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Bisceglie L, Hopp AK, Gunasekera K, Wright RH, Le Dily F, Vidal E, Dall'Agnese A, Caputo L, Nicoletti C, Puri PL, Beato M, Hottiger MO. MyoD induces ARTD1 and nucleoplasmic poly-ADP-ribosylation during fibroblast to myoblast transdifferentiation. iScience 2021; 24:102432. [PMID: 33997706 PMCID: PMC8102911 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While protein ADP-ribosylation was reported to regulate differentiation and dedifferentiation, it has so far not been studied during transdifferentiation. Here, we found that MyoD-induced transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myoblasts promotes the expression of the ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTD1. Comprehensive analysis of the genome architecture by Hi-C and RNA-seq analysis during transdifferentiation indicated that ARTD1 locally contributed to A/B compartmentalization and coregulated a subset of MyoD target genes that were however not sufficient to alter transdifferentiation. Surprisingly, the expression of ARTD1 was accompanied by the continuous synthesis of nuclear ADP ribosylation that was neither dependent on the cell cycle nor induced by DNA damage. Conversely to the H2O2-induced ADP-ribosylation, the MyoD-dependent ADP-ribosylation was not associated to chromatin but rather localized to the nucleoplasm. Together, these data describe a MyoD-induced nucleoplasmic ADP-ribosylation that is observed particularly during transdifferentiation and thus potentially expands the plethora of cellular processes associated with ADP-ribosylation. MyoD-dependent transdifferentiation of IMR90 to myoblasts induces ARTD1 expression Transdifferentiation induces nuclear ARTD1-dependent ADP-ribosylation in myoblasts This ADP-ribosylation is induced independent of cell cycle and of DNA damage ARTD1-mediated poly-ADP-ribosylation localizes to the nucleoplasm in myoblasts
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Bisceglie
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Science PhD Program of the Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Katrin Hopp
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kapila Gunasekera
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roni H Wright
- Centre de Regulació Genomica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Le Dily
- Centre de Regulació Genomica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Vidal
- Centre de Regulació Genomica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luca Caputo
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chiara Nicoletti
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miguel Beato
- Centre de Regulació Genomica (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Magli A, Perlingeiro RRC. Myogenic progenitor specification from pluripotent stem cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 72:87-98. [PMID: 29107681 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells represent important tools for both basic and translational science as they enable to study mechanisms of development, model diseases in vitro and provide a potential source of tissue-specific progenitors for cell therapy. Concomitantly with the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind activation of the skeletal myogenic program during embryonic development, novel findings in the stem cell field provided the opportunity to begin recapitulating in vitro the events occurring during specification of the myogenic lineage. In this review, we will provide a perspective of the molecular mechanisms responsible for skeletal myogenic commitment in the embryo and how this knowledge was instrumental for specifying this lineage from pluripotent stem cells. In addition, we will discuss the current limitations for properly recapitulating skeletal myogenesis in the petri dish, and we will provide insights about future applications of pluripotent stem cell-derived myogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magli
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rita R C Perlingeiro
- Lillehei Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Sartorelli V, Puri PL. Shaping Gene Expression by Landscaping Chromatin Architecture: Lessons from a Master. Mol Cell 2018; 71:375-388. [PMID: 29887393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery as a skeletal muscle-specific transcription factor able to reprogram somatic cells into differentiated myofibers, MyoD has provided an instructive model to understand how transcription factors regulate gene expression. Reciprocally, studies of other transcriptional regulators have provided testable hypotheses to further understand how MyoD activates transcription. Using MyoD as a reference, in this review, we discuss the similarities and differences in the regulatory mechanisms employed by tissue-specific transcription factors to access DNA and regulate gene expression by cooperatively shaping the chromatin landscape within the context of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells & Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Epigenetics and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotshna Kanungo
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Shin YC, Lee JH, Kim MJ, Hong SW, Kim B, Hyun JK, Choi YS, Park JC, Han DW. Stimulating effect of graphene oxide on myogenesis of C2C12 myoblasts on RGD peptide-decorated PLGA nanofiber matrices. J Biol Eng 2015; 9:22. [PMID: 26609319 PMCID: PMC4659147 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-015-0020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the field of biomedical engineering, many studies have focused on the possible applications of graphene and related nanomaterials due to their potential for use as scaffolds, coating materials and delivery carriers. On the other hand, electrospun nanofiber matrices composed of diverse biocompatible polymers have attracted tremendous attention for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, their combination is intriguing and still challenging. RESULTS In the present study, we fabricated nanofiber matrices composed of M13 bacteriophage with RGD peptide displayed on its surface (RGD-M13 phage) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, PLGA) and characterized their physicochemical properties. In addition, the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the cellular behaviors of C2C12 myoblasts, which were cultured on PLGA decorated with RGD-M13 phage (RGD/PLGA) nanofiber matrices, was investigated. Our results revealed that the RGD/PLGA nanofiber matrices have suitable physicochemical properties as a tissue engineering scaffold and the growth of C2C12 myoblasts were significantly enhanced on the matrices. Moreover, the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts was substantially stimulated when they were cultured on the RGD/PLGA matrices in the presence of GO. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these findings propose that the combination of RGD/PLGA nanofiber matrices and GO can be used as a promising strategy for skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheol Shin
- />Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 >Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- />Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 >Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- />Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 >Korea
| | - Suck Won Hong
- />Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 >Korea
| | - Bongju Kim
- />Clinical Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Jung Keun Hyun
- />Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Cheonan, 330-714 Korea
- />Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21+ NBM Global Research Center, Cheonan, 330-714 Korea
- />Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714 Korea
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- />School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Jong-Chul Park
- />Cellbiocontrol Laboratory, Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752 Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- />Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 609-735 >Korea
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6
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Fong AP, Yao Z, Zhong JW, Johnson NM, Farr GH, Maves L, Tapscott SJ. Conversion of MyoD to a neurogenic factor: binding site specificity determines lineage. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1937-46. [PMID: 25801030 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MyoD and NeuroD2, master regulators of myogenesis and neurogenesis, bind to a "shared" E-box sequence (CAGCTG) and a "private" sequence (CAGGTG or CAGATG, respectively). To determine whether private-site recognition is sufficient to confer lineage specification, we generated a MyoD mutant with the DNA-binding specificity of NeuroD2. This chimeric mutant gained binding to NeuroD2 private sites but maintained binding to a subset of MyoD-specific sites, activating part of both the muscle and neuronal programs. Sequence analysis revealed an enrichment for PBX/MEIS motifs at the subset of MyoD-specific sites bound by the chimera, and point mutations that prevent MyoD interaction with PBX/MEIS converted the chimera to a pure neurogenic factor. Therefore, redirecting MyoD binding from MyoD private sites to NeuroD2 private sites, despite preserved binding to the MyoD/NeuroD2 shared sites, is sufficient to change MyoD from a master regulator of myogenesis to a master regulator of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham P Fong
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jun Wen Zhong
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nathan M Johnson
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Gist H Farr
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Lisa Maves
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Stephen J Tapscott
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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7
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Shin YC, Lee JH, Jin L, Kim MJ, Kim YJ, Hyun JK, Jung TG, Hong SW, Han DW. Stimulated myoblast differentiation on graphene oxide-impregnated PLGA-collagen hybrid fibre matrices. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:21. [PMID: 25886153 PMCID: PMC4379947 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Electrospinning is a simple and effective method for fabricating micro- and nanofiber matrices. Electrospun fibre matrices have numerous advantages for use as tissue engineering scaffolds, such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, mass production capability and structural similarity to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, electrospun matrices, which are composed of biocompatible polymers and various biomaterials, have been developed as biomimetic scaffolds for the tissue engineering applications. In particular, graphene oxide (GO) has recently been considered as a novel biomaterial for skeletal muscle regeneration because it can promote the growth and differentiation of myoblasts. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to fabricate the hybrid fibre matrices that stimulate myoblasts differentiation for skeletal muscle regeneration. Results Hybrid fibre matrices composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, PLGA) and collagen (Col) impregnated with GO (GO-PLGA-Col) were successfully fabricated using an electrospinning process. Our results indicated that the GO-PLGA-Col hybrid matrices were comprised of randomly-oriented continuous fibres with a three-dimensional non-woven porous structure. Compositional analysis showed that GO was dispersed uniformly throughout the GO-PLGA-Col matrices. In addition, the hydrophilicity of the fabricated matrices was significantly increased by blending with a small amount of Col and GO. The attachment and proliferation of the C2C12 skeletal myoblasts were significantly enhanced on the GO-PLGA-Col hybrid matrices. Furthermore, the GO-PLGA-Col matrices stimulated the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts, which was enhanced further under the culture conditions of the differentiation media. Conclusions Taking our findings into consideration, it is suggested that the GO-PLGA-Col hybrid fibre matrices can be exploited as potential biomimetic scaffolds for skeletal tissue engineering and regeneration because these GO-impregnated hybrid matrices have potent effects on the induction of spontaneous myogenesis and exhibit superior bioactivity and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
| | - Linhua Jin
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
| | - Yong-Joo Kim
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea.
| | - Jung Keun Hyun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea. .,Department of Nanobiomedical Science, BK21PLUS NBM Global Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea. .,Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea.
| | - Tae-Gon Jung
- Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Medical Device Development Center, Cheongju, 363-951, South Korea.
| | - Suck Won Hong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering & BK21+ Nano-Integrated Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
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8
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Fong AP, Tapscott SJ. Skeletal muscle programming and re-programming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:568-73. [PMID: 23756045 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the transcription factor MyoD and its ability to induce muscle differentiation was the first demonstration of genetically programmed cell transdifferentiation. MyoD functions by activating a feed-forward circuit to regulate muscle gene expression. This requires binding to specific E-boxes throughout the genome, followed by recruitment of chromatin modifying complexes and transcription machinery. MyoD binding can be modified by both cooperative factors and inhibitors, including microRNAs that may serve as important developmental switches. Recent studies indicate that epigenetic regulation of MyoD binding sites is another important mechanism for controlling MyoD activity, which may ultimately limit its ability to induce transdifferentiation to cells with permissive epigenetic 'landscapes.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham P Fong
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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9
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Schukur L, Zorlutuna P, Cha JM, Bae H, Khademhosseini A. Directed differentiation of size-controlled embryoid bodies towards endothelial and cardiac lineages in RGD-modified poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Adv Healthc Mater 2013; 2:195-205. [PMID: 23193099 PMCID: PMC3635117 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell research have demonstrated the importance of microenvironmental cues in directing stem cell fate towards specific cell lineages. For instance, the size of the embryoid body (EB) was shown to play a role in stem cell differentiation. Other studies have used cell adhesive RGD peptides to direct stem cell fate towards endothelial cells. In this study, materials and cell-based approaches are combined by using microwell arrays to produce size-controlled EBs and encapsulating the resulting aggregates in high molecular weight PEG-4 arm acrylate with and without conjugated RGD to study their effect on stem cell differentiation in a 3D microenvironment. Increasing EB size is observed along with a decrease in the total number of EBs in pristine PEG hydrogel, regardless of the initial EB size. In correlation with this aggregation, EBs in PEG show enhanced cardiogenic differentiation compared to RGD-PEG hydrogel. Both aggregation and cardiogenic differentiation are significantly reduced when RGD peptides are introduced to the microenvironment, while endothelial cell differentiation is accelerated by 3 to 5 days, depending on the EB size, and doubled over the course of cell culture for both EB sizes. Presented results indicate that RGD sequence has a dominant effect in driving endothelial cell differentiation in size-controlled EBs, while pristine multi-arm, high molecular weight PEG can induce cardiogenic differentiation, possibly through EB aggregation. The photopatternable nature of the hydrogel used in this study enabled patterning of such domains devoid or abundant of cell attachment sequences. Therefore, these hydrogels can potentially be used for spatially patterned embryonic stem cell differentiation, which may be beneficial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Schukur
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, USA, 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Germany
| | - Pinar Zorlutuna
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, USA, 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, USA, 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hojae Bae
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, USA, 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115, USA, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, USA, 65 Landsdowne Street Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 02115, USA
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10
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Fong AP, Yao Z, Zhong JW, Cao Y, Ruzzo WL, Gentleman RC, Tapscott SJ. Genetic and epigenetic determinants of neurogenesis and myogenesis. Dev Cell 2012; 22:721-35. [PMID: 22445365 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory networks of differentiation programs have been partly characterized; however, the molecular mechanisms of lineage-specific gene regulation by highly similar transcription factors remain largely unknown. Here we compare the genome-wide binding and transcription profiles of NEUROD2-mediated neurogenesis with MYOD-mediated myogenesis. We demonstrate that NEUROD2 and MYOD bind a shared CAGCTG E box motif and E box motifs specific for each factor: CAGGTG for MYOD and CAGATG for NEUROD2. Binding at factor-specific motifs is associated with gene transcription, whereas binding at shared sites is associated with regional epigenetic modifications but is not as strongly associated with gene transcription. Binding is largely constrained to E boxes preset in an accessible chromatin context that determines the set of target genes activated in each cell type. These findings demonstrate that the differentiation program is genetically determined by E box sequence, whereas cell lineage epigenetically determines the availability of E boxes for each differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham P Fong
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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11
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Kanungo J, Chandrasekharappa SC. Menin induces endodermal differentiation in aggregated P19 stem cells by modulating the retinoic acid receptors. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 359:95-104. [PMID: 21833538 PMCID: PMC3412628 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Menin, a ubiquitously expressed protein, is the product of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (Men1) gene, mutations of which cause tumors primarily of the parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, and anterior pituitary. Menin-null mice display early embryonic lethality, and thus imply a critical role for menin in early development. In this study, using the P19 embryonic carcinoma stem cells, we studied menin's role in cell differentiation. Menin expression is induced in P19 cell aggregates by retinoic acid (RA). Menin over-expressing stable clones proliferated in a significantly reduced rate compared to the empty vector harboring cells. RA induced cell death in aggregated menin over-expressing cells. However, in the absence of RA, specific populations of the aggregated menin over-expressing cells displayed the characteristic of an endodermal phenotype by the acquisition of cytokeratin Endo A expression (TROMA-1), a marker for the primitive endoderm, with a concomitant loss of the stem cell marker SSEA-1. Menin's ability to induce endodermal differentiation in specific populations of the aggregated cells in the absence of RA implied that menin could substitute RA by inducing a set of target genes that are RA responsive. Menin over-expressing cells upon aggregation showed a robust expression of RA receptors (RAR), RARα, β, and γ relative to the empty vector-harboring cells. Moreover, endodermal differentiation was inhibited by the pan-RAR antagonist Ro41-5253, suggesting that menin could induce endodermal differentiation of uncommitted cells by functionally modulating the RARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotshnabala Kanungo
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr, Bldg 50, Room 5232, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Voronova A, Al Madhoun A, Fischer A, Shelton M, Karamboulas C, Skerjanc IS. Gli2 and MEF2C activate each other's expression and function synergistically during cardiomyogenesis in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 40:3329-47. [PMID: 22199256 PMCID: PMC3333882 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors Gli2 (glioma-associated factor 2), which is a transactivator of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signalling, and myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) play important roles in the development of embryonic heart muscle and enhance cardiomyogenesis in stem cells. Although the physiological importance of Shh signalling and MEF2 factors in heart development is well known, the mechanistic understanding of their roles is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Gli2 and MEF2C activated each other's expression while enhancing cardiomyogenesis in differentiating P19 EC cells. Furthermore, dominant-negative mutant proteins of either Gli2 or MEF2C repressed each other's expression, while impairing cardiomyogenesis in P19 EC cells. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) revealed association of Gli2 to the Mef2c gene, and of MEF2C to the Gli2 gene in differentiating P19 cells. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that Gli2 and MEF2C proteins formed a complex, capable of synergizing on cardiomyogenesis-related promoters containing both Gli- and MEF2-binding elements. We propose a model whereby Gli2 and MEF2C bind each other's regulatory elements, activate each other's expression and form a protein complex that synergistically activates transcription, enhancing cardiac muscle development. This model links Shh signalling to MEF2C function during cardiomyogenesis and offers mechanistic insight into their in vivo functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Voronova
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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13
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Gianakopoulos PJ, Mehta V, Voronova A, Cao Y, Yao Z, Coutu J, Wang X, Waddington MS, Tapscott SJ, Skerjanc IS. MyoD directly up-regulates premyogenic mesoderm factors during induction of skeletal myogenesis in stem cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2517-25. [PMID: 21078671 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain- and loss-of-function experiments have illustrated that the family of myogenic regulatory factors is necessary and sufficient for the formation of skeletal muscle. Furthermore, MyoD required cellular aggregation to induce myogenesis in P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells. To determine the mechanism by which stem cells can be directed into skeletal muscle, a time course of P19 cell differentiation was examined in the presence and absence of exogenous MyoD. By quantitative PCR, the first MyoD up-regulated transcripts were the premyogenic mesoderm factors Meox1, Pax7, Six1, and Eya2 on day 4 of differentiation. Subsequently, the myoblast markers myogenin, MEF2C, and Myf5 were up-regulated, leading to skeletal myogenesis. These results were corroborated by Western blot analysis, showing up-regulation of Pax3, Six1, and MEF2C proteins, prior to myogenin protein expression. To determine at what stage a dominant-negative MyoD/EnR mutant could inhibit myogenesis, stable cell lines were created and examined. Interestingly, the premyogenic mesoderm factors, Meox1, Pax3/7, Six1, Eya2, and Foxc1, were down-regulated, and as expected, skeletal myogenesis was abolished. Finally, to identify direct targets of MyoD in this system, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were performed. MyoD was observed associated with regulatory regions of Meox1, Pax3/7, Six1, Eya2, and myogenin genes. Taken together, MyoD directs stem cells into the skeletal muscle lineage by binding and activating the expression of premyogenic mesoderm genes, prior to activating myoblast genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gianakopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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14
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Jasmin, Spray DC, Campos de Carvalho AC, Mendez-Otero R. Chemical induction of cardiac differentiation in p19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:403-12. [PMID: 20163207 PMCID: PMC3032260 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
P19 cells, a pluripotent cell line derived from a teratocarcinoma induced in C3H/HeHa mice, have been widely used as a model system to study cardiac differentiation. We have used these cells to evaluate the extent to which exposure to DMSO and/or cardiogenol C for 4 days in suspension culture enhanced their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Cardiac differentiation was assessed by observing beating clusters and further confirmed using immunocytochemical, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches. The presence of functional gap junctions in differentiated P19 cells was identified through calcium wave analyses. Proliferation rate and cell death were analyzed by BrdU incorporation and activated caspase-3 immunodetection, respectively. Beating clusters of differentiated P19 cells were only found in cultures treated with DMSO. In addition, groups treated with DMSO up-regulated cardiac troponin-T expression. However, when DMSO was used together with cardiogenol C the up-regulation was less than that with DMSO alone, approximately 1.5 times. Moreover, P19 cells cultured in DMSO or DMSO plus 0.25 microM cardiogenol C had lower proliferation rates and higher numbers of activated caspase-3-positive cells. In summary, using several methodological approaches we have demonstrated that DMSO can induce cardiac differentiation of P19 cells but that cardiogenol C does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Vijayaragavan K, Szabo E, Bossé M, Ramos-Mejia V, Moon RT, Bhatia M. Noncanonical Wnt signaling orchestrates early developmental events toward hematopoietic cell fate from human embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 4:248-62. [PMID: 19265664 PMCID: PMC2742366 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During human development, signals that govern lineage specification versus expansion of cells committed to a cell fate are poorly understood. We demonstrate that activation of canonical Wnt signaling by Wnt3a promotes proliferation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)--precursors already committed to the hematopoietic lineage. In contrast, noncanonical Wnt signals, activated by Wnt11, control exit from the pluripotent state and entry toward mesoderm specification. Unique to embryoid body (EB) formation of hESCs, Wnt11 induces development and arrangement of cells expressing Brachyury that coexpress E-cadherin and Frizzled-7 (Fzd7). Knockdown of Fzd7 expression blocks Wnt11-dependent specification. Our study reveals an unappreciated role for noncanonical Wnt signaling in hESC specification that involves development of unique mesoderm precursors via morphogenic organization within human EBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausalia Vijayaragavan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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16
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Endo M, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. Cdc42-mTOR signaling pathway controls Hes5 and Pax6 expression in retinoic acid-dependent neural differentiation. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:5107-18. [PMID: 19097998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807745200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The conditional knockout of the small GTPase Cdc42 from neuroepithelial (NE) and radial glial (RG) cells in the mouse telencephalon has been shown to have a significant impact on brain development by causing these neural progenitor cells to detach from the apical/ventricular surface and to lose their cell identity. This has been attributed to the requirement for Cdc42 in establishing proper apical/basal cell polarity and cell-cell adhesions. In the present study, we provide new insights into the role played by Cdc42 in the maintenance of neural progenitor cells, using the mouse embryonal carcinoma P19 cell line as a model system. We show that the ability of P19 cells to undergo the transition from an Oct3/4-positive, undifferentiated status to microtubule-associated protein 2-positive neurons and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes, upon treatment with retinoic acid (RA), requires RA-induced activation of Cdc42 during the neural cell lineage specification phase. Experiments using chemical inhibitors and RNA interference suggest that the actions of Cdc42 are mediated through signaling pathways that start with fibroblast growth factors and Delta/Notch proteins and lead to Cdc42-dependent mTOR activation, culminating in the up-regulation of Hes5 and Pax6, two transcription factors that are essential for the maintenance of NE and RG cells. The constitutively active Cdc42(F28L) mutant was sufficient to up-regulate Hes5 and Pax6 in P19 cells, even in the absence of RA treatment, ultimately promoting their transition to neural progenitor cells. The ectopic Cdc42 expression also significantly augmented the RA-dependent up-regulation of these transcription factors, resulting in P19 cells maintaining their neural progenitor status but being unable to undergo terminal differentiation. These findings shed new light on how Cdc42 influences neural progenitor cell fate by regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Endo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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17
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Pan W, Jia Y, Wang J, Tao D, Gan X, Tsiokas L, Jing N, Wu D, Li L. Beta-catenin regulates myogenesis by relieving I-mfa-mediated suppression of myogenic regulatory factors in P19 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:17378-83. [PMID: 16301527 PMCID: PMC1297664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505922102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/beta-catenin signaling plays a critical role in embryonic myogenesis. Here we show that, in P19 embryonic carcinoma stem cells, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling initiates the myogenic process depends on beta-catenin-mediated relief of I-mfa (inhibitor of MyoD Family a) suppression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). We found that beta-catenin interacted with I-mfa and that the interaction was enhanced by Wnt3a. In addition, we found that the interaction between beta-catenin and I-mfa was able to attenuate the interaction of I-mfa with MRFs, relieve I-mfa-mediated suppression of the transcriptional activity and cytosolic sequestration of MRFs, and initiate myogenesis in a P19 myogenic model system that expresses exogenous myogenin. This work reveals a mechanism for the regulation of MRFs during myogenesis by elucidating a beta-catenin-mediated, but lymphoid enhancing factor-1/T cell factor independent, mechanism in regulation of myogenic fate specification and differentiation of P19 mouse stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Pan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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18
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Kang JS, Yi MJ, Zhang W, Feinleib JL, Cole F, Krauss RS. Netrins and neogenin promote myotube formation. J Cell Biol 2004; 167:493-504. [PMID: 15520228 PMCID: PMC2172498 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200405039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of skeletal myoblasts into multinucleated myotubes is a multistep process orchestrated by several families of transcription factors, including myogenic bHLH and NFAT proteins. The activities of these factors and formation of myotubes are regulated by signal transduction pathways, but few extracellular factors that might initiate such signals have been identified. One exception is a cell surface complex containing promyogenic Ig superfamily members (CDO and BOC) and cadherins. Netrins and their receptors are established regulators of axon guidance, but little is known of their function outside the nervous system. We report here that myoblasts express the secreted factor netrin-3 and its receptor, neogenin. These proteins stimulate myotube formation and enhance myogenic bHLH- and NFAT-dependent transcription. Furthermore, neogenin binds to CDO in a cis fashion, and myoblasts lacking CDO are defective in responding to recombinant netrin. It is proposed that netrin-3 and neogenin may promote myogenic differentiation by an autocrine mechanism as components of a higher order complex of several promyogenic cell surface proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Sun Kang
- Brookdale Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Turner SD, Ricci AR, Petropoulos H, Genereaux J, Skerjanc IS, Brandl CJ. The E2 ubiquitin conjugase Rad6 is required for the ArgR/Mcm1 repression of ARG1 transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:4011-9. [PMID: 12024015 PMCID: PMC133851 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.12.4011-4019.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2002] [Revised: 02/26/2002] [Accepted: 02/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARG1 gene is under the control of both positive and negative elements. Activation of the gene in minimal medium is induced by Gcn4. Repression occurs in the presence of arginine and requires the ArgR/Mcm1 complex that binds to two upstream arginine control (ARC) elements. With the recent finding that the E2 ubiquitin conjugase Rad6 modifies histone H2B, we examined the role of Rad6 in the regulation of ARG1 transcription. We find that Rad6 is required for repression of ARG1 in rich medium, with expression increased approximately 10-fold in a rad6 null background. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicates increased binding of TATA-binding protein in the absence of Rad6. The active-site cysteine of Rad6 is required for repression, implicating ubiquitination in the process. The effects of Rad6 at ARG1 involve two components. In one of these, histone H2B is the likely target for ubiquitination by Rad6, since a strain expressing histone H2B with the principal ubiquitination site converted from lysine to arginine shows a fivefold relief of repression. The second component requires Ubr1 and thus likely the pathway of N-end rule degradation. Through the analysis of promoter constructs with ARC deleted and an arg80 rad6 double mutant, we show that Rad6 repression is mediated through the ArgR/Mcm1 complex. In addition, analysis of an ada2 rad6 deletion strain indicated that the SAGA acetyltransferase complex and Rad6 act in the same pathway to repress ARG1 in rich medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D Turner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5C1
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20
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Kang JS, Mulieri PJ, Hu Y, Taliana L, Krauss RS. BOC, an Ig superfamily member, associates with CDO to positively regulate myogenic differentiation. EMBO J 2002; 21:114-24. [PMID: 11782431 PMCID: PMC125805 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.1.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
CDO is a cell surface receptor-like protein that positively regulates myogenic differentiation. Reported here is the identification of BOC, which, with CDO, defines a newly recognized subfamily within the immunoglobulin superfamily. cdo and boc are co-expressed in muscle precursors in the developing mouse embryo. Like CDO, BOC accelerates differentiation of cultured myoblast cell lines and participates in a positive feedback loop with the myogenic transcription factor, MyoD. CDO and BOC form complexes in a cis fashion via association of both their ectodomains and their intracellular domains. A soluble fusion protein that contains the entire BOC ectodomain functions similarly to full-length BOC to promote myogenic differentiation, indicating that the intracellular region is dispensable for its activity in this system. Furthermore, a dominant-negative form of CDO inhibits the pro-myogenic effects of soluble BOC, suggesting that BOC is dependent on CDO for its activity. CDO and BOC are proposed to be components of a receptor complex that mediates some of the cell-cell interactions between muscle precursors that are required for myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lavinia Taliana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Robert S. Krauss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
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21
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Jamali M, Karamboulas C, Wilton S, Skerjanc IS. Factors in serum regulate Nkx2.5 and MEF2C function. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:635-7. [PMID: 11776966 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0635:fisrna>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Toyofuku T, Hong Z, Kuzuya T, Tada M, Hori M. Wnt/frizzled-2 signaling induces aggregation and adhesion among cardiac myocytes by increased cadherin-beta-catenin complex. J Cell Biol 2000; 150:225-41. [PMID: 10893270 PMCID: PMC2185559 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.150.1.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/1999] [Accepted: 05/30/2000] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wingless is known to be required for induction of cardiac mesoderm in Drosophila, but the function of Wnt family proteins, vertebrate homologues of wingless, in cardiac myocytes remains unknown. When medium conditioned by HEK293 cells overexpressing Wnt-3a or -5a was applied to cultured neonatal cardiac myocytes, Wnt proteins induced myocyte aggregation in the presence of fibroblasts, concomitant with increases in beta-catenin and N-cadherin in the myocytes and with E- and M-cadherins in the fibroblasts. The aggregation was inhibited by anti-N-cadherin antibody and induced by constitutively active beta-catenin, but was unaffected by dominant negative and dominant positive T cell factor (TCF) mutants. Thus, increased stabilization of complexed cadherin-beta-catenin in both cell types appears crucial for the morphological effect of Wnt on cardiac myocytes. Furthermore, myocytes overexpressing a dominant negative frizzled-2, but not a dominant negative frizzled-4, failed to aggregate in response to Wnt, indicating frizzled-2 to be the predominant receptor mediating aggregation. By contrast, analysis of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and transcription of various cardiogenetic markers showed Wnt to have little or no impact on cell proliferation or differentiation. These findings suggest that a Wnt-frizzled-2 signaling pathway is centrally involved in the morphological arrangement of cardiac myocytes in neonatal heart through stabilization of complexed cadherin- beta-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toyofuku
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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23
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Redfield A, Nieman MT, Knudsen KA. Cadherins promote skeletal muscle differentiation in three-dimensional cultures. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1997; 138:1323-31. [PMID: 9298987 PMCID: PMC2132549 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.138.6.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell-cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin, with its associated catenins, is expressed by differentiating skeletal muscle and its precursors. Although N-cadherin's role in later events of skeletal myogenesis such as adhesion during myoblast fusion is well established, less is known about its role in earlier events such as commitment and differentiation. Using an in vitro model system, we have determined that N-cadherin- mediated adhesion enhances skeletal muscle differentiation in three-dimensional cell aggregates. We transfected the cadherin-negative BHK fibroblastlike cell line with N-cadherin. Expression of exogenous N-cadherin upregulated endogenous beta-catenin and induced strong cell-cell adhesion. When BHK cells were cultured as three-dimensional aggregates, N-cadherin enhanced withdrawal from the cell cycle and stimulated differentiation into skeletal muscle as measured by increased expression of sarcomeric myosin and the 12/101 antigen. In contrast, N-cadherin did not stimulate differentiation of BHK cells in monolayer cultures. The effect of N-cadherin was not unique since E-cadherin also increased the level of sarcomeric myosin in BHK aggregates. However, a nonfunctional mutant N-cadherin that increased the level of beta-catenin failed to promote skeletal muscle differentiation suggesting an adhesion-competent cadherin is required. Our results suggest that cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions during embryogenesis can dramatically influence skeletal myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Redfield
- The Lankenau Medical Research Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA
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24
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Slack RS, Skerjanc IS, Lach B, Craig J, Jardine K, McBurney MW. Cells differentiating into neuroectoderm undergo apoptosis in the absence of functional retinoblastoma family proteins. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1995; 129:779-88. [PMID: 7730411 PMCID: PMC2120451 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.129.3.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) protein is present at low levels in early mouse embryos and in pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma cells; however, the levels of RB rise dramatically in neuroectoderm formed both in embryos and in differentiating cultures of P19 cells. To investigate the effect of inactivating RB and related proteins p107 and p130, we transfected P19 cells with genes encoding mutated versions of the adenovirus E1A protein that bind RB and related proteins. When these E1A-expressing P19 cells were induced to differentiate into neuroectoderm, there was a striking rise in the expression of c-fos and extensive cell death. The ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics of the dying cells were indicative of apoptosis. The dying cells were those committed to the neural lineages because neurons and astrocytes were lost from differentiating cultures. Cell death was dependent on the ability of the E1A protein to bind RB and related proteins. Our results suggest that proteins of the RB family are essential for the development of the neural lineages and that the absence of functional RB activity triggers apoptosis of differentiating neuroectodermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Slack
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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