptor protein and the tissue/cell-type-specific PR signaling pathways that contribute to the biological actions of progesterone in the normal breast and in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Grimm
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sean M Hartig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Sau A, Lau R, Cabrita MA, Nolan E, Crooks PA, Visvader JE, Pratt MAC. Persistent Activation of NF-κB in BRCA1-Deficient Mammary Progenitors Drives Aberrant Proliferation and Accumulation of DNA Damage. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:52-65. [PMID: 27292187 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human BRCA1 mutation carriers and BRCA1-deficient mouse mammary glands contain an abnormal population of mammary luminal progenitors that can form 3D colonies in a hormone-independent manner. The intrinsic cellular regulatory defect in these presumptive breast cancer precursors is not known. We have discovered that nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) (p52/RelB) is persistently activated in a subset of BRCA1-deficient mammary luminal progenitors. Hormone-independent luminal progenitor colony formation required NF-κB, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), and the inhibitor of kappaB kinase, IKKα. Progesterone (P4)-stimulated proliferation resulted in a marked enhancement of DNA damage foci in Brca1(-/-) mouse mammary. In vivo, NF-κB inhibition prevented recovery of Brca1(-/-) hormone-independent colony-forming cells. The majority of human BRCA1(mut/+) mammary glands showed marked lobular expression of nuclear NF-κB. We conclude that the aberrant proliferative capacity of Brca1(-/-) luminal progenitor cells is linked to the replication-associated DNA damage response, where proliferation of mammary progenitors is perpetuated by damage-induced, autologous NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sau
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Rosanna Lau
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Miguel A Cabrita
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Emma Nolan
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - M A Christine Pratt
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
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González-Suárez E, Sanz-Moreno A. RANK as a therapeutic target in cancer. FEBS J 2016; 283:2018-33. [PMID: 26749530 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The RANK signaling pathway has emerged as a new target in breast cancer as receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK mediate the pro-tumorigenic role of progesterone in the mammary gland. Thousands of cancer patients worldwide are already taking RANKL inhibitors for the management of bone metastasis, given the relevance of this pathway in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. RANK signaling also has multiple divergent effects in immunity and inflammation, both in the generation of active immune responses and in the induction of tolerance: it is required for lymph node organogenesis, thymic medullary epithelial development and self-tolerance, and regulates activation of several immune cells and inflammatory processes. The RANK pathway interferes with mammary epithelial differentiation and mediates the major proliferative response of mammary epithelium to progesterone and progesterone-driven expansion of mammary stem cells; it also controls hair follicle and epidermal stem cell homeostasis, pointing to RANK as a key regulator of epithelial stemness. Here we revisit the main functions of RANK signaling in bone remodeling, immune cells and epithelial differentiation. We also discuss the mechanistic evidence that supports its pleiotropic effects on cancer: from bone metastasis to immune and cancer-cell-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva González-Suárez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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Tsubaki M, Takeda T, Yoshizumi M, Ueda E, Itoh T, Imano M, Satou T, Nishida S. RANK-RANKL interactions are involved in cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance in multiple myeloma cell lines. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:9099-110. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Cordero A, Pellegrini P, Sanz-Moreno A, Trinidad EM, Serra-Musach J, Deshpande C, Dougall WC, Pujana MA, González-Suárez E. Rankl Impairs Lactogenic Differentiation Through Inhibition of the Prolactin/Stat5 Pathway at Midgestation. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1027-39. [PMID: 26695351 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin and progesterone both orchestrate the proliferation and differentiation of the mammary gland during gestation. Differentiation of milk secreting alveoli depends on the presence of prolactin receptor, the downstream Jak2-Stat5 pathway and the transcription factor Elf5. A strict regulation of Rank signaling is essential for the differentiation of the mammary gland and in particular for alveolar commitment. Impaired alveologenesis and lactation failure are observed in both, knockout and Rank overexpressing mice; however, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for these phenotypes remains largely unknown. Using genome-wide expression analyses and functional studies, we show here that Rankl (RL) exposure leads to impaired secretory differentiation of alveolar cells not only in MMTV-RANK but also in wild-type (WT) mammary acini. Conversely, pharmacological blockage of Rank signaling at midgestation in WT mice leads to precocious and exacerbated lactogenesis. Mechanistically, RL negatively regulates Stat5 phosphorylation and Elf5 expression at the onset of lactogenesis. Continuous RL exposure leads to the expansion of basal and bipotent cells in WT and MMTV-RANK acini. Overall, we demonstrate that enhanced Rank signaling impairs secretory differentiation during pregnancy by inhibition of the prolactin/p-Stat5 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cordero
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pasquale Pellegrini
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva M Trinidad
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Chetan Deshpande
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Computational Biology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | | | | | - Eva González-Suárez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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Role of the RANK/RANKL pathway in breast cancer. Maturitas 2016; 86:10-6. [PMID: 26921922 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the OPG/RANK/RANKL pathway two decades ago has initiated novel insights into regulation of bone formation. More recently this pathway has been found to be also relevant in osteoclastic-independent mechanisms, mainly in mammary physiology and breast cancer. RANKL/RANK function is essential for epithelial cell proliferation and cellular survival as well as lobulo-alveolar development. The endogenous OPG functions as a soluble decoy receptor, binding the cytokine RANKL to prevent RANKL from activating its receptor RANK. The regulatory function of RANKL is one of the key factors in progesterone-induced proliferation of the breast. Progesterone has a direct action of progesterone on progesterone-receptor (PR) expressing cells but PR-negative cells are affected indirectly through RANKL-induced paracrine actions leading to proliferation of mammary epithelial PR-negative cells. RANK induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness in human mammary epithelial cells and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis. Inhibition of the RANK/RANKL pathway using the monoclonal antibody denosumab can neutralize RANKL and inhibiting its interaction with its receptor RANK. Denosumab is currently used to treat osteoporosis and in prevention of skeletal related events in patients suffering from bone metastases due to solid tumors. As preclinical experiments suggest the RANKL/RANK pathway plays an important role in primary breast cancer development. The interference with the RANK/RANKL system could therefore serve as a potential target for prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
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Chypre M, Seaman J, Cordeiro OG, Willen L, Knoop KA, Buchanan A, Sainson RCA, Williams IR, Yagita H, Schneider P, Mueller CG. Characterization and application of two RANK-specific antibodies with different biological activities. Immunol Lett 2016; 171:5-14. [PMID: 26773232 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an important role in therapy and investigative biomedical research. The TNF-family member Receptor Activator of NF-κB (RANK) is known for its role in bone homeostasis and is increasingly recognized as a central player in immune regulation and epithelial cell activation. However, the study of RANK biology has been hampered by missing or insufficient characterization of high affinity tools that recognize RANK. Here, we present a careful description and comparison of two antibodies, RANK-02 obtained by phage display (Newa, 2014 [1]) and R12-31 generated by immunization (Kamijo, 2006 [2]). We found that both antibodies recognized mouse RANK with high affinity, while RANK-02 and R12-31 recognized human RANK with high and lower affinities, respectively. Using a cell apoptosis assay based on stimulation of a RANK:Fas fusion protein, and a cellular NF-κB signaling assay, we showed that R12-31 was agonist for both species. R12-31 interfered little or not at all with the binding of RANKL to RANK, in contrast to RANK-02 that efficiently prevented this interaction. Depending on the assay and species, RANK-02 was either a weak agonist or a partial antagonist of RANK. Both antibodies recognized human Langerhans cells, previously shown to express RANK, while dermal dendritic cells were poorly labeled. In vivo R12-31 agonist activity was demonstrated by its ability to induce the formation of intestinal villous microfold cells in mice. This characterization of two monoclonal antibodies should now allow better evaluation of their application as therapeutic reagents and investigative tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chypre
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France; Prestwick Chemical, Blvd Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'innovation, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | | | - Olga G Cordeiro
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Laure Willen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kathryn A Knoop
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Ifor R Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS UPR 3572, Laboratory of Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France.
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González Ricarte M, de Castro Pérez A, Tarín JJ, Cano A. Progestogens and risk of breast cancer: a link between bone and breast? Gynecol Endocrinol 2016; 32:6-8. [PMID: 26299383 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2015.1078304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the data supporting the role of receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa (RANK) and its ligand, RANKL, in progestogen-induced breast cancer. Both experimental and clinical studies have been included. The expression of both RANK and RANKL has been described in epithelial cells of both mice and humans. Experiments of gain and loss of function in mice have shown that RANK/RANKL mediate alveologenesis during pregnancy or the estrous cycle. Moreover, the participation of the RANK/RANKL has been detected in models of breast carcinogenesis associated with progestogens-like medroxyprogesterone acetate. Recent clinical studies have found that the expression of RANK is associated with parameters of aggressiveness of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- María González Ricarte
- a Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario , Valencia , Spain
| | - Ana de Castro Pérez
- a Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario , Valencia , Spain
| | - Juan J Tarín
- b Department of Functional Biology and Physical Anthropology , School of Biological Sciences, Burjasot Campus, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain , and
| | - Antonio Cano
- a Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Clínico Universitario , Valencia , Spain
- c Department of Pediatrics , Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Nandy SB, Gangwani L, Nahleh Z, Subramani R, Arumugam A, de la Rosa JM, Lakshmanaswamy R. Recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer is influenced by ovarian hormone's effect on breast cancer stem cells. Future Oncol 2015; 11:983-95. [PMID: 25760978 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have recently attracted great interest because of their emerging role in initiation, progression and metastasis, combined with their intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. CSCs and its interaction with hormones in breast cancer are currently being investigated with the aim of uncovering the molecular mechanisms by which they evade conventional treatment regimens. In this review, we discuss recent experimental data and new perspectives in the area of steroid hormones and their cross-talk with breast CSCs. We have covered literature associated with biomarkers, hormone receptors and hormone responsive signaling pathways in breast CSC. In addition, we also discuss the role of miRNAs in hormone mediated regulation of breast CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Bose Nandy
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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Aberrant Activation of the RANK Signaling Receptor Induces Murine Salivary Gland Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128467. [PMID: 26061636 PMCID: PMC4464738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike cancers of related exocrine tissues such as the mammary and prostate gland, diagnosis and treatment of aggressive salivary gland malignancies have not markedly advanced in decades. Effective clinical management of malignant salivary gland cancers is undercut by our limited knowledge concerning the key molecular signals that underpin the etiopathogenesis of this rare and heterogeneous head and neck cancer. Without knowledge of the critical signals that drive salivary gland tumorigenesis, tumor vulnerabilities cannot be exploited that allow for targeted molecular therapies. This knowledge insufficiency is further exacerbated by a paucity of preclinical mouse models (as compared to other cancer fields) with which to both study salivary gland pathobiology and test novel intervention strategies. Using a mouse transgenic approach, we demonstrate that deregulation of the Receptor Activator of NFkB Ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling axis results in rapid tumor development in all three major salivary glands. In line with its established role in other exocrine gland cancers (i.e., breast cancer), the RANKL/RANK signaling axis elicits an aggressive salivary gland tumor phenotype both at the histologic and molecular level. Despite the ability of this cytokine signaling axis to drive advanced stage disease within a short latency period, early blockade of RANKL/RANK signaling markedly attenuates the development of malignant salivary gland neoplasms. Together, our findings have uncovered a tumorigenic role for RANKL/RANK in the salivary gland and suggest that targeting this pathway may represent a novel therapeutic intervention approach in the prevention and/or treatment of this understudied head and neck cancer.
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50
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Wood CE, Branstetter D, Jacob AP, Cline JM, Register TC, Rohrbach K, Huang LY, Borgerink H, Dougall WC. Progestin effects on cell proliferation pathways in the postmenopausal mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R62. [PMID: 23938070 PMCID: PMC3978455 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Menopausal hormone therapies vary widely in their effects on breast cancer risk, and the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. The primary goals of this study were to characterize the mammary gland transcriptional profile of estrogen + progestin therapy in comparison with estrogen-alone or tibolone and investigate pathways of cell proliferation in a postmenopausal primate model. Methods Ovariectomized female cynomolgus macaque monkeys were randomized into the following groups: placebo (Con), oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), CEE with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (CEE + MPA), and tibolone given at a low or high dose (Lo or Hi Tib). All study treatment doses represented human clinical dose equivalents and were administered in the diet over a period of 2 years. Results Treatment with CEE + MPA had the greatest effect on global mRNA profiles and markers of mammary gland proliferation compared to CEE or tibolone treatment. Changes in the transcriptional patterns resulting from the addition of MPA to CEE were related to increased growth factors and decreased estrogen receptor (ER) signaling. Specific genes induced by CEE + MPA treatment included key members of prolactin receptor (PRLR)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) pathways that were highly associated with breast tissue proliferation. In contrast, tibolone did not affect breast tissue proliferation but did elicit a mixed pattern of ER agonist activity. Conclusion Our findings indicate that estrogen + progestin therapy results in a distinct molecular profile compared to estrogen-alone or tibolone therapy, including upregulation of key growth factor targets associated with mammary carcinogenesis in mouse models. These changes may contribute to the promotional effects of estrogen + progestin therapy on breast cancer risk.
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