1
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Keniry A, Blewitt ME. Chromatin-mediated silencing on the inactive X chromosome. Development 2023; 150:dev201742. [PMID: 37991053 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, the second X chromosome in females is silenced to enable dosage compensation between XX females and XY males. This essential process involves the formation of a dense chromatin state on the inactive X (Xi) chromosome. There is a wealth of information about the hallmarks of Xi chromatin and the contribution each makes to silencing, leaving the tantalising possibility of learning from this knowledge to potentially remove silencing to treat X-linked diseases in females. Here, we discuss the role of each chromatin feature in the establishment and maintenance of the silent state, which is of crucial relevance for such a goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Keniry
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- Epigenetics and Development Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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2
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Chiodi V, Rappa F, Lo Re O, Chaldakov GN, Lelouvier B, Micale V, Domenici MR, Vinciguerra M. Deficiency of histone variant macroH2A1.1 is associated with sexually dimorphic obesity in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19123. [PMID: 37926763 PMCID: PMC10625986 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has a major socio-economic health impact. There are profound sex differences in adipose tissue deposition and obesity-related conditions. The underlying mechanisms driving sexual dimorphism in obesity and its associated metabolic disorders remain unclear. Histone variant macroH2A1.1 is a candidate epigenetic mechanism linking environmental and dietary factors to obesity. Here, we used a mouse model genetically depleted of macroH2A1.1 to investigate its potential epigenetic role in sex dimorphic obesity, metabolic disturbances and gut dysbiosis. Whole body macroH2A1 knockout (KO) mice, generated with the Cre/loxP technology, and their control littermates were fed a high fat diet containing 60% of energy derived from fat. The diet was administered for three months starting from 10 to 12 weeks of age. We evaluated the progression in body weight, the food intake, and the tolerance to glucose by means of a glucose tolerance test. Gut microbiota composition, visceral adipose and liver tissue morphology were assessed. In addition, adipogenic gene expression patterns were evaluated in the visceral adipose tissue. Female KO mice for macroH2A1.1 had a more pronounced weight gain induced by high fat diet compared to their littermates, while the increase in body weight in male mice was similar in the two genotypes. Food intake was generally increased upon KO and decreased by high fat diet in both sexes, with the exception of KO females fed a high fat diet that displayed the same food intake of their littermates. In glucose tolerance tests, glucose levels were significantly elevated upon high fat diet in female KO compared to a standard diet, while this effect was absent in male KO. There were no differences in hepatic histology. Upon a high fat diet, in female adipocyte cross-sectional area was larger in KO compared to littermates: activation of proadipogenic genes (ACACB, AGT, ANGPT2, FASN, RETN, SLC2A4) and downregulation of antiadipogenic genes (AXIN1, E2F1, EGR2, JUN, SIRT1, SIRT2, UCP1, CCND1, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, EGR2) was detected. Gut microbiota profiling showed increase in Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes in females, but not males, macroH2A1.1 KO mice. MacroH2A1.1 KO mice display sexual dimorphism in high fat diet-induced obesity and in gut dysbiosis, and may represent a useful model to investigate epigenetic and metabolic differences associated to the development of obesity-associated pathological conditions in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Chiodi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Oriana Lo Re
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St'Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - George N Chaldakov
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | | | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Domenici
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Department of Translational Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute of the Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria.
- International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St'Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science (LCCS), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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3
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Recoules L, Tanguy Le Gac N, Moutahir F, Bystricky K, Lavigne AC. Recruitment of the Histone Variant MacroH2A1 to the Pericentric Region Occurs upon Chromatin Relaxation and Is Responsible for Major Satellite Transcriptional Regulation. Cells 2023; 12:2175. [PMID: 37681907 PMCID: PMC10486525 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin formation plays a pivotal role in regulating chromatin organization and influences nuclear architecture and genome stability and expression. Amongst the locations where heterochromatin is found, the pericentric regions have the capability to attract the histone variant macroH2A1. However, the factors and mechanisms behind macroH2A1 incorporation into these regions have not been explored. In this study, we probe different conditions that lead to the recruitment of macroH2A1 to pericentromeric regions and elucidate its underlying functions. Through experiments conducted on murine fibroblastic cells, we determine that partial chromatin relaxation resulting from DNA damage, senescence, or histone hyper-acetylation is necessary for the recruitment of macroH2A1 to pericentric regions. Furthermore, macroH2A1 is required for upregulation of noncoding pericentric RNA expression but not for pericentric chromatin organization. Our findings shed light on the functional rather than structural significance of macroH2A1 incorporation into pericentric chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Recoules
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), MCD, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, UPS, Université de Toulouse, UT, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (L.R.); (N.T.L.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Nicolas Tanguy Le Gac
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), MCD, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, UPS, Université de Toulouse, UT, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (L.R.); (N.T.L.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Fatima Moutahir
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), MCD, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, UPS, Université de Toulouse, UT, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (L.R.); (N.T.L.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Kerstin Bystricky
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), MCD, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, UPS, Université de Toulouse, UT, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (L.R.); (N.T.L.G.); (F.M.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claire Lavigne
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), MCD, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, UPS, Université de Toulouse, UT, CNRS, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (L.R.); (N.T.L.G.); (F.M.)
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4
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Kirkiz E, Meers O, Grebien F, Buschbeck M. Histone Variants and Their Chaperones in Hematological Malignancies. Hemasphere 2023; 7:e927. [PMID: 37449197 PMCID: PMC10337764 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation occurs on the level of compacting DNA into chromatin. The functional unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which consists of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. While canonical histone proteins are incorporated into chromatin through a replication-coupled process, structural variants of histones, commonly named histone variants, are deposited into chromatin in a replication-independent manner. Specific chaperones and chromatin remodelers mediate the locus-specific deposition of histone variants. Although histone variants comprise one of the least understood layers of epigenetic regulation, it has been proposed that they play an essential role in directly regulating gene expression in health and disease. Here, we review the emerging evidence suggesting that histone variants have a role at different stages of hematopoiesis, with a particular focus on the histone variants H2A, H3, and H1. Moreover, we discuss the current knowledge on how the dysregulation of histone variants can contribute to hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Kirkiz
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Meers
- Cancer and Leukaemia Epigenetics and Biology Program, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- PhD Programme in Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florian Grebien
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Cancer and Leukaemia Epigenetics and Biology Program, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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5
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Mohammed Ismail W, Mazzone A, Ghiraldini FG, Kaur J, Bains M, Munankarmy A, Bagwell MS, Safgren SL, Moore-Weiss J, Buciuc M, Shimp L, Leach KA, Duarte LF, Nagi CS, Carcamo S, Chung CY, Hasson D, Dadgar N, Zhong J, Lee JH, Couch FJ, Revzin A, Ordog T, Bernstein E, Gaspar-Maia A. MacroH2A histone variants modulate enhancer activity to repress oncogenic programs and cellular reprogramming. Commun Biol 2023; 6:215. [PMID: 36823213 PMCID: PMC9950461 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been made to characterize active enhancer elements, which can be annotated by accessible chromatin and H3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac). However, apart from poised enhancers that are observed in early stages of development and putative silencers, the functional significance of cis-regulatory elements lacking H3K27ac is poorly understood. Here we show that macroH2A histone variants mark a subset of enhancers in normal and cancer cells, which we coined 'macro-Bound Enhancers', that modulate enhancer activity. We find macroH2A variants localized at enhancer elements that are devoid of H3K27ac in a cell type-specific manner, indicating a role for macroH2A at inactive enhancers to maintain cell identity. In following, reactivation of macro-bound enhancers is associated with oncogenic programs in breast cancer and their repressive role is correlated with the activity of macroH2A2 as a negative regulator of BRD4 chromatin occupancy. Finally, through single cell epigenomic profiling of normal mammary stem cells derived from mice, we show that macroH2A deficiency facilitates increased activity of transcription factors associated with stem cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazim Mohammed Ismail
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amelia Mazzone
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Flavia G Ghiraldini
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jagneet Kaur
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Manvir Bains
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amik Munankarmy
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Monique S Bagwell
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephanie L Safgren
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - John Moore-Weiss
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marina Buciuc
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lynzie Shimp
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kelsey A Leach
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Luis F Duarte
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chandandeep S Nagi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saul Carcamo
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Chi-Yeh Chung
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan Hasson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute Bioinformatics for Next Generation Sequencing (BiNGS) Shared Resource Facility, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Neda Dadgar
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jian Zhong
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeong-Heon Lee
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Emily Bernstein
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandre Gaspar-Maia
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Epigenomics program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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6
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Ayala-Guerrero L, Claudio-Galeana S, Furlan-Magaril M, Castro-Obregón S. Chromatin Structure from Development to Ageing. Subcell Biochem 2023; 102:7-51. [PMID: 36600128 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21410-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear structure influences genome architecture, which contributes to determine patterns of gene expression. Global changes in chromatin dynamics are essential during development and differentiation, and are one of the hallmarks of ageing. This chapter describes the molecular dynamics of chromatin structure that occur during development and ageing. In the first part, we introduce general information about the nuclear lamina, the chromatin structure, and the 3D organization of the genome. Next, we detail the molecular hallmarks found during development and ageing, including the role of DNA and histone modifications, 3D genome dynamics, and changes in the nuclear lamina. Within the chapter we discuss the implications that genome structure has on the mechanisms that drive development and ageing, and the physiological consequences when these mechanisms fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorelei Ayala-Guerrero
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sherlyn Claudio-Galeana
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mayra Furlan-Magaril
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Susana Castro-Obregón
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico.
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7
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Onea G, Maitland MER, Wang X, Lajoie GA, Schild-Poulter C. Distinct assemblies and interactomes of the nuclear and cytoplasmic mammalian CTLH E3 ligase complex. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276121. [PMID: 35833506 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal to LisH (CTLH) complex is a newly discovered multi-subunit E3 ubiquitin ligase whose cellular functions are poorly characterized. While some CTLH subunits have been found to localize in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of mammalian cells, differences between the compartment-specific complexes have not been explored. Here, we show that the CTLH complex forms different molecular weight complexes in nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. Loss of WDR26 severely decreases nuclear CTLH complex subunit levels and impairs higher-order CTLH complex formation, revealing WDR26 as a critical determinant of CTLH complex nuclear stability. Through affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) of endogenous CTLH complex member RanBPM from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, we identified over 170 compartment-specific interactors involved in various conserved biological processes such as ribonucleoprotein biogenesis and chromatin assembly. We validated the nuclear-specific RanBPM interaction with macroH2A1 and the cytoplasmic-specific interaction with Tankyrase-1/2. Overall, this study provides critical insights into CTLH complex function and composition in both the cytoplasm and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Onea
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Matthew E R Maitland
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, ON N6G 2V4, Canada.,Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Xu Wang
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Gilles A Lajoie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, ON N6G 2V4, Canada.,Don Rix Protein Identification Facility, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Caroline Schild-Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
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8
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Guberovic I, Farkas M, Corujo D, Buschbeck M. Evolution, structure and function of divergent macroH2A1 splice isoforms. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 135:43-49. [PMID: 35422391 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The replacement of replication-coupled histones with non-canonical histone variants provides chromatin with additional properties and contributes to the plasticity of the epigenome. MacroH2A histone variants are counterparts of the replication-coupled histone H2A. They are characterized by a unique tripartite structure, consisting of a histone fold, an unstructured linker, and a globular macrodomain. MacroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2 are the result of alternative splicing of the MACROH2A1 gene and can have opposing biological functions. Here, we discuss the structural differences between the macrodomains of the two isoforms, resulting in differential ligand binding. We further discuss how this modulates gene regulation by the two isoforms, in cases resulting in opposing role of macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2 in development and differentiation. Finally, we share recent insight in the evolution of macroH2As. Taken together, in this review, we aim to discuss in unprecedented detail distinct properties and functions of the fascinating macroH2A1 splice isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Guberovic
- Cancer and Leukaemia Epigenetics and Biology Program, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marina Farkas
- Cancer and Leukaemia Epigenetics and Biology Program, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - David Corujo
- Cancer and Leukaemia Epigenetics and Biology Program, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Cancer and Leukaemia Epigenetics and Biology Program, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain; Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
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9
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Kim SP, Srivatsan SN, Chavez M, Shirai CL, White BS, Ahmed T, Alberti MO, Shao J, Nunley R, White LS, Bednarski J, Pehrson JR, Walter MJ. Mutant U2AF1-induced alternative splicing of H2afy (macroH2A1) regulates B-lymphopoiesis in mice. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109626. [PMID: 34469727 PMCID: PMC8454217 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in spliceosome genes are found in ∼50% of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a myeloid malignancy associated with low blood counts. Expression of the mutant splicing factor U2AF1(S34F) alters hematopoiesis and mRNA splicing in mice. Our understanding of the functionally relevant alternatively spliced target genes that cause hematopoietic phenotypes in vivo remains incomplete. Here, we demonstrate that reduced expression of H2afy1.1, an alternatively spliced isoform of the histone H2A variant gene H2afy, is responsible for reduced B cells in U2AF1(S34F) mice. Deletion of H2afy or expression of U2AF1(S34F) reduces expression of Ebf1 (early B cell factor 1), a key transcription factor for B cell development, and mechanistically, H2AFY is enriched at the EBF1 promoter. Induced expression of H2AFY1.1 in U2AF1(S34F) cells rescues reduced EBF1 expression and B cells numbers in vivo. Collectively, our data implicate alternative splicing of H2AFY as a contributor to lymphopenia induced by U2AF1(S34F) in mice and MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun P Kim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sridhar N Srivatsan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Monique Chavez
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cara L Shirai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian S White
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tanzir Ahmed
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael O Alberti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jin Shao
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan Nunley
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lynn S White
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jeff Bednarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John R Pehrson
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew J Walter
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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10
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Golson ML. Islet Epigenetic Impacts on β-Cell Identity and Function. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1961-1978. [PMID: 34061978 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of differentiation is vital to the function of mature cells. Terminal differentiation is achieved by locking in the expression of genes essential for the function of those cells. Gene expression and its memory through generations of cell division is controlled by transcription factors and a host of epigenetic marks. In type 2 diabetes, β cells have altered gene expression compared to controls, accompanied by altered chromatin marks. Mutations, diet, and environment can all disrupt the implementation and preservation of the distinctive β-cell transcriptional signature. Understanding of the full complement of genomic control in β cells is still nascent. This article describes the known effects of histone marks and variants, DNA methylation, how they are regulated in the β cell, and how they affect cell-fate specification, maintenance, and lineage propagation. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-18, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Golson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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The Multiple Facets of ATRX Protein. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092211. [PMID: 34062956 PMCID: PMC8124985 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The gene encoding for the epigenetic regulator ATRX is gaining a prominent position among the most important oncosuppressive genes of the human genome. ATRX gene somatic mutations are found across a number of diverse cancer types, suggesting its relevance in tumor induction and progression. In the present review, the multiple activities of ATRX protein are described in the light of the most recent literature available highlighting its multifaceted role in the caretaking of the human genome. Abstract ATRX gene codifies for a protein member of the SWI-SNF family and was cloned for the first time over 25 years ago as the gene responsible for a rare developmental disorder characterized by α-thalassemia and intellectual disability called Alpha Thalassemia/mental Retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) syndrome. Since its discovery as a helicase involved in alpha-globin gene transcriptional regulation, our understanding of the multiple roles played by the ATRX protein increased continuously, leading to the recognition of this multifaceted protein as a central “caretaker” of the human genome involved in cancer suppression. In this review, we report recent advances in the comprehension of the ATRX manifold functions that encompass heterochromatin epigenetic regulation and maintenance, telomere function, replicative stress response, genome stability, and the suppression of endogenous transposable elements and exogenous viral genomes.
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12
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Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease characterized by loss of cellular homeostasis through genetic and epigenetic alterations. Emerging evidence highlights a role for histone variants and their dedicated chaperones in cancer initiation and progression. Histone variants are involved in processes as diverse as maintenance of genome integrity, nuclear architecture and cell identity. On a molecular level, histone variants add a layer of complexity to the dynamic regulation of transcription, DNA replication and repair, and mitotic chromosome segregation. Because these functions are critical to ensure normal proliferation and maintenance of cellular fate, cancer cells are defined by their capacity to subvert them. Hijacking histone variants and their chaperones is emerging as a common means to disrupt homeostasis across a wide range of cancers, particularly solid tumours. Here we discuss histone variants and histone chaperones as tumour-promoting or tumour-suppressive players in the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Filipescu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Sebastian R, Hosogane EK, Sun EG, Tran AD, Reinhold WC, Burkett S, Sturgill DM, Gudla PR, Pommier Y, Aladjem MI, Oberdoerffer P. Epigenetic Regulation of DNA Repair Pathway Choice by MacroH2A1 Splice Variants Ensures Genome Stability. Mol Cell 2020; 79:836-845.e7. [PMID: 32649884 PMCID: PMC7483679 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inactive X chromosome (Xi) is inherently susceptible to genomic aberrations. Replication stress (RS) has been proposed as an underlying cause, but the mechanisms that protect from Xi instability remain unknown. Here, we show that macroH2A1.2, an RS-protective histone variant enriched on the Xi, is required for Xi integrity and female survival. Mechanistically, macroH2A1.2 counteracts its structurally distinct and equally Xi-enriched alternative splice variant, macroH2A1.1. Comparative proteomics identified a role for macroH2A1.1 in alternative end joining (alt-EJ), which accounts for Xi anaphase defects in the absence of macroH2A1.2. Genomic instability was rescued by simultaneous depletion of macroH2A1.1 or alt-EJ factors, and mice deficient for both macroH2A1 variants harbor no overt female defects. Notably, macroH2A1 splice variant imbalance affected alt-EJ capacity also in tumor cells. Together, these findings identify macroH2A1 splicing as a modulator of genome maintenance that ensures Xi integrity and may, more broadly, predict DNA repair outcome in malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Sebastian
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Eri K Hosogane
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eric G Sun
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andy D Tran
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William C Reinhold
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - David M Sturgill
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Prabhakar R Gudla
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philipp Oberdoerffer
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Broggi G, Filetti V, Ieni A, Rapisarda V, Ledda C, Vitale E, Varricchio S, Russo D, Lombardo C, Tuccari G, Caltabiano R, Loreto C. MacroH2A1 Immunoexpression in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1519. [PMID: 32974186 PMCID: PMC7471871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MacroH2A1 has two splice isoforms, macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2, that have been studied in several form of cancer. In the literature there are not many scientific papers dealing with the role of macroH2A1 in breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most frequent form of malignancy in females. It tend to metastasize to the bone in ~70% of patients. Despite treatment, new bone metastases will still occur in 30–50% of cases with advanced disease. Overall 5-year survival after the diagnosis of bone metastasis is ~20%. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts of the bone microenvironment are engaged by soluble factors released by neoplastic cells, resulting in bone matrix breakdown. This malfunction enhances the proliferation of the cancer cells, creating a vicious cycle. We investigated immunohistochemical expression of macroH2A1 in primitive breast cancer, focusing on the comparison of metastatic and non-metastatic cases. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical expression of macroH2A1 has been evaluated both in all cases of nodal metastases and in distant metastases. Our data demonstrated that macroH2A1 expression was higher expressed in metastatic breast cancer (77%) vs. non-metastatic breast cancer (32%). Also in analyzed metastases cases, a high macroH2A1 expression was detected: 85 and 80% in nodal and distant metastases cases, respectively. These results supported the fact that macroH2A1 is more highly expressed in breast cancer with worst prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Broggi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Veronica Filetti
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Varricchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Lombardo
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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15
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Abstract
Histone variants regulate chromatin accessibility and gene transcription. Given their distinct properties and functions, histone varint substitutions allow for profound alteration of nucleosomal architecture and local chromatin landscape. Skeletal myogenesis driven by the key transcription factor MyoD is characterized by precise temporal regulation of myogenic genes. Timed substitution of variants within the nucleosomes provides a powerful means to ensure sequential expression of myogenic genes. Indeed, growing evidence has shown H3.3, H2A.Z, macroH2A, and H1b to be critical for skeletal myogenesis. However, the relative importance of various histone variants and their associated chaperones in myogenesis is not fully appreciated. In this review, we summarize the role that histone variants play in altering chromatin landscape to ensure proper muscle differentiation. The temporal regulation and cross talk between histones variants and their chaperones in conjunction with other forms of epigenetic regulation could be critical to understanding myogenesis and their involvement in myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Karthik
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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16
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Loss of macroH2A1 decreases mitochondrial metabolism and reduces the aggressiveness of uveal melanoma cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:9745-9760. [PMID: 32401230 PMCID: PMC7288915 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumour in adults. The most accurate prognostic factor of UM is classification by gene expression profiling. Currently, the role of epigenetics is much less defined compared to genetic mechanisms. We recently showed a strong prognostic role of the expression levels of histone variant macroH2A1 in UM patients. Here, we assessed the mechanistic effects of macroH2A1 on UM progression. UM cell lines were stably knocked down (KD) for macroH2A1, and proliferation and colony formation capacity were evaluated. Mitochondrial function was assayed through qPCR and HPLC analyses. Correlation between mitochondrial gene expression and cancer aggressiveness was studied using a bioinformatics approach. MacroH2A1 loss significantly attenuated UM cells proliferation and aggressiveness. Furthermore, genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation displayed a decreased expression in KD cells. Consistently, macroH2A1 loss resulted also in a significant decrease of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) expression, suggesting impaired mitochondrial replication. Bioinformatics analyses uncovered that the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial metabolism correlates with macroH2A1 and with cancer aggressiveness in UM patients. Altogether, our results suggest that macroH2A1 controls UM cells progression and it may represent a molecular target to develop new pharmacological strategies for UM treatment.
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17
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The Histone Variant MacroH2A1 Regulates Key Genes for Myogenic Cell Fusion in a Splice-Isoform Dependent Manner. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051109. [PMID: 32365743 PMCID: PMC7290658 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MacroH2A histone variants have functions in differentiation, somatic cell reprogramming and cancer. However, at present, it is not clear how macroH2As affect gene regulation to exert these functions. We have parted from the initial observation that loss of total macroH2A1 led to a change in the morphology of murine myotubes differentiated ex vivo. The fusion of myoblasts to myotubes is a key process in embryonic myogenesis and highly relevant for muscle regeneration after acute or chronic injury. We have focused on this physiological process, to investigate the functions of the two splice isoforms of macroH2A1. Individual perturbation of the two isoforms in myotubes forming in vitro from myogenic C2C12 cells showed an opposing phenotype, with macroH2A1.1 enhancing, and macroH2A1.2 reducing, fusion. Differential regulation of a subset of fusion-related genes encoding components of the extracellular matrix and cell surface receptors for adhesion correlated with these phenotypes. We describe, for the first time, splice isoform-specific phenotypes for the histone variant macroH2A1 in a physiologic process and provide evidence for a novel underlying molecular mechanism of gene regulation.
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18
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Giallongo S, Lo Re O, Vinciguerra M. Macro Histone Variants: Emerging Rheostats of Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050676. [PMID: 31096699 PMCID: PMC6562817 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers (GC) are malignancies involving the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and accessory organs of the digestive system, including the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. GC is one of the most common cancers and contributes to more cancer-related deaths than cancers of any other system in the human body. Causative factors of GC have been consistently attributed to infections, smoking, an unhealthy diet, obesity, diabetes, and genetic factors. More recently, aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene expression has emerged as a new, fundamental pathway in GC pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the role of the macroH2A histone family in GI cell function and malignant transformation, and highlight how this histone family may open up novel biomarkers for cancer detection, prediction, and response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Giallongo
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Oriana Lo Re
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), London NW32PF, UK.
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19
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Histone variant macroH2A: from chromatin deposition to molecular function. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:59-74. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The eukaryotic genome is regulated in the context of chromatin. Specialized histones, known as histone variants, incorporate into chromatin to replace their canonical counterparts and represent an important layer of regulation to diversify the structural characteristics and functional outputs of chromatin. MacroH2A is an unusual histone variant with a bulky C-terminal non-histone domain that distinguishes it from all other histones. It is a critical player in stabilizing differentiated cell identity by posing as a barrier to somatic cell reprogramming toward pluripotency and acts as a tumor suppressor in a wide range of cancers. MacroH2A histones are generally regarded as repressive variants that are enriched at the inactive X chromosome (Xi) and broad domains across autosomal chromatin. Recent studies have shed light on to how macroH2A influences transcriptional outputs within distinct genomic contexts and revealed new intriguing molecular functions of macroH2A variants beyond transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, the mechanisms of its mysterious chromatin deposition are beginning to be unraveled, facilitating our understanding of its complex regulation of genome function.
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20
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MacroH2A1 chromatin specification requires its docking domain and acetylation of H2B lysine 20. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5143. [PMID: 30510186 PMCID: PMC6277393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone variant macroH2A1 localizes to two functionally distinct chromatin subtypes marked by either H3K27me3 or H2B acetylations, where it is thought to directly regulate transcription. The recent finding, that macroH2A1 regulates mitochondrial respiration by globally dampening PARP activity, requires the field to re-evaluate which functions of macroH2A1 are due to global effects on cellular metabolism and which are direct effects determined by macroH2A1 chromatin localization. Here, we demonstrate macroH2A1 incorporation into H2B-acetylated chromatin requires a feature in its histone-fold domain, distinguishing this process from incorporation into H3K27me3-containing chromatin in which multiple features of macroH2A1 are sufficient for targeting. In addition, we identify H2BK20 acetylation as a critical modification required to target macroH2A1 to H2B-acetylated chromatin. Our findings have allowed us to definitively establish that macroH2A1's regulation of an important transcriptional program, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), requires its accurate genomic localization.
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21
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Hurtado-Bagès S, Guberovic I, Buschbeck M. The MacroH2A1.1 - PARP1 Axis at the Intersection Between Stress Response and Metabolism. Front Genet 2018; 9:417. [PMID: 30356649 PMCID: PMC6189284 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of replication-coupled canonical histones by histone variants endows chromatin with specific features. The replacement of the canonical H2A histone for the histone variant macroH2A is one of the most remarkable epigenetic modifications. The three vertebrate macroH2A proteins have a unique tripartite structure consisting of H2A-like domain, unstructured linker, and macrodomain. Macrodomains are ancient globular folds that are able to bind nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) derived metabolites. Here, we will briefly describe the physiological relevance of the metabolite binding in the context of chromatin. In particular, we will focus on the macroH2A1.1 isoform that binds ADP-ribose and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) enzyme, a cellular stress sensor. We will discuss the impact of this interaction in the context of cancer, senescence, cell stress and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hurtado-Bagès
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Biomedicine, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iva Guberovic
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ph.D. Program in Biomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
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22
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Lo Re O, Vinciguerra M. Histone MacroH2A1: A Chromatin Point of Intersection between Fasting, Senescence and Cellular Regeneration. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120367. [PMID: 29206173 PMCID: PMC5748685 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone variants confer chromatin unique properties. They have specific genomic distribution, regulated by specific deposition and removal machineries. Histone variants, mostly of canonical histones H2A, H2B and H3, have important roles in early embryonic development, in lineage commitment of stem cells, in the converse process of somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency and, in some cases, in the modulation of animal aging and life span. MacroH2A1 is a variant of histone H2A, present in two alternatively exon-spliced isoforms macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2, regulating cell plasticity and proliferation, during pluripotency and tumorigenesis. Furthermore, macroH2A1 participates in the formation of senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF) in senescent cells, and multiple lines of evidence in genetically modified mice suggest that macroH2A1 integrates nutritional cues from the extracellular environment to transcriptional programs. Here, we review current molecular evidence based on next generation sequencing data, cell assays and in vivo models supporting different mechanisms that could mediate the function of macroH2A1 in health span and life span. We will further discuss context-dependent and isoform-specific functions. The aim of this review is to provide guidance to assess histone variant macroH2A1 potential as a therapeutic intervention point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Lo Re
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St'Anne University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center, St'Anne University Hospital, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno 656 91, Czech Republic.
- Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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23
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Posavec Marjanović M, Hurtado-Bagès S, Lassi M, Valero V, Malinverni R, Delage H, Navarro M, Corujo D, Guberovic I, Douet J, Gama-Perez P, Garcia-Roves PM, Ahel I, Ladurner AG, Yanes O, Bouvet P, Suelves M, Teperino R, Pospisilik JA, Buschbeck M. MacroH2A1.1 regulates mitochondrial respiration by limiting nuclear NAD + consumption. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:902-910. [PMID: 28991266 PMCID: PMC5791885 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone variants are structural components of eukaryotic chromatin that can replace replication-coupled histones in the nucleosome. The histone variant macroH2A1.1 contains a macrodomain capable of binding NAD+-derived metabolites. Here we report that macroH2A1.1 is rapidly induced during myogenic differentiation through a switch in alternative splicing, and that myotubes that lack macroH2A1.1 have a defect in mitochondrial respiratory capacity. We found that the metabolite-binding macrodomain was essential for sustained optimal mitochondrial function but dispensable for gene regulation. Through direct binding, macroH2A1.1 inhibits basal poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1) activity and thus reduces nuclear NAD+ consumption. The resultant accumulation of the NAD+ precursor NMN allows for maintenance of mitochondrial NAD+ pools that are critical for respiration. Our data indicate that macroH2A1.1-containing chromatin regulates mitochondrial respiration by limiting nuclear NAD+ consumption and establishing a buffer of NAD+ precursors in differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanija Posavec Marjanović
- Programme of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- PhD Program in Biomedicine, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Hurtado-Bagès
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- PhD Program in Biomedicine, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximilian Lassi
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vanesa Valero
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roberto Malinverni
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Hélène Delage
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Miriam Navarro
- Metabolomics Platform, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Corujo
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Iva Guberovic
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julien Douet
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Pau Gama-Perez
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine - University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo M. Garcia-Roves
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine - University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas G. Ladurner
- Biomedical Center Munich (BMC) - Physiological Chemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oscar Yanes
- Metabolomics Platform, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Philippe Bouvet
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mònica Suelves
- Programme of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Raffaele Teperino
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Programme of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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24
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Cedeno RJ, Nakauka-Ddamba A, Yousefi M, Sterling S, Leu NA, Li N, Pehrson JR, Lengner CJ. The histone variant macroH2A confers functional robustness to the intestinal stem cell compartment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185196. [PMID: 28934364 PMCID: PMC5608326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A stem cell's epigenome directs cell fate during development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Epigenetic dysregulation can lead to inappropriate cell fate decisions, aberrant cell function, and even cancer. The histone variant macroH2A has been shown to influence gene expression, guide cell fate, and safeguard against genotoxic stress. Interestingly, mice lacking functional macroH2A histones (hereafter referred to as macroH2A DKO) are viable and fertile; yet suffer from increased perinatal death and reduced weight and size compared to wildtype (WT). Here, we ask whether the ostensible reduced vigor of macroH2A DKO mice extends to intestinal stem cell (ISC) function during homeostasis, regeneration, and oncogenesis. Lgr5-eGFP-IRES-CreERT2 or Hopx-CreERT2::Rosa26-LSL-tdTomato ISC reporter mice or the C57BL/6J-Apcmin/J murine intestinal adenoma model were bred into a macroH2A DKO or strain-matched WT background and assessed for ISC functionality, regeneration and tumorigenesis. High-dose (12Gy) whole-body γ-irradiation was used as an injury model. We show that macroH2A is dispensable for intestinal homeostasis and macroH2A DKO mice have similar numbers of active crypt-base columnar ISCs (CBCs). MacroH2A DKO intestine exhibits impaired regeneration following injury, despite having significantly more putative reserve ISCs. DKO reserve ISCs disproportionately undergo apoptosis compared to WT after DNA damage infliction. Interestingly, a macroH2A DKO background does not significantly increase tumorigenesis in the Apcmin model of intestinal adenoma. We conclude that macroH2A influences reserve ISC number and function during homeostasis and regeneration. These data suggest macroH2A enhances reserve ISC survival after DNA damage and thus confers functional robustness to the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan James Cedeno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Angela Nakauka-Ddamba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maryam Yousefi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Sterling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Center for Animal Transgenesis, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicolae Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Center for Animal Transgenesis, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John R Pehrson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher Joachim Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Center for Animal Transgenesis, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Center for Molecular Studies in Digestive and Liver Disease, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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25
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Buschbeck M, Hake SB. Variants of core histones and their roles in cell fate decisions, development and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:299-314. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Pazienza V, Panebianco C, Rappa F, Memoli D, Borghesan M, Cannito S, Oji A, Mazza G, Tamburrino D, Fusai G, Barone R, Bolasco G, Villarroya F, Villarroya J, Hatsuzawa K, Cappello F, Tarallo R, Nakanishi T, Vinciguerra M. Histone macroH2A1.2 promotes metabolic health and leanness by inhibiting adipogenesis. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:45. [PMID: 27800025 PMCID: PMC5078890 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity has tremendous impact on the health systems. Its epigenetic bases are unclear. MacroH2A1 is a variant of histone H2A, present in two alternatively exon-spliced isoforms macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2, regulating cell plasticity and proliferation, during pluripotency and tumorigenesis. Their role in adipose tissue plasticity is unknown. Results Here, we show evidence that macroH2A1.1 protein levels in the visceral adipose tissue of obese humans positively correlate with BMI, while macroH2A1.2 is nearly absent. We thus introduced a constitutive GFP-tagged transgene for macroH2A1.2 in mice, and we characterized their metabolic health upon being fed a standard chow diet or a high fat diet. Despite unchanged food intake, these mice exhibit lower adipose mass and improved glucose metabolism both under a chow and an obesogenic diet. In the latter regimen, transgenic mice display smaller pancreatic islets and significantly less inflammation. MacroH2A1.2 overexpression in the mouse adipose tissue induced dramatic changes in the transcript levels of key adipogenic genes; genomic analyses comparing pre-adipocytes to mature adipocytes uncovered only minor changes in macroH2A1.2 genomic distribution upon adipogenic differentiation and suggested differential cooperation with transcription factors. MacroH2A1.2 overexpression markedly inhibited adipogenesis, while overexpression of macroH2A1.1 had opposite effects. Conclusions MacroH2A1.2 is an unprecedented chromatin component powerfully promoting metabolic health by modulating anti-adipogenic transcriptional networks in the differentiating adipose tissue. Strategies aiming at enhancing macroH2A1.2 expression might counteract excessive adiposity in humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0098-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy ; Department of Legal, Society and Sport Sciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy ; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Memoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Schola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA Italy
| | - Michela Borghesan
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy ; Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - Sara Cannito
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Asami Oji
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 5650871 Japan
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2PF UK
| | - Domenico Tamburrino
- Centre for HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Centre for HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG UK
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy ; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giulia Bolasco
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08007 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), and CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutricion, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08007 Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy ; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Schola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, SA Italy
| | - Tomoko Nakanishi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503 Japan ; The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy ; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90146 Palermo, Italy ; Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2PF UK ; Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, 656 91 Czech Republic
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27
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Rivera-Casas C, Gonzalez-Romero R, Cheema MS, Ausió J, Eirín-López JM. The characterization of macroH2A beyond vertebrates supports an ancestral origin and conserved role for histone variants in chromatin. Epigenetics 2016; 11:415-25. [PMID: 27082816 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1172161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone variants play a critical role in chromatin structure and epigenetic regulation. These "deviant" proteins have been historically considered as the evolutionary descendants of ancestral canonical histones, helping specialize the nucleosome structure during eukaryotic evolution. Such view is now challenged by 2 major observations: first, canonical histones present extremely unique features not shared with any other genes; second, histone variants are widespread across many eukaryotic groups. The present work further supports the ancestral nature of histone variants by providing the first in vivo characterization of a functional macroH2A histone (a variant long defined as a specific refinement of vertebrate chromatin) in a non-vertebrate organism (the mussel Mytilus) revealing its recruitment into heterochromatic fractions of actively proliferating tissues. Combined with in silico analyses of genomic data, these results provide evidence for the widespread presence of macroH2A in metazoan animals, as well as in the holozoan Capsaspora, supporting an evolutionary origin for this histone variant lineage before the radiation of Filozoans (including Filasterea, Choanoflagellata and Metazoa). Overall, the results presented in this work help configure a new evolutionary scenario in which histone variants, rather than modern "deviants" of canonical histones, would constitute ancient components of eukaryotic chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Rivera-Casas
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Chromatin Structure and Evolution (Chromevol) Group , Florida International University , North Miami , FL , USA
| | - Rodrigo Gonzalez-Romero
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Chromatin Structure and Evolution (Chromevol) Group , Florida International University , North Miami , FL , USA
| | - Manjinder S Cheema
- b Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Juan Ausió
- b Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia , Canada
| | - José M Eirín-López
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Chromatin Structure and Evolution (Chromevol) Group , Florida International University , North Miami , FL , USA
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28
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PARP Inhibition Suppresses Growth of EGFR-Mutant Cancers by Targeting Nuclear PKM2. Cell Rep 2016; 15:843-856. [PMID: 27149849 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon growth factor stimulation or in some EGFR mutant cancer cells, PKM2 translocates into the nucleus to induce glycolysis and cell growth. Here, we report that nuclear PKM2 binds directly to poly-ADP ribose, and this PAR-binding capability is critical for its nuclear localization. Accordingly, PARP inhibition prevents nuclear retention of PKM2 and therefore suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth. In addition, we found that PAR level correlates with nuclear localization of PKM2 in EGFR mutant brain and lung cancers, suggesting that PAR-dependent nuclear localization of PKM2 likely contributes to tumor progression in EGFR mutant glioblastoma and lung cancers. In addition, some EGFR-inhibitor-resistant lung cancer cells are sensitive to PARP inhibitors. Taken together, our data indicate that suppression of PKM2 nuclear function by PARP inhibitors represents a treatment strategy for EGFR-inhibitor-resistant cancers.
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29
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Turinetto V, Giachino C. Histone variants as emerging regulators of embryonic stem cell identity. Epigenetics 2016; 10:563-73. [PMID: 26114724 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1053682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of chromatin structure is an important mechanism for balancing the pluripotency and cell fate decision in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Indeed ESCs are characterized by unusual chromatin packaging, and a wide variety of chromatin regulators have been implicated in control of pluripotency and differentiation. Genome-wide maps of epigenetic factors have revealed a unique epigenetic signature in pluripotent ESCs and have contributed models to explain their plasticity. In addition to the well known epigenetic regulation through DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, chromatin remodeling, and non-coding RNA, histone variants are emerging as important regulators of ESC identity. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent progress that has highlighted the central role of histone variants in ESC pluripotency and ESC fate, focusing, in particular, on H1 variants, H2A variants H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A and H3 variant H3.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Turinetto
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; University of Turin ; Orbassano , Turin , Italy
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30
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Borghesan M, Fusilli C, Rappa F, Panebianco C, Rizzo G, Oben JA, Mazzoccoli G, Faulkes C, Pata I, Agodi A, Rezaee F, Minogue S, Warren A, Peterson A, Sedivy JM, Douet J, Buschbeck M, Cappello F, Mazza T, Pazienza V, Vinciguerra M. DNA Hypomethylation and Histone Variant macroH2A1 Synergistically Attenuate Chemotherapy-Induced Senescence to Promote Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression. Cancer Res 2016; 76:594-606. [PMID: 26772755 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for progression of liver diseases to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cellular senescence contributes to age-related tissue dysfunction, but the epigenetic basis underlying drug-induced senescence remains unclear. macroH2A1, a variant of histone H2A, is a marker of senescence-associated heterochromatic foci that synergizes with DNA methylation to silence tumor-suppressor genes in human fibroblasts. In this study, we investigated the relationship between macroH2A1 splice variants, macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2, and liver carcinogenesis. We found that protein levels of both macroH2A1 isoforms were increased in the livers of very elderly rodents and humans, and were robust immunohistochemical markers of human cirrhosis and HCC. In response to the chemotherapeutic and DNA-demethylating agent 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), transgenic expression of macroH2A1 isoforms in HCC cell lines prevented the emergence of a senescent-like phenotype and induced synergistic global DNA hypomethylation. Conversely, macroH2A1 depletion amplified the antiproliferative effects of 5-aza-dC in HCC cells, but failed to enhance senescence. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype and whole-transcriptome analyses implicated the p38 MAPK/IL8 pathway in mediating macroH2A1-dependent escape of HCC cells from chemotherapy-induced senescence. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing revealed that this hepatic antisenescence state also required active transcription that could not be attributed to genomic occupancy of these histones. Collectively, our findings reveal a new mechanism by which drug-induced senescence is epigenetically regulated by macroH2A1 and DNA methylation and suggest macroH2A1 as a novel biomarker of hepatic senescence that could potentially predict prognosis and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Borghesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Caterina Fusilli
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza"-Mendel Laboratory, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rappa
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rizzo
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jude A Oben
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Chris Faulkes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Illar Pata
- Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology (TTU), IVEX Lab, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Antonella Agodi
- Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Farhad Rezaee
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shane Minogue
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Warren
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Centre for Education and Research on Aging (CERA) and the ANZAC Research Institute, Concord RG Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abigail Peterson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - John M Sedivy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Julien Douet
- Institute for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain. Josep Carreras Institute for Leukaemia Research, Campus ICO-HGTP, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Institute for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain. Josep Carreras Institute for Leukaemia Research, Campus ICO-HGTP, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Bioinformatics Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza"-Mendel Laboratory, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy. Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy. School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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31
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Lempradl A, Pospisilik JA, Penninger JM. Exploring the emerging complexity in transcriptional regulation of energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Genet 2015; 16:665-81. [PMID: 26460345 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated diseases are expected to affect more than 1 billion people by the year 2030. These figures have sparked intensive research into the molecular control of food intake, nutrient distribution, storage and metabolism--processes that are collectively termed energy homeostasis. Recent decades have also seen dramatic developments in our understanding of gene regulation at the signalling, chromatin and post-transcriptional levels. The seemingly exponential growth in this complexity now poses a major challenge for translational researchers in need of simplified but accurate paradigms for clinical use. In this Review, we consider the current understanding of transcriptional control of energy homeostasis, including both transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, and crosstalk between pathways. We also provide insights into emerging developments and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Lempradl
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Andrew Pospisilik
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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32
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Abstract
Within nucleosomes, canonical histones package the genome, but they can be opportunely replaced with histone variants. The incorporation of histone variants into the nucleosome is a chief cellular strategy to regulate transcription and cellular metabolism. In pathological terms, cellular steatosis is an abnormal accumulation of lipids, which reflects impairment in the turnover of triacylglycerols, affecting any organ but mainly the liver. The present review aims to summarize the experimental evidence for histone variant functions in lipid metabolism.
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33
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Monteiro FL, Baptista T, Amado F, Vitorino R, Jerónimo C, Helguero LA. Expression and functionality of histone H2A variants in cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3428-43. [PMID: 25003966 PMCID: PMC4116493 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression includes the replacement of canonical histones for non-allelic histone variants, as well as their multiple targeting by postranslational modifications. H2A variants are highly conserved between species suggesting they execute important functions that cannot be accomplished by canonical histones. Altered expression of many H2A variants is associated to cancer. MacroH2A variants are enriched in heterocromatic foci and are necessary for chromatin condensation. MacroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2 are two mutually exclusive isoforms. MacroH2A1.1 and macroH2A2 inhibit proliferation and are associated with better cancer prognosis; while macroH2A1.2 is associated to cancer progression. H2AX variant functions as a sensor of DNA damage and defines the cellular response towards DNA repair or apoptosis; therefore, screening approaches and therapeutic options targeting H2AX have been proposed. H2A.Z is enriched in euchromatin, acting as a proto-oncogene with established roles in hormone responsive cancers and overexpressed in endocrine-resistant disease. Other H2A family members have also been found altered in cancer, but their function remains unknown. Substantial progress has been made to understand histone H2A variants, their contribution to normal cellular function and to cancer development and progression. Yet, implementation of high resolution mass spectrometry is needed to further our knowledge on highly homologous H2A variants expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Liliana Monteiro
- Mass Specrometry Center, Organic Chemistry and Natural Products Unit (QOPNA), Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro., Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa A Helguero
- Mass Specrometry Center, Organic Chemistry and Natural Products Unit (QOPNA), Dep. of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro., Aveiro, Portugal
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Podrini C, Koffas A, Chokshi S, Vinciguerra M, Lelliott CJ, White JK, Adissu HA, Williams R, Greco A. MacroH2A1 isoforms are associated with epigenetic markers for activation of lipogenic genes in fat-induced steatosis. FASEB J 2014; 29:1676-87. [PMID: 25526730 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-262717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The importance of epigenetic changes in the development of hepatic steatosis is largely unknown. The histone variant macroH2A1 under alternative splicing gives rise to macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2. In this study, we show that the macroH2A1 isoforms play an important role in the regulation of lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Hepatoma cell line and immortalized human hepatocytes transiently transfected or knocked down with macroH2A1 isoforms were used as in vitro model of fat-induced steatosis. Gene expressions were analyzed by quantitative PCR array and Western blot. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis was performed to check the association of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) with the promoter of lipogenic genes. Livers from knockout mice that are resistant to lipid deposition despite a high-fat diet were used for histopathology. We found that macroH2A1.2 is regulated by fat uptake and that its overexpression caused an increase in lipid uptake, triglycerides, and lipogenic genes compared with macroH2A1.1. This suggests that macroH2A1.2 is important for lipid uptake, whereas macroH2A1.1 was found to be protective. The result was supported by a high positivity for macroH2A1.1 in knockout mice for genes targeted by macroH2A1 (Atp5a1 and Fam73b), that under a high-fat diet presented minimal lipidosis. Moreover, macroH2A1 isoforms differentially regulate the expression of lipogenic genes by modulating the association of the active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) histone marks on their promoters. This study underlines the importance of the replacement of noncanonical histones in the regulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism in the progression of steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Podrini
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Apostolos Koffas
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher J Lelliott
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline K White
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hibret A Adissu
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Williams
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azzura Greco
- *Foundation for Liver Research, Institute of Hepatology, London, United Kingdom; University College London (UCL)--Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom, Mouse Genetics Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
MacroH2A core histone variants have a unique structure that includes a C-terminal nonhistone domain. They are highly conserved in vertebrates and are thought to regulate gene expression. However, the nature of genes regulated by macroH2As and their biological significance remain unclear. Here, we examine macroH2A function in vivo by knocking out both macroH2A1 and macroH2A2 in the mouse. While macroH2As are not required for early development, the absence of macroH2As impairs prenatal and postnatal growth and can significantly reduce reproductive efficiency. The distributions of macroH2A.1- and macroH2A.2-containing nucleosomes show substantial overlap, as do their effects on gene expression. Our studies in fetal and adult liver indicate that macroH2As can exert large positive or negative effects on gene expression, with macroH2A.1 and macroH2A.2 acting synergistically on the expression of some genes and apparently having opposing effects on others. These effects are very specific and in the adult liver preferentially involve genes related to lipid metabolism, including the leptin receptor. MacroH2A-dependent gene regulation changes substantially in postnatal development and can be strongly affected by fasting. We propose that macroH2As produce adaptive changes to gene expression, which in the liver focus on metabolism.
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36
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Chen H, Ruiz PD, Novikov L, Casill AD, Park JW, Gamble MJ. MacroH2A1.1 and PARP-1 cooperate to regulate transcription by promoting CBP-mediated H2B acetylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:981-9. [PMID: 25306110 PMCID: PMC4221384 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The histone variant macroH2A1 regulates gene expression important for differentiation, stem cell reprogramming and tumor suppression. Here, we demonstrate that in primary human cells, macroH2A1 participates in two physically and functionally distinct types of chromatin either marked by H3K27me3 or nine histone acetylations. Using RNA-seq, we found that macroH2A1-regulated genes, which have roles in cancer progression, are specifically found in macroH2A1-containing acetylated chromatin. Of the two macroH2A1 variants, macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2, the former is suppressed in cancer and can interact with PARP-generated poly(ADP-ribose). Through the recruitment of PARP-1, macroH2A1.1 promotes the CBP-mediated acetylation of H2B K12 and K120 which either positively or negatively regulates the expression of macroH2A1-target genes. While macroH2A1-regulated H2B acetylation is a common feature of primary cells, this regulation is typically lost in cancer cells. Consequently, our results provide important insight into macroH2A1.1’s role in cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Penelope D Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Leonid Novikov
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Alyssa D Casill
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jong Woo Park
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Matthew J Gamble
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
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37
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Pazienza V, Borghesan M, Mazza T, Sheedfar F, Panebianco C, Williams R, Mazzoccoli G, Andriulli A, Nakanishi T, Vinciguerra M. SIRT1-metabolite binding histone macroH2A1.1 protects hepatocytes against lipid accumulation. Aging (Albany NY) 2014; 6:35-47. [PMID: 24473773 PMCID: PMC3927808 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease (NAFLD) encompasses conditions associated to fat deposition in the liver, which are generally deteriorated during the aging process. MacroH2A1, a variant of histone H2A, is a key transcriptional regulator involved in tumorigenic processes and cell senescence, and featuring two alternatively splicing isoforms, macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2. MacroH2A1.1 binds with high affinity O-acetyl ADP ribose, a small metabolite produced by the reaction catalysed by NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1, whereas macroH2A1.2 is unable to do so. The functional significance of this binding is unknown. We previously reported that the hepatic levels of macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2 are differentially expressed in mice models of NAFLD. Here we show that over-expression of macroH2A1.1, but not of macroH2A1.2, is able to protect hepatocytes against lipid accumulation. MacroH2A1.1 over-expressing cells display ameliorated glucose metabolism, reduced expression of lipidogenic genes and fatty acids content. SIRT1/macroH2A1.1-dependent epigenetic regulation of lipid metabolism may be relevant to NAFLD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Pazienza
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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38
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Tyagi M, Khade B, Khan SA, Ingle A, Gupta S. Expression of histone variant, H2A.1 is associated with the undifferentiated state of hepatocyte. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1335-1339. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest the incorporation of histone variants into the chromatin regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and de-differentiation. We have earlier reported the increase of H2A.1 variant during sequential de-differentiation of hepatocyte to hepato-cellular carcinoma. Here, we decipher the alterations in expression of H2A.1 and H2A.2 variants during rat liver embryogenesis and regeneration. The expression of H2A.1 and H2A.2, at protein and mRNA level, does not alter in normal cellular proliferation associated with regeneration of liver post PH. In contrast, gradual decrease of H2A.1 with increase of H2A.2 is observed during differentiation of embryonic to adult liver. Furthermore, the accumulation of H2A.1 is higher in embryonic stem cells compared to normal adult liver. Collectively, these data support a strong correlation of H2A.1 expression with undifferentiated cells and overall epigenetic reprogramming in dedifferentiation and maturation of undifferentiated cells, rather than with normal cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Tyagi
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab
| | - Bharat Khade
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab
| | | | - Arvind Ingle
- Animal House Facility, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, MH, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Epigenetics and Chromatin Biology Group, Gupta Lab
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39
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Yildirim O, Hung JH, Cedeno RJ, Weng Z, Lengner CJ, Rando OJ. A system for genome-wide histone variant dynamics in ES cells reveals dynamic MacroH2A2 replacement at promoters. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004515. [PMID: 25102063 PMCID: PMC4125097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic exchange of a subset of nucleosomes in vivo plays important roles in epigenetic inheritance of chromatin states, chromatin insulator function, chromosome folding, and the maintenance of the pluripotent state of embryonic stem cells. Here, we extend a pulse-chase strategy for carrying out genome-wide measurements of histone dynamics to several histone variants in murine embryonic stem cells and somatic tissues, recapitulating expected characteristics of the well characterized H3.3 histone variant. We extended this system to the less-studied MacroH2A2 variant, commonly described as a "repressive" histone variant whose accumulation in chromatin is thought to fix the epigenetic state of differentiated cells. Unexpectedly, we found that while large intergenic blocks of MacroH2A2 were stably associated with the genome, promoter-associated peaks of MacroH2A2 exhibited relatively rapid exchange dynamics in ES cells, particularly at highly-transcribed genes. Upon differentiation to embryonic fibroblasts, MacroH2A2 was gained primarily in additional long, stably associated blocks across gene-poor regions, while overall turnover at promoters was greatly dampened. Our results reveal unanticipated dynamic behavior of the MacroH2A2 variant in pluripotent cells, and provide a resource for future studies of tissue-specific histone dynamics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Yildirim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jui-Hung Hung
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan J. Cedeno
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Lengner
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJL); (OJR)
| | - Oliver J. Rando
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJL); (OJR)
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40
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Maclary E, Hinten M, Harris C, Kalantry S. Long nonoding RNAs in the X-inactivation center. Chromosome Res 2014; 21:601-614. [PMID: 24297756 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-013-9396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The X-inactivation center is a hotbed of functional long noncoding RNAs in eutherian mammals. These RNAs are thought to help orchestrate the epigenetic transcriptional states of the two X-chromosomes in females as well as of the single X-chromosome in males. To balance X-linked gene expression between the sexes, females undergo transcriptional silencing of most genes on one of the two X-chromosomes in a process termed X-chromosome inactivation. While one X-chromosome is inactivated, the other X-chromosome remains active. Moreover, with a few notable exceptions, the originally established epigenetic transcriptional profiles of the two X-chromosomes is maintained as such through many rounds of cell division, essentially for the life of the organism. The stable and divergent transcriptional fates of the two X-chromosomes, despite residing in a shared nucleoplasm, make X-inactivation a paradigm of epigenetic transcriptional regulation. Originally proposed in 1961 by Mary Lyon, the X-inactivation hypothesis has been validated through much experimentation. In the last 25 years, the discovery and functional characterization has firmly established X-linked long noncoding RNAs as key players in choreographing X-chromosome inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Maclary
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Michael Hinten
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Clair Harris
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Sundeep Kalantry
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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41
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Genetic ablation of macrohistone H2A1 leads to increased leanness, glucose tolerance and energy expenditure in mice fed a high-fat diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:331-8. [PMID: 24849394 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In the context of obesity, epigenetic mechanisms regulate cell-specific chromatin plasticity, perpetuating gene expression responses to nutrient excess. MacroH2A1, a variant of histone H2A, emerged as a key chromatin regulator sensing small nutrients during cell proliferation and differentiation. Mice genetically ablated for macroH2A1 (knockout (KO)) do not show overt phenotypes under a standard diet. Our objective was to analyse the in vivo role of macroH2A1 in response to nutritional excess. METHODS Twelve-week-old whole-body macroH2A1 KO male mice were given a high-fat diet (60% energy from lard) for 12 weeks until being killed, and examined for glucose and insulin tolerance, and for body fat composition. Energy expenditure was assessed using metabolic cages and by measuring the expression levels of genes involved in thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) or in adipogenesis in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). RESULTS Under a chow diet, macroH2A1 KO mice did not differ from their wild-type (WT) littermates for body weight, and for sensitivity to glucose or insulin. However, KO mice displayed decreased heat production (P<0.05), and enhanced total activity during the night (P<0.01). These activities related to protection against diet-induced obesity in KO mice, which displayed decreased body weight owing to a specific decrease in fat mass (P<0.05), increased tolerance to glucose (P<0.05), and enhanced total activity during the day (P<0.05), compared with WT mice. KO mice displayed increased expression of thermogenic genes (Ucp1, P<0.05; Glut4, P<0.05; Cox4, P<0.01) in BAT and a decreased expression of adipogenic genes (Pparγ, P<0.05; Fabp4, P<0.05; Glut4, P<0.05) in VAT compared with WT mice, indicative of augmented energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS Genetic eviction of macroH2A1 confers protection against diet-induced obesity and metabolic derangements in mice. Inhibition of macroH2A1 might be a helpful strategy for epigenetic therapy of obesity.
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42
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Abstract
Eukaryotic gene regulation involves a balance between packaging of the genome into nucleosomes and enabling access to regulatory proteins and RNA polymerase. Nucleosomes, consisting of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins, are integral components of gene regulation that restrict access to both regulatory sequences and the underlying template. In this review, Weber and Henikoff consider how histone variants and their interacting partners are involved in transcriptional regulation through the creation of unique chromatin states. Eukaryotic gene regulation involves a balance between packaging of the genome into nucleosomes and enabling access to regulatory proteins and RNA polymerase. Nucleosomes are integral components of gene regulation that restrict access to both regulatory sequences and the underlying template. Whereas canonical histones package the newly replicated genome, they can be replaced with histone variants that alter nucleosome structure, stability, dynamics, and, ultimately, DNA accessibility. Here we consider how histone variants and their interacting partners are involved in transcriptional regulation through the creation of unique chromatin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Weber
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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43
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The histone variant MacroH2A1 regulates target gene expression in part by recruiting the transcriptional coregulator PELP1. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:2437-49. [PMID: 24752897 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01315-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MacroH2A1 is a histone variant harboring an ∼25-kDa carboxyl-terminal macrodomain. Due to its enrichment on the inactive X chromosome, macroH2A1 was thought to play a role in transcriptional repression. However, recent studies have shown that macroH2A1 occupies autosomal chromatin and regulates genes in a context-specific manner. The macrodomain may play a role in the modulation of gene expression outcomes via physical interactions with effector proteins, which may depend on the ability of the macrodomain to bind NAD(+) metabolite ligands. Here, we identify proline, glutamic acid, and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1), a chromatin-associated factor and transcriptional coregulator, as a ligand-independent macrodomain-interacting factor. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with tiling microarrays (ChIP-chip) to determine the genomic localization of PELP1 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. We find that PELP1 genomic localization is highly correlated with that of macroH2A1. Additionally, PELP1 positively correlates with heterochromatic chromatin marks and negatively correlates with active transcription marks, much like macroH2A1. MacroH2A1 specifically recruits PELP1 to the promoters of macroH2A1 target genes, but macroH2A1 occupancy occurs independent of PELP1. This recruitment allows macroH2A1 and PELP1 to cooperatively regulate gene expression outcomes.
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44
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Cong R, Das S, Douet J, Wong J, Buschbeck M, Mongelard F, Bouvet P. macroH2A1 histone variant represses rDNA transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:181-92. [PMID: 24071584 PMCID: PMC3874179 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of ribosomal DNA transcription is an important step for the control of cell growth. Epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications of canonical histones have been involved in this regulation, but much less is known about the role of histone variants. In this work, we show that the histone variant macroH2A1 is present on the promoter of methylated rDNA genes. The inhibition of the expression of macroH2A1 in human HeLa and HepG2 cells and in a mouse ES cell line resulted in an up to 5-fold increase of pre-rRNA levels. This increased accumulation of pre-rRNA is accompanied by an increase of the loading of RNA polymerase I and UBF on the rDNA without any changes in the number of active rDNA genes. The inhibition of RNA polymerase I transcription by actinomycin D or by knocking down nucleolin, induces the recruitment of macroH2A1 on the rDNA and the relocalization of macroH2A1 in the nucleolus. Interestingly, the inhibition of rDNA transcription induced by nucleolin depletion is alleviated by the inactivation of macroH2A1. These results demonstrate that macroH2A1 is a new factor involved in the regulation of rDNA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cong
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS USR 3010, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, 69364 Lyon, France, The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sadhan Das
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS USR 3010, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, 69364 Lyon, France, The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Julien Douet
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS USR 3010, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, 69364 Lyon, France, The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jiemin Wong
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS USR 3010, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, 69364 Lyon, France, The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS USR 3010, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, 69364 Lyon, France, The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fabien Mongelard
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS USR 3010, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, 69364 Lyon, France, The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Philippe Bouvet
- Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS USR 3010, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie, 69364 Lyon, France, The Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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45
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Nakajima T, Sado T. Current view of the potential roles of proteins enriched on the inactive X chromosome. Genes Genet Syst 2014; 89:151-7. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.89.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Sado
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kinki University
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46
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Abstract
ADP-ribosylation is a type of posttranslational modification catalyzed by members of the poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase superfamily. ADP-ribosylation is initiated by PARPs, recognized by PAR binding proteins, and removed by PARG and other ADP-ribose hydrolases. These three groups of proteins work together to regulate the cellular and molecular response of PAR signaling, which is critical for a wide range of cellular and physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 66, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, Unit 66, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030,
USA
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47
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Singh SK, Ellenrieder V. Senescence in pancreatic carcinogenesis: from signalling to chromatin remodelling and epigenetics. Gut 2013; 62:1364-72. [PMID: 23408353 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutational activation of K-Ras is a key genetic event involved in the initiation of pancreatic carcinogenesis. However, K-Ras generally fails to transform precursor lesions into invasive cancers due to activation of powerful fail-safe programmes that counteract transformation and growth. The importance of cellular senescence, a permanent cell growth arrest, is increasingly being recognised as a critical fail-safe programme in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that oncogene-induced senescence requires transcriptional induction of the CDKN2A gene locus as well as comprehensive chromatin modifications involved in epigenetic silencing of pro-proliferative genes. Moreover, recent work in pancreatic cancer mouse models proposes that inactivation of the CDKN2A tumour suppressor locus is the molecular switch required for senescence evasion and unleashed K-Ras driven malignant transformation in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Singh
- Signaling and Transcription Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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48
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Chen P, Zhao J, Li G. Histone Variants in Development and Diseases. J Genet Genomics 2013; 40:355-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Gaspar-Maia A, Qadeer ZA, Hasson D, Ratnakumar K, Leu NA, Leroy G, Liu S, Costanzi C, Valle-Garcia D, Schaniel C, Lemischka I, Garcia B, Pehrson JR, Bernstein E. MacroH2A histone variants act as a barrier upon reprogramming towards pluripotency. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1565. [PMID: 23463008 PMCID: PMC4055026 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatin template imposes an epigenetic barrier during the process of somatic cell reprogramming. Here, using fibroblasts derived from macroH2A double knockout mice we show that these histone variants act cooperatively as a barrier to induced pluripotency. Through manipulation of macroH2A isoforms, we further demonstrate that macroH2A2 is the predominant barrier to reprogramming. Genomic analyses reveal that macroH2A1 and macroH2A2, together with H3K27me3, co-occupy pluripotency genes in wild type fibroblasts. In particular, we find macroH2A isoforms to be highly enriched at target genes of the K27me3 demethylase, Utx, which are reactivated early in iPS reprogramming. Finally, while macroH2A double knockout induced pluripotent cells are able to differentiate properly in vitro and in vivo, such differentiated cells retain the ability to return to a stem-like state. Therefore, we propose that macroH2A isoforms provide a redundant silencing layer or terminal differentiation ‘lock’ at critical pluripotency genes that presents as an epigenetic barrier when differentiated cells are challenged to reprogram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Gaspar-Maia
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Vardabasso C, Hasson D, Ratnakumar K, Chung CY, Duarte LF, Bernstein E. Histone variants: emerging players in cancer biology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:379-404. [PMID: 23652611 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone variants are key players in shaping chromatin structure, and, thus, in regulating fundamental cellular processes such as chromosome segregation and gene expression. Emerging evidence points towards a role for histone variants in contributing to tumor progression, and, recently, the first cancer-associated mutation in a histone variant-encoding gene was reported. In addition, genetic alterations of the histone chaperones that specifically regulate chromatin incorporation of histone variants are rapidly being uncovered in numerous cancers. Collectively, these findings implicate histone variants as potential drivers of cancer initiation and/or progression, and, therefore, targeting histone deposition or the chromatin remodeling machinery may be of therapeutic value. Here, we review the mammalian histone variants of the H2A and H3 families in their respective cellular functions, and their involvement in tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Vardabasso
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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