1
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Okuno K, Garg R, Yuan YC, Tokunaga M, Kinugasa Y, Goel A. Berberine and Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins Exhibit Synergistic Efficacy Through Regulation of PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855860. [PMID: 35600365 PMCID: PMC9114748 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring dietary botanicals offer time-tested safety and anti-cancer efficacy, and a combination of certain compounds has shown to overcome the elusive chemotherapeutic resistance, which is of great significance for improving the mortality of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Accordingly, herein, we hypothesized that berberine (BBR) and oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) might regulate synergistically multiple oncogenic pathways to exert a superior anti-cancer activity in CRC. Methods We performed a series of cell culture studies, followed by their interrogation in patient-derived organoids to evaluate the synergistic effect of BBR and OPCs against CRC. In addition, by performing whole genome transcriptomic profiling we identified the key targeted genes and pathways regulated by the combined treatment. Results We first demonstrated that OPCs facilitated enhanced cellular uptake of BBR in CRC cells by measuring the fluorescent signal of BBR in cells treated individually or their combination. The synergism between BBR and OPCs were investigated in terms of their anti-tumorigenic effect on cell viability, clonogenicity, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, the combination treatment potentiated the cellular apoptosis in an Annexin V binding assay. Transcriptomic profiling identified oncogene MYB in PI3K-AKT signaling pathway might be critically involved in the anti-tumorigenic properties of the combined treatment. Finally, we successfully validated these findings in patient-derived CRC tumor organoids. Conclusions Collectively, we for the first time demonstrate that a combined treatment of BBR and OPCs synergistically promote the anti-tumorigenic properties in CRC possibly through the regulation of cellular apoptosis and oncogene MYB in the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Okuno
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, United States.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rachana Garg
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Translational Bioinformatics, Center for Informatics, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Masanori Tokunaga
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kinugasa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Monrovia, CA, United States.,City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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2
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Humayun A, Fornace AJ. GADD45 in Stress Signaling, Cell Cycle Control, and Apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1360:1-22. [PMID: 35505159 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94804-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GADD45 is a gene family consisting of GADD45A, GADD45B, and GADD45G that is often induced by DNA damage and other stress signals associated with growth arrest and apoptosis. Many of these roles are carried out via signaling mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The GADD45 proteins can contribute to p38 activation either by activation of upstream kinase(s) or by direct interaction, as well as suppression of p38 activity in certain cases. In vivo, there are important tissue and cell type specific differences in the roles for GADD45 in MAPK signaling. In addition to being p53-regulated, GADD45A has also been found to contribute to p53 activation via p38. Like other stress and signaling proteins, GADD45 proteins show complex regulation and numerous effectors. More recently, aberrant GADD45 expression has been found in several human cancers, but the mechanisms behind these findings largely remain to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslon Humayun
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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3
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Nasri M, Mir P, Dannenmann B, Amend D, Skroblyn T, Xu Y, Schulze-Osthoff K, Klimiankou M, Welte K, Skokowa J. Fluorescent labeling of CRISPR/Cas9 RNP for gene knockout in HSPCs and iPSCs reveals an essential role for GADD45b in stress response. Blood Adv 2019; 3:63-71. [PMID: 30622144 PMCID: PMC6325296 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017015511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing of stem cells and primary cell types has several limitations for clinical applications. The direct delivery of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes consisting of Cas9 nuclease and guide RNA (gRNA) has improved DNA- and virus-free gene modifications, but it does not enable the essential enrichment of the gene-edited cells. Here, we established a protocol for the fluorescent labeling and delivery of CRISPR/Cas9-gRNA RNP in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). As a proof of principle for genes with low-abundance transcripts and context-dependent inducible expression, we successfully deleted growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible β (GADD45B). We found that GADD45B is indispensable for DNA damage protection and survival in stem cells. Thus, we describe an easy and efficient protocol of DNA-free gene editing of hard-to-target transcripts and enrichment of gene-modified cells that are generally difficult to transfect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Nasri
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Perihan Mir
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dannenmann
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diana Amend
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tessa Skroblyn
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Schulze-Osthoff
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Tübingen University, Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - Maksim Klimiankou
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl Welte
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Skokowa
- Department of Oncology, Hematology, Immunology, Rheumatology, and Pulmonology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Yan Z, Guo F, Yuan Q, Shao Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Hao S, Du X. Endometrial mesenchymal stem cells isolated from menstrual blood repaired epirubicin-induced damage to human ovarian granulosa cells by inhibiting the expression of Gadd45b in cell cycle pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:4. [PMID: 30606243 PMCID: PMC6318935 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the effect of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from menstrual blood (MB-MSCs) on epirubicin-induced damage to human ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and its potential mechanisms. Methods The estradiol, progesterone, anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin A, and inhibin B levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proliferation of GCs was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assays. The cell cycle distribution was detected by propidiumiodide single staining. The apoptosis of GCs was determined using Annexin V and 7-AAD double staining. The differentially expressed genes of GCs were analyzed with Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 gene chip and verified with Western blot analysis. Results Epirubicin inhibited the secretion of estradiol, progesterone, anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin A, and inhibin B and the proliferation of GCs; arrested these GCs in G2/M phase; and promoted the apoptosis of GCs. However, MB-MSCs repaired epirubicin-induced damage to GCs. Differentially expressed genes of GCs, Gadd45b, CyclinB1, and CDC2, were found by microarray and bioinformatics analysis. Western blot showed that epirubicin upregulated Gadd45b protein expression and downregulated CyclinB1 and CDC2 protein expression, while MB-MSCs downregulated Gadd45b protein expression and upregulated CyclinB1 and CDC2 protein expression. Conclusions MB-MSCs repaired epirubicin-induced damage to GCs, which might be related to the inhibition of Gadd45b protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Yan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fengyi Guo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, NO.238, Jingshi Road, Jinanlixia District, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yu Shao
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guiyang City, NO.63, Ruijin south Road, Nanming District, Guiyang City, 550003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yedan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Huiyan Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology Obstetrics, NO.156, Nankai Sanma Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300010, China
| | - Shaohua Hao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xue Du
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, NO.154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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5
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Sha X, Hoffman B, Liebermann DA. Loss of Gadd45b accelerates BCR-ABL-driven CML. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33360-33367. [PMID: 30279966 PMCID: PMC6161793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadd45b is a member of Gadd45 stress sensor protein family that also includes Gadd45a & Gadd45g. To investigate the effect of Gadd45b in bcr-abl oncogene driven chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) development, syngeneic wild type lethally irradiated mice were reconstituted with either wild type or Gadd45b null myeloid progenitors transduced with a retroviral vector expressing BCR-ABL. Loss of Gadd45b was observed to accelerate BCR-ABL driven CML development with shortened median mouse survival time. BCR-ABL Gadd45b deficient CML progenitors exhibited increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis, associated with hyper-activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and Stat5. These results provide novel evidence that gadd45b, like gadd45a, functions as a suppressor of BCR-ABL driven leukemia, albeit via a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Sha
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barbara Hoffman
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan A Liebermann
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Jia M, Zhu M, Wang M, Sun M, Qian J, Ding F, Chang J, Wei Q. Genetic variants of GADD45A, GADD45B and MAPK14 predict platinum-based chemotherapy-induced toxicities in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:25291-303. [PMID: 26993769 PMCID: PMC5041904 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The JNK and P38α pathways play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis, apoptosis and autophagy under genotoxic stresses, but it is unclear whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes in these pathways play a role in platinum-based chemotherapy-induced toxicities in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We genotyped 11 selected, independent, potentially functional SNPs of nine genes in the JNK and P38α pathways in 689 patients with advanced NSCLC treated with platinum-combination chemotherapy regimens. Associations between these SNPs and chemotherapy toxicities were tested in a discovery group of 345 patients and then validated in a replication group of 344 patients. In both discovery and validation groups as well as their pooled analysis, carriers of GADD45B rs2024144T variant allele had a significantly higher risk for severe hematologic toxicity and carriers of MAPK14 rs3804451A variant allele had a significantly higher risk for both overall toxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity. In addition, carriers of GADD45A rs581000C had a lower risk of anemia, while carriers of GADD45B rs2024144T had a significantly higher risk for leukocytopenia or agranulocytosis. The present study provides evidence that genetic variants in genes involved in the JNK and P38α pathways may predict platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity outcomes in patients with advanced NSCLC. Larger studies of other patient populations are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Menghong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ji Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Fudan Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianhua Chang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Cancer Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
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7
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Geng X, Zhao H, Zhang S, Li J, Tian F, Feng N, Fan R, Jia M, Guo H, Cheng L, Liu J, Chen W, Pei J. κ-opioid receptor is involved in the cardioprotection induced by exercise training. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170463. [PMID: 28301473 PMCID: PMC5354247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that exercise training elicited a cardioprotective effect against ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) via the κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR)-mediated signaling pathway. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, the moderate intensity exercise (ME) group, the high intensity exercise (HE) group, and the acute exercise (AE) group. For the exercise training protocols, the rats were subjected to one week of adaptive treadmill training, while from the second week, the ME and HE groups were subjected to eight weeks of exercise training, and the AE group was subjected to three days of adaptive treadmill training and one day of vigorous exercise. After these protocols, the three exercise training groups were divided into different treatment groups, and the rats were subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. Changes in infarct size and serum cTnT (cardiac troponin T) caused by I/R were reduced by exercise training. Moreover, cardiac dysfunction caused by I/R was also alleviated by exercise training. These effects of exercise training were reversed by nor-BNI (a selective κ-OR antagonist), Compound C (a selective AMPK inhibitor), Akt inhibitor and L-NAME (a non-selective eNOS inhibitor). Expression of κ-OR and phosphorylation of AMPK, Akt and eNOS were significantly increased in the ME, HE and AE groups. These findings demonstrated that the cardioprotective effect of exercise training is possibly mediated by the κ-OR-AMPK-Akt-eNOS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Geng
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Physical Education, Chang’an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Honglin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Shumiao Zhang
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Tian
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haitao Guo
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- * E-mail: (JP); (W C)
| | - Jianming Pei
- Department of Physiology, National Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JP); (W C)
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8
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Wingert S, Thalheimer FB, Haetscher N, Rehage M, Schroeder T, Rieger MA. DNA-damage response gene GADD45A induces differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells without inhibiting cell cycle or survival. Stem Cells 2016; 34:699-710. [PMID: 26731607 PMCID: PMC4832267 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain blood cell production life-long by their unique abilities of self-renewal and differentiation into all blood cell lineages. Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 alpha (GADD45A) is induced by genotoxic stress in HSCs. GADD45A has been implicated in cell cycle control, cell death and senescence, as well as in DNA-damage repair. In general, GADD45A provides cellular stability by either arresting the cell cycle progression until DNA damage is repaired or, in cases of fatal damage, by inducing apoptosis. However, the function of GADD45A in hematopoiesis remains controversial. We revealed the changes in murine HSC fate control orchestrated by the expression of GADD45A at single cell resolution. In contrast to other cellular systems, GADD45A expression did not cause a cell cycle arrest or an alteration in the decision between cell survival and apoptosis in HSCs. Strikingly, GADD45A strongly induced and accelerated the differentiation program in HSCs. Continuous tracking of individual HSCs and their progeny via time-lapse microscopy elucidated that once GADD45A was expressed, HSCs differentiate into committed progenitors within 29 hours. GADD45A-expressing HSCs failed to long-term reconstitute the blood of recipients by inducing multilineage differentiation in vivo. Importantly, γ-irradiation of HSCs induced their differentiation by upregulating endogenous GADD45A. The differentiation induction by GADD45A was transmitted by activating p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and allowed the generation of megakaryocytic-erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid lineages. These data indicate that genotoxic stress-induced GADD45A expression in HSCs prevents their fatal transformation by directing them into differentiation and thereby clearing them from the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wingert
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frederic B Thalheimer
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Haetscher
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maike Rehage
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timm Schroeder
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Rieger
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy and Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Cha SB, Lee WJ, Shin MK, Jung MH, Shin SW, Yoo AN, Kim JW, Yoo HS. Early transcriptional responses of internalization defective Brucella abortus mutants in professional phagocytes, RAW 264.7. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:426. [PMID: 23802650 PMCID: PMC3716731 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brucella abortus is an intracellular zoonotic pathogen which causes undulant fever, endocarditis, arthritis and osteomyelitis in human and abortion and infertility in cattle. This bacterium is able to invade and replicate in host macrophage instead of getting removed by this defense mechanism. Therefore, understanding the interaction between virulence of the bacteria and the host cell is important to control brucellosis. Previously, we generated internalization defective mutants and analyzed the envelope proteins. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the changes in early transcriptional responses between wild type and internalization defective mutants infected mouse macrophage, RAW 264.7. Results Both of the wild type and mutant infected macrophages showed increased expression levels in proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, apoptosis and G-protein coupled receptors (Gpr84, Gpr109a and Adora2b) while the genes related with small GTPase which mediate intracellular trafficking was decreased. Moreover, cytohesin 1 interacting protein (Cytip) and genes related to ubiquitination (Arrdc3 and Fbxo21) were down-regulated, suggesting the survival strategy of this bacterium. However, we could not detect any significant changes in the mutant infected groups compared to the wild type infected group. Conclusions In summary, it was very difficult to clarify the alterations in host cellular transcription in response to infection with internalization defective mutants. However, we found several novel gene changes related to the GPCR system, ubiquitin-proteosome system, and growth arrest and DNA damages in response to B. abortus infection. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-pathogen interactions and need to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bin Cha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Brain Korea 21 for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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10
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Tamura RE, de Vasconcellos JF, Sarkar D, Libermann TA, Fisher PB, Zerbini LF. GADD45 proteins: central players in tumorigenesis. Curr Mol Med 2012; 12:634-51. [PMID: 22515981 PMCID: PMC3797964 DOI: 10.2174/156652412800619978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible 45 (GADD45) proteins have been implicated in regulation of many cellular functions including DNA repair, cell cycle control, senescence and genotoxic stress. However, the pro-apoptotic activities have also positioned GADD45 as an essential player in oncogenesis. Emerging functional evidence implies that GADD45 proteins serve as tumor suppressors in response to diverse stimuli, connecting multiple cell signaling modules. Defects in the GADD45 pathway can be related to the initiation and progression of malignancies. Moreover, induction of GADD45 expression is an essential step for mediating anti-cancer activity of multiple chemotherapeutic drugs and the absence of GADD45 might abrogate their effects in cancer cells. In this review, we present a comprehensive discussion of the functions of GADD45 proteins, linking their regulation to effectors of cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. The ramifications regarding their roles as essential and central players in tumor growth suppression are also examined. We also extensively review recent literature to clarify how different chemotherapeutic drugs induce GADD45 gene expression and how its up-regulation and interaction with different molecular partners may benefit cancer chemotherapy and facilitate novel drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Esaki Tamura
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, and Medical Biochemistry Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jaíra Ferreira de Vasconcellos
- Centro Infantil Boldrini, Molecular Biology Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil
- State University of Campinas, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Towia A Libermann
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Luiz Fernando Zerbini
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, and Medical Biochemistry Division, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- BIDMC Genomics and Proteomics Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Moskalev AA, Smit-McBride Z, Shaposhnikov MV, Plyusnina EN, Zhavoronkov A, Budovsky A, Tacutu R, Fraifeld VE. Gadd45 proteins: relevance to aging, longevity and age-related pathologies. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:51-66. [PMID: 21986581 PMCID: PMC3765067 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Gadd45 proteins have been intensively studied, in view of their important role in key cellular processes. Indeed, the Gadd45 proteins stand at the crossroad of the cell fates by controlling the balance between cell (DNA) repair, eliminating (apoptosis) or preventing the expansion of potentially dangerous cells (cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence), and maintaining the stem cell pool. However, the biogerontological aspects have not thus far received sufficient attention. Here we analyzed the pathways and modes of action by which Gadd45 members are involved in aging, longevity and age-related diseases. Because of their pleiotropic action, a decreased inducibility of Gadd45 members may have far-reaching consequences including genome instability, accumulation of DNA damage, and disorders in cellular homeostasis - all of which may eventually contribute to the aging process and age-related disorders (promotion of tumorigenesis, immune disorders, insulin resistance and reduced responsiveness to stress). Most recently, the dGadd45 gene has been identified as a longevity regulator in Drosophila. Although further wide-scale research is warranted, it is becoming increasingly clear that Gadd45s are highly relevant to aging, age-related diseases (ARDs) and to the control of life span, suggesting them as potential therapeutic targets in ARDs and pro-longevity interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Moskalev
- Group of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences.
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12
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Goldring MB, Otero M, Plumb DA, Dragomir C, Favero M, El Hachem K, Hashimoto K, Roach HI, Olivotto E, Borzì RM, Marcu KB, Marcu KB. Roles of inflammatory and anabolic cytokines in cartilage metabolism: signals and multiple effectors converge upon MMP-13 regulation in osteoarthritis. Eur Cell Mater 2011; 21:202-20. [PMID: 21351054 PMCID: PMC3937960 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v021a16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cartilage is a complex tissue of matrix proteins that vary in amount and orientation from superficial to deep layers and from loaded to unloaded zones. A major challenge to efforts to repair cartilage by stem cell-based and other tissue engineering strategies is the inability of the resident chondrocytes to lay down new matrix with the same structural and resilient properties that it had upon its original formation. This is particularly true of the collagen network, which is susceptible to cleavage once proteoglycans are depleted. Thus, a thorough understanding of the similarities and particularly the marked differences in mechanisms of cartilage remodeling during development, osteoarthritis, and aging may lead to more effective strategies for preventing cartilage damage and promoting repair. To identify and characterize effectors or regulators of cartilage remodeling in these processes, we are using culture models of primary human and mouse chondrocytes and cell lines and mouse genetic models to manipulate gene expression programs leading to matrix remodeling and subsequent chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation, pivotal processes which both go astray in OA disease. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-13, the major type II collagen-degrading collagenase, is regulated by stress-, inflammation-, and differentiation-induced signals that not only contribute to irreversible joint damage (progression) in OA, but importantly, also to the initiation/onset phase, wherein chondrocytes in articular cartilage leave their natural growth- and differentiation-arrested state. Our work points to common mediators of these processes in human OA cartilage and in early through late stages of OA in surgical and genetic mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Goldring
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Research Division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA,Address for correspondence: Mary B. Goldring, 535 East 70th Street, Caspary Research Building, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10021. USA,
| | - Miguel Otero
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Research Division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Darren A. Plumb
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Research Division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Cecilia Dragomir
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Research Division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Marta Favero
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Research Division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Karim El Hachem
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Research Division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ko Hashimoto
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration, and Repair Program, Research Division, The Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | - Eleonora Olivotto
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituti Ortopedia Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Borzì
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituti Ortopedia Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Kenneth B. Marcu
- Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Istituti Ortopedia Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy,Biochemistry and Cell Biology Dept., Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-5215, USA
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13
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Liebermann DA, Tront JS, Sha X, Mukherjee K, Mohamed-Hadley A, Hoffman B. Gadd45 stress sensors in malignancy and leukemia. Crit Rev Oncog 2011; 16:129-40. [PMID: 22150313 PMCID: PMC3268054 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.v16.i1-2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gadd45 proteins, including Gadd45a, Gadd45b, and Gadd45g, have been implicated in stress signaling in response to physiological and environmental stress, including oncogenic stress, which can result in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cell survival, senescence, and apoptosis. The function of Gadd45 as a stress sensor is mediated via a complex interplay of physical interactions with other cellular proteins implicated in cell cycle regulation and the response of cells to stress, notably PCNA, p21, cdc2/cyclinB1, and the p38 and JNK stress response kinases. Altered expression of Gadd45 has been observed in multiple types of solid tumors as well as in hematopoietic malignancies. Using genetically engineered mouse models and bone-marrow transplantation, evidence has been obtained indicating that Gadd45 proteins can function to either promote or suppress tumor development and leukemia; this is dependent on the molecular nature of the activated oncogene and the cell type, via engagement of different signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Liebermann
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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14
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Seong HA, Manoharan R, Ha H. B-MYB positively regulates serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein (STRAP) activity through direct interaction. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:7439-56. [PMID: 21148321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein (STRAP) functions as a regulator of both TGF-β and p53 signaling. However, the regulatory mechanism of STRAP activity is not understood. In this study, we report that B-MYB is a new STRAP-interacting protein, and that an amino-terminal DNA-binding domain and an area (amino acids 373-468) between the acidic and conserved regions of B-MYB mediate the B-MYB·STRAP interaction. Functionally, B-MYB enhances STRAP-mediated inhibition of TGF-β signaling pathways, such as apoptosis and growth inhibition, by modulating complex formation between the TGF-β receptor and SMAD3 or SMAD7. Furthermore, coexpression of B-MYB results in a dose-dependent increase in STRAP-mediated stimulation of p53-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via direct interaction. Confocal microscopy showed that B-MYB prevents the normal translocation of SMAD3 in response to TGF-β1 and stimulates p53 nuclear translocation. These results suggest that B-MYB acts as a positive regulator of STRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-A Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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15
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Cai L, Pan H, Trzciński K, Thompson CM, Wu Q, Kramnik I. MYBBP1A: a new Ipr1's binding protein in mice. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3863-8. [PMID: 20221700 PMCID: PMC3084015 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) can cause different outcomes in hosts with variant genetic backgrounds. Previously, we identified an intracellular pathogen resistance 1 (Ipr1) gene with the role of resistance of MTB infection in mice model. However, until now, its binding proteins have been little known even for its human homology, SP110. In this study, the homology for mouse Ipr1 in canines was found to have an extra domain structure, h.1.5.1. And 30 potential candidate proteins were predicted to bind canine Ipr1, which were characterized of the interacting structure with the h.1.5.1. Among them, MYBBP1A was verified to bind with both Ipr1 and eGFP-Ipr1 in mouse macrophage J774A.1 clone 21 cells using co-immunoprecipitation method. And with the constructed high-confidence Ipr1-involved network, we suggested that Ipr1 might be involved in apoptosis pathway via MYBBP1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Zenmyo M, Tanimoto A, Sakakima H, Yokouchi M, Nagano S, Yamamoto T, Ishido Y, Komiya S, Ijiri K. Gadd45β expression in chondrosarcoma: a pilot study for diagnostic and biological implications in histological grading. Diagn Pathol 2010; 5:69. [PMID: 20942912 PMCID: PMC2965710 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-5-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma, especially the distinction between enchondroma and low-grade chondrosarcoma or low-grade chondrosarcoma and high-grade chondrosarcoma, is pathologically difficult, differential diagnosis is very important because the treatment strategies for these diseases are completely different. The grading system is crucial in predicting biologic behavior and prognosis, however, exact pathological grading is difficult using only routine examinations because the criteria of the grading system are not necessarily definitive. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45β (GADD45β) is an essential molecule for chondrocytes during terminal differentiation. In the present study, we investigated the immunohistochemical expression of GADD45β in enchondroma, and chondrosarcoma of histological grades I, II, and III, to clarify the diagnostic significance of GADD45β in pathological grading of chondrosarcoma. Methods Twenty samples (enchondroma = 6, chondrosarcoma grade I = 7, grade II = 6, grade III = 1) were used for immunohistochemical analysis to investigate the expression of GADD45β. Quantitative analysis was performed to compare the number of GADD45β positive cells and pathological grading. Results Over 70% of the cells in enchondromas expressed GADD45β. On the other hand, the expression of GADD45β decreased significantly according to the histological grade of chondrosarcoma (grade I: 45%; grade II: 13.8%; and grade III: 3.8%). Conclusions The association of GADD45β expression and pathological grading of chondrosarcoma in the present study suggests that the immunohistochemical study of GADD45β may be a specific diagnostic parameter for chondrosarcoma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Zenmyo
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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17
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Yang Z, Song L, Huang C. Gadd45 proteins as critical signal transducers linking NF-kappaB to MAPK cascades. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9:915-30. [PMID: 20025601 PMCID: PMC3762688 DOI: 10.2174/156800909790192383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45 (Gadd45) proteins are a group of critical signal transducers that are involved in regulations of many cellular functions. Accumulated data indicate that all three Gadd45 proteins (i.e., Gadd45alpha, Gadd45beta, and Gadd45gamma) play essential roles in connecting an upstream sensor module, the transcription Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), to a transcriptional regulating module, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This NF-kappaB-Gadd45(s)-MAPK pathway responds to various kinds of extracellular stimuli and regulates such cell activities as growth arrest, differentiation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Defects in this pathway can also be related to oncogenesis. In the first part of this review, the functions of Gadd45 proteins, and briefly NF-kappaB and MAPK, are summarized. In the second part, the mechanisms by which Gadd45 proteins are regulated by NF-kappaB, and how they affect MAPK activation, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
| | - L. Song
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - C. Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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18
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Genetic analysis of radiation-induced changes in human gene expression. Nature 2009; 459:587-91. [PMID: 19349959 DOI: 10.1038/nature07940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to radiation through the environment and in medical settings. To deal with radiation-induced damage, cells mount complex responses that rely on changes in gene expression. These gene expression responses differ greatly between individuals and contribute to individual differences in response to radiation. Here we identify regulators that influence expression levels of radiation-responsive genes. We treated radiation-induced changes in gene expression as quantitative phenotypes, and conducted genetic linkage and association studies to map their regulators. For more than 1,200 of these phenotypes there was significant evidence of linkage to specific chromosomal regions. Nearly all of the regulators act in trans to influence the expression of their target genes; there are very few cis-acting regulators. Some of the trans-acting regulators are transcription factors, but others are genes that were not known to have a regulatory function in radiation response. These results have implications for our basic and clinical understanding of how human cells respond to radiation.
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19
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Abstract
Gadd45 genes have been implicated in stress signaling in response to physiological or environmental stressors, which results in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cell survival and senescence, or apoptosis. Evidence accumulated implies that Gadd45 proteins function as stress sensors is mediated by a complex interplay of physical interactions with other cellular proteins that are implicated in cell cycle regulation and the response of cells to stress. These include PCNA, p21, cdc2/cyclinB1, and the p38 and JNK stress response kinases. What deterministic factors dictate whether Gadd45 and partner proteins function in either cell survival or apoptosis remains to be determined. An attractive working model to consider is that the extent of cellular/DNA damage, in a given cell type, dictates the association of different Gadd45 proteins with particular partner proteins, which determines the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Liebermann
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, & Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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20
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Ijiri K, Zerbini LF, Peng H, Otu HH, Tsuchimochi K, Otero M, Dragomir C, Walsh N, Bierbaum BE, Mattingly D, van Flandern G, Komiya S, Aigner T, Libermann TA, Goldring MB. Differential expression of GADD45beta in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage: potential role in homeostasis of articular chondrocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:2075-87. [PMID: 18576389 DOI: 10.1002/art.23504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our previous study suggested that growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45beta (GADD45beta) prolonged the survival of hypertrophic chondrocytes in the developing mouse embryo. This study was undertaken, therefore, to investigate whether GADD45beta plays a role in adult articular cartilage. METHODS Gene expression profiles of cartilage from patients with late-stage osteoarthritis (OA) were compared with those from patients with early OA and normal controls in 2 separate microarray analyses. Histologic features of cartilage were graded using the Mankin scale, and GADD45beta was localized by immunohistochemistry. Human chondrocytes were transduced with small interfering RNA (siRNA)-GADD45beta or GADD45beta-FLAG. GADD45beta and COL2A1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and promoter activities were analyzed by transient transfection. Cell death was detected by Hoechst 33342 staining of condensed chromatin. RESULTS GADD45beta was expressed at higher levels in cartilage from normal donors and patients with early OA than in cartilage from patients with late-stage OA. All chondrocyte nuclei in normal cartilage immunostained for GADD45beta. In early OA cartilage, GADD45beta was distributed variably in chondrocyte clusters, in middle and deep zone cells, and in osteophytes. In contrast, COL2A1, other collagen genes, and factors associated with skeletal development were up-regulated in late OA, compared with early OA or normal cartilage. In overexpression and knockdown experiments, GADD45beta down-regulated COL2A1 mRNA and promoter activity. NF-kappaB overexpression increased GADD45beta promoter activity, and siRNA-GADD45beta decreased cell survival per se and enhanced tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced cell death in human articular chondrocytes. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that GADD45beta might play an important role in regulating chondrocyte homeostasis by modulating collagen gene expression and promoting cell survival in normal adult cartilage and in early OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Ijiri
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Mondalek FG, Lawrence BJ, Kropp BP, Grady BP, Fung KM, Madihally SV, Lin HK. The incorporation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles into porcine small intestinal submucosa biomaterials. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1159-66. [PMID: 18076986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) derived from porcine small intestine has been intensively studied for its capacity in repairing and regenerating wounded and dysfunctional tissues. However, SIS suffers from a large spectrum of heterogeneity in microarchitecture leading to inconsistent results. In this study, we introduced nanoparticles (NPs) to SIS with an intention of decreasing the heterogeneity and improving the consistency of this biomaterial. As determined by scanning electron microscopy and urea permeability, the optimum NP size was estimated to be between 200 nm and 500 nm using commercial monodisperse latex spheres. The concentration of NPs that is required to alter pore sizes of SIS as determined by urea permeability was estimated to be 1 mg/ml 260 nm poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) NPs. The 1mg/ml PLGA NPs loaded in the SIS did not change the tensile properties of the unmodified SIS or even alter pH values in a cell culture environment. More importantly, PLGA NP modified SIS did not affect human mammary endothelial cells (HMEC-1) morphology or adhesion, but actually enhanced HEMC-1 cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadee G Mondalek
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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22
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Terragni J, Graham JR, Adams KW, Schaffer ME, Tullai JW, Cooper GM. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling in proliferating cells maintains an anti-apoptotic transcriptional program mediated by inhibition of FOXO and non-canonical activation of NFkappaB transcription factors. BMC Cell Biol 2008; 9:6. [PMID: 18226221 PMCID: PMC2268685 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase is activated by a variety of growth factor receptors and the PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway is a key regulator of cell proliferation and survival. The downstream targets of PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling include direct regulators of cell cycle progression and apoptosis as well as a number of transcription factors. Growth factor stimulation of quiescent cells leads to robust activation of PI 3-kinase, induction of immediate-early genes, and re-entry into the cell cycle. A lower level of PI 3-kinase signaling is also required for the proliferation and survival of cells maintained in the presence of growth factors, but the gene expression program controlled by PI 3-kinase signaling in proliferating cells has not been elucidated. RESULTS We used microarray analyses to characterize the changes in gene expression resulting from inhibition of PI 3-kinase in proliferating cells. The genes regulated by inhibition of PI 3-kinase in proliferating cells were distinct from genes induced by growth factor stimulation of quiescent cells and highly enriched in genes that regulate programmed cell death. Computational analyses followed by chromatin immunoprecipitations demonstrated FOXO binding to both previously known and novel sites in promoter regions of approximately one-third of the up-regulated genes, consistent with activation of FOXO1 and FOXO3a in response to inhibition of PI 3-kinase. NFkappaB binding sites were similarly identified in promoter regions of over one-third of the down-regulated genes. RelB was constitutively bound to promoter regions in cells maintained in serum, however binding decreased following PI 3-kinase inhibition, indicating that PI 3-kinase signaling activates NFkappaB via the non-canonical pathway in proliferating cells. Approximately 70% of the genes targeted by FOXO and NFkappaB regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis, including several regulators of apoptosis that were not previously known to be targeted by these transcription factors. CONCLUSION PI 3-kinase signaling in proliferating cells regulates a novel transcriptional program that is highly enriched in genes that regulate apoptosis. At least one-third of these genes are regulated either by FOXO transcription factors, which are activated following PI 3-kinase inhibition, or by RelB, which is activated by PI 3-kinase via the non-canonical pathway in proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon Terragni
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA.
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Hoffman B, Liebermann DA. Role of gadd45 in myeloid cells in response to hematopoietic stress. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 39:344-7. [PMID: 17686638 PMCID: PMC2684334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The gadd45 family of genes is rapidly induced by different stressors, including differentiation-inducing cytokines, and there is a large body of evidence that their cognate proteins are key players in cellular stress responses. Induction of gadd45 genes at the onset of myeloid differentiation suggested that Gadd45 protein(s) play a role in hematopoiesis, yet no apparent abnormalities were observed in either the bone marrow or peripheral blood compartments of mice deficient for either gadd45a or gadd45b. However, under conditions of hematological stress, including acute stimulation with cytokines, myelo-ablation and inflammation, both gadd45a-deficient and gadd45b-deficient mice exhibited deficiencies. This topic is discussed within the context of what is known about Gadd45 proteins in stress signaling, hematopoietic development and the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hoffman
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, 3307 N. Broad Street, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Liebermann DA, Hoffman B. Gadd45 in the response of hematopoietic cells to genotoxic stress. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 39:329-35. [PMID: 17659913 PMCID: PMC3268059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gadd45 genes have been implicated in stress signaling in response to physiological or environmental stressors, which results in either cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, cell survival and senescence, or apoptosis. Evidence accumulated implies that Gadd45 proteins function as stress sensors is mediated by a complex interplay of physical interactions with other cellular proteins that are implicated in cell cycle regulation and the response of cells to stress. These include PCNA, p21, cdc2/cyclinB1, and the p38 and JNK stress response kinases. Recently we have taken advantage of gadd45a and gadd45b deficient mice to determine the role gadd45a and gadd45b play in the response of bone marrow (BM) cells to genotoxic stress. Myeloid enriched BM cells from gadd45a and gadd45b deficient mice were observed to be more sensitive to ultraviolet radiation (UVC), VP-16, and daunorubicin (DNR)-induced apoptosis compared to wild-type (wt) cells. The increased apoptosis in gadd45a and gadd45b deficient cells was evident also by enhanced activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage and decreased expression of cIAP-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL compared to wt cells. Reintroduction of gadd45 into gadd45 deficient BM cells restored the wt apoptotic phenotype. Both gadd45a and gadd45b deficient BM cells also displayed defective G2/M arrest following exposure to UVC and VP-16, but not to DNR, indicating the existence of different G2/M checkpoints that are either dependent or independent of gadd45. Additional work conducted in this laboratory has shown that in hematopoietic cells exposed to UV radiation gaddd45a and gadd45b cooperate to promote cell survival via two distinct signaling pathways involving activation of the Gadd45a-p38-NF-kB-mediated survival pathway and Gadd45b-mediated inhibition of the stress response MKK4-JNK pathway [O. Kovalsky, F.D. Lung, P.P. Roller, A.J. Fornace, Jr. Oligomerization of human Gadd45a protein. J Biol Chem. 276 (42) (2001) 39330-39339]. These data reveal novel mechanisms that mediate the pro-survival functions of gadd45a and gadd45b in hematopoietic cells following UV irradiation. Taken together, these findings identify gadd45a and gadd45b as anti-apoptotic genes that increase the survival of hematopoietic cells following exposure to UV radiation and certain anticancer drugs. This knowledge should contribute to a greater understanding of the genetic events involved in the pathogenesis of different leukemias and response of normal and malignant hematopoietic cells to chemo and radiation therapy. These observations set the stage to evaluate, in clinically relevant settings, the impact that the status of gadd45a and gadd45b might have on the efficacy of DNR or VP-16 in killing leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Liebermann
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, and Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 N Broad St. Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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25
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Guariniello LD, Correa M, Jasiulionis MG, Machado J, Silva JA, Pesquero JB, Carneiro CRW. Effects of transforming growth factor-beta in the development of inflammatory pseudotumour-like lesions in a murine model. Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 87:185-95. [PMID: 16709227 PMCID: PMC2517361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signalling have been frequently implicated in human cancer, and an important mechanism underlying its pro-oncogenic nature is suppression of the host antitumour immune response. Considering the immunosuppressive effect of TGF-beta, we asked whether human tumour cells, known to secrete TGF-beta in culture, would survive and grow when implanted into the peritoneal cavity of immunocompetent mice. Therefore, we developed a xenogeneic model where mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with a TGF-beta-secreting human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, LISP-A10. Although animals did not develop macroscopic tumours, the recovery and isolation of human tumour cells was achieved when an inflammatory environment was locally induced by the administration of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). This procedure significantly increased TGF-beta concentrations in the peritoneal fluid and was accompanied by impaired activation of the host-specific immune response against LISP-A10 cells. Furthermore, inflammatory lesions resembling human inflammatory pseudotumours (IPTs) were observed on the surface of i.p. organs. These lesions could be induced by either injection of LISP-A10 cells, cells-conditioned medium or recombinant TGF-beta but only after administration of CFA. In addition, host cyclooxygenase-2 and kinin receptors played an important role in the induction of TGF-beta-mediated IPT-like lesions in our experimental model.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Freund's Adjuvant/pharmacology
- Granuloma, Plasma Cell/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/blood
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptor, Bradykinin B1/genetics
- Receptor, Bradykinin B1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/analysis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joel Machado
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and ParasitologyBrazil
| | - José Antônio Silva
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Loro LL, Johannessen AC, Vintermyr OK. Loss of BCL-2 in the progression of oral cancer is not attributable to mutations. J Clin Pathol 2006; 58:1157-62. [PMID: 16254104 PMCID: PMC1770776 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.021709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BCL-2 and BAX are important in the regulation of apoptosis. There have been reports of loss of BCL-2 in basal cells of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and suppression of BAX in poorly differentiated OSCC. AIM To investigate whether loss of BCL-2 in OED and OSCC, and of BAX in poorly differentiated OSCC could be attributed to BCL-2 and BAX mutations. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation were used to confirm BCL-2 and BAX expression. DNA was extracted from archival samples of OED (n = 22) and OSCC (n = 28). The connective tissue part from each section was collected separately and used as the normal reference. RESULTS No mutations were detected in BCL-2 or BAX that could explain their aberrant expression at the mRNA and protein levels in OED and OSCC. The reported A/G polymorphism at codon 7 of BCL-2 was detected in 18 of 50 samples and a novel C/T polymorphism at codon 100 was detected in three of 50 samples. CONCLUSIONS No mutations were found that could explain loss of BCL-2 in oral dysplasia and carcinoma. An unreported C/T polymorphism in BCL-2 was detected. Downregulation of BCL-2 in OED and OSCC may be the result of transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Loro
- Department of Odontology-Oral Pathology and Forensic Odontology, Haukeland University Hospital, N5021 Bergen, Norway
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27
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Ijiri K, Zerbini LF, Peng H, Correa RG, Lu B, Walsh N, Zhao Y, Taniguchi N, Huang XL, Otu H, Wang H, Wang JF, Komiya S, Ducy P, Rahman MU, Flavell RA, Gravallese EM, Oettgen P, Libermann TA, Goldring MB. A novel role for GADD45beta as a mediator of MMP-13 gene expression during chondrocyte terminal differentiation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38544-55. [PMID: 16144844 PMCID: PMC3937966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45beta (GADD45beta) gene product has been implicated in the stress response, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Here we demonstrated the unexpected expression of GADD45beta in the embryonic growth plate and uncovered its novel role as an essential mediator of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression during terminal chondrocyte differentiation. We identified GADD45beta as a prominent early response gene induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) through a Smad1/Runx2-dependent pathway. Because this pathway is involved in skeletal development, we examined mouse embryonic growth plates, and we observed expression of Gadd45beta mRNA coincident with Runx2 protein in pre-hypertrophic chondrocytes, whereas GADD45beta protein was localized prominently in the nucleus in late stage hypertrophic chondrocytes where Mmp-13 mRNA was expressed. In Gadd45beta(-/-) mouse embryos, defective mineralization and decreased bone growth accompanied deficient Mmp-13 and Col10a1 gene expression in the hypertrophic zone. Transduction of small interfering RNA-GADD45beta in epiphyseal chondrocytes in vitro blocked terminal differentiation and the associated expression of Mmp-13 and Col10a1 mRNA in vitro. Finally, GADD45beta stimulated MMP-13 promoter activity in chondrocytes through the JNK-mediated phosphorylation of JunD, partnered with Fra2, in synergy with Runx2. These observations indicated that GADD45beta plays an essential role during chondrocyte terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Ijiri
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Luiz F. Zerbini
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Haibing Peng
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ricardo G. Correa
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Nicole Walsh
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yani Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Noboru Taniguchi
- Department of Neuro-Musculoskeletal Disorders, Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Xu-Ling Huang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hasan Otu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hong Wang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jian Fei Wang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Setsuro Komiya
- Department of Neuro-Musculoskeletal Disorders, Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Patricia Ducy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mahboob U. Rahman
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8011
| | - Ellen M. Gravallese
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Peter Oettgen
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mary B. Goldring
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, New England Baptist Bone and Joint Institute and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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28
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Liu DX, Biswas SC, Greene LA. B-myb and C-myb play required roles in neuronal apoptosis evoked by nerve growth factor deprivation and DNA damage. J Neurosci 2005; 24:8720-5. [PMID: 15470138 PMCID: PMC6729960 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1821-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of cell cycle elements plays a required role in neuronal apoptosis associated with both development and neurodegenerative disorders. We demonstrated previously that neuron survival requires gene repression mediated by the cell cycle transcription factor E2F (E2 promoter binding factor) and that apoptotic stimuli lead to de-repression of E2F-regulated genes and consequent death. However, the downstream mediators of such death have been unclear. The transcription factors B- and C-myb are E2F-regulated genes that are induced in neurons by apoptotic stimuli. Here, we examine the role of B- and C-myb induction in neuron death. Antisense and siRNA constructs that effectively block the upregulation of B- and C-myb provide substantial protection against death of cultured neuronal PC12 cells, sympathetic neurons, and cortical neurons elicited by either NGF withdrawal or DNA damage. There is also significant protection from death induced by direct E2F-dependent gene de-repression. Our findings thus establish required roles for B- and C-myb in neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David X Liu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior and Taub Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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29
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Peart MJ, Smyth GK, van Laar RK, Bowtell DD, Richon VM, Marks PA, Holloway AJ, Johnstone RW. Identification and functional significance of genes regulated by structurally different histone deacetylase inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3697-702. [PMID: 15738394 PMCID: PMC552783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500369102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) inhibit tumor cell growth and survival, possibly through their ability to regulate the expression of specific proliferative and/or apoptotic genes. However, the HDACi-regulated genes necessary and/or sufficient for their biological effects remain undefined. We demonstrate that the HDACis suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and depsipeptide regulate a highly overlapping gene set with at least 22% of genes showing altered expression over a 16-h culture period. SAHA and depsipeptide coordinately regulated the expression of several genes within distinct apoptosis and cell cycle pathways. Multiple genes within the Myc, type beta TGF, cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase, TNF, Bcl-2, and caspase pathways were regulated in a manner that favored induction of apoptosis and decreased cellular proliferation. APAF-1, a gene central to the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, was induced by SAHA and depsipeptide and shown to be important, but not essential, for HDACi-induced cell death. Overexpression of p16(INK4A) and arrest of cells in G(1) can suppress HDACi-mediated apoptosis. Although p16(INK4A) did not affect the genome-wide transcription changes mediated by SAHA, a small number of apoptotic genes, including BCLXL and B-MYB, were differentially regulated in a manner consistent with attenuated HDACi-mediated apoptosis in arrested cells. We demonstrate that different HDACi alter transcription of a large and common set of genes that control diverse molecular pathways important for cell survival and proliferation. The ability of HDACi to target multiple apoptotic and cell proliferation pathways may provide a competitive advantage over other chemotherapeutic agents because suppression/loss of a single pathway may not confer resistance to these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Peart
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Qiu W, Zhou B, Zou H, Liu X, Chu PG, Lopez R, Shih J, Chung C, Yen Y. Hypermethylation of growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45 beta promoter in human hepatocellular carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:1689-99. [PMID: 15509538 PMCID: PMC1618679 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45 beta (GADD45beta) has been known to regulate cell growth, apoptotic cell death, and cellular response to DNA damage. Down-regulation of GADD45beta has been verified to be specific in hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and consistent with the p53 mutant, and degree of malignancy of HCC. This observation was further confirmed by eight HCC cell lines and paired human normal and HCC tumor tissues by Northern blot and immunohistochemistry. To better understand the transcription regulation, we cloned and characterized the active promoter region of GADD45beta in luciferase-expressing vector. Using the luciferase assay, three nuclear factor-kappaB binding sites, one E2F-1 binding site, and one putative inhibition region were identified in the proximal promoter of GADD45beta from -865/+6. Of interest, no marked putative binding sites could be identified in the inhibition region between -520/-470, which corresponds to CpG-rich region. The demethylating agent 5-Aza-dC was used and demonstrated restoration of the GADD45beta expression in HepG2 in a dose-dependent manner. The methylation status in the promoter was further examined in one normal liver cell, eight HCC cell lines, eight HCC tissues, and five corresponding nonneoplastic liver tissues. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of the sodium bisulfite-treated DNA from HCC cell lines and HCC samples revealed a high percentage of hypermethylation of the CpG islands. Comparatively, the five nonneoplastic correspondent liver tissues demonstrated very low levels of methylation. To further understand the functional role of GADD45beta under-expression in HCC the GADD45beta cDNA constructed plasmid was transfected into HepG2 (p53 WT) and Hep3B (p53 null) cells. The transforming growth factor-beta was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which revealed a decrease to 40% in transfectant of HepG2, but no significant change in Hep3B transfectant. Whereas, Hep3B co-transfected with p53 and GADD45beta demonstrated significantly reduced transforming growth factor-beta. The colony formation was further examined and revealed a decrease in HepG2-GADD45beta transfectant and Hep3B-p53/GADD45beta co-transfectant. These findings suggested that methylation might play a crucial role in the epigenetic regulation of GADD45beta in hepatocyte transformation that may be directed by p53 status. Thus, our results provided a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of GADD45beta down-regulation in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
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31
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Kumar A, Baker SJ, Lee CM, Reddy EP. Molecular mechanisms associated with the regulation of apoptosis by the two alternatively spliced products of c-Myb. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:6631-45. [PMID: 12944488 PMCID: PMC193713 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.18.6631-6645.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-myb proto-oncogene encodes two alternatively spliced mRNAs, which in turn code for proteins of 75 kDa and 89 kDa. It is at present unclear whether the two isoforms of c-Myb perform identical functions or whether they mediate different biological effects. To assess their role in apoptotic death of hematopoietic cells, we expressed the two isoforms of c-Myb in the murine myeloid cell lines 32Dcl3 and FDCP1. Our results show that while ectopic overexpression of p75 c-Myb results in the acceleration of cell death, similar overexpression of p89 c-Myb results in the protection of cells from apoptotic death. An analysis of gene expression changes with mouse cDNA expression arrays revealed that while p75 c-Myb blocked the expression of glutathione S-transferase micro mRNA, p89 c-Myb greatly enhanced the expression of this gene. These results were further confirmed by Northern blot analysis. Ectopic overexpression of the glutathione S-transferase micro gene in 32Dcl3 cells resulted in protection of cells from interleukin-3 withdrawal-induced cell death similar to that seen with the ectopic overexpression of p89 c-Myb. These results suggest that the two isoforms of c-Myb differentially regulate apoptotic death of myeloid cells through differential regulation of glutathione S-transferase micro gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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32
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Qiu W, David D, Zhou B, Chu PG, Zhang B, Wu M, Xiao J, Han T, Zhu Z, Wang T, Liu X, Lopez R, Frankel P, Jong A, Yen Y. Down-regulation of growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45beta expression is associated with human hepatocellular carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1961-74. [PMID: 12759252 PMCID: PMC1868146 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene 45beta (GADD45beta), whose expression was significantly down-regulated in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) microarray study and confirmed by Northern blot analysis. The results suggested that expression of GADD45beta was decreased in human liver cancer cell lines HepG2 and Hep3B, but not in normal human embryonic liver cell line CL-48 or normal liver tissue. Histochemistry study and real-time PCR further confirmed that GADD45beta staining in HCC was significantly decreased when compared to surrounding non-neoplastic liver tissue. In further studies of multiple human cancer tissues, GADD45beta strongly stained tissues such as colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell cancer, lymphoma, and leiomyosarcoma, suggesting that the decreased expression of GADD45beta is specific to HCC. Eighty-five cases of primary HCC were further examined by immunohistochemistry and statistical analyses demonstrated that HCC scored lower than matched non-neoplastic liver tissues consistently and significantly. No staining occurred in 12.94% of HCC cases (score = 0, n = 11); 42.35% had weak staining (score = 1, n = 36); 27.06% had moderate staining (score = 2, n = 23); and 17.65% had staining as strong as normal tissue (score = 3, n = 15). Overall, surrounding non-neoplastic liver tissue was highly positive for GADD45beta compared to adjacent neoplastic liver tissues (P < 0.01). We further observed that down-regulation of GADD45beta expression was strongly correlated with differentiation (P < 0.01) and high nuclear grade (P < 0.01). Moreover, we found that expression of GADD45beta was inversely correlated to the presence of mutant p53 in HCC tissue (P < 0.05). Thus, the results of our study suggest that GADD45beta, which is down-regulated in most cases of HCC, remains an ideal candidate for development as a molecular marker in the diagnosis of HCC and as a potential therapeutic target.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutic Research, Gastrointestinal Disease, Pathology, and Biostatistics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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33
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Vailleau F, Daniel X, Tronchet M, Montillet JL, Triantaphylidès C, Roby D. A R2R3-MYB gene, AtMYB30, acts as a positive regulator of the hypersensitive cell death program in plants in response to pathogen attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:10179-84. [PMID: 12119395 PMCID: PMC126644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.152047199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2002] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitive response (HR) is a programmed cell death that is commonly associated with disease resistance in plants. Among the different HR-related early induced genes, the AtMYB30 gene is specifically, rapidly, and transiently expressed during incompatible interactions between Arabidopsis and bacterial pathogens. Its expression was also shown to be deregulated in Arabidopsis mutants affected in the control of cell death initiation. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression in Arabidopsis and tobacco of AtMYB30 (i) accelerates and intensifies the appearance of the HR in response to different avirulent bacterial pathogens, (ii) causes HR-like responses to virulent strains, and (iii) increases resistance against different bacterial pathogens, and a virulent biotrophic fungal pathogen, Cercospora nicotianae. In antisense AtMYB30 Arabidopsis lines, HR cell death is strongly decreased or suppressed in response to avirulent bacterial strains, resistance against different bacterial pathogens decreased, and the expression of HR- and defense-related genes was altered. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that AtMYB30 is a positive regulator of hypersensitive cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Vailleau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire des Relations Plantes-Microorganismes, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique 215, BP 27, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
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34
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Yu L, Hébert MC, Zhang YE. TGF-beta receptor-activated p38 MAP kinase mediates Smad-independent TGF-beta responses. EMBO J 2002; 21:3749-59. [PMID: 12110587 PMCID: PMC126112 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdf366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 559] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the action of its membrane-bound type I receptors, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) elicits a wide range of cellular responses that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Many of the signaling responses induced by TGF-beta are mediated by Smad proteins, but certain evidence has suggested that TGF-beta can also signal independently of Smads. We found in mouse mammary epithelial (NMuMG) cells, which respond to TGF-beta treatment in multiple ways, that TGF-beta-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase is required for TGF-beta-induced apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but not growth arrest. We further demonstrated that activation of p38 is independent of Smads using a mutant type I receptor, which is incapable of activating Smads but still retains the kinase activity. This mutant receptor is sufficient to activate p38 and cause NMuMG cells to undergo apoptosis. However, it is not sufficient to induce EMT. These results indicate that TGF-beta receptor signals through multiple intracellular pathways and provide first-hand biochemical evidence for the existence of Smad-independent TGF-beta receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Corresponding author e-mail:
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35
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c-Myb and Bcl-x overexpression predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer: clinical and experimental findings. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:1289-99. [PMID: 11290547 PMCID: PMC1891926 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was twofold: to assess the relationship between c-Myb and Bcl-x expression and to evaluate the prognostic significance of their expression in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients. Analysis of tumors from 91 CRC patients for expression of c-Myb and Bcl-x revealed a significant relationship between these two proteins. Kaplan-Meier's analysis showed an increased risk of relapse and death in patients whose tumor specimens displayed high c-Myb levels and Bcl-x positivity. Similar results were also observed excluding Dukes' D patients. Molecular analysis using three c-Myb-overexpressing LoVo clones indicated that c-Myb overexpression was accompanied by up-regulation of Bcl-x(L) protein and mRNA. Tumors originating from these clones injected in nude mice were significantly larger than those formed in mice injected with parental or vector-transfected LoVo cells. Moreover, tumors derived from parental and control vector-transfected but not from c-Myb-overexpressing LoVo cells showed high frequency of apoptotic cells. These results provide direct evidence of an association between c-Myb and Bcl-x expression and suggest that expression of both molecules might be a useful prognostic marker in CRC.
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36
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Claassen GF, Hann SR. A role for transcriptional repression of p21CIP1 by c-Myc in overcoming transforming growth factor beta -induced cell-cycle arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9498-503. [PMID: 10920185 PMCID: PMC16893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.150006697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Myc plays a vital role in cell-cycle progression. Deregulated expression of c-Myc can overcome cell-cycle arrest in order to promote cellular proliferation. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) treatment of immortalized human keratinocyte cells inhibits cell-cycle progression and is characterized by down-regulation of c-Myc followed by up-regulation of p21(CIP1). A direct role of c-Myc in this pathway was demonstrated by the observation that ectopic expression of c-Myc overcame the cell-cycle block induced by TGFbeta treatment. The induction of p21(CIP1) transcription by TGFbeta was blocked in human keratinocyte cells stably expressing c-Myc. Furthermore, overexpression of c-Myc in NIH 3T3 cells repressed the basal levels of p21(CIP1) mRNA. Repression of p21(CIP1) transcription by c-Myc occurred at the promoter level in a region near the start site of transcriptional initiation and was independent of histone deacetylase activity. These data suggest that the down-regulation of c-Myc after TGFbeta signaling is important for subsequent regulation of p21(CIP1) and cell-cycle inhibition. Thus, repression of the cell-cycle inhibitory gene p21(CIP1) plays a role in c-Myc-dependent cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Claassen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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37
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Kohn KW. Molecular interaction map of the mammalian cell cycle control and DNA repair systems. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 10:2703-34. [PMID: 10436023 PMCID: PMC25504 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.10.8.2703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eventually to understand the integrated function of the cell cycle regulatory network, we must organize the known interactions in the form of a diagram, map, and/or database. A diagram convention was designed capable of unambiguous representation of networks containing multiprotein complexes, protein modifications, and enzymes that are substrates of other enzymes. To facilitate linkage to a database, each molecular species is symbolically represented only once in each diagram. Molecular species can be located on the map by means of indexed grid coordinates. Each interaction is referenced to an annotation list where pertinent information and references can be found. Parts of the network are grouped into functional subsystems. The map shows how multiprotein complexes could assemble and function at gene promoter sites and at sites of DNA damage. It also portrays the richness of connections between the p53-Mdm2 subsystem and other parts of the network.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Kohn
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Vitamin A and its biologically active derivatives, retinal and retinoic acid (RA), together with a large repertoire of synthetic analogues are collectively referred to as retinoids. Naturally occurring retinoids regulate the growth and differentiation of a wide variety of cell types and play a crucial role in the physiology of vision and as morphogenic agents during embryonic development. Retinoids and their analogues have been evaluated as chemoprevention agents, and also in the management of acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Retinoids exert most of their effects by binding to specific receptors and modulating gene expression. The development of new active retinoids and the identification of two distinct families of retinoid receptors has led to an increased understanding of the cellular effects of activation of these receptors. In this article we review the use of retinoids in chemoprevention strategies, discuss the cellular consequences of activated retinoid receptors, and speculate on how our increasing understanding of retinoid-induced signalling pathways may contribute to future therapeutic strategies in the management of malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Evans
- CRC Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, UK
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Sells SF, Han SS, Muthukkumar S, Maddiwar N, Johnstone R, Boghaert E, Gillis D, Liu G, Nair P, Monnig S, Collini P, Mattson MP, Sukhatme VP, Zimmer SG, Wood DP, McRoberts JW, Shi Y, Rangnekar VM. Expression and function of the leucine zipper protein Par-4 in apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17:3823-32. [PMID: 9199316 PMCID: PMC232234 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.17.7.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate apoptosis response-4 (par-4) gene was identified by differential screening for genes that are upregulated when prostate cancer cells are induced to undergo apoptosis. The par-4 gene is induced by apoptotic signals but not by growth-arresting, necrotic, or growth-stimulatory signals. The deduced amino acid sequence of par-4 predicts a protein with a leucine zipper domain at its carboxy terminus. We have recently shown that the Par-4 protein binds, via its leucine zipper domain, to the zinc finger domain of Wilms' tumor protein WT1 (R. W. Johnstone et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:6945-6956, 1996). In experiments aimed at determining the functional role of par-4 in apoptosis, an antisense par-4 oligomer abrogated par-4 expression and activator-driven apoptosis in rat prostate cancer cell line AT-3, suggesting that par-4 is required for apoptosis in these cells. Consistent with a functional role for par-4 in apoptosis, ectopic overexpression of par-4 in prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and melanoma cell line A375-C6 conferred supersensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Transfection studies with deletion mutants of Par-4 revealed that full-length Par-4, but not mutants that lacked the leucine zipper domain of Par-4, conferred enhanced sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli. Most importantly, ectopic coexpression of the leucine zipper domain of Par-4 inhibited the ability of Par-4 to enhance apoptosis. Finally, ectopic expression of WT1 attenuated apoptosis, and coexpression of Par-4 but not a leucine zipperless mutant of Par-4 rescued the cells from the antiapoptotic effect of WT1. These findings suggest that the leucine zipper domain is required for the Par-4 protein to function in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Sells
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
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Muthukkumar S, Nair P, Sells SF, Maddiwar NG, Jacob RJ, Rangnekar VM. Role of EGR-1 in thapsigargin-inducible apoptosis in the melanoma cell line A375-C6. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:6262-72. [PMID: 7565779 PMCID: PMC230878 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.11.6262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis by diverse exogenous signals is dependent on elevation of intracellular Ca2+. This process of cell death can be blocked by actinomycin D, indicating that it requires gene transcription events. To identify genes that are required for apoptosis, we used thapsigargin (TG), which inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-dependent Ca(2+)-ATPase and thereby increases cytosolic Ca2+. Exposure to TG led to induction of the zinc finger transcription factor, EGR-1, and apoptosis in human melanoma cells, A375-C6. To determine the functional relevance of EGR-1 expression in TG-inducible apoptosis, we employed a dominant negative mutant which functionally competes with EGR-1 in these cells. Interestingly, the dominant negative mutant inhibited TG-inducible apoptosis. Consistent with this observation, an antisense oligomer directed against Egr-1 also led to a diminution of the number of cells that undergo TG-inducible apoptosis. These results suggest a novel regulatory role for EGR-1 in mediating apoptosis that is induced by intracellular Ca2+ elevation. We have previously shown that in these melanoma cells, EGR-1 acts to inhibit the growth arresting action of interleukin-1. Together, these results imply that EGR-1 plays inducer-specific roles in growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Muthukkumar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, USA
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Krishnaraju K, Nguyen HQ, Liebermann DA, Hoffman B. The zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 potentiates macrophage differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:5499-507. [PMID: 7565701 PMCID: PMC230800 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.10.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that the zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1 is essential for and restricts differentiation of hematopoietic cells along the macrophage lineage, raising the possibility that Egr-1 actually plays a deterministic role in governing the development of hematopoietic precursor cells along the monocytic lineage. To test this hypothesis, we have taken advantage of interleukin-3-dependent 32Dcl3 hematopoietic precursor cells which, in addition to undergoing granulocytic differentiation in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, were found to be induced for limited proliferation, but not differentiation, by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. It was shown that ectopic expression of Egr-1 blocked granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-induced terminal granulocytic differentiation, consistent with previous findings. In addition, ectopic expression of Egr-1 endowed 32Dcl3 cells with ability to be induced by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for terminal differentiation exclusively along the macrophage lineage. Thus, evidence that Egr-1 potentiates terminal macrophage differentiation has been obtained, suggesting that Egr-1 plays a deterministic role in governing the development of hematopoietic cells along the macrophage lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krishnaraju
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Sells SF, Muthukumar S, Sukhatme VP, Crist SA, Rangnekar VM. The zinc finger transcription factor EGR-1 impedes interleukin-1-inducible tumor growth arrest. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:682-92. [PMID: 7823937 PMCID: PMC231931 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.2.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a growth arrest signal for diverse human tumor cell lines. We report here that the action of this cytokine in melanoma cells is associated with induction of EGR-1, a zinc finger protein that activates gene transcription. Both growth arrest and EGR-1 are induced via the type I receptor of IL-1. To determine the role of EGR-1 in IL-1 action in melanoma cells, we used a chimera expressing the transrepression domain of the Wilm's tumor gene, WT1, and the DNA binding domain of Egr-1. This chimera competitively inhibited EGR-1-dependent transactivation via the GC-rich DNA binding sequence, indicating that it acted as a functional dominant negative mutant of Egr-1. Melanoma cell lines stably transfected with the dominant negative mutant construct were supersensitive to IL-1 and showed accelerated G0/G1 growth arrest compared with the parental cell line. The effect of the dominant negative mutant construct was mimicked by addition of an antisense Egr-1 oligomer to the culture medium of the parental cells: the oligomer inhibited EGR-1 expression and accelerated the growth-inhibitory response to IL-1. These data imply that EGR-1 acts to delay IL-1-mediated tumor growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Sells
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536
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