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Albadrani GM, BinMowyna MN, Bin-Jumah MN, El–Akabawy G, Aldera H, AL-Farga AM. Quercetin prevents myocardial infarction adverse remodeling in rats by attenuating TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling: Different mechanisms of action. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2772-2782. [PMID: 34012318 PMCID: PMC8116976 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-remodeling and anti-fibrotic and effect of quercetin (QUR) in the remote non-infarcted of rats after myocardial infarction (MI). Rats were divided as control, control + QUR, MI, and MI + QUR. MI was introduced to the rats by ligating the eft anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. All treatments were given for 30 days, daily. QUR persevered the LV hemodynamic parameters and prevented remote myocardium damage and fibrosis. Also, QUR supressed the generation of ROS, increased the nuclear levels of Nrf2, and enhanced SOD and GSH levels in the LVs of the control and MI model rats. It also reduced angiotensin II, nuclear level/activity of the nuclear factor NF-κβ p65, and protein expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and total/phospho-smad3 in the LVs of both groups. Concomitantly, QUR upregulated LV smad7 and BMP7. In conclusion, QUR prevents MI-induced LV remodeling by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibroticα effects mediated by ROS scavenging, suppressing NF-κβ, and stimulating Nrf-2, Smad7, and BMP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer M. Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona N. BinMowyna
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gehan El–Akabawy
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Hussain Aldera
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar M. AL-Farga
- Biochemistry Department, College of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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3D micro-environment regulates NF-κβ dependent adhesion to induce monocyte differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:914. [PMID: 30206232 PMCID: PMC6133927 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0993-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of monocytes entails their relocation from blood to the tissue, hence accompanied by an altered physicochemical micro-environment. While the mechanism by which the biochemical make-up of the micro-environment induces differentiation is known, the fluid-like to gel-like transition in the physical micro-environment is not well understood. Monocytes maintain non-adherent state to prevent differentiation. We establish that irrespective of the chemical makeup, a 3D gel-like micro-environment induces a positive-feedback loop of adhesion-MAPK-NF-κβ activation to facilitate differentiation. In 2D fluid-like micro-environment, adhesion alone is capable of inducing differentiation via the same positive-feedback signaling. Chemical inducer treatment in fluid-like micro-environment, increases the propensity of monocyte adhesion via a brief pulse of p-MAPK. The adhesion subsequently elicit differentiation, establishing that adhesion is both necessary and sufficient to induce differentiation in 2D/3D micro-environment. MAPK, and NF-κβ being key molecules of multiple signaling pathways, we hypothesize that biochemically inert 3D gel-like micro-environment would also influence other cellular functions.
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Zhang CY, Zhu JY, Ye Y, Zhang M, Zhang LJ, Wang SJ, Song YN, Zhang H. Erhuang Formula ameliorates renal damage in adenine-induced chronic renal failure rats via inhibiting inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:520-528. [PMID: 28866419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Erhuang Formula (EHF) and explore its pharmacological mechanisms on adenine-induced chronic renal failure (CRF). MATERIALS AND METHODS The compounds in EHF were analyzed by HPLC/MS. Adenine-induced CRF rats were administrated by EHF. The effects were evaluated by renal function examination and histology staining. Immunostaining of some proteins related cell adhesion was performedin renal tissues, including E-cadherin, β-catenin, fibronectin and laminin. The qRT-PCR was carried out determination of gene expression related inflammation and fibrosis including NF-κB, TNF-α, TGF-β1, α-SMA and osteopontin (OPN). RESULTS Ten compounds in EHF were identified including liquiritigenin, farnesene, vaccarin, pachymic acid, cycloastragenol, astilbin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptemthoxyflavone, physcion, emodin and curzerene. Abnormal renal function and histology had significant improvements by EHF treatment. The protein expression of β-catenin, fibronectin and laminin were significantly increased and the protein expression of E-cadherin significantly decreased in CRF groups. However, these protein expressions were restored to normal levels in EHF group. Furthermore, low expression of PPARγ and high expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, TGF-β1, α-SMA and OPN were substantially restored by EHF treatment in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS EHF ameliorated renal damage in adenine-induced CRF rats, and the mechanisms might involve in the inhibition of inflammatory and fibrotic responses and the regulation of PPARγ, NF-κB and TGF-β signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Jian-Yong Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Su-Juan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Ya-Nan Song
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, 358 Datong Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China.
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Yen JH, Lin LC, Chen MC, Sarang Z, Leong PY, Chang IC, Hsu JD, Chen JH, Hsieh YF, Pallai A, Köröskényi K, Szondy Z, Tsay GJ. The metastatic tumor antigen 1-transglutaminase-2 pathway is involved in self-limitation of monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation by upregulating TGF-β1. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:65. [PMID: 25889736 PMCID: PMC4422600 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a protein crosslinking enzyme with multiple biochemical functions, has been connected to various inflammatory processes. In this study, the involvement of TG2 in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced inflammation was studied. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were performed to detect TG2 expression in synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) and synovial tissue from patients with gouty arthritis. MSU crystal-exposed RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were analyzed for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and TG2 expression by RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TG2 small interfering (si)-RNA-mediated silencing and overexpression in RAW264.7 cells were used to evaluate the involvement of TG2 in resolving MSU crystal-induced inflammation. The role of metastatic tumor antigen 1 (MTA1), a master chromatin modifier, was investigated by MTA1 si-RNA-mediated knockdown. In addition, the inflammatory responses were followed in wild type and TG2 null mice after being challenged with MSU crystals in an in vivo peritonitis model. RESULTS TG2 expression was up-regulated in the synovium tissue and SFMCs from patients with gouty arthritis. The levels of MTA1, TG2, TGF-β1, IL-1β and TNF-α mRNAs were consistently increased in MSU crystal-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. si-MTA1 impaired the basal, as well as the MSU crystal-induced expression of TG2 and TGF-β1, but increased that of IL-1β and TNF-α. TG2 overexpression dramatically suppressed MSU crystal-induced IL-1β and TNF-α, but significantly enhanced the TGF-β1 production. Neutralizing TGF-β antibodies or inhibition of the crosslinking activity of TG2 attenuated these effects. On the contrary, loss of TG2 resulted in a reduced TGF-β, but in an increased IL-1β and TNF-α production in MSU crystal-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). MSU crystal-stimulated IL-1β production was Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signaling dependent and TG2-induced TGF-β suppressed the activity of it. Finally, TG2-deficient mice exhibited hyper inflammatory responses after being challenged with MSU crystals in an in vivo peritonitis model. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal an inherent regulatory role of the MTA1-TG2 pathway in the self-limitation of MSU crystal-induced inflammation via positively regulating the levels of active TGF-β1 in macrophages that opposes the MSU crystal-induced JAK2-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hau Yen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Chung Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chi Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Pui-Ying Leong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - I-Chang Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jeng-Dong Hsu
- Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Horng Chen
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Fan Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Anna Pallai
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Köröskényi
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Division of Dental Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gregory J Tsay
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Yang WS, Chang JW, Han NJ, Lee SK, Park SK. Spleen tyrosine kinase mediates high glucose-induced transforming growth factor-β1 up-regulation in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1867-76. [PMID: 22659134 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in high glucose-induced intracellular signal transduction has yet to be elucidated. We investigated whether Syk is implicated in high glucose-induced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) up-regulation in cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cell). High glucose increased TGF-β1 gene expression through Syk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), AP-1 and NF-κB. High glucose-induced AP-1 DNA binding activity was decreased by Syk inhibitors and U0126 (an ERK inhibitor). Syk inhibitors suppressed high glucose-induced ERK activation, whereas U0126 had no effect on Syk activation. High glucose-induced NF-κB DNA binding activity was also decreased by Syk inhibitors. High glucose increased nuclear translocation of p65 without serine phosphorylation of IκBα and without degradation of IκBα, but with an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of IκBα that may account for the activation of NF-κB. Both Syk inhibitors and Syk-siRNA attenuated high glucose-induced IκBα tyrosine phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation. Depletion of p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2) by transfection of Pak2-siRNA abolished high glucose-induced Syk activation. In summary, high glucose-induced TGF-β1 gene transcription occurred through Pak2, Syk and subsequent ERK/AP-1 and NF-κB pathways. This suggests that Syk might be implicated in the diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Overexpression of an activated REL mutant enhances the transformed state of the human B-lymphoma BJAB cell line and alters its gene expression profile. Oncogene 2009; 28:2100-11. [PMID: 19377508 PMCID: PMC2796798 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human REL proto-oncogene encodes a transcription factor in the NF-κB family. Overexpression of REL is acutely transforming in chicken lymphoid cells, but has not been shown to transform any mammalian lymphoid cell type. In this report, we show that overexpression of a highly transforming mutant of REL (RELΔTAD1) increases the oncogenic properties of the human B-cell lymphoma BJAB cell line, as demonstrated by increased colony formation in soft agar, tumor formation in SCID mice, and adhesion. BJAB-RELΔTAD1 cells also show decreased activation of caspase in response to doxorubicin. BJAB-RELΔTAD1 cells have increased levels of active nuclear REL protein as determined by immunofluorescence, subcellular fractionation, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Overexpression of RELΔTAD1 in BJAB cells has transformed the gene expression profile of BJAB cells from that of a germinal center B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (GCB-DLBCL) to that of an activated B-cell subtype (ABC-DLBCL), as evidenced by increased expression of many ABC-defining mRNAs. Up-regulated genes in BJAB-RELΔTAD1 cells include several NF-κB targets that encode proteins previously implicated in B-cell development or oncogenesis, including BCL2, IRF4, CD40 and VCAM1. The cell system we describe here may be valuable for further characterizing the molecular details of REL-induced lymphoma in humans.
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Lee KY, Ho SC, Lin HC, Lin SM, Liu CY, Huang CD, Wang CH, Chung KF, Kuo HP. Neutrophil-derived elastase induces TGF-beta1 secretion in human airway smooth muscle via NF-kappaB pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 35:407-14. [PMID: 16690986 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are infiltrated in airways of individuals with more severe and chronic asthma, with uncertain significance. Airway smooth muscle (ASM), apart from its contractile properties, is critically involved in the pathogenesis of asthma by producing inflammatory mediators. In the present study, we investigated the impact of neutrophil-derived elastase (NE) on ASM in terms of TGF-beta1 release, and we explored the underlying mechanisms. Primary ASM cells were serum starved for 24 h before stimulation with NE (0.01-0.5 microg/ml). TGF-beta1 in supernatant was determined by ELISA and mRNA quantified by real-time RT-QPCR. NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and activation was examined by Western blotting and kappaB-2 dEGFP reporter gene assay. Association of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) with MyD88 was studied by co-immunoprecipitation and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) determined by FACS scan and Western blotting. We demonstrated that NE enhanced TGF-beta1 release in a time-dependent manner. This induction was inhibited by actinomycin D (5 mM), cycloheximide (5 mM), and NF-kappaB inhibitors, including pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 1 mM), aspirin (2.5 mM), and sodium salyicylate (2.5 mM). Stimulation with NE was rapidly followed by association of IRAK with MyD88, phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha, and nuclear translocation of p65 with increased transactivation activity. We also found that TLR4 levels were reduced upon NE treatment. These data suggest that NE upregulates TGF-beta1 gene expression and release via My88/IRAK/NF-kappaB pathway, possibly through activation of TLR4, and shed light on a potential role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yun Lee
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 199 Tun-Hwa N. Rd., Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee KY, Ito K, Hayashi R, Jazrawi EPI, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM. NF-kappaB and activator protein 1 response elements and the role of histone modifications in IL-1beta-induced TGF-beta1 gene transcription. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:603-15. [PMID: 16365456 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of TGF-beta1 is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic inflammatory and immune lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. Gene activation in eukaryotes requires coordinated use of specific cell signals, chromatin modifications, and chromatin remodeling. We studied the roles of the ubiquitous inflammatory transcription factors, NF-kappaB and AP-1, in activation of the TGF-beta1 gene and histone acetylation at the TGF-beta1 promoter. IL-1beta-induced TGF-beta1 protein secretion and mRNA expression were prevented by actinomycin D and were attenuated by the inhibitor of kappaB kinase 2 inhibitor AS602868 and the JNK inhibitor SP600125, suggesting a degree of transcriptional regulation mediated by the NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways. We demonstrated that IL-1beta activated the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB and the c-Jun subunit of AP-1. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we observed a sequential recruitment of p65 and c-Jun, accompanying ordered elevation of the levels of histone H4 and H3 acetylation and recruitment of RNA polymerase II at distinct regions in the native TGF-beta1 promoter. The specific NF-kappaB and AP-1 binding sites in the TGF-beta1 promoter were confirmed by an ELISA-based binding assay, and evidence for histone hyperacetylation in TGF-beta1 induction was supported by the observation that the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A enhanced basal and IL-1beta-induced TGF-beta1 mRNA expression. Our results suggest that IL-1beta-stimulated transcription of TGF-beta1 is temporally regulated by NF-kappaB and AP-1 and involves histone hyperacetylation at distinct promoter sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Yun Lee
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Aoki H, Ohnishi H, Hama K, Ishijima T, Satoh Y, Hanatsuka K, Ohashi A, Wada S, Miyata T, Kita H, Yamamoto H, Osawa H, Sato K, Tamada K, Yasuda H, Mashima H, Sugano K. Autocrine loop between TGF-beta1 and IL-1beta through Smad3- and ERK-dependent pathways in rat pancreatic stellate cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 290:C1100-8. [PMID: 16371439 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00465.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are activated during pancreatitis and promote pancreatic fibrosis by producing and secreting ECMs such as collagen and fibronectin. IL-1beta has been assumed to participate in pancreatic fibrosis by activating PSCs. Activated PSCs secrete various cytokines that regulate PSC function. In this study, we have examined IL-1beta secretion from culture-activated PSCs as well as its regulatory mechanism. RT-PCR and ELISA have demonstrated that PSCs express IL-1beta mRNA and secrete IL-1beta peptide. Inhibition of TGF-beta(1) activity secreted from PSCs by TGF-beta(1)-neutralizing antibody attenuated IL-1beta secretion from PSCs. Exogenous TGF-beta(1) increased IL-1beta expression and secretion by PSCs in a dose-dependent manner. Adenovirus-mediated expression of dominant-negative (dn)Smad2/3 expression reduced both basal and TGF-beta(1)-stimulated IL-1beta expression and secretion by PSCs. Coexpression of Smad3 with dnSmad2/3 restored IL-1beta expression and secretion by PSCs, which were attenuated by dnSmad2/3 expression. In contrast, coexpression of Smad2 with dnSmad2/3 did not alter them. Furthermore, inhibition of IL-1beta activity secreted from PSCs by IL-1beta-neutralizing antibody attenuated TGF-beta(1) secretion from PSCs. Exogenous IL-1beta enhanced TGF-beta(1) expression and secretion by PSCs. IL-1beta activated ERK, and PD-98059, a MEK1 inhibitor, blocked IL-1beta enhancement of TGF-beta(1) expression and secretion by PSCs. We propose that an autocrine loop exists between TGF-beta(1) and IL-1beta in activated PSCs through Smad3- and ERK-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Aoki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Kawachi-gun, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is thought to be regulated by several growth factors (EGF, TGF-alpha, beta-FGF, VEGF). Induction of these angiogenic factors is triggered by various stresses. For instance, tissue hypoxia exerts its pro-angiogenic action through various angiogenic factors, the most notable being vascular endothelial growth factor, which has been mainly associated with initiating the process of angiogenesis through the recruitment and proliferation of endothelial cells. Recently, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been found to stimulate angiogenic response in the ischemic reperfused hearts. Short exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation, either directly or indirectly, produces ROS that induce oxidative stress which is associated with angiogenesis or neovascularization. ROS can cause tissue injury in one hand and promote tissue repair in another hand by promoting angiogenesis. It thus appears that after causing injury to the cells, ROS promptly initiate the tissue repair process by triggering angiogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Maulik
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA.
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Natarajan M, Szilagyi M, Roldan FN, Meltz ML. NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity after high peak power pulsed microwave (8.2 GHz) exposure of normal human monocytes. Bioelectromagnetics 2002; 23:271-7. [PMID: 11948606 DOI: 10.1002/bem.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis investigated is that exposure of a mammalian cell to high peak power pulsed RF, at the frequency of 8.2 GHz, can result in the activation of an important eukaryotic transcriptional regulator, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB). This DNA-binding protein controls genes involved in long term cellular regulation. The selection of 8.2 GHz was based on the availability of a high peak power pulsed RF transmitter. In these studies, triplicate cultures of human monocytes (Mono Mac-6) were exposed to the pulsed wave radiation. The peak to average power ratio was 455:1 (2.2 micros pulse width and pulse repetition rate of 1000 pulses/s). The average power density at the position of exposure was 50 W/m(2), and the mean SAR at the bottom of the culture flask was 10.8 +/- 7.1 W/kg. The FDTD analysis indicated that 10% of the cells had an SAR of 22-29 W/kg. The cells were exposed continuously for 90 min at 37 degrees C, reincubated at this temperature, and harvested 4 h postexposure. The nuclear extracts were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results showed a profound increase (3.6-fold) in the DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB in monocytes at 4 h after the pulsed RF exposure compared to sham irradiated controls. Competition experiments with cold NF-kappaB- specific oligonucleotides confirmed the specificity of the DNA binding activity. These results provide evidence that high peak power pulsed radiofrequency radiation can perturb the cell and initiate cell signaling pathways. However, at this point, we are not prepared to advocate that the cause is a nonthermal mechanism. Because of the broad distribution of SAR's in the flask, experiments need to be performed to determine if the changes observed are associated with cells exposed to high or low SARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Natarajan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Center for Environmental Radiation Toxicology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78229-3900, USA.
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Rameshwar P, Narayanan R, Qian J, Denny TN, Colon C, Gascon P. NF-kappa B as a central mediator in the induction of TGF-beta in monocytes from patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis: an inflammatory response beyond the realm of homeostasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2271-7. [PMID: 10925316 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.4.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated mechanisms have been implicated in the etiology of idiopathic bone marrow fibrosis (IMF). However, the mechanism remains poorly defined. Compared with healthy controls, IMF monocytes are overactivated, with increased production of TGF-beta and IL-1. TGF-beta is central to the progression of fibrosis in different organs. In the lung, fibrosis is associated with up-regulation of TGF-beta-inducible genes. Because IL-1 and TGF-beta have pro- and antiinflammatory properties and neither appears to regulate the high levels of each other in IMF, we studied the mechanism of this paradigm. We focused on the role of RelA, a subunit of the transcription factor, NF-kappaB that is associated with inflammatory responses. We transiently knocked out RelA from IMF monocytes with antisense oligonucleotides and showed that RelA is central to IL-1 and TGF-beta production and to the adhesion of IMF monocytes. Because the NF-kappaB family comprises subunits other than RelA, we used aspirin and sodium salicylate to inhibit kinases that activate NF-kappaB and showed effects similar to those of the RelA knockout system. It is unlikely that RelA could be interacting directly with the TGF-beta gene. Therefore, we determined its role in TGF-beta production and showed that exogenous IL-1 could induce TGF-beta and adherence of IMF monocytes despite the depletion of NF-kappaB. The results indicate that IL-1 is necessary for TGF-beta production in IMF monocytes, but NF-kappaB activation is required for the production of endogenous IL-1. Initial adhesion activates NF-kappaB, which led to IL-1 production. Through autocrine means, IL-1 induces TGF-beta production. In total, these reactions maintain overactivation of IMF monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rameshwar
- Departments of Medicine-Hematology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Pediatrics, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Bost F, McKay R, Dean NM, Potapova O, Mercola D. Antisense methods for discrimination of phenotypic properties of closely related gene products: Jun kinase family. Methods Enzymol 1999; 314:342-62. [PMID: 10565024 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)14114-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Methods for the selection and characterization of antisense oligonucleotides for specifically eliminating closely related gene family members are available. High-throughput semiautomated methods using 96-well plate formats and array technology and improved assays are under active development that will streamline many steps and will likely merge. Second-generation 20-mer antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides containing 2'-methoxyethyl groups at the first and last 6 nucleotides with improved nuclease resistance and RNA affinity are becoming available.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bost
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Bellocq A, Azoulay E, Marullo S, Flahault A, Fouqueray B, Philippe C, Cadranel J, Baud L. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates increase transforming growth factor-beta1 release from human epithelial alveolar cells through two different mechanisms. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:128-36. [PMID: 10385601 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.1.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is a growth factor involved in the mechanisms of lung repair and fibrosis that follow inflammatory processes. We sought to examine the link between the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) or reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) by inflammatory cells and the expression of TGF-beta1 by alveolar epithelial cells. Exposure of the A549 lung epithelial cell line to either an ROI generating system (xanthine and xanthine oxidase) or an RNI donor (S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine [SNAP]) promoted a time- and dose-dependent increase in TGF-beta1 release, as measured by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. At the peak, the levels of TGF-beta1 were twice the control values. The induction of TGF-beta1 release by ROI was blunted by catalase and unaffected by superoxide dismutase, indicating the involvement of hydrogen peroxide. The response was also blunted by 5, 6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl benzimidazole (DRB), a specific RNA polymerase II inhibitor, and accompanied by a corresponding increase in TGF-beta1 messenger RNA, as measured by quantitative/competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, suggesting the involvement of transcriptional mechanisms and possibly other downstream mechanisms. In contrast, RNI-induced TGF-beta1 release was unaffected by DRB and blunted by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, suggesting the involvement of translational and post-translational mechanisms. This response required cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)- mediated processes because (1) immunoreactive cGMP accumulated in the culture medium of SNAP-treated cells; (2) SNAP-induced TGF-beta1 release was blunted by KT 5823, an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase; and (3) similar increase in TGF-beta1 release was obtained by cell exposure to membrane-permeable dibutyryl-cGMP or to atrial natriuretic factor, a known agonist of particulate guanylate cyclase. These data suggest that in vitro exposure of human alveolar epithelial cells to ROI and RNI enhances TGF-beta1 release through different mechanisms. In vivo, this control may constitute a molecular link between inflammatory and fibrotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bellocq
- Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles and Unité INSERM 489, Service de Biostatistique et Informatique, and Service de Pneumologie and UPRES-A 1531, Hôpital Tenon, UPRES-A 8068, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
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15
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You M, Bose HR. Identification of v-Rel oncogene-induced inhibitor of apoptosis by differential display. Methods 1998; 16:373-85. [PMID: 10049645 DOI: 10.1006/meth.1998.0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The v-Rel oncoprotein is a member of the Rel/NF-kappaB family of transcription factors. v-Rel induces oncogenic transformation and inhibits apoptosis. To identify aberrantly expressed cellular genes in v-Rel transformed cells, gene expression patterns in normal and v-Rel transformed cells were compared by mRNA differential display. Northern blotting analysis with radiolabeled cDNAs from differential display confirmed the reproducible differential expression of 10 transcripts in v-Rel transformed cells. One of the identified genes, termed ch-IAP1, encodes a chicken homolog of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein (IAP) family. ch-IAP1 contains N-terminal baculovirus IAP repeats (BIR), the hallmark of IAPs, and has a C-terminal RING finger motif commonly present in the other IAPs. Like other IAPs, ch-IAP1 is expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of cells. ch-IAP1 is highly expressed in v-Rel transformed fibroblasts, B- and T-cell lines, and spleen cell lines. In contrast, ch-IAP1 expression levels were low in chicken cell lines transformed by several other unrelated tumor viruses. Additionally, ch-IAP1 expression is downregulated in temperature-sensitive (ts) v-Rel transformed spleen cells at the nonpermissive temperature. Overexpression of the full-length ch-IAP1 suppresses mammalian cell apoptosis induced by the interleukin-1-converting enzyme (ICE), a member of the mammalian caspase family of cysteine proteases. Furthermore, expression of exogenous ch-IAP1 inhibits apoptosis of ts v-Rel transformed spleen cells at the nonpermissive temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M You
- Department of Microbiology and the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 78712-1095, USA
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16
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Sokoloski JA, Narayanan R, Sartorelli AC. Enhancement by antisense oligonucleotides to NF-kappaB of the differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by vitamin D3. Cancer Lett 1998; 125:157-64. [PMID: 9566710 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(97)00505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that a phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide to the p65 subunit of the inducible transcription factor NF-kappaB produced rapid changes in the expression of leukocyte integrin CD11b (Mo 1) and in the adhesion of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-differentiated HL-60 cells stimulated by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. We have also shown that a variety of agents which inhibit NF-kappaB, including vitamin E and related antioxidants, curcumin and several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, significantly enhanced the differentiation of HL-60 leukemia cells when combined with low levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D3). To provide further evidence that interference with the activation of NF-kappaB affects the maturation of HL-60 leukemia cells by creating an environment conducive to terminal differentiation, we measured the effects of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides to the various subunits of NF-kappaB on the differentiation of HL-60 cells produced by low levels of vitamin D3. When used alone these oligonucleotides had no significant effect on the differentiation of HL-60 cells. However, the antisense oligomer to the Rel A subunit of NF-kappaB markedly increased the extent of differentiation produced by low levels of vitamin D3. An enhancement of the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced by vitamin D3 was also obtained by several transcription factor decoys designed to mimic the consensus sequences of genes activated by Rel A. The findings provide additional support for the concept that inhibition of the activation of NF-kappaB may be involved in regulating the entry of promyelocytic leukemia cells into a differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sokoloski
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Daaka Y, Zhu W, Friedman H, Klein TW. Induction of interleukin-2 receptor alpha gene by delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is mediated by nuclear factor kappaB and CB1 cannabinoid receptor. DNA Cell Biol 1997; 16:301-9. [PMID: 9115639 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1997.16.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that the cannabinoid delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) increased the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor (R) alpha and beta proteins and mRNAs in NKB61A2 cells, but decreased the level of the gamma-chain message. The drug increased beta-chain message stability rather than increased transcription. In the present study, we examined the mechanism responsible for the drug-induced increase in alpha-chain message in NKB61A2 cells. Nuclear run-on and mRNA stability studies showed THC increased the level of alpha gene transcription but had no effect on mRNA stability. Because expression of this gene is regulated by nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, we next tested the drug effect on the nuclear level of this protein using the electromobility shift assay. These studies showed a drug-induced increase in NF-kappaB activity. To link the increased nuclear factor activity with the THC-induced increase in IL-2R alpha message, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides were used to inhibit expression of the RelA component of NF-kappaB. These results showed anti-RelA antisense eliminated the cannabinoid-induced upregulation of both alpha mRNA and RelA protein. Furthermore, inhibition of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 with antisense oligomers also eliminated the drug effect on the alpha message. These results suggest that THC treatment of NKB61A2 cells increases IL-2R alpha gene transcription by increasing the nuclear level of NF-kappaB through a mechanism involving cannabinoid receptor type 1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Daaka
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa 33612, USA
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Saijo Y, Uchiyama B, Abe T, Satoh K, Nukiwa T. Contiguous four-guanosine sequence in c-myc antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides inhibits cell growth on human lung cancer cells: possible involvement of cell adhesion inhibition. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88:26-33. [PMID: 9045892 PMCID: PMC5921246 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A contiguous four-guanosine (4G) sequence in c-myc antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides caused an antiproliferative effect in smooth muscle cells. To investigate the antiproliferative effect of c-myc antisense oligonucleotides on human lung cancer cell lines, we synthesized oligonucleotides of various lengths and sequences, focusing on the contiguous four-guanosine (4G) sequence. While a c-myc antisense oligonucleotide (20AS1 (4G)) targeted to the translation initiation codon of c-myc mRNA inhibited cell growth of A549 cells by 69% at 10 microM, a scrambled oligonucleotide (20SCR1 (4G)) containing the contiguous four-guanosine (4G) sequence also inhibited cell growth by 72% at the same dose. Although treatment with either 20AS1 (4G) or 20SCR1 (4G) inhibited cell adhesion by 70% at 10 microM, expression of c-myc protein was significantly suppressed only by 20AS1 (4G) (62%), and was only weakly inhibited by 20SCR1 (4G) (32%). Furthermore, a small cell lung carcinoma cell line, Lu65, which can grow in suspension form, was highly resistant to 20AS1 (4G) treatment (IC50>20 microM). These results suggest that the cell growth inhibition by c-myc antisense oligonucleotides containing the contiguous four-guanosine (4G) sequence was possibly correlated with inhibition of cell adhesion, but not with inhibition of c-myc protein expression, via a sequence-specific non-antisense mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai
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Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides: Internalization, compartmentalization and non-sequence specificity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02172107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Viswanathan M, Yu M, Mendoza L, Yunis JJ. Cloning and transcription factor-binding sites of the human c-rel proto-oncogene promoter. Gene 1996; 170:271-6. [PMID: 8666258 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report here the cloning, sequencing, functional analysis and DNase I footprinting of the human c-rel promoter region. The results revealed an 824-bp BsaAI-StuI minimal promoter region with a large number of NF-kappa B, Ap2 and Sp1-binding sites, some of them variants of known consensus sequences. This is the first promoter in the Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B family to be subjected to a detailed footprinting analysis for the binding of transcription activator proteins. Our finding of 14 Ap2-binding sites may indicate why the human c-rel promoter, unlike the chicken c-rel promoter, has a strong function and is highly responsive to phorbol esters. The presence of five NF-kappa B and six Sp1-binding sites in turn adds to growing evidence that, in mammals, the promoter of the Rel/NF-kappa B/I kappa B family may utilize multiple NF-kappa B- and Sp1-binding sites for their interactive regulation. Furthermore, there are putative binding sites for the PU.1 and Oct 1/2 transcription activator proteins, also present in the mouse c-rel promoter, which may help explain the preferential transcription of the c-rel gene in B- and T-lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viswanathan
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides designed to complement a region of a particular messenger RNA may inhibit gene expression potentially through sequence-specific hybridization. Their inhibiting effect has been shown in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models in oncology, whereas much rarer clinical trials have been carried out. Rigorous demonstration of in vitro and in vivo specific effects upon their targets is mandatory before their use as drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Expérimentale et Clinique, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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Abstract
Specific inhibition of gene expression by antisense agents provides the basis for rational drug discovery based on molecular targets. Due to the specificity of Watson-Crick base-pair hybridization, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides have been used extensively in attempts to inhibit gene expression in both in vitro and in vivo models. Analogues modified from normal phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides have entered clinical trials against diseases including AIDS and cancer. Although the precise mechanism of action of these drugs has not been clarified, these oligodeoxynucleotides offer considerable promise as novel molecular therapeutics. We review the recent attempts to harness the therapeutic potential of these oligodeoxynucleotides and appraise the near-term prospects for antisense technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Sharma
- Division of Oncology, Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
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