1
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Wu CK, Shiu JL, Wu CL, Hung CF, Ho YC, Chen YT, Tung SY, Yeh CF, Shen CH, Liaw H, Su WP. APLF facilitates interstrand DNA crosslink repair and replication fork protection to confer cisplatin resistance. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5676-5697. [PMID: 38520407 PMCID: PMC11162786 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Replication stress converts the stalled forks into reversed forks, which is an important protection mechanism to prevent fork degradation and collapse into poisonous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Paradoxically, the mechanism also acts in cancer cells to contribute to chemoresistance against various DNA-damaging agents. PARP1 binds to and is activated by stalled forks to facilitate fork reversal. Aprataxin and polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase-like factor (APLF) binds to PARP1 through the poly(ADP-ribose) zinc finger (PBZ) domain and is known to be involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Here, we identify a novel function of APLF involved in interstrand DNA crosslink (ICL) repair and fork protection. We demonstrate that PARP1 activity facilitates the APLF recruitment to stalled forks, enabling the FANCD2 recruitment to stalled forks. The depletion of APLF sensitizes cells to cisplatin, impairs ICL repair, reduces the FANCD2 recruitment to stalled forks, and results in nascent DNA degradation by MRE11 nucleases. Additionally, cisplatin-resistant cancer cells show high levels of APLF and homologous recombination-related gene expression. The depletion of APLF sensitizes cells to cisplatin and results in fork instability. Our results reveal the novel function of APLF to facilitate ICL repair and fork protection, thereby contributing to cisplatin-resistant phenotypes of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuei Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 35, Xiao-Tong Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Shiu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan City701, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chih Ho
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan City701, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tzu Chen
- Department of Public Health & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yung Tung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 35, Xiao-Tong Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fa Yeh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 35, Xiao-Tong Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Che-Hung Shen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Hungjiun Liaw
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan City701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Pin Su
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 35, Xiao-Tong Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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2
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Lin X, Leung KSK, Wolfe KF, Lee BJ, Zha S. XRCC1 mediates PARP1- and PAR-dependent recruitment of PARP2 to DNA damage sites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.14.594230. [PMID: 38798615 PMCID: PMC11118530 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.14.594230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribose polymerases 1 and 2 (PARP1 and PARP2) are crucial sensors of DNA-strand breaks and emerging cancer therapy targets. Once activated by DNA breaks, PARP1 and PARP2 generate poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) chains on themselves and other substrates to promote DNA single-strand break repair (SSBR). PARP1 can be activated by diverse DNA lesions, whereas PARP2 specifically recognizes 5' phosphorylated nicks. They can be activated independently and provide mutual backup in the absence of the other. However, whether PARP1 and PARP2 have synergistic functions in DNA damage response remains elusive. Here, we show that PARP1 and the PAR chains generated by PARP1 recruit PARP2 to the vicinity of DNA damage sites through the scaffold protein XRCC1. Using quantitative live-cell imaging, we found that loss of XRCC1 markedly reduces irradiation-induced PARP2 foci in PARP1-proficient cells. The central BRCT domain (BRCT1) of XRCC1 binds to the PAR chain, while the C-terminal BRCT domain (BRCT2) of XRCC1 interacts with the catalytic domain of PARP2, facilitating its localization near the breaks. Together, these findings unveil a new function of XRCC1 in augmenting PARP2 recruitment in response to PARP1 activation and explain why PARP1, but not PARP2, is aggregated and hyperactivated in XRCC1-deficient cells.
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Nicolas E, Simion P, Guérineau M, Terwagne M, Colinet M, Virgo J, Lingurski M, Boutsen A, Dieu M, Hallet B, Van Doninck K. Horizontal acquisition of a DNA ligase improves DNA damage tolerance in eukaryotes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7638. [PMID: 37993452 PMCID: PMC10665377 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bdelloid rotifers are part of the restricted circle of multicellular animals that can withstand a wide range of genotoxic stresses at any stage of their life cycle. In this study, bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga is used as a model to decipher the molecular basis of their extreme tolerance. Proteomic analysis shows that a specific DNA ligase, different from those usually involved in DNA repair in eukaryotes, is strongly over-represented upon ionizing radiation. A phylogenetic analysis reveals its orthology to prokaryotic DNA ligase E, and its horizontal acquisition by bdelloid rotifers and plausibly other eukaryotes. The fungus Mortierella verticillata, having a single copy of this DNA Ligase E homolog, also exhibits an increased radiation tolerance with an over-expression of this DNA ligase E following X-ray exposure. We also provide evidence that A. vaga ligase E is a major contributor of DNA breaks ligation activity, which is a common step of all important DNA repair pathways. Consistently, its heterologous expression in human cell lines significantly improves their radio-tolerance. Overall, this study highlights the potential of horizontal gene transfers in eukaryotes, and their contribution to the adaptation to extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Nicolas
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Brussels, 1050, Belgium.
| | - Paul Simion
- Université de Namur, Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, Namur, 5000, Belgium
- Université de Rennes, Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution (ECOBIO UMR 6553), CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Guérineau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Terwagne
- Université de Namur, Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Colinet
- Université de Namur, Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Julie Virgo
- Université de Namur, Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Maxime Lingurski
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Boutsen
- Université de Namur, Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Marc Dieu
- Université de Namur, MaSUN-mass spectrometry facility, Namur, 5000, Belgium
| | - Bernard Hallet
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium.
| | - Karine Van Doninck
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Brussels, 1050, Belgium.
- Université de Namur, Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics and Ecology, Namur, 5000, Belgium.
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4
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Abstract
Biomolecular condensates are reversible compartments that form through a process called phase separation. Post-translational modifications like ADP-ribosylation can nucleate the formation of these condensates by accelerating the self-association of proteins. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains are remarkably transient modifications with turnover rates on the order of minutes, yet they can be required for the formation of granules in response to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and other stimuli. Moreover, accumulation of PAR is linked with adverse phase transitions in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this review, we provide a primer on how PAR is synthesized and regulated, the diverse structures and chemistries of ADP-ribosylation modifications, and protein-PAR interactions. We review substantial progress in recent efforts to determine the molecular mechanism of PAR-mediated phase separation, and we further delineate how inhibitors of PAR polymerases may be effective treatments for neurodegenerative pathologies. Finally, we highlight the need for rigorous biochemical interrogation of ADP-ribosylation in vivo and in vitro to clarify the exact pathway from PARylation to condensate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Rhine
- Program in Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hana M Odeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - James Shorter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sua Myong
- Program in Cell, Molecular, Developmental Biology, and Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Physics Frontier Center (Center for the Physics of Living Cells), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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5
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Duma L, Ahel I. The function and regulation of ADP-ribosylation in the DNA damage response. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:995-1008. [PMID: 37171085 PMCID: PMC10317172 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification involved in DNA damage response (DDR). In higher organisms it is synthesised by PARP 1-3, DNA strand break sensors. Recent advances have identified serine residues as the most common targets for ADP-ribosylation during DDR. To ADP-ribosylate serine, PARPs require an accessory factor, HPF1 which completes the catalytic domain. Through ADP-ribosylation, PARPs recruit a variety of factors to the break site and control their activities. However, the timely removal of ADP-ribosylation is also key for genome stability and is mostly performed by two hydrolases: PARG and ARH3. Here, we describe the key writers, readers and erasers of ADP-ribosylation and their contribution to the mounting of the DDR. We also discuss the use of PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy and the ways to tackle PARPi treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Duma
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
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6
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De Bragança S, Aicart-Ramos C, Arribas-Bosacoma R, Rivera-Calzada A, Unfried JP, Prats-Mari L, Marin-Baquero M, Fortes P, Llorca O, Moreno-Herrero F. APLF and long non-coding RNA NIHCOLE promote stable DNA synapsis in non-homologous end joining. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111917. [PMID: 36640344 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The synapsis of DNA ends is a critical step for the repair of double-strand breaks by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). This is performed by a multicomponent protein complex assembled around Ku70-Ku80 heterodimers and regulated by accessory factors, including long non-coding RNAs, through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we use magnetic tweezers to investigate the contributions of core NHEJ proteins and APLF and lncRNA NIHCOLE to DNA synapsis. APLF stabilizes DNA end bridging and, together with Ku70-Ku80, establishes a minimal complex that supports DNA synapsis for several minutes under piconewton forces. We find the C-terminal acidic region of APLF to be critical for bridging. NIHCOLE increases the dwell time of the synapses by Ku70-Ku80 and APLF. This effect is further enhanced by a small and structured RNA domain within NIHCOLE. We propose a model where Ku70-Ku80 can simultaneously bind DNA, APLF, and structured RNAs to promote the stable joining of DNA ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara De Bragança
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Aicart-Ramos
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Arribas-Bosacoma
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Angel Rivera-Calzada
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Unfried
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura Prats-Mari
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Marin-Baquero
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Puri Fortes
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Liver and Digestive Diseases Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERehd), Spanish Network for Advanced Therapies (TERAV ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Moreno-Herrero
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Löffler T, Krüger A, Zirak P, Winterhalder MJ, Müller AL, Fischbach A, Mangerich A, Zumbusch A. Influence of chain length and branching on poly(ADP-ribose)-protein interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:536-552. [PMID: 36625274 PMCID: PMC9881148 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of proteins interact with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) via multiple PAR interaction motifs, thereby regulating their physico-chemical properties, sub-cellular localizations, enzymatic activities, or protein stability. Here, we present a targeted approach based on fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to characterize potential structure-specific interactions of PAR molecules of defined chain length and branching with three prime PAR-binding proteins, the tumor suppressor protein p53, histone H1, and the histone chaperone APLF. Our study reveals complex and structure-specific PAR-protein interactions. Quantitative Kd values were determined and binding affinities for all three proteins were shown to be in the nanomolar range. We report PAR chain length dependent binding of p53 and H1, yet chain length independent binding of APLF. For all three PAR binders, we found a preference for linear over hyperbranched PAR. Importantly, protein- and PAR-structure-specific binding modes were revealed. Thus, while the H1-PAR interaction occurred largely on a bi-molecular 1:1 basis, p53-and potentially also APLF-can form complex multivalent PAR-protein structures. In conclusion, our study gives detailed and quantitative insight into PAR-protein interactions in a solution-based setting at near physiological buffer conditions. The results support the notion of protein and PAR-structure-specific binding modes that have evolved to fit the purpose of the respective biochemical functions and biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peyman Zirak
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | | | - Anna-Lena Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Arthur Fischbach
- Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 33200 88 5301;
| | - Andreas Zumbusch
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Andreas Zumbusch. Tel: +49 7531 882027;
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8
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Li P, Lei Y, Qi J, Liu W, Yao K. Functional roles of ADP-ribosylation writers, readers and erasers. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941356. [PMID: 36035988 PMCID: PMC9404506 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a reversible post-translational modification (PTM) tightly regulated by the dynamic interplay between its writers, readers and erasers. As an intricate and versatile PTM, ADP-ribosylation plays critical roles in various physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we discuss the major players involved in the ADP-ribosylation cycle, which may facilitate the investigation of the ADP-ribosylation function and contribute to the understanding and treatment of ADP-ribosylation associated disease.
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9
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Corbeski I, Guo X, Eckhardt BV, Fasci D, Wiegant W, Graewert MA, Vreeken K, Wienk H, Svergun DI, Heck AJR, van Attikum H, Boelens R, Sixma TK, Mattiroli F, van Ingen H. Chaperoning of the histone octamer by the acidic domain of DNA repair factor APLF. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0517. [PMID: 35895815 PMCID: PMC9328677 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosome assembly requires the coordinated deposition of histone complexes H3-H4 and H2A-H2B to form a histone octamer on DNA. In the current paradigm, specific histone chaperones guide the deposition of first H3-H4 and then H2A-H2B. Here, we show that the acidic domain of DNA repair factor APLF (APLFAD) can assemble the histone octamer in a single step and deposit it on DNA to form nucleosomes. The crystal structure of the APLFAD-histone octamer complex shows that APLFAD tethers the histones in their nucleosomal conformation. Mutations of key aromatic anchor residues in APLFAD affect chaperone activity in vitro and in cells. Together, we propose that chaperoning of the histone octamer is a mechanism for histone chaperone function at sites where chromatin is temporarily disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Corbeski
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Xiaohu Guo
- Division of Biochemistry and Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bruna V. Eckhardt
- Hubrecht Institute—KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Domenico Fasci
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Wiegant
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Melissa A. Graewert
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kees Vreeken
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hans Wienk
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dmitri I. Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rolf Boelens
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Titia K. Sixma
- Division of Biochemistry and Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francesca Mattiroli
- Hubrecht Institute—KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hugo van Ingen
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Species variations in XRCC1 recruitment strategies for FHA domain-containing proteins. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 110:103263. [PMID: 35026705 PMCID: PMC9282668 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair scaffolds XRCC1 and XRCC4 utilize a phosphopeptide FHA domain binding motif (FBM) of the form Y-x-x-pS-pT-D-E that supports recruitment of three identified FHA domain-containing DNA repair proteins: polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP), aprataxin (APTX), and a third protein, APLF, that functions as a scaffold in support of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Mammalian dimeric XRCC4 is able to interact with two of these proteins at any given time, while monomeric XRCC1 binds only one. However, sequence analysis indicates that amphibian and teleost XRCC1 generally contain two FHA binding motifs. X1-FBM1, is similar to the single mammalian XRCC1 FBM and probably functions similarly. X1-FBM2, is more similar to mammalian XRCC4 FBM; it is located closer to the XRCC1 BRCT1 domain and probably is less discriminating among its three likely binding partners. Availability of an additional PNKP or APTX recruitment motif may alleviate the bottleneck that results from using a single FBM motif for recruitment of multiple repair factors. Alternatively, recruitment of APLF by X1-FBM2 may function to rescue a misdirected or unsuccessful SSB repair response by redirecting the damaged DNA to the NHEJ pathway, - a need that results from the ambiguity of the PARP1 signal regarding the nature of the damage. Evaluation of XRCC4 FBMs in acanthomorphs, which account for a majority of the reported teleost sequences, reveals the presence of an additional XRCC4-like paralog, distinct from other previously described members of the XRCC4 superfamily. The FBM is typically absent in acanthomorph XRCC4, but present in the XRCC4-like paralog. Modeling suggests that XRCC4 and its paralog may form homodimers or XRCC4-XRCC4-like heterodimers.
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11
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Adamowicz M, Hailstone R, Demin AA, Komulainen E, Hanzlikova H, Brazina J, Gautam A, Wells SE, Caldecott KW. XRCC1 protects transcription from toxic PARP1 activity during DNA base excision repair. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:1287-1298. [PMID: 34811483 PMCID: PMC8683375 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00792-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) can result in neurological disease triggered by toxic activity of the single-strand-break sensor protein PARP1. However, the mechanism(s) by which this toxic PARP1 activity triggers cellular dysfunction are unclear. Here we show that human cells lacking XRCC1 fail to rapidly recover transcription following DNA base damage, a phenotype also observed in patient-derived fibroblasts with XRCC1 mutations and Xrcc1−/− mouse neurons. This defect is caused by excessive/aberrant PARP1 activity during DNA base excision repair, resulting from the loss of PARP1 regulation by XRCC1. We show that aberrant PARP1 activity suppresses transcriptional recovery during base excision repair by promoting excessive recruitment and activity of the ubiquitin protease USP3, which as a result reduces the level of monoubiquitinated histones important for normal transcriptional regulation. Importantly, inhibition and/or deletion of PARP1 or USP3 restores transcriptional recovery in XRCC1−/− cells, highlighting PARP1 and USP3 as possible therapeutic targets in neurological disease. Adamowicz et al. report that toxic PARP1 activity, induced by ataxia-associated mutations in XRCC1, impairs the recovery of global transcription during DNA base excision repair by promoting aberrant recruitment and activity of the histone ubiquitin protease USP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Adamowicz
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Richard Hailstone
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Annie A Demin
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Emilia Komulainen
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Hana Hanzlikova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.,Department of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brazina
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Amit Gautam
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Sophie E Wells
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre and Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK. .,Department of Genome Dynamics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
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12
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Liang S, Chaplin AK, Stavridi AK, Appleby R, Hnizda A, Blundell TL. Stages, scaffolds and strings in the spatial organisation of non-homologous end joining: Insights from X-ray diffraction and Cryo-EM. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 163:60-73. [PMID: 33285184 PMCID: PMC8224183 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the preferred pathway for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks in humans. Here we describe three structural aspects of the repair pathway: stages, scaffolds and strings. We discuss the orchestration of DNA repair to guarantee robust and efficient NHEJ. We focus on structural studies over the past two decades, not only using X-ray diffraction, but also increasingly exploiting cryo-EM to investigate the macromolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikang Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Amanda K Chaplin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Antonia Kefala Stavridi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Robert Appleby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ales Hnizda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, Cambridgeshire, UK.
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13
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Lokhande L, Kuci Emruli V, Eskelund CW, Kolstad A, Hutchings M, Räty R, Niemann CU, Grønbaek K, Jerkeman M, Ek S. Serum proteome modulations upon treatment provides biological insight on response to treatment in relapsed mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 5:e1524. [PMID: 34319003 PMCID: PMC9327662 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility to monitor patient's serum proteome during treatment can provide deepened understanding of the biology associated with response to specific drugs. Non‐invasive serum sampling provides an opportunity for sustainable repetitive sampling of patients, which allows for more frequent evaluation of the biological response and enhanced flexibility in treatment selection in contrast to tissue biopsies. Aim To pin‐point biologically relevant changes in pre‐ and on‐treatment serum proteome samples in relapsed mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients, leading to insight into mechanisms behind response to treatment in sub‐groups of patients. Methods Pre‐ and on‐treatment serum samples from relapsed MCL patients treated with a triple combination therapy of rituximab, ibrutinib and lenalidomide were available for the study, together with detailed clinicopathological information. A microarray technology targeting 158 serum proteins using 371 antibody‐fragments was used to compare the serum proteome at the two time‐points. Results Proteins modulated by the treatment were shown to be associated to a MCL sub‐group with ATM/TP53 alterations, which emphasizes the importance of treatment stratification. Absolute values of serum protein levels in on‐treatment samples were highly variable and showed no correlation to outcome. To circumvent the challenge of variability in absolute serum protein levels, the velocity of change of individual serum proteins was used to identify proteins associated with clinical response. Increased values of TGF‐β1, CD40 and complement component 4 comparing pre‐ and on‐treatment samples were associated with remaining minimal residual disease (MRD) and increased BTK was associated with short progression‐free survival (PFS). Conclusion We show that the genetic sub‐type of MCL affects the biological response to treatment in serum and that the change in defined serum proteins reveals the biology associated with clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Winther Eskelund
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Hutchings
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Riikka Räty
- Department of Hematology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kirsten Grønbaek
- Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Danish Stem Cell Center (Danstem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mats Jerkeman
- Department of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Ek
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Varghese PC, Rajam SM, Nandy D, Jory A, Mukherjee A, Dutta D. Histone chaperone APLF level dictates the implantation of mouse embryos. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.246900. [PMID: 33277378 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent findings demonstrated that the histone chaperone and DNA repair factor aprataxin and PNK-like factor (APLF) could regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during the reprogramming of murine fibroblasts and in breast cancer metastasis. Therefore, we investigated the function of APLF in EMT associated with mouse development. Here, we show that APLF is predominantly enhanced in trophectoderm (TE) and lineages derived from TE in pre- and post-implantation embryos. Downregulation of APLF induced the hatching of embryos in vitro, with a significant increase in Cdh1 and Cdx2 expression. Aplf short hairpin RNA-microinjected embryos failed to implant in vivo Rescue experiments neutralized the knockdown effects of APLF both in vitro and in vivo Reduced expression of Snai2 and Tead4, and the gain in Cdh1 and sFlt1 (also known as Flt1) level, marked the differentiation of APLF-knocked down trophoblast stem cells that might contribute towards the impaired implantation of embryos. Hence, our findings suggest a novel role for APLF during implantation and post-implantation development of mouse embryos. We anticipate that APLF might contribute to the establishment of maternal-fetal connection, as its fine balance is required to achieve implantation and thereby attain proper pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Chinnu Varghese
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State 576104, India
| | - Sruthy Manuraj Rajam
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State 576104, India
| | - Debparna Nandy
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Aurelie Jory
- Mouse Genome Engineering Facility, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Cancer Research Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
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15
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Gaullier G, Roberts G, Muthurajan UM, Bowerman S, Rudolph J, Mahadevan J, Jha A, Rae PS, Luger K. Bridging of nucleosome-proximal DNA double-strand breaks by PARP2 enhances its interaction with HPF1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240932. [PMID: 33141820 PMCID: PMC7608914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 2 (PARP2) is one of three DNA-dependent PARPs involved in the detection of DNA damage. Upon binding to DNA double-strand breaks, PARP2 uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to synthesize poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) onto itself and other proteins, including histones. PAR chains in turn promote the DNA damage response by recruiting downstream repair factors. These early steps of DNA damage signaling are relevant for understanding how genome integrity is maintained and how their failure leads to genome instability or cancer. There is no structural information on DNA double-strand break detection in the context of chromatin. Here we present a cryo-EM structure of two nucleosomes bridged by human PARP2 and confirm that PARP2 bridges DNA ends in the context of nucleosomes bearing short linker DNA. We demonstrate that the conformation of PARP2 bound to damaged chromatin provides a binding platform for the regulatory protein Histone PARylation Factor 1 (HPF1), and that the resulting HPF1•PARP2•nucleosome complex is enzymatically active. Our results contribute to a structural view of the early steps of the DNA damage response in chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gaullier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Genevieve Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Uma M. Muthurajan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Samuel Bowerman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Johannes Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Jyothi Mahadevan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Asmita Jha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Purushka S. Rae
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States of America
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16
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King D, Li XD, Almeida GS, Kwok C, Gravells P, Harrison D, Burke S, Hallsworth A, Jamin Y, George S, Robinson SP, Lord CJ, Poon E, Yeomanson D, Chesler L, Bryant HE. MYCN expression induces replication stress and sensitivity to PARP inhibition in neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2141-2159. [PMID: 32577161 PMCID: PMC7289530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the influence expression of the MYCN oncogene has on the DNA damage response, replication fork progression and sensitivity to PARP inhibition in neuroblastoma. In a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines, MYCN amplification or MYCN expression resulted in increased cell death in response to a range of PARP inhibitors (niraparib, veliparib, talazoparib and olaparib) compared to the response seen in non-expressing/amplified cells. MYCN expression slowed replication fork speed and increased replication fork stalling, an effect that was amplified by PARP inhibition or PARP1 depletion. Increased DNA damage seen was specifically induced in S-phase cells. Importantly, PARP inhibition caused a significant increase in the survival of mice bearing MYCN expressing tumours in a transgenic murine model of MYCN expressing neuroblastoma. Olaparib also sensitized MYCN expressing cells to camptothecin- and temozolomide-induced cell death to a greater degree than non-expressing cells. In summary, MYCN expression leads to increased replication stress in neuroblastoma cells. This effect is exaggerated by inhibition of PARP, resulting in S-phase specific DNA damage and ultimately increased tumour cell death. PARP inhibition alone or in combination with classical chemotherapeutics is therefore a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroblastoma and may be more effective in MYCN expressing tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David King
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Xiao Dun Li
- Divisions of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- Present address: Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gilberto S. Almeida
- Divisions of Radiotherapy & Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- The Children and Young People’s Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Colin Kwok
- Divisions of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel Harrison
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Saoirse Burke
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Albert Hallsworth
- Divisions of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Yann Jamin
- Divisions of Radiotherapy & Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- The Children and Young People’s Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Sally George
- Divisions of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Simon P. Robinson
- Divisions of Radiotherapy & Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
- The Children and Young People’s Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Christopher J. Lord
- CRUK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Evon Poon
- Divisions of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | | | - Louis Chesler
- Divisions of Clinical Studies and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, UK
| | - Helen E. Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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17
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Abstract
Effective maintenance and stability of our genomes is essential for normal cell division, tissue homeostasis, and cellular and organismal fitness. The processes of chromosome replication and segregation require continual surveillance to insure fidelity. Accurate and efficient repair of DNA damage preserves genome integrity, which if lost can lead to multiple diseases, including cancer. Poly(ADP-ribose) a dynamic and reversible posttranslational modification and the enzymes that catalyze it (PARP1, PARP2, tankyrase 1, and tankyrase 2) function to maintain genome stability through diverse mechanisms. Here we review the role of these enzymes and the modification in genome repair, replication, and resolution in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron Azarm
- Department of Pathology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Susan Smith
- Department of Pathology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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18
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The Enigmatic Function of PARP1: From PARylation Activity to PAR Readers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121625. [PMID: 31842403 PMCID: PMC6953017 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs, also known as ARTDs) and then rapidly removed by degrading enzymes. Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is produced from PARylation and provides a delicate and spatiotemporal interaction scaffold for numerous target proteins. The PARylation system, consisting of PAR synthesizers and erasers and PAR itself and readers, plays diverse roles in the DNA damage response (DDR), DNA repair, transcription, replication, chromatin remodeling, metabolism, and cell death. Despite great efforts by scientists in biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, genetics, and pharmacology over the last five decades, the biology of PARPs and PARylation remains enigmatic. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the biological function of PARP1 (ARTD1), the founding member of the PARP family, focusing on the inter-dependent or -independent nature of different functional domains of the PARP1 protein. We also discuss the readers of PAR, whose function may transduce signals and coordinate the cellular processes, which has recently emerged as a new research avenue for PARP biology. We aim to provide some perspective on how future research might disentangle the biology of PARylation by dissecting the structural and functional relationship of PARP1, a major effector of the PARPs family.
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19
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20
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Grimaldi G, Catara G, Palazzo L, Corteggio A, Valente C, Corda D. PARPs and PAR as novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of stress granule-associated disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 167:64-75. [PMID: 31102582 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the post-translational modifications, ADP-ribosylation has been for long time the least integrated in the scheme of the structural protein modifications affecting physiological functions. In spite of the original findings on bacterial-dependent ADP-ribosylation catalysed by toxins such as cholera and pertussis toxin, only with the discovery of the poly-ADP-ribosyl polymerase (PARP) family the field has finally expanded and the role of ADP-ribosylation has been recognised in both physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. This is now a rapidly expanding field of investigation, centred on the role of the different PARPs and their substrates in various diseases, and on the potential of PARP inhibitors as novel pharmacological tools to be employed in relevant pathological context. In this review we analyse the role that members of the PARP family and poly-ADP-ribose (PAR; the product of PARP1 and PARP5a activity) play in the processes following the exposure of cells to different stresses. The cell response that arises following conditions such as heat, osmotic, oxidative stresses or viral infection relies on the formation of stress granules, which are transient cytoplasmic membrane-less structures, that include untranslated mRNA, specific proteins and PAR, this last one serving as the "collector" of all components (that bind to it in a non-covalent manner). The resulting phenotypes are cells in which translation, intracellular transport or pro-apoptotic pathways are reversibly inhibited, for the time the given stress holds. Interestingly, the formation of defective stress granules has been detected in diverse pathological conditions including neurological disorders and cancer. Analysing the molecular details of stress granule formation under these conditions offers a novel view on the pathogenesis of these diseases and, as a consequence, the possibility of identifying novel drug targets for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Grimaldi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Catara
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Luca Palazzo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Carmen Valente
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Daniela Corda
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy.
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21
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Plugged into the Ku-DNA hub: The NHEJ network. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 147:62-76. [PMID: 30851288 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, double-strand breaks in DNA are primarily repaired by Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ). The ring-shaped Ku heterodimer rapidly senses and threads onto broken DNA ends forming a recruiting hub. Through protein-protein contacts eventually reinforced by protein-DNA interactions, the Ku-DNA hub attracts a series of specialized proteins with scaffolding and/or enzymatic properties. To shed light on these dynamic interplays, we review here current knowledge on proteins directly interacting with Ku and on the contact points involved, with a particular accent on the different classes of Ku-binding motifs identified in several Ku partners. An integrated structural model of the core NHEJ network at the synapsis step is proposed.
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22
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Nemoz C, Ropars V, Frit P, Gontier A, Drevet P, Yu J, Guerois R, Pitois A, Comte A, Delteil C, Barboule N, Legrand P, Baconnais S, Yin Y, Tadi S, Barbet-Massin E, Berger I, Le Cam E, Modesti M, Rothenberg E, Calsou P, Charbonnier JB. XLF and APLF bind Ku80 at two remote sites to ensure DNA repair by non-homologous end joining. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:971-980. [PMID: 30291363 PMCID: PMC6234012 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ku70-Ku80 (Ku) heterodimer binds rapidly and tightly to the ends of DNA double-strand breaks and recruits factors of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair pathway through molecular interactions that remain unclear. We have determined crystal structures of the Ku-binding motifs (KBM) of the NHEJ proteins APLF (A-KBM) and XLF (X-KBM) bound to a Ku-DNA complex. The two KBM motifs bind remote sites of the Ku80 α/β domain. The X-KBM occupies an internal pocket formed by an unprecedented large outward rotation of the Ku80 α/β domain. We observe independent recruitment of the APLF-interacting protein XRCC4 and of XLF to laser-irradiated sites via binding of A- and X-KBMs, respectively, to Ku80. Finally, we show that mutation of the X-KBM and A-KBM binding sites in Ku80 compromises both the efficiency and accuracy of end joining and cellular radiosensitivity. A- and X-KBMs may represent two initial anchor points to build the intricate interaction network required for NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Nemoz
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Ropars
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Frit
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Amandine Gontier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pascal Drevet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jinchao Yu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Raphaël Guerois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurelien Pitois
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Audrey Comte
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christine Delteil
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Nadia Barboule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sonia Baconnais
- Signalisations, Noyaux et Innovations en Cancérologie, UMR 8126, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Yandong Yin
- New York University School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Satish Tadi
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CNRS UMR 7258, Inserm U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Marseille, France
| | | | - Imre Berger
- BrisSynBio Centre, School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eric Le Cam
- Signalisations, Noyaux et Innovations en Cancérologie, UMR 8126, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Mauro Modesti
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, CNRS UMR 7258, Inserm U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université UM105, Marseille, France
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- New York University School of Medicine, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Patrick Calsou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean Baptiste Charbonnier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, Institute Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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23
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Corbeski I, Dolinar K, Wienk H, Boelens R, van Ingen H. DNA repair factor APLF acts as a H2A-H2B histone chaperone through binding its DNA interaction surface. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:7138-7152. [PMID: 29905837 PMCID: PMC6101569 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome replication, transcription and repair require the assembly/disassembly of the nucleosome. Histone chaperones are regulators of this process by preventing formation of non-nucleosomal histone-DNA complexes. Aprataxin and polynucleotide kinase like factor (APLF) is a non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair factor that possesses histone chaperone activity in its acidic domain (APLFAD). Here, we studied the molecular basis of this activity using biochemical and structural methods. We find that APLFAD is intrinsically disordered and binds histone complexes (H3-H4)2 and H2A-H2B specifically and with high affinity. APLFAD prevents unspecific complex formation between H2A-H2B and DNA in a chaperone assay, establishing for the first time its specific histone chaperone function for H2A-H2B. On the basis of a series of nuclear magnetic resonance studies, supported by mutational analysis, we show that the APLFAD histone binding domain uses two aromatic side chains to anchor to the α1-α2 patches on both H2A and H2B, thereby covering most of their DNA-interaction surface. An additional binding site on both APLFAD and H2A-H2B may be involved in the handoff between APLF and DNA or other chaperones. Together, our data support the view that APLF provides not only a scaffold but also generic histone chaperone activity for the NHEJ-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Corbeski
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Klemen Dolinar
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Group for Nano- and Biotechnological applications, Department of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hans Wienk
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Boelens
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo van Ingen
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Macromolecular Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Gravells P, Neale J, Grant E, Nathubhai A, Smith KM, James DI, Bryant HE. Radiosensitization with an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase: A comparison with the PARP1/2/3 inhibitor olaparib. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 61:25-36. [PMID: 29179156 PMCID: PMC5765821 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PARG and PARP inhibition both radiosensitize. PARP and PARG inhibition both alter the DNA damage response following irradiation (IR). PARP and PARG inhibition both alter homologous recombination following IR. Only PARG inhibition induces rapid activation of non-homologous end-joining post-IR. Only inhibition of PARG causes accumulation of cells in metaphase post-IR.
Upon DNA binding the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family of enzymes (PARPs) add multiple ADP-ribose subunits to themselves and other acceptor proteins. Inhibitors of PARPs have become an exciting and real prospect for monotherapy and as sensitizers to ionising radiation (IR). The action of PARPs are reversed by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Until recently studies of PARG have been limited by the lack of an inhibitor. Here, a first in class, specific, and cell permeable PARG inhibitor, PDD00017273, is shown to radiosensitize. Further, PDD00017273 is compared with the PARP1/2/3 inhibitor olaparib. Both olaparib and PDD00017273 altered the repair of IR-induced DNA damage, resulting in delayed resolution of RAD51 foci compared with control cells. However, only PARG inhibition induced a rapid increase in IR-induced activation of PRKDC (DNA-PK) and perturbed mitotic progression. This suggests that PARG has additional functions in the cell compared with inhibition of PARP1/2/3, likely via reversal of tankyrase activity and/or that inhibiting the removal of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) has a different consequence to inhibiting PAR addition. Overall, our data are consistent with previous genetic findings, reveal new insights into the function of PAR metabolism following IR and demonstrate for the first time the therapeutic potential of PARG inhibitors as radiosensitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - James Neale
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Grant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Nathubhai
- Drug and Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Somerset, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
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25
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Aceytuno RD, Piett CG, Havali-Shahriari Z, Edwards RA, Rey M, Ye R, Javed F, Fang S, Mani R, Weinfeld M, Hammel M, Tainer JA, Schriemer DC, Lees-Miller SP, Glover JNM. Structural and functional characterization of the PNKP-XRCC4-LigIV DNA repair complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:6238-6251. [PMID: 28453785 PMCID: PMC5449630 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repairs DNA double strand breaks in non-cycling eukaryotic cells. NHEJ relies on polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase (PNKP), which generates 5΄-phosphate/3΄-hydroxyl DNA termini that are critical for ligation by the NHEJ DNA ligase, LigIV. PNKP and LigIV require the NHEJ scaffolding protein, XRCC4. The PNKP FHA domain binds to the CK2-phosphorylated XRCC4 C-terminal tail, while LigIV uses its tandem BRCT repeats to bind the XRCC4 coiled-coil. Yet, the assembled PNKP-XRCC4–LigIV complex remains uncharacterized. Here, we report purification and characterization of a recombinant PNKP–XRCC4–LigIV complex. We show that the stable binding of PNKP in this complex requires XRCC4 phosphorylation and that only one PNKP protomer binds per XRCC4 dimer. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveals a flexible multi-state complex that suggests that both the PNKP FHA and catalytic domains contact the XRCC4 coiled-coil and LigIV BRCT repeats. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange indicates protection of a surface on the PNKP phosphatase domain that may contact XRCC4–LigIV. A mutation on this surface (E326K) causes the hereditary neuro-developmental disorder, MCSZ. This mutation impairs PNKP recruitment to damaged DNA in human cells and provides a possible disease mechanism. Together, this work unveils multipoint contacts between PNKP and XRCC4–LigIV that regulate PNKP recruitment and activity within NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Daniel Aceytuno
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2H7, Canada
| | - Cortt G Piett
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | - Ross A Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2H7, Canada
| | - Martial Rey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ruiqiong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fatima Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2H7, Canada
| | - Shujuan Fang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Rajam Mani
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michael Weinfeld
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John A Tainer
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David C Schriemer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - J N Mark Glover
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G-2H7, Canada
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26
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Hanzlikova H, Gittens W, Krejcikova K, Zeng Z, Caldecott KW. Overlapping roles for PARP1 and PARP2 in the recruitment of endogenous XRCC1 and PNKP into oxidized chromatin. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2546-2557. [PMID: 27965414 PMCID: PMC5389470 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical step of DNA single-strand break repair is the rapid recruitment of the scaffold protein XRCC1 that interacts with, stabilizes and stimulates multiple enzymatic components of the repair process. XRCC1 recruitment is promoted by PARP1, an enzyme that is activated following DNA damage and synthesizes ADP-ribose polymers that XRCC1 binds directly. However, cells possess two other DNA strand break-induced PARP enzymes, PARP2 and PARP3, for which the roles are unclear. To address their involvement in the recruitment of endogenous XRCC1 into oxidized chromatin we have established ‘isogenic’ human diploid cells in which PARP1 and/or PARP2, or PARP3 are deleted. Surprisingly, we show that either PARP1 or PARP2 are sufficient for near-normal XRCC1 recruitment at oxidative single-strand breaks (SSBs) as indicated by the requirement for loss of both proteins to greatly reduce or ablate XRCC1 chromatin binding following H2O2 treatment. Similar results were observed for PNKP; an XRCC1 protein partner important for repair of oxidative SSBs. Notably, concentrations of PARP inhibitor >1000-fold higher than the IC50 were required to ablate both ADP-ribosylation and XRCC1 chromatin binding following H2O2 treatment. These results demonstrate that very low levels of ADP-ribosylation, synthesized by either PARP1 or PARP2, are sufficient for XRCC1 recruitment following oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Hanzlikova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - William Gittens
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Katerina Krejcikova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, UK
| | | | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, UK
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27
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Warren C, Shechter D. Fly Fishing for Histones: Catch and Release by Histone Chaperone Intrinsically Disordered Regions and Acidic Stretches. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2401-2426. [PMID: 28610839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin is the complex of eukaryotic DNA and proteins required for the efficient compaction of the nearly 2-meter-long human genome into a roughly 10-micron-diameter cell nucleus. The fundamental repeating unit of chromatin is the nucleosome: 147bp of DNA wrapped about an octamer of histone proteins. Nucleosomes are stable enough to organize the genome yet must be dynamically displaced and reassembled to allow access to the underlying DNA for transcription, replication, and DNA damage repair. Histone chaperones are a non-catalytic group of proteins that are central to the processes of nucleosome assembly and disassembly and thus the fluidity of the ever-changing chromatin landscape. Histone chaperones are responsible for binding the highly basic histone proteins, shielding them from non-specific interactions, facilitating their deposition onto DNA, and aiding in their eviction from DNA. Although most histone chaperones perform these common functions, recent structural studies of many different histone chaperones reveal that there are few commonalities in their folds. Importantly, sequence-based predictions show that histone chaperones are highly enriched in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) and acidic stretches. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms underpinning histone binding, selectivity, and regulation of these highly dynamic protein regions. We highlight new evidence suggesting that IDRs are often critical for histone chaperone function and play key roles in chromatin assembly and disassembly pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Warren
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Shechter
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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28
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Gravells P, Grant E, Smith KM, James DI, Bryant HE. Specific killing of DNA damage-response deficient cells with inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 52:81-91. [PMID: 28254358 PMCID: PMC5360195 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) of proteins following DNA damage is well studied and the use of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors as therapeutic agents is an exciting prospect for the treatment of many cancers. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) has endo- and exoglycosidase activities which can cleave glycosidic bonds, rapidly reversing the action of PARP enzymes. Like addition of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) by PARP, removal of PAR by PARG is also thought to be required for repair of DNA strand breaks and for continued replication at perturbed forks. Here we use siRNA to show a synthetic lethal relationship between PARG and BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, FAM175A (ABRAXAS) and BARD1. In addition, we demonstrate that MCF7 cells depleted of these proteins are sensitive to Gallotannin and a novel and specific PARG inhibitor PDD00017273. We confirm that PARG inhibition increases endogenous DNA damage, stalls replication forks and increases homologous recombination, and propose that it is the lack of homologous recombination (HR) proteins at PARG inhibitor-induced stalled replication forks that induces cell death. Interestingly not all genes that are synthetically lethal with PARP result in sensitivity to PARG inhibitors, suggesting that although there is overlap, the functions of PARP and PARG may not be completely identical. These data together add further evidence to the possibility that single treatment therapy with PARG inhibitors could be used for treatment of certain HR deficient tumours and provide insight into the relationship between PARP, PARG and the processes of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Gravells
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Grant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M Smith
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic I James
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Bryant
- Academic Unit of Molecular Oncology, Sheffield Institute for Nucleic Acids (SInFoNiA), Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom.
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29
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Site-specific ADP-ribosylation of histone H2B in response to DNA double strand breaks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43750. [PMID: 28252050 PMCID: PMC5333086 DOI: 10.1038/srep43750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) modify proteins with single units or polymers of ADP-ribose to regulate DNA repair. However, the substrates for these enzymes are ill-defined. For example, although histones are modified by ARTs, the sites on these proteins ADP-ribosylated following DNA damage and the ARTs that catalyse these events are unknown. This, in part, is due to the lack of a eukaryotic model that contains ARTs, in addition to histone genes that can be manipulated to assess ADP-ribosylation events in vivo. Here we exploit the model Dictyostelium to identify site-specific histone ADP-ribosylation events in vivo and define the ARTs that mediate these modifications. Dictyostelium histones are modified in response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in vivo by the ARTs Adprt1a and Adprt2. Adprt1a is a mono-ART that modifies H2BE18 in vitro, although disruption of this site allows ADP-ribosylation at H2BE19. Although redundancy between H2BE18 and H2BE19 ADP-ribosylation is also apparent following DSBs in vivo, by generating a strain with mutations at E18/E19 in the h2b locus we demonstrate these are the principal sites modified by Adprt1a/Adprt2. This identifies DNA damage induced histone mono-ADP-ribosylation sites by specific ARTs in vivo, providing a unique platform to assess how histone ADP-ribosylation regulates DNA repair.
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30
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Rulten SL, Grundy GJ. Non-homologous end joining: Common interaction sites and exchange of multiple factors in the DNA repair process. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28133776 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) is the dominant means of repairing chromosomal DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and is essential in human cells. Fifteen or more proteins can be involved in the detection, signalling, synapsis, end-processing and ligation events required to repair a DSB, and must be assembled in the confined space around the DNA ends. We review here a number of interaction points between the core NHEJ components (Ku70, Ku80, DNA-PKcs, XRCC4 and Ligase IV) and accessory factors such as kinases, phosphatases, polymerases and structural proteins. Conserved protein-protein interaction sites such as Ku-binding motifs (KBMs), XLF-like motifs (XLMs), FHA and BRCT domains illustrate that different proteins compete for the same binding sites on the core machinery, and must be spatially and temporally regulated. We discuss how post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, ADP-ribosylation and ubiquitinylation may regulate sequential steps in the NHEJ pathway or control repair at different types of DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Gabrielle J Grundy
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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31
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Syed KM, Joseph S, Mukherjee A, Majumder A, Teixeira JM, Dutta D, Pillai MR. Histone chaperone APLF regulates induction of pluripotency in murine fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4576-4591. [PMID: 27875275 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of pluripotency in differentiated cells through the exogenous expression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cellular Myc involves reprogramming at the epigenetic level. Histones and their metabolism governed by histone chaperones constitute an important regulator of epigenetic control. We hypothesized that histone chaperones facilitate or inhibit the course of reprogramming. For the first time, we report here that the downregulation of histone chaperone Aprataxin PNK-like factor (APLF) promotes reprogramming by augmenting the expression of E-cadherin (Cdh1), which is implicated in the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) involved in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Downregulation of APLF in MEFs expedites the loss of the repressive MacroH2A.1 (encoded by H2afy) histone variant from the Cdh1 promoter and enhances the incorporation of active histone H3me2K4 marks at the promoters of the pluripotency genes Nanog and Klf4, thereby accelerating the process of cellular reprogramming and increasing the efficiency of iPSC generation. We demonstrate a new histone chaperone (APLF)-MET-histone modification cohort that functions in the induction of pluripotency in fibroblasts. This regulatory axis might provide new mechanistic insights into perspectives of epigenetic regulation involved in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Mohieddin Syed
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Sunu Joseph
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, MSU, 333 Bostwick Ave, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Aditi Majumder
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Jose M Teixeira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, MSU, 333 Bostwick Ave, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Madhavan Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
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32
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Muvarak NE, Chowdhury K, Xia L, Robert C, Choi EY, Cai Y, Bellani M, Zou Y, Singh ZN, Duong VH, Rutherford T, Nagaria P, Bentzen SM, Seidman MM, Baer MR, Lapidus RG, Baylin SB, Rassool FV. Enhancing the Cytotoxic Effects of PARP Inhibitors with DNA Demethylating Agents - A Potential Therapy for Cancer. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:637-650. [PMID: 27728808 PMCID: PMC5201166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) are clinically effective predominantly for BRCA-mutant tumors. We introduce a mechanism-based strategy to enhance PARPi efficacy based on DNA damage-related binding between DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and PARP1. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and breast cancer cells, DNMT inhibitors (DNMTis) alone covalently bind DNMTs into DNA and increase PARP1 tightly bound into chromatin. Low doses of DNMTis plus PARPis, versus each drug alone, increase PARPi efficacy, increasing amplitude and retention of PARP1 directly at laser-induced DNA damage sites. This correlates with increased DNA damage, synergistic tumor cytotoxicity, blunting of self-renewal, and strong anti-tumor responses, in vivo in unfavorable AML subtypes and BRCA wild-type breast cancer cells. Our combinatorial approach introduces a strategy to enhance efficacy of PARPis in treating cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/metabolism
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal E Muvarak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Khadiza Chowdhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Limin Xia
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Carine Robert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eun Yong Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yi Cai
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Marina Bellani
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zeba N Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vu H Duong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Pratik Nagaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Søren M Bentzen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael M Seidman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Feyruz V Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Liang S, Esswein SR, Ochi T, Wu Q, Ascher DB, Chirgadze D, Sibanda BL, Blundell TL. Achieving selectivity in space and time with DNA double-strand-break response and repair: molecular stages and scaffolds come with strings attached. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gunn AR, Banos-Pinero B, Paschke P, Sanchez-Pulido L, Ariza A, Day J, Emrich M, Leys D, Ponting CP, Ahel I, Lakin ND. The role of ADP-ribosylation in regulating DNA interstrand crosslink repair. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3845-3858. [PMID: 27587838 PMCID: PMC5087659 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.193375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation by ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTs) has a well-established role in DNA strand break repair by promoting enrichment of repair factors at damage sites through ADP-ribose interaction domains. Here, we exploit the simple eukaryote Dictyostelium to uncover a role for ADP-ribosylation in regulating DNA interstrand crosslink repair and redundancy of this pathway with non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In silico searches were used to identify a protein that contains a permutated macrodomain (which we call aprataxin/APLF-and-PNKP-like protein; APL). Structural analysis reveals that this permutated macrodomain retains features associated with ADP-ribose interactions and that APL is capable of binding poly(ADP-ribose) through this macrodomain. APL is enriched in chromatin in response to cisplatin treatment, an agent that induces DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). This is dependent on the macrodomain of APL and the ART Adprt2, indicating a role for ADP-ribosylation in the cellular response to cisplatin. Although adprt2− cells are sensitive to cisplatin, ADP-ribosylation is evident in these cells owing to redundant signalling by the double-strand break (DSB)-responsive ART Adprt1a, promoting NHEJ-mediated repair. These data implicate ADP-ribosylation in DNA ICL repair and identify that NHEJ can function to resolve this form of DNA damage in the absence of Adprt2. Summary: Here, we identify a role for post-translational modification ADP-ribosylation in the response to DNA interstrand crosslinks in the model Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair R Gunn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Benito Banos-Pinero
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Peggy Paschke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Luis Sanchez-Pulido
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - Antonio Ariza
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Joseph Day
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mehera Emrich
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street 131, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, The MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Nicholas D Lakin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Jubin T, Kadam A, Jariwala M, Bhatt S, Sutariya S, Gani AR, Gautam S, Begum R. The PARP family: insights into functional aspects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in cell growth and survival. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:421-37. [PMID: 27329285 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP family members can be found spread across all domains and continue to be essential molecules from lower to higher eukaryotes. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), newly termed ADP-ribosyltransferase D-type 1 (ARTD1), is a ubiquitously expressed ADP-ribosyltransferase (ART) enzyme involved in key cellular processes such as DNA repair and cell death. This review assesses current developments in PARP-1 biology and activation signals for PARP-1, other than conventional DNA damage activation. Moreover, many essential functions of PARP-1 still remain elusive. PARP-1 is found to be involved in a myriad of cellular events via conservation of genomic integrity, chromatin dynamics and transcriptional regulation. This article briefly focuses on its other equally important overlooked functions during growth, metabolic regulation, spermatogenesis, embryogenesis, epigenetics and differentiation. Understanding the role of PARP-1, its multidimensional regulatory mechanisms in the cell and its dysregulation resulting in diseased states, will help in harnessing its true therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jubin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - A Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - M Jariwala
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - S Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - S Sutariya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - A R Gani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - S Gautam
- Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - R Begum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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Pellegrino S, Altmeyer M. Interplay between Ubiquitin, SUMO, and Poly(ADP-Ribose) in the Cellular Response to Genotoxic Stress. Front Genet 2016; 7:63. [PMID: 27148359 PMCID: PMC4835507 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells employ a complex network of molecular pathways to cope with endogenous and exogenous genotoxic stress. This multilayered response ensures that genomic lesions are efficiently detected and faithfully repaired in order to safeguard genome integrity. The molecular choreography at sites of DNA damage relies heavily on post-translational modifications (PTMs). Protein modifications with ubiquitin and the small ubiquitin-like modifier SUMO have recently emerged as important regulatory means to coordinate DNA damage signaling and repair. Both ubiquitylation and SUMOylation can lead to extensive chain-like protein modifications, a feature that is shared with yet another DNA damage-induced PTM, the modification of proteins with poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Chains of ubiquitin, SUMO, and PAR all contribute to the multi-protein assemblies found at sites of DNA damage and regulate their spatio-temporal dynamics. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of how ubiquitin, SUMO, and PAR coordinate the DNA damage response and highlight emerging examples of an intricate interplay between these chain-like modifications during the cellular response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland
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Ganguly B, Dolfi SC, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Ganesan S, Hirshfield KM. Role of Biomarkers in the Development of PARP Inhibitors. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:15-25. [PMID: 26997874 PMCID: PMC4786099 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s36679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair lead to genomic instability and play a critical role in cancer development. Understanding the process by which DNA damage repair is altered or bypassed in cancer may identify novel therapeutic targets and lead to improved patient outcomes. Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) has an important role in DNA repair, and novel therapeutics targeting PARP1 have been developed to treat cancers with defective DNA repair pathways. Despite treatment successes with PARP inhibitors (PARPi), intrinsic and acquired resistances have been observed. Preclinical studies and clinical trials in cancer suggest that combination therapy using PARPi and platinating agents is more effective than monotherapy in circumventing drug resistance mechanisms. Additionally, identification of biomarkers in response to PARPi will lead to improved patient selection for targeted cancer treatment. Recent technological advances have provided the necessary tools to examine many potential avenues to develop such biomarkers. This review examines the mechanistic rationale of PARP inhibition and potential biomarkers in their development for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bratati Ganguly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sonia C. Dolfi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lorna Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Shridar Ganesan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kim M. Hirshfield
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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38
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Teloni F, Altmeyer M. Readers of poly(ADP-ribose): designed to be fit for purpose. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:993-1006. [PMID: 26673700 PMCID: PMC4756826 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate many aspects of protein function and are indispensable for the spatio-temporal regulation of cellular processes. The proteome-wide identification of PTM targets has made significant progress in recent years, as has the characterization of their writers, readers, modifiers and erasers. One of the most elusive PTMs is poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), a nucleic acid-like PTM involved in chromatin dynamics, genome stability maintenance, transcription, cell metabolism and development. In this article, we provide an overview on our current understanding of the writers of this modification and their targets, as well as the enzymes that degrade and thereby modify and erase poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). Since many cellular functions of PARylation are exerted through dynamic interactions of PAR-binding proteins with PAR, we discuss the readers of this modification and provide a synthesis of recent findings, which suggest that multiple structurally highly diverse reader modules, ranging from completely folded PAR-binding domains to intrinsically disordered sequence stretches, evolved as PAR effectors to carry out specific cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Teloni
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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39
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Breslin C, Hornyak P, Ridley A, Rulten SL, Hanzlikova H, Oliver AW, Caldecott KW. The XRCC1 phosphate-binding pocket binds poly (ADP-ribose) and is required for XRCC1 function. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6934-44. [PMID: 26130715 PMCID: PMC4538820 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) is synthesized at DNA single-strand breaks and can promote the recruitment of the scaffold protein, XRCC1. However, the mechanism and importance of this process has been challenged. To address this issue, we have characterized the mechanism of poly (ADP-ribose) binding by XRCC1 and examined its importance for XRCC1 function. We show that the phosphate-binding pocket in the central BRCT1 domain of XRCC1 is required for selective binding to poly (ADP-ribose) at low levels of ADP-ribosylation, and promotes interaction with cellular PARP1. We also show that the phosphate-binding pocket is required for EGFP-XRCC1 accumulation at DNA damage induced by UVA laser, H2O2, and at sites of sub-nuclear PCNA foci, suggesting that poly (ADP-ribose) promotes XRCC1 recruitment both at single-strand breaks globally across the genome and at sites of DNA replication stress. Finally, we show that the phosphate-binding pocket is required following DNA damage for XRCC1-dependent acceleration of DNA single-strand break repair, DNA base excision repair, and cell survival. These data support the hypothesis that poly (ADP-ribose) synthesis promotes XRCC1 recruitment at DNA damage sites and is important for XRCC1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Breslin
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Peter Hornyak
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Andrew Ridley
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Hana Hanzlikova
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Antony W Oliver
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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40
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41
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42
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43
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Min W, Bruhn C, Grigaravicius P, Zhou ZW, Li F, Krüger A, Siddeek B, Greulich KO, Popp O, Meisezahl C, Calkhoven CF, Bürkle A, Xu X, Wang ZQ. Poly(ADP-ribose) binding to Chk1 at stalled replication forks is required for S-phase checkpoint activation. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2993. [PMID: 24356582 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Damaged replication forks activate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which catalyses poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) formation; however, how PARP1 or poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in the S-phase checkpoint is unknown. Here we show that PAR, supplied by PARP1, interacts with Chk1 via a novel PAR-binding regulatory (PbR) motif in Chk1, independent of ATR and its activity. iPOND studies reveal that Chk1 associates readily with the unperturbed replication fork and that PAR is required for efficient retention of Chk1 and phosphorylated Chk1 at the fork. A PbR mutation, which disrupts PAR binding, but not the interaction with its partners Claspin or BRCA1, impairs Chk1 and the S-phase checkpoint activation, and mirrors Chk1 knockdown-induced hypersensitivity to fork poisoning. We find that long chains, but not short chains, of PAR stimulate Chk1 kinase activity. Collectively, we disclose a previously unrecognized mechanism of the S-phase checkpoint by PAR metabolism that modulates Chk1 activity at the replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- WooKee Min
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher Bruhn
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Paulius Grigaravicius
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2]
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Fu Li
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Krüger
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bénazir Siddeek
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Otto Greulich
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Chris Meisezahl
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelis F Calkhoven
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, Capital Normal University, 105 Xi San Huan Road (N), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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44
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Abstract
DNA strand breaks arise continuously in cells and can lead to chromosome rearrangements and genome instability or cell death. The commonest DNA breaks are DNA single-strand breaks, which arise at a frequency of tens-of-thousands per cell each day and which can block the progression of RNA/DNA polymerases and disrupt gene transcription and genome duplication. If not rapidly repaired, SSBs can be converted into DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during genome duplication, eliciting a complex series of DNA damage responses that attempt to protect cells from irreversible replication fork collapse. DSBs are the most cytotoxic and clastogenic type of DNA breaks, and can also arise independently of DNA replication, albeit at a frequency several orders of magnitude lower than SSBs. Here, I discuss the evidence that DNA single- and double -strand break repair pathways, and cellular tolerance mechanisms for protecting replication forks during genome duplication, utilize signalling by protein ADP-ribosyltransferases to protect cells from the harmful impact of DNA strand breakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brigton BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom.
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45
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Ochi T, Wu Q, Blundell TL. The spatial organization of non-homologous end joining: from bridging to end joining. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:98-109. [PMID: 24636752 PMCID: PMC4037875 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repairs DNA double-strand breaks generated by DNA damage and also those occurring in V(D)J recombination in immunoglobulin and T cell receptor production in the immune system. In NHEJ DNA-PKcs assembles with Ku heterodimer on the DNA ends at double-strand breaks, in order to bring the broken ends together and to assemble other proteins, including DNA ligase IV (LigIV), required for DNA repair. Here we focus on structural aspects of the interactions of LigIV with XRCC4, XLF, Artemis and DNA involved in the bridging and end-joining steps of NHEJ. We begin with a discussion of the role of XLF, which interacts with Ku and forms a hetero-filament with XRCC4; this likely forms a scaffold bridging the DNA ends. We then review the well-defined interaction of XRCC4 with LigIV, and discuss the possibility of this complex interrupting the filament formation, so positioning the ligase at the correct positions close to the broken ends. We also describe the interactions of LigIV with Artemis, the nuclease that prepares the ends for ligation and also interacts with DNA-PK. Lastly we review the likely affects of Mendelian mutations on these multiprotein assemblies and their impacts on the form of inherited disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ochi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
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46
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Pears CJ, Lakin ND. Emerging models for DNA repair: Dictyostelium discoideum as a model for nonhomologous end-joining. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:121-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Waters CA, Strande NT, Wyatt DW, Pryor JM, Ramsden DA. Nonhomologous end joining: a good solution for bad ends. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:39-51. [PMID: 24630899 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Double strand breaks pose unique problems for DNA repair, especially when broken ends possess complex structures that interfere with standard DNA transactions. Nonhomologous end joining can use multiple strategies to solve these problems. It further uses sophisticated means to ensure the strategy chosen provides the ideal balance of flexibility and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Waters
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Natasha T Strande
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - David W Wyatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - John M Pryor
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Dale A Ramsden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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48
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Non-homologous end joining often uses microhomology: implications for alternative end joining. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:74-80. [PMID: 24613510 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Artemis and PALF (also called APLF) appear to be among the primary nucleases involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and responsible for most nucleolytic end processing in NHEJ. About 60% of NHEJ events show an alignment of the DNA ends that use 1 or 2bp of microhomology (MH) between the two DNA termini. Thus, MH is a common feature of NHEJ. For most naturally occurring human chromosomal deletions (e.g., after oxidative damage or radiation) and translocations, such as those seen in human neoplasms and as well as inherited chromosomal structural variations, MH usage occurs at a frequency that is typical of NHEJ, and does not suggest major involvement of alternative pathways that require more extensive MH. Though we mainly focus on human NHEJ at double-strand breaks, comparison on these points to other eukaryotes, primarily S. cerevisiae, is informative.
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Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a type of posttranslational modification catalyzed by members of the poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase superfamily. ADP-ribosylation is initiated by PARPs, recognized by PAR binding proteins, and removed by PARG and other ADP-ribose hydrolases. These three groups of proteins work together to regulate the cellular and molecular response of PAR signaling, which is critical for a wide range of cellular and physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 66, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 66, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
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50
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Krietsch J, Rouleau M, Pic É, Ethier C, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Masson JY, Poirier GG, Gagné JP. Reprogramming cellular events by poly(ADP-ribose)-binding proteins. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:1066-87. [PMID: 23268355 PMCID: PMC3812366 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). These enzymes covalently modify glutamic, aspartic and lysine amino acid side chains of acceptor proteins by the sequential addition of ADP-ribose (ADPr) units. The poly(ADP-ribose) (pADPr) polymers formed alter the physico-chemical characteristics of the substrate with functional consequences on its biological activities. Recently, non-covalent binding to pADPr has emerged as a key mechanism to modulate and coordinate several intracellular pathways including the DNA damage response, protein stability and cell death. In this review, we describe the basis of non-covalent binding to pADPr that has led to the emerging concept of pADPr-responsive signaling pathways. This review emphasizes the structural elements and the modular strategies developed by pADPr-binding proteins to exert a fine-tuned control of a variety of pathways. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reactions are highly regulated processes, both spatially and temporally, for which at least four specialized pADPr-binding modules accommodate different pADPr structures and reprogram protein functions. In this review, we highlight the role of well-characterized and newly discovered pADPr-binding modules in a diverse set of physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krietsch
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada G1R 2J6
| | - Michèle Rouleau
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Émilie Pic
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Chantal Ethier
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada G1R 2J6
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Guy G. Poirier
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jean-Philippe Gagné
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ – Pavillon CHUL – Cancer Axis, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 4G2
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