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Wang B, Pan X, Teng IT, Li X, Kobeissy F, Wu ZY, Zhu J, Cai G, Yan H, Yan X, Liang M, Yu F, Lu J, Yang Z, Biondi E, Haskins W, Cao YC, Benner SA, Tan W, Wang KK. Functional Selection of Tau Oligomerization-Inhibiting Aptamers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402007. [PMID: 38407551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Pathological hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of microtubule-associated Tau protein contribute to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and other related tauopathies. Currently, no cure exists for Alzheimer's Disease. Aptamers offer significant potential as next-generation therapeutics in biotechnology and the treatment of neurological disorders. Traditional aptamer selection methods for Tau protein focus on binding affinity rather than interference with pathological Tau. In this study, we developed a new selection strategy to enrich DNA aptamers that bind to surviving monomeric Tau protein under conditions that would typically promote Tau aggregation. Employing this approach, we identified a set of aptamer candidates. Notably, BW1c demonstrates a high binding affinity (Kd=6.6 nM) to Tau protein and effectively inhibits arachidonic acid (AA)-induced Tau protein oligomerization and aggregation. Additionally, it inhibits GSK3β-mediated Tau hyperphosphorylation in cell-free systems and okadaic acid-mediated Tau hyperphosphorylation in cellular milieu. Lastly, retro-orbital injection of BW1c tau aptamer shows the ability to cross the blood brain barrier and gain access to neuronal cell body. Through further refinement and development, these Tau aptamers may pave the way for a first-in-class neurotherapeutic to mitigate tauopathy-associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, No. 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Xiaoshu Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers, Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310-1458, (USA). Department of Emergency Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zo-Yu Wu
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers, Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310-1458, (USA). Department of Emergency Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jiepei Zhu
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers, Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310-1458, (USA). Department of Emergency Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Guangzheng Cai
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers, Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310-1458, (USA). Department of Emergency Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mingwei Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Fahong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jianrong Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UF Health Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zunyi Yang
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, No. 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Elisa Biondi
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, No. 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - William Haskins
- Gryphon Bio, Inc., 611 Gateway Blvd. Suite 120 #253, South San Francisco, CA 94080-7066, USA
| | - Y Charles Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Steven A Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, No. 7, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers, Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA 30310-1458, (USA). Department of Emergency Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Gryphon Bio, Inc., 611 Gateway Blvd. Suite 120 #253, South San Francisco, CA 94080-7066, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Wang B, Kobeissy F, Golpich M, Cai G, Li X, Abedi R, Haskins W, Tan W, Benner SA, Wang KKW. Aptamer Technologies in Neuroscience, Neuro-Diagnostics and Neuro-Medicine Development. Molecules 2024; 29:1124. [PMID: 38474636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aptamers developed using in vitro Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technology are single-stranded nucleic acids 10-100 nucleotides in length. Their targets, often with specificity and high affinity, range from ions and small molecules to proteins and other biological molecules as well as larger systems, including cells, tissues, and animals. Aptamers often rival conventional antibodies with improved performance, due to aptamers' unique biophysical and biochemical properties, including small size, synthetic accessibility, facile modification, low production cost, and low immunogenicity. Therefore, there is sustained interest in engineering and adapting aptamers for many applications, including diagnostics and therapeutics. Recently, aptamers have shown promise as early diagnostic biomarkers and in precision medicine for neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. Here, we critically review neuro-targeting aptamers and their potential applications in neuroscience research, neuro-diagnostics, and neuro-medicine. We also discuss challenges that must be overcome, including delivery across the blood-brain barrier, increased affinity, and improved in vivo stability and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- The Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 1501 NW 68th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Center for Neurotrauma, MultiOmics and Biomarkers (CNMB), Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation (CVNR), Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Mojtaba Golpich
- Center for Neurotrauma, MultiOmics and Biomarkers (CNMB), Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Guangzheng Cai
- Center for Neurotrauma, MultiOmics and Biomarkers (CNMB), Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Reem Abedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - William Haskins
- Gryphon Bio, Inc., 611 Gateway Blvd. Suite 120 #253, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Weihong Tan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Steven A Benner
- The Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 1501 NW 68th Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32605, USA
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- Center for Neurotrauma, MultiOmics and Biomarkers (CNMB), Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, 1601 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation (CVNR), Atlanta VA Health Care System, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
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DeRosa M, Lin A, Mallikaratchy P, McConnell E, McKeague M, Patel R, Shigdar S. In vitro selection of aptamers and their applications. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2023; 3:55. [PMID: 37969927 PMCID: PMC10647184 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-023-00247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the in-vitro evolution method known as SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment) more than 30 years ago led to the conception of versatile synthetic receptors known as aptamers. Offering many benefits such as low cost, high stability and flexibility, aptamers have sparked innovation in molecular diagnostics, enabled advances in synthetic biology and have facilitated new therapeutic approaches. The SELEX method itself is inherently adaptable and offers near limitless possibilities in yielding functional nucleic acid ligands. This Primer serves to provide guidance on experimental design and highlight new growth areas for this impactful technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.C. DeRosa
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1T2S2
| | - A. Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - P. Mallikaratchy
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - E.M. McConnell
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1T2S2
| | - M. McKeague
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 0B8
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - R. Patel
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - S. Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Using Restriction Endonuclease, Protection, Selection, and Amplification to Identify Preferred DNA-Binding Sequences of Microbial Transcription Factors. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0439722. [PMID: 36602370 PMCID: PMC9927371 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04397-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is a vital component of cellular biology. Transcription factor proteins often bind regulatory DNA sequences upstream of transcription start sites to facilitate the activation or repression of RNA polymerase. Research laboratories have devoted many projects to understanding the transcription regulatory networks for transcription factors, as these regulated genes provide critical insight into the biology of the host organism. Various in vivo and in vitro assays have been developed to elucidate transcription regulatory networks. Several assays, including SELEX-seq and ChIP-seq, capture DNA-bound transcription factors to determine the preferred DNA-binding sequences, which can then be mapped to the host organism's genome to identify candidate regulatory genes. In this protocol, we describe an alternative in vitro, iterative selection approach to ascertaining DNA-binding sequences of a transcription factor of interest using restriction endonuclease, protection, selection, and amplification (REPSA). Contrary to traditional antibody-based capture methods, REPSA selects for transcription factor-bound DNA sequences by challenging binding reactions with a type IIS restriction endonuclease. Cleavage-resistant DNA species are amplified by PCR and then used as inputs for the next round of REPSA. This process is repeated until a protected DNA species is observed by gel electrophoresis, which is an indication of a successful REPSA experiment. Subsequent high-throughput sequencing of REPSA-selected DNAs accompanied by motif discovery and scanning analyses can be used for determining transcription factor consensus binding sequences and potential regulated genes, providing critical first steps in determining organisms' transcription regulatory networks. IMPORTANCE Transcription regulatory proteins are an essential class of proteins that help maintain cellular homeostasis by adapting the transcriptome based on environmental cues. Dysregulation of transcription factors can lead to diseases such as cancer, and many eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription factors have become enticing therapeutic targets. Additionally, in many understudied organisms, the transcription regulatory networks for uncharacterized transcription factors remain unknown. As such, the need for experimental techniques to establish transcription regulatory networks is paramount. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for REPSA, an inexpensive, iterative selection technique to identify transcription factor-binding sequences without the need for antibody-based capture methods.
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Cui H, Chen J, Liu M, Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu D, Chen S. Genome-Wide Analysis of C2H2 Zinc Finger Gene Family and Its Response to Cold and Drought Stress in Sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105571. [PMID: 35628380 PMCID: PMC9146226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
C2H2 zinc finger protein (C2H2-ZFP) is one of the most important transcription factor families in higher plants. In this study, a total of 145 C2H2-ZFPs was identified in Sorghum bicolor and randomly distributed on 10 chromosomes. Based on the phylogenetic tree, these zinc finger gene family members were divided into 11 clades, and the gene structure and motif composition of SbC2H2-ZFPs in the same clade were similar. SbC2H2-ZFP members located in the same clade contained similar intron/exon and motif patterns. Thirty-three tandem duplicated SbC2H2-ZFPs and 24 pairs of segmental duplicated genes were identified. Moreover, synteny analysis showed that sorghum had more collinear regions with monocotyledonous plants such as maize and rice than did dicotyledons such as soybean and Arabidopsis. Furthermore, we used quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) to analyze the expression of C2H2-ZFPs in different organs and demonstrated that the genes responded to cold and drought. For example, Sobic.008G088842 might be activated by cold but is inhibited in drought in the stems and leaves. This work not only revealed an important expanded C2H2-ZFP gene family in Sorghum bicolor but also provides a research basis for determining the role of C2H2-ZFPs in sorghum development and abiotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.C.); (M.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.C.); (M.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.C.); (M.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.C.); (M.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.C.); (M.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.C.); (M.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.C.); (M.L.); (H.Z.); (S.Z.); (D.L.)
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (S.C.)
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Genome-wide interference of ZNF423 with B-lineage transcriptional circuitries in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1209-1223. [PMID: 33646306 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of the transcriptional modulator and early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) antagonist ZNF423 has been implicated in B-cell leukemogenesis, but its impact on transcriptional circuitries in lymphopoiesis has not been elucidated in a comprehensive manner. Herein, in silico analyses of multiple expression data sets on 1354 acute leukemia samples revealed a widespread presence of ZNF423 in various subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Average expression of ZNF423 was highest in ETV6-RUNX1, B-other, and TCF3-PBX1 ALL followed by BCR-ABL, hyperdiploid ALL, and KMT2A-rearranged ALL. In a KMT2A-AFF1 pro-B ALL model, a CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic ablation of ZNF423 decreased cell viability and significantly prolonged survival of mice upon xenotransplantation. For the first time, we characterized the genome-wide binding pattern of ZNF423, its impact on the chromatin landscape, and differential gene activities in a B-lineage context. In general, chromatin-bound ZNF423 was associated with a depletion of activating histone marks. At the transcriptional level, EBF1-dependent transactivation was disrupted by ZNF423, whereas repressive and pioneering activities of EBF1 were not discernibly impeded. Unexpectedly, we identified an enrichment of ZNF423 at canonical EBF1-binding sites also in the absence of EBF1, which was indicative of intrinsic EBF1-independent ZNF423 activities. A genome-wide motif search at EBF1 target gene loci revealed that EBF1 and ZNF423 co-regulated genes often contain SMAD1/SMAD4-binding motifs as exemplified by the TGFB1 promoter, which was repressed by ZNF423 outcompeting EBF1 by depending on its ability to bind EBF1 consensus sites and to interact with EBF1 or SMADs. Overall, these findings underscore the wide scope of ZNF423 activities that interfere with B-cell lymphopoiesis and contribute to leukemogenesis.
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Charrier A, Xu X, Guan BJ, Ngo J, Wynshaw-Boris A, Hatzoglou M, Buchner DA. Adipocyte-specific deletion of zinc finger protein 407 results in lipodystrophy and insulin resistance in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 521:111109. [PMID: 33285243 PMCID: PMC7813145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PPARγ deficiency in humans and model organisms impairs the transcriptional control of adipogenesis and mature adipocyte function resulting in lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Zinc finger protein 407 (ZFP407) positively regulates PPARγ target gene expression and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in cultured adipocytes. The in vivo physiological role of ZFP407 in mature adipocytes, however, remains to be elucidated. Here we generated adipocyte-specific ZFP407 knockout (AZKO) mice and discovered a partial lipodystrophic phenotype with reduced fat mass, hypertrophic adipocytes in inguinal and brown adipose tissue, and reduced adipogenic gene expression. The lipodystrophy was further exacerbated in AZKO mice fed a high-fat diet. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests revealed decreased insulin sensitivity in AZKO mice compared to control littermates. Cell-based assays demonstrated that ZFP407 is also required for adipogenesis, which may also contribute to the lipodystrophic phenotype. These results demonstrate an essential in vivo role of ZFP407 in brown and white adipose tissue formation and organismal insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Charrier
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Xuan Xu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Bo-Jhih Guan
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Justine Ngo
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Maria Hatzoglou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - David A Buchner
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Casoni F, Croci L, Vincenti F, Podini P, Riba M, Massimino L, Cremona O, Consalez GG. ZFP423 regulates early patterning and multiciliogenesis in the hindbrain choroid plexus. Development 2020; 147:dev.190173. [PMID: 33046507 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is a secretory tissue that produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secreted into the ventricular system. It is a monolayer of secretory, multiciliated epithelial cells derived from neuroepithelial progenitors and overlying a stroma of mesenchymal cells of mesodermal origin. Zfp423, which encodes a Kruppel-type zinc-finger transcription factor essential for cerebellar development and mutated in rare cases of cerebellar vermis hypoplasia/Joubert syndrome and other ciliopathies, is expressed in the hindbrain roof plate, from which the IV ventricle ChP arises, and, later, in mesenchymal cells, which give rise to the stroma and leptomeninges. Mouse Zfp423 mutants display a marked reduction of the hindbrain ChP (hChP), which: (1) fails to express established markers of its secretory function and genes implicated in its development and maintenance (Lmx1a and Otx2); (2) shows a perturbed expression of signaling pathways previously unexplored in hChP patterning (Wnt3); and (3) displays a lack of multiciliated epithelial cells and a profound dysregulation of master genes of multiciliogenesis (Gmnc). Our results propose that Zfp423 is a master gene and one of the earliest known determinants of hChP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy .,Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | | | - Paola Podini
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Michela Riba
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
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Strain-Dependent Modifier Genes Determine Survival in Zfp423 Mice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4241-4247. [PMID: 32967895 PMCID: PMC7642944 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zfp423 encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein that interacts with canonical signaling and lineage pathways. Mutations in mouse Zfp423 or its human ortholog ZNF423 are associated with a range of developmental abnormalities reminiscent of ciliopathies, including cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and other midline brain defects. Null mice have reduced viability in most strain backgrounds. Here we show complete lethality on a C57BL/6J background, dominant rescue in backcrosses to any of 13 partner strains, with strain-dependent survival frequencies, and evidence for a BALB/c-derived survival modifier locus on chromosome 5. Survival data indicate both perinatal and postnatal periods of lethality. Anatomical data from a hypomorphic gene trap allele observed on both C57BL/6J and BALB/c congenic backgrounds shows an aggregate effect of background on sensitivity to Zfp423 loss rather than a binary effect on viability.
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Jain S, Kaur J, Prasad S, Roy I. Nucleic acid therapeutics: a focus on the development of aptamers. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:255-274. [PMID: 32990095 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1829587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aptamers provide exciting opportunities for the development of specific and targeted therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss different therapeutic options available with nucleic acids, including aptamers, focussing on similarities and differences between them. The authors concentrate on case studies with specific aptamers, which exemplify their distinct advantages. The reasons for failure, wherever available, are deliberated upon. Attempts to accelerate the in vitro selection process have been discussed. Challenges with aptamers in terms of their specificity and targeted delivery and strategies to overcome these are described. Examples of precise regulation of systemic half-life of aptamers using antidotes are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Despite their nontoxic nature, a variety of reasons limit the therapeutic potential of aptamers in the clinic. The analysis of adverse effects observed with the pegnivacogin/anivamersen pair has highlighted the need to screen for preexisting PEG antibodies in any clinical trial involving pegylated molecules. Surprisingly, and promisingly, the ability of nucleic acid therapeutics to breach the blood brain barrier seems achievable. The recognition of specific motifs, e.g. G-quadruplex in thrombin-binding aptamers, or a 'nucleation' zone while designing aptamer-antidote pairs, is likely to accelerate the discovery of therapeutically efficacious molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Jaskirat Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Shivcharan Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
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11
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Deshpande O, Lara RZ, Zhang OR, Concepcion D, Hamilton BA. ZNF423 patient variants, truncations, and in-frame deletions in mice define an allele-dependent range of midline brain abnormalities. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009017. [PMID: 32925911 PMCID: PMC7515201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpreting rare variants remains a challenge in personal genomics, especially for disorders with several causal genes and for genes that cause multiple disorders. ZNF423 encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein that intersects several developmental pathways. ZNF423 has been implicated in rare neurodevelopmental disorders, consistent with midline brain defects in Zfp423-mutant mice, but pathogenic potential of most patient variants remains uncertain. We engineered ~50 patient-derived and small deletion variants into the highly-conserved mouse ortholog and examined neuroanatomical measures for 791 littermate pairs. Three substitutions previously asserted pathogenic appeared benign, while a fourth was effectively null. Heterozygous premature termination codon (PTC) variants showed mild haploabnormality, consistent with loss-of-function intolerance inferred from human population data. In-frame deletions of specific zinc fingers showed mild to moderate abnormalities, as did low-expression variants. These results affirm the need for functional validation of rare variants in biological context and demonstrate cost-effective modeling of neuroanatomical abnormalities in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas Deshpande
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Raquel Z. Lara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Oliver R. Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Concepcion
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Hamilton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
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12
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Jiao Z, Wang L, Du H, Wang Y, Wang W, Liu J, Huang J, Huang W, Ge L. Genome-wide study of C2H2 zinc finger gene family in Medicago truncatula. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:401. [PMID: 32867687 PMCID: PMC7460785 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02619-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND C2H2 zinc finger proteins (C2H2 ZFPs) play vital roles in shaping many aspects of plant growth and adaptation to the environment. Plant genomes harbor hundreds of C2H2 ZFPs, which compose one of the most important and largest transcription factor families in higher plants. Although the C2H2 ZFP gene family has been reported in several plant species, it has not been described in the model leguminous species Medicago truncatula. RESULTS In this study, we identified 218 C2H2 type ZFPs with 337 individual C2H2 motifs in M. truncatula. We showed that the high rate of local gene duplication has significantly contributed to the expansion of the C2H2 gene family in M. truncatula. The identified ZFPs exhibit high variation in motif arrangement and expression pattern, suggesting that the short C2H2 zinc finger motif has been adopted as a scaffold by numerous transcription factors with different functions to recognize cis-elements. By analyzing the public expression datasets and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), we identified several C2H2 ZFPs that are specifically expressed in certain tissues, such as the nodule, seed, and flower. CONCLUSION Our genome-wide work revealed an expanded C2H2 ZFP gene family in an important legume M. truncatula, and provides new insights into the diversification and expansion of C2H2 ZFPs in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiao
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Du
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Weixu Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhang Huang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangfa Ge
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, Tianhe, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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Schwarz T, Striedner Y, Horner A, Haase K, Kemptner J, Zeppezauer N, Hermann P, Tiemann-Boege I. PRDM9 forms a trimer by interactions within the zinc finger array. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/4/e201800291. [PMID: 31308055 PMCID: PMC6643046 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM9 forms a trimer as a soluble protein and in complex with DNA mediated by the ZnF domain. Five ZnFs are already sufficient for multimerization and only one DNA molecule is complexed in the trimer. PRDM9 is a trans-acting factor directing meiotic recombination to specific DNA-binding sites by its zinc finger (ZnF) array. It was suggested that PRDM9 is a multimer; however, we do not know the stoichiometry or the components inducing PRDM9 multimerization. In this work, we used in vitro binding studies and characterized with electrophoretic mobility shift assays, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy the stoichiometry of the PRDM9 multimer of two different murine PRDM9 alleles carrying different tags and domains produced with different expression systems. Based on the migration distance of the PRDM9–DNA complex, we show that PRDM9 forms a trimer. Moreover, this stoichiometry is adapted already by the free, soluble protein with little exchange between protein monomers. The variable ZnF array of PRDM9 is sufficient for multimerization, and at least five ZnFs form already a functional trimer. Finally, we also show that only one ZnF array within the PRDM9 oligomer binds to the DNA, whereas the remaining two ZnF arrays likely maintain the trimer by ZnF–ZnF interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schwarz
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Yasmin Striedner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Horner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Karin Haase
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Kemptner
- Red Cross Blood Transfusion Center Upper Austria, MedCampus II, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Philipp Hermann
- Institute of Applied Statistics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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14
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Badaloni A, Casoni F, Croci L, Chiara F, Bizzoca A, Gennarini G, Cremona O, Hawkes R, Consalez GG. Dynamic Expression and New Functions of Early B Cell Factor 2 in Cerebellar Development. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:999-1010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Feng L, Chang CC, Song D, Jiang C, Song Y, Wang CF, Deng W, Zou YJ, Chen HF, Xiao X, Wang FP, Liu XP. The trimeric Hef-associated nuclease HAN is a 3'→5' exonuclease and is probably involved in DNA repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:9027-9043. [PMID: 30102394 PMCID: PMC6158738 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleases play important roles in nucleic acid metabolism. Some archaea encode a conserved protein known as Hef-associated nuclease (HAN). In addition to its C-terminal DHH nuclease domain, HAN also has three N-terminal domains, including a DnaJ-Zinc-finger, ribosomal protein S1-like, and oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding fold. To further understand HAN’s function, we biochemically characterized the enzymatic properties of HAN from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfuHAN), solved the crystal structure of its DHH nuclease domain, and examined its role in DNA repair. Our results show that PfuHAN is a Mn2+-dependent 3′-exonuclease specific to ssDNA and ssRNA with no activity on blunt and 3′-recessive double-stranded DNA. Domain truncation confirmed that the intrinsic nuclease activity is dependent on the C-terminal DHH nuclease domain. The crystal structure of the DHH nuclease domain adopts a trimeric topology, with each subunit adopting a classical DHH phosphoesterase fold. Yeast two hybrid assay confirmed that the DHH domain interacts with the IDR peptide of Hef nuclease. Knockout of the han gene or its C-terminal DHH nuclease domain in Haloferax volcanii resulted in increased sensitivity to the DNA damage reagent MMS. Our results imply that HAN nuclease might be involved in repairing stalled replication forks in archaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chen-Chen Chang
- Institute of Precision Medicine,The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Dong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yang Song
- Institute of Precision Medicine,The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Chao-Fan Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine,The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Wei Deng
- Institute of Precision Medicine,The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Ya-Juan Zou
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Feng-Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xi-Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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16
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Nakashima N, Nakashima K, Takaku-Nakashima A, Takano M. Olfactory receptor neurons express olfactory marker protein but not calpain 5 from the same genomic locus. Mol Brain 2019; 12:54. [PMID: 31164142 PMCID: PMC6549253 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-019-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is highly regulated to functionally diversify cells. Genes that cooperate in the same physiological processes occasionally reside within nearby regions in a chromosome. Olfactory marker protein (OMP) is highly expressed in mature olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), but its physiological roles are not fully understood. According to the genomic map, the OMP gene is located within an intron of the calcium-dependent protease, calpain 5 (CAPN5); in other words, the OMP gene is a nested intronic gene. Thus, we attempted to investigate the gene expression and protein distribution of CAPN5 in the olfactory epithelium compared with that in the central nervous system (CNS). By performing reverse-transcriptase PCR and in situ hybridization, we confirmed that CAPN5 mRNA was expressed in the olfactory epithelium. We then performed immunohistological investigations using sliced preparations obtained from mice expressing GFP under OMP promoter activity. The detected GFP fluorescence was restricted to the knob, soma and axon bundles of the ORNs, while CAPN5 immunoreactivity (CAPN5-IR) was ubiquitously detected in the olfactory epithelial layer and lamina propria; signals were strongly detected in the supporting cells within the epithelium. In the CNS, CAPN5 signals were widely detected and were especially strong in the hippocampal formation and the piriform cortex as previously indicated. Therefore, these data indicate that ORNs express OMP but not CAPN5 from CAPN5 gene expression even though they are localized in the same genomic locus. The mechanisms by which the OMP promoter is regulated require detailed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Nakashima
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Kie Nakashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Hon-machi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Akiko Takaku-Nakashima
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Takano
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
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17
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Ali MH, Elsherbiny ME, Emara M. Updates on Aptamer Research. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2511. [PMID: 31117311 PMCID: PMC6566374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, different probing techniques have mainly relied on antibodies for molecular recognition. However, with the discovery of aptamers, this has changed. The science community is currently considering using aptamers in molecular targeting studies because of the many potential advantages they have over traditional antibodies. Some of these possible advantages are their specificity, higher binding affinity, better target discrimination, minimized batch-to-batch variation, and reduced side effects. Overall, these characteristics of aptamers have attracted scholars to use them as molecular probes in place of antibodies, with some aptamer-based targeting products being now available in the market. The present review is aimed at discussing the potential of aptamers as probes in molecular biology and in super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Ali
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt.
- current address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA.
| | - Marwa E Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt.
| | - Marwan Emara
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt.
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18
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Addison WN, Hall KC, Kokabu S, Matsubara T, Fu MM, Gori F, Baron R. Zfp423 Regulates Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:e00447-18. [PMID: 30692273 PMCID: PMC6447414 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00447-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells (SCs) are skeletal muscle stem cells that proliferate in response to injury and provide myogenic precursors for growth and repair. Zfp423 is a transcriptional cofactor expressed in multiple immature cell populations, such as neuronal precursors, mesenchymal stem cells, and preadipocytes, where it regulates lineage allocation, proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we show that Zfp423 regulates myogenic progression during muscle regeneration. Zfp423 is undetectable in quiescent SCs but becomes expressed during SC activation. After expansion, Zfp423 is gradually downregulated as committed SCs terminally differentiate. Mice with satellite-cell-specific Zfp423 deletion exhibit severely impaired muscle regeneration following injury, with aberrant SC expansion, defective cell cycle exit, and failure to transition efficiently from the proliferative stage toward commitment. Consistent with a cell-autonomous role of Zfp423, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Zfp423 in myoblasts inhibits differentiation. Surprisingly, forced expression of Zfp423 in myoblasts induces differentiation into adipocytes and arrests myogenesis. Affinity purification of Zfp423 in myoblasts identified Satb2 as a nuclear partner of Zfp423 that cooperatively enhances Zfp423 transcriptional activity, which in turn affects myoblast differentiation. In conclusion, by controlling SC expansion and proliferation, Zfp423 is essential for muscle regeneration. Tight regulation of Zfp423 expression is essential for normal progression of muscle progenitors from proliferation to differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/cytology
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Development/physiology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Regeneration/physiology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/cytology
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/metabolism
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Wound Healing
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Addison
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine C Hall
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shoichiro Kokabu
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Matsubara
- Division of Molecular Signaling and Biochemistry, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Martin M Fu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Francesca Gori
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Wildner S, Huber S, Regl C, Huber CG, Lohrig U, Gadermaier G. Aptamers as quality control tool for production, storage and biosimilarity of the anti-CD20 biopharmaceutical rituximab. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1111. [PMID: 30710098 PMCID: PMC6358617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed analysis of biopharmaceuticals is crucial for safety, efficacy and stability. Aptamers, which are folded, single-stranded oligonucleotides, can be used as surrogate antibodies to detect subtle conformational changes. We aimed to generate and assess DNA aptamers against the therapeutic anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. Six rituximab-specific aptamers with Kd = 354-887 nM were obtained using the magnetic bead-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology. Aptamer folds were analysed by online prediction tools and circular dichroism spectroscopy suggesting quadruplex structures for two aptamers while others present B-DNA helices. Aptamer binding and robustness with respect to minor differences in buffer composition or aptamer folding were verified in the enzyme-linked apta-sorbent assay. Five aptamers showed exclusive specificity to the Fab-fragment of rituximab while one aptamer revealed a broader recognition pattern to other monoclonal antibodies. Structural differences upon incubation at 40 °C for 72 h or UV exposure of rituximab were uncovered by four aptamers. High similarity between rituximab originator and biosimilar lots was demonstrated. The most sensitive aptamer (RA2) detected signal changes for all lots of a copy product suggesting conformational differences. For the first time, a panel of rituximab-specific aptamers was generated allowing the assessment of conformational coherence during production, storage, and biosimilarity of different products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Wildner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Huber
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Urs Lohrig
- Technical Development Biosimilars, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250, Kundl, Austria
| | - Gabriele Gadermaier
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Straße 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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20
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Bond HM, Scicchitano S, Chiarella E, Amodio N, Lucchino V, Aloisio A, Montalcini Y, Mesuraca M, Morrone G. ZNF423: A New Player in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:255. [PMID: 29867779 PMCID: PMC5968090 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventive therapy can target hormone-responsive breast cancer (BC) by treatment with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and reduce the incidence of BC. Genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with relevant predictive values, SNPs in the ZNF423 gene were associated with decreased risk of BC during SERM therapy, and SNPs in the Cathepsin O gene with an increased risk. ZNF423, which was not previously associated with BC is a multifunctional transcription factor known to have a role in development, neurogenesis, and adipogenesis and is implicated in other types of cancer. ZNF423 is transcriptionally controlled by the homolog ZNF521, early B cell factor transcription factor, epigenetic silencing of the promoter by CpG island hyper-methylation, and also by ZNF423 itself in an auto-regulatory loop. In BC cells, ZNF423 expression is found to be induced by estrogen, dependent on the binding of the estrogen receptor and calmodulin-like 3 to SNPs in ZNP423 intronic sites in proximity to consensus estrogen response elements. ZNF423 has also been shown to play a mechanistic role by trans-activating the tumor suppressor BRCA1 and thus modulating the DNA damage response. Even though recent extensive trial studies did not classify these SNPs with the highest predictive values, for inclusion in polygenic SNP analysis, the mechanism unveiled in these studies has introduced ZNF423 as a factor important in the control of the estrogen response. Here, we aim at providing an overview of ZNF423 expression and functional role in human malignancies, with a specific focus on its implication in hormone-responsive BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Bond
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Heather M. Bond, ; Maria Mesuraca, ; Giovanni Morrone,
| | - Stefania Scicchitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emanuela Chiarella
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nicola Amodio
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucchino
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria Aloisio
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ylenia Montalcini
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Mesuraca
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Heather M. Bond, ; Maria Mesuraca, ; Giovanni Morrone,
| | - Giovanni Morrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- *Correspondence: Heather M. Bond, ; Maria Mesuraca, ; Giovanni Morrone,
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The C-Terminal Zinc Fingers of ZBTB38 are Novel Selective Readers of DNA Methylation. J Mol Biol 2017; 430:258-271. [PMID: 29287967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-CpG binding proteins play an essential role in translating DNA methylation marks into a downstream transcriptional response, which has implications for both normal cell function as well as disease. Although for many of these proteins, a detailed mechanistic understanding for how this cellular process is mediated remains to be determined. ZBTB38 is an under-characterized member of the zinc finger (ZF) family of methyl-CpG binding proteins. Functional knowledge has been gained for its conserved methylated DNA binding N-terminal ZF region; however, a specific role for the C-terminal set of five ZFs remains to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate for the first time that a subset of the C-terminal ZBTB38 ZFs exhibit high-affinity DNA interactions and that preferential targeting of the consensus DNA site is methyl specific. Utilizing a hybrid approach, a model for the C-terminal ZBTB38 ZFs in complex with its cognate DNA target is proposed, providing insight into a possible novel mode of methylated DNA recognition. Furthermore, it is shown that the C-terminal ZFs of ZBTB38 can directly occupy promoters harboring the newly identified sequence motif in cell in a methyl-dependent manner and, depending on the gene context, contribute to modulating transcriptional response. Combined, these findings provide evidence for a key and novel physiological function for the C-terminal ZF domain of ZBTB38.
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22
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Takahashi M. Aptamers targeting cell surface proteins. Biochimie 2017; 145:63-72. [PMID: 29198584 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High affinity binders targeting specific cell surface proteins are vital for development of basic and applied biosciences. However, despite sustained efforts to generate such binders by chemicals and antibodies, there are still many cell surface proteins that lack high affinity binders. Nucleic acid aptamers have potential as binding molecules for cell surface proteins, because they form distinct structures that have high affinity and specificity for a wide range of targets. Aptamers are isolated from large combinatorial libraries using a unique iterative selection-amplification process known as systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Among advantages of this method, purified and complex heterogeneous targets, such as bacteria, viruses, and whole-living cells, can be used for selection of aptamers. Moreover, SELEX allows generation of cell-surface-specific aptamers without prior knowledge of expression profiles in target cells. Therefore, the technology has been widely used as a valid and feasible method to generate aptamers binding to cell surface proteins with intact structure. Herein, this review summarizes and updates iconic SELEX technologies that target membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takahashi
- Division of RNA Medical Science, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Casoni F, Croci L, Bosone C, D'Ambrosio R, Badaloni A, Gaudesi D, Barili V, Sarna JR, Tessarollo L, Cremona O, Hawkes R, Warming S, Consalez GG. Zfp423/ZNF423 regulates cell cycle progression, the mode of cell division and the DNA-damage response in Purkinje neuron progenitors. Development 2017; 144:3686-3697. [PMID: 28893945 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Zfp423/ZNF423 gene encodes a 30-zinc-finger transcription factor involved in key developmental pathways. Although null Zfp423 mutants develop cerebellar malformations, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. ZNF423 mutations are associated with Joubert Syndrome, a ciliopathy causing cerebellar vermis hypoplasia and ataxia. ZNF423 participates in the DNA-damage response (DDR), raising questions regarding its role as a regulator of neural progenitor cell cycle progression in cerebellar development. To characterize in vivo the function of ZFP423 in neurogenesis, we analyzed allelic murine mutants in which distinct functional domains are deleted. One deletion impairs mitotic spindle orientation, leading to premature cell cycle exit and Purkinje cell (PC) progenitor pool deletion. The other deletion impairs PC differentiation. In both mutants, cell cycle progression is remarkably delayed and DDR markers are upregulated in cerebellar ventricular zone progenitors. Our in vivo evidence sheds light on the domain-specific roles played by ZFP423 in different aspects of PC progenitor development, and at the same time strengthens the emerging notion that an impaired DDR may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of JS and other ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Casoni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Laura Croci
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Camilla Bosone
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Ambrosio
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Aurora Badaloni
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Davide Gaudesi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Valeria Barili
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Justyna R Sarna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Ottavio Cremona
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Søren Warming
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - G Giacomo Consalez
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy .,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
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24
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Lee KH, Zeng H. A general double library SELEX strategy for aptamer selection using unmodified nonimmobilized targets. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Han B, Liang W, Liu L, Li Y, Sun D. Determination of genetic effects of ATF3 and CDKN1A genes on milk yield and compositions in Chinese Holstein population. BMC Genet 2017; 18:47. [PMID: 28525989 PMCID: PMC5437669 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our previous RNA-sequencing study revealed that the ATF3 and CDKN1A genes were remarkably differentially expressed between the mammary glands of lactating Holstein cows with extremely high and low milk protein and fat percentage so that both of them were considered as candidates for milk composition. Herein, we further verified whether these genes have genetic effects on milk production traits in a Chinese Holstein cow population. Results By re-sequencing the entire coding and regulatory regions, we identified four SNPs in 5’promoter region, two in exons, seven in 3′ un-translated region (UTR), and six in 3’flanking region of ATF3 gene, and one SNP in exon 5, two in 3’UTR, and two in 3’flanking region of CDKN1A gene. Of these, only the SNP, c.271C > T (rs442346530), in exon 5 of CDKN1A gene was predicted to result in an amino acid replacement from arginine to tryptophan. Subsequent genotype-phenotype association analysis revealed that 19 SNPs in ATF3 and 5 SNPs in CDKN1A were evidently associated with 305-days milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, or protein percentage (P = < 0.0001 ~ 0.0494). Whilst, no significant SNPs in ATF3 gene were associated with fat percentage in both first and second lactations (P > 0.05), and only two SNPs of CDKN1A gene, c.271C > T (P = 0.0377) and c.*654C > T (P = 0.0144), were markedly associated with fat percentage in the first lactation. Further, linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses were conducted among the identified SNPs in ATF3 and/or CDKN1A genes to further confirm the association results. We also observed that the four SNPs, g.72834301C > A, g.72834229C > A, g.72833969A > G, and g.72833562G > T altered the specific transcription factor (TF) binding sites in ATF3 promoter, and one SNP, c.271C > T, changed the CDKN1A protein secondary structure, suggesting they might be the promising potential functional mutations. Conclusion Our findings first profiled the genetic effects of ATF3 and CDKN1A genes for milk production traits in dairy cattle and will be available for marker-assisted breeding in dairy cattle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0516-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weijun Liang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Beijing Dairy Cattle Center, Beijing, 100192, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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26
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Sharma TK, Bruno JG, Dhiman A. ABCs of DNA aptamer and related assay development. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:275-301. [PMID: 28108354 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review is intended to guide the novice in aptamer research and development to understand virtually all of the aptamer development options and currently available assay modalities. Aptamer development topics range from discussions of basic and advanced versions of Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment (SELEX) and SELEX variations involving incorporation of exotic unnatural nucleotides to expand library diversity for even greater aptamer affinity and specificity to improved next generation methods of DNA sequencing, screening and tracking aptamer development throughout the SELEX process and characterization of lead aptamer candidates. Aptamer assay development topics include descriptions of various colorimetric and fluorescent assays in microplates or on membranes including homogeneous beacon and multiplexed Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assays. Finally, a discussion of the potential for marketing successful aptamer-based assays or test kits is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Sharma
- Center for Biodesign and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India; AptaBharat Innovation Private Limited, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Incubator, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - John G Bruno
- Operational Technologies Corporation, 4100 NW Loop 410, Suite, 230, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA..
| | - Abhijeet Dhiman
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.; Faculty of Pharmacy, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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27
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Buckberry S, Bianco-Miotto T, Bent SJ, Clifton V, Shoubridge C, Shankar K, Roberts CT. Placental transcriptome co-expression analysis reveals conserved regulatory programs across gestation. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:10. [PMID: 28049421 PMCID: PMC5209944 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian development in utero is absolutely dependent on proper placental development, which is ultimately regulated by the placental genome. The regulation of the placental genome can be directly studied by exploring the underlying organisation of the placental transcriptome through a systematic analysis of gene-wise co-expression relationships. RESULTS In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of human placental co-expression using RNA sequencing and intergrated multiple transcriptome datasets spanning human gestation. We identified modules of co-expressed genes that are preserved across human gestation, and also identifed modules conserved in the mouse indicating conserved molecular networks involved in placental development and gene expression patterns more specific to late gestation. Analysis of co-expressed gene flanking sequences indicated that conserved co-expression modules in the placenta are regulated by a core set of transcription factors, including ZNF423 and EBF1. Additionally, we identified a gene co-expression module enriched for genes implicated in the pregnancy pathology preeclampsia. By using an independnet transcriptome dataset, we show that these co-expressed genes are differentially expressed in preeclampsia. CONCLUSIONS This study represents a comprehensive characterisation of placental co-expression and provides insight into potential transcriptional regulators that govern conserved molecular programs fundamental to placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Buckberry
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, 6009, Australia.,University of Western Australia, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.,The University of Adelaide, School of agriculture, food and wine, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen J Bent
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Vicki Clifton
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Cheryl Shoubridge
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Kartik Shankar
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, The Department of Pediatrics, Little Rock, 72202, USA
| | - Claire T Roberts
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
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28
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Shao M, Ishibashi J, Kusminski CM, Wang QA, Hepler C, Vishvanath L, MacPherson KA, Spurgin SB, Sun K, Holland WL, Seale P, Gupta RK. Zfp423 Maintains White Adipocyte Identity through Suppression of the Beige Cell Thermogenic Gene Program. Cell Metab 2016; 23:1167-1184. [PMID: 27238639 PMCID: PMC5091077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulators Ebf2 and Prdm16 establish and maintain the brown and/or beige fat cell identity. However, the mechanisms operating in white adipocytes to suppress the thermogenic gene program and maintain an energy-storing phenotype are less understood. Here, we report that the transcriptional regulator Zfp423 is critical for maintaining white adipocyte identity through suppression of the thermogenic gene program. Zfp423 expression is enriched in white versus brown adipocytes and suppressed upon cold exposure. Doxycycline-inducible inactivation of Zfp423 in mature adipocytes, combined with β-adrenergic stimulation, triggers a conversion of differentiated adiponectin-expressing inguinal and gonadal adipocytes into beige-like adipocytes; this reprogramming event is sufficient to prevent and reverse diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, Zfp423 acts in adipocytes to inhibit the activity of Ebf2 and suppress Prdm16 activation. These data identify Zfp423 as a molecular brake on adipocyte thermogenesis and suggest a therapeutic strategy to unlock the thermogenic potential of white adipocytes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jeff Ishibashi
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qiong A Wang
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chelsea Hepler
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lavanya Vishvanath
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Karen A MacPherson
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen B Spurgin
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kai Sun
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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29
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ZNF423 and ZNF521: EBF1 Antagonists of Potential Relevance in B-Lymphoid Malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:165238. [PMID: 26788497 PMCID: PMC4695665 DOI: 10.1155/2015/165238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of the B-lymphoid cell lineage is tightly controlled by the concerted action of a network of transcriptional and epigenetic regulators. EBF1, a central component of this network, is essential for B-lymphoid specification and commitment as well as for the maintenance of the B-cell identity. Genetic alterations causing loss of function of these B-lymphopoiesis regulators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of B-lymphoid malignancies, with particular regard to B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemias (B-ALLs), where their presence is frequently detected. The activity of the B-cell regulatory network may also be disrupted by the aberrant expression of inhibitory molecules. In particular, two multi-zinc finger transcription cofactors named ZNF423 and ZNF521 have been characterised as potent inhibitors of EBF1 and are emerging as potentially relevant contributors to the development of B-cell leukaemias. Here we will briefly review the current knowledge of these factors and discuss the importance of their functional cross talk with EBF1 in the development of B-cell malignancies.
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30
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Avila-Fernandez A, Perez-Carro R, Corton M, Lopez-Molina MI, Campello L, Garanto A, Fernandez-Sanchez L, Duijkers L, Lopez-Martinez MA, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Da Silva LRJ, Sanchez-Alcudia R, Martin-Garrido E, Reyes N, Garcia-Garcia F, Dopazo J, Garcia-Sandoval B, Collin RW, Cuenca N, Ayuso C. Whole-exome sequencing reveals ZNF408 as a new gene associated with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa with vitreal alterations. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4037-48. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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31
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Ma X, Lee P, Chisholm DJ, James DE. Control of adipocyte differentiation in different fat depots; implications for pathophysiology or therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:1. [PMID: 25688231 PMCID: PMC4311677 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation and its impact on restriction or expansion of particular adipose tissue depots have physiological and pathophysiological significance in view of the different functions of these depots. Brown or "beige" fat [brown adipose tissue (BAT)] expansion can enhance thermogenesis, lipid oxidation, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance; conversely expanded visceral fat [visceral white adipose tissue (VAT)] is associated with insulin resistance, low grade inflammation, dyslipidemia, and cardiometabolic risk. The largest depot, subcutaneous white fat [subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SAT)], has important beneficial characteristics including storage of lipid "out of harms way" and secretion of adipokines, especially leptin and adiponectin, with positive metabolic effects including lipid oxidation, energy utilization, enhanced insulin action, and an anti-inflammatory role. The absence of these functions in lipodystrophies leads to major metabolic disturbances. An ability to expand white adipose tissue adipocyte differentiation would seem an important defense mechanism against the detrimental effects of energy excess and limit harmful accumulation of lipid in "ectopic" sites, such as liver and muscle. Adipocyte differentiation involves a transcriptional cascade with PPARγ being most important in SAT but less so in VAT, with increased angiogenesis also critical. The transcription factor, Islet1, is fairly specific to VAT and in vitro inhibits adipocyte differentiation. The physiological importance of Islet1 requires further study. Basic control of differentiation is similar in BAT but important differences include the effect of PGC-1α on mitochondrial biosynthesis and upregulation of UCP1; also PRDM16 plays a pivotal role in expression of the BAT phenotype. Modulation of the capacity or function of these different adipose tissue depots, by altering adipocyte differentiation or other means, holds promise for interventions that can be helpful in human disease, particularly cardiometabolic disorders associated with the world wide explosion of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuquan Ma
- Cellular Systems Biology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Lee
- Clinical Diabetes, Appetite and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donald J. Chisholm
- Clinical Diabetes, Appetite and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David E. James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: David E. James, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Molecular Bioscience, School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Building D17, Johns Hopkins Drive Street, Sydney, NSW 2460, Australia e-mail:
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32
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Harder L, Puller AC, Horstmann MA. ZNF423: Transcriptional modulation in development and cancer. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e969655. [PMID: 27308357 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.969655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Krüppel-like zinc finger proteins are versatile players in biology that have been implicated in mammalian development and disease. Among these proteins, ZNF423 and its mouse ortholog Zfp423 were initially implicated in midline patterning of the central nervous system but have emerged as critical transcriptional modulators in cancer. Epigenetically uncurbed ZNF423 interferes with lymphopoiesis by sequestration of the essential early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) causing B-cell maturation arrest, a hallmark of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Conversely, its presence in neuroblastoma, a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood, allows retinoic acid-induced differentiation and is associated with a favorable outcome of neuroblastoma patients. Such opposing effects may be explained by the cellular context, but also by the multifunctionality of ZNF423 that is mediated by 30 zinc fingers forming various functional domains. This review summarizes current knowledge of ZNF423, focusing on its role in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Harder
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Puller
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin A Horstmann
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
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Wang L, Yu C, Chen C, He C, Zhu Y, Huang W. Identification of rice Di19 family reveals OsDi19-4 involved in drought resistance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:2047-62. [PMID: 25236158 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The OsDi19 proteins functioned as transcription factors and played crucial roles in response to abiotic stress. Overexpression of OsDi19-4 in rice increased drought tolerance by enhancing ROS-scavenging activity. Many transcription factors play crucial roles in plant responses to abiotic stress. Here, comprehensive sequence analysis suggested that the drought-induced 19 (Di19) gene family in rice genome contain seven members, and these proteins contained a well-conserved zinc-finger Di19 domain. Most OsDi19 proteins were mainly targeted to the nucleus and have transactivation activity in yeast. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that most OsDi19 proteins could form protein dimers. Expression analysis demonstrated that the OsDi19 genes were differentially and abundantly expressed in vegetative tissues, but expressed little in reproductive tissues and some of the OsDi19 genes were markedly induced by abiotic stresses and hormones in qRT-PCR analysis and microarray data. Overexpression of one stress-responsive gene, OsDi19-4, in rice resulted in significantly increased tolerance to drought stress compared with the wild type plants. Moreover, obviously increased ROS-scavenging ability was detected in the OsDi19-4-overexpressing plants under normal and drought stress conditions. These results suggested that the increased stress tolerance of OsDi19-4-overexpressing plants may be attributable to the enhanced ROS-scavenging activity. Taken together, these studies provide a detailed overview of the rice Di19 gene family, and suggest that the OsDi19 family may play crucial roles in the plant response to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Boller S, Grosschedl R. The regulatory network of B-cell differentiation: a focused view of early B-cell factor 1 function. Immunol Rev 2014; 261:102-15. [PMID: 25123279 PMCID: PMC4312928 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last decades, many studies have investigated the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of lineage decision in the hematopoietic system. These efforts led to a model in which extrinsic signals and intrinsic cues establish a permissive chromatin context upon which a regulatory network of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers act to guide the differentiation of hematopoietic lineages. These networks include lineage-specific factors that further modify the epigenetic landscape and promote the generation of specific cell types. The process of B lymphopoiesis requires a set of transcription factors, including Ikaros, PU.1, E2A, and FoxO1 to 'prime' cis-regulatory regions for subsequent activation by the B-lineage-specific transcription factors EBF1 and Pax-5. The expression of EBF1 is initiated by the combined action of E2A and FoxO1, and it is further enhanced and maintained by several positive feedback loops that include Pax-5 and IL-7 signaling. EBF1 acts in concert with Ikaros, PU.1, Runx1, E2A, FoxO1, and Pax-5 to establish the B cell-specific transcription profile. EBF1 and Pax-5 also collaborate to repress alternative cell fates and lock cells into the B-lineage fate. In addition to the functions of EBF1 in establishing and maintaining B-cell identity, EBF1 is required to coordinate differentiation with cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Boller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Grosschedl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburg, Germany
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Lu X, Ye K, Zou K, Chen J. Identification of copy number variation-driven genes for liver cancer via bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1845-52. [PMID: 25174835 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To screen out copy number variation (CNV)-driven differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in liver cancer and advance our understanding of the pathogenesis, an integrated analysis of liver cancer-related CNV data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and gene expression data from EBI Array Express database were performed. The DEGs were identified by package limma based on the cut-off of |log2 (fold-change)|>0.585 and adjusted p-value<0.05. Using hg19 annotation information provided by UCSC, liver cancer-related CNVs were then screened out. TF-target gene interactions were also predicted with information from UCSC using DAVID online tools. As a result, 25 CNV-driven genes were obtained, including tripartite motif containing 28 (TRIM28) and RanBP-type and C3HC4-type zinc finger containing 1 (RBCK1). In the transcriptional regulatory network, 8 known cancer-related transcription factors (TFs) interacted with 21 CNV-driven genes, suggesting that the other 8 TFs may be involved in liver cancer. These genes may be potential biomarkers for early detection and prevention of liver cancer. These findings may improve our knowledge of the pathogenesis of liver cancer. Nevertheless, further experiments are still needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Kun Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Kailin Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Jinlian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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New Technologies Provide Quantum Changes in the Scale, Speed, and Success of SELEX Methods and Aptamer Characterization. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e183. [PMID: 25093707 PMCID: PMC4221594 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Single-stranded oligonucleotide aptamers have attracted great attention in the past decade because of their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. These versatile, high affinity and specificity reagents are selected by an iterative in vitro process called SELEX, Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment. Numerous SELEX methods have been developed for aptamer selections; some that are simple and straightforward, and some that are specialized and complicated. The method of SELEX is crucial for selection of an aptamer with desired properties; however, success also depends on the starting aptamer library, the target molecule, aptamer enrichment monitoring assays, and finally, the analysis and characterization of selected aptamers. Here, we summarize key recent developments in aptamer selection methods, as well as other aspects of aptamer selection that have significant impact on the outcome. We discuss potential pitfalls and limitations in the selection process with an eye to aid researchers in the choice of a proper SELEX strategy, and we highlight areas where further developments and improvements are desired. We believe carefully designed multiplexed selection methods, when complemented with high-throughput downstream analysis and characterization assays, will yield numerous high-affinity aptamers to protein and small molecule targets, and thereby generate a vast array of reagents for probing basic biological mechanisms and implementing new diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the near future.
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Expression profiling and functional implications of a set of zinc finger proteins, ZNF423, ZNF470, ZNF521, and ZNF780B, in primary osteoarthritic articular chondrocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:318793. [PMID: 24976683 PMCID: PMC4058293 DOI: 10.1155/2014/318793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular chondrocytes are responsible for the maintenance of healthy articulations; indeed, dysregulation of their functions, including the production of matrix proteins and matrix-remodeling proteases, may result in fraying of the tissue and development of osteoarthritis (OA). To explore transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of chondrocyte homeostasis and may be implicated in OA development, we compared the gene expression profile of a set of zinc finger proteins potentially linked to the control of chondrocyte differentiation and/or functions (ZNF423, ZNF470, ZNF521, and ZNF780B) in chondrocytes from patients affected by OA and from subjects not affected by OA. This analysis highlighted a significantly lower expression of the transcript encoding ZNF423 in chondrocytes from OA, particularly in elderly patients. Interestingly, this decrease was mirrored by the similarly reduced expression of PPARγ, a known target of ZNF423 with anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties. The ZNF521 mRNA instead was abundant in all primary chondrocytes studied; the RNAi-mediated silencing of this gene significantly altered the COL2A/COL1 expression ratio, associated with the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype, in chondrocytes cultivated in alginate beads. These results suggest a role for ZNF423 and ZNF521 in the regulation of chondrocyte homeostasis and warrant further investigations to elucidate their mechanism of action.
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Chung GT, Lung RW, Hui AB, Yip KY, Woo JK, Chow C, Tong CY, Lee SD, Yuen JW, Lun SW, Tso KK, Wong N, Tsao SW, Yip TT, Busson P, Kim H, Seo JS, O'Sullivan B, Liu FF, To KF, Lo KW. Identification of a recurrent transforming UBR5-ZNF423 fusion gene in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Pathol 2013; 231:158-67. [PMID: 23878065 PMCID: PMC4166696 DOI: 10.1002/path.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a distinct type of head and neck cancer which is prevalent in southern China, south-east Asia and northern Africa. The development and stepwise progression of NPC involves accumulation of multiple gross genetic changes during the clonal expansion of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected nasopharyngeal epithelial cell population. Here, using paired-end whole-transcriptome sequencing, we discovered a number of chimeric fusion transcripts in a panel of EBV-positive tumour lines. Among these transcripts, a novel fusion of ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5 (UBR5) on 8q22.3 and zinc finger protein 423 (ZNF423) on 16q12.1, identified from the NPC cell line C666-1, was recurrently detected in 12/144 (8.3%) of primary tumours. The fusion gene contains exon 1 of UBR5 and exons 7–9 of ZNF423 and produces a 94 amino acid chimeric protein including the original C-terminal EBF binding domain (ZF29-30) of ZNF423. Notably, the growth of NPC cells with UBR5–ZNF423 rearrangement is dependent on expression of this fusion protein. Knock-down of UBR5–ZNF423 by fusion-specific siRNA significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and colony-forming ability of C666-1 cells. The transforming ability of UBR5–ZNF423 fusion was also confirmed in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Constitutive expression of UBR5–ZNF423 in NIH3T3 fibroblasts significantly enhanced its anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and induced tumour formation in a nude mouse model. These findings suggest that expression of UBR5–ZNF423 protein might contribute to the transformation of a subset of NPCs, possibly by altering the activity of EBFs (early B cell factors). Identification of the oncogenic UBR5–ZNF423 provides new potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention in NPC. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ty Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR
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Griffin MJ, Zhou Y, Kang S, Zhang X, Mikkelsen TS, Rosen ED. Early B-cell factor-1 (EBF1) is a key regulator of metabolic and inflammatory signaling pathways in mature adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:35925-39. [PMID: 24174531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
EBF1 plays a crucial role in early adipogenesis; however, despite high expression in mature adipocytes, its function in these cells is currently unknown. To identify direct and indirect EBF1 targets in fat, we undertook a combination of transcriptional profiling of EBF1-deficient adipocytes and genome-wide EBF1 location analysis. Our results indicate that many components of metabolic and inflammatory pathways are positively and directly regulated by EBF1, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and STAT1 signaling. Accordingly, we observed significant reduction of multiple signaling events in EBF1 knockdown cells as well as a reduction in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and lipogenesis. Inflammatory signaling, gene expression, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines were also significantly affected by loss of EBF1 in adipocytes, although ChIP-sequencing results suggest that these actions are indirect. We also found that EBF1 occupies some 35,000 sites in adipocytes, most of which occur in enhancers. Significantly, comparison with three other published EBF1 ChIP-sequencing data sets in B-cells reveals both gene- and cell type-specific patterns of EBF1 binding. These results advance our understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms regulating signaling pathways in mature fat cells and indicate that EBF1 functions as a key integrator of signal transduction, inflammation, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Griffin
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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An improved SELEX-Seq strategy for characterizing DNA-binding specificity of transcription factor: NF-κB as an example. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76109. [PMID: 24130762 PMCID: PMC3794954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SELEX-Seq is now the optimal high-throughput technique for characterizing DNA-binding specificities of transcription factors. In this study, we introduced an improved EMSA-based SELEX-Seq strategy with several advantages. The improvements of this strategy included: (1) using a FAM-labeled probe to track protein-DNA complex in polyacrylamide gel for rapidly recovering the protein-bound dsDNA without relying on traditional radioactive labeling or ethidium bromide staining; (2) monitoring the specificity of SELEX selection by detecting a positive and negative sequence doped into the input DNAs used in each round with PCR amplification; (3) using nested PCR to ensure the specificity of PCR amplification of the selected DNAs after each round; (4) using the nucleotides added at the 5′ end of the nested PCR primers as the split barcode to code DNAs from various rounds for multiplexing sequencing samples. The split barcode minimized selection times and thus greatly simplified the current SELEX-Seq procedure. The reliability of the strategy was demonstrated by performing a successful SELEX-Seq of a well-known transcription factor, NF-κB. Therefore, this study provided a useful SELEX-Seq strategy for characterizing DNA-binding specificities of transcription factors.
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Harder L, Eschenburg G, Zech A, Kriebitzsch N, Otto B, Streichert T, Behlich AS, Dierck K, Klingler B, Hansen A, Stanulla M, Zimmermann M, Kremmer E, Stocking C, Horstmann MA. Aberrant ZNF423 impedes B cell differentiation and is linked to adverse outcome of ETV6-RUNX1 negative B precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2289-304. [PMID: 24081948 PMCID: PMC3804944 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation arrest is a hallmark of acute leukemia. Genomic alterations in B cell differentiation factors such as PAX5, IKZF1, and EBF-1 have been identified in more than half of all cases of childhood B precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Here, we describe a perturbed epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of ZNF423 in ALL as a novel mechanism interfering with B cell differentiation. Hypomethylation of ZNF423 regulatory sequences and BMP2 signaling result in transactivation of ZNF423α and a novel ZNF423β-isoform encoding a nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase complex-interacting domain. Aberrant ZNF423 inhibits the transactivation of EBF-1 target genes and leads to B cell maturation arrest in vivo. Importantly, ZNF423 expression is associated with poor outcome of ETV6-RUNX1-negative B precursor ALL patients. Our work demonstrates that ALL is more than a genetic disease and that epigenetics may uncover novel mechanisms of disease with prognostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Harder
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center and Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Cho YW, Hong CJ, Hou A, Gent PM, Zhang K, Won KJ, Hamilton BA. Zfp423 binds autoregulatory sites in p19 cell culture model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66514. [PMID: 23762491 PMCID: PMC3675209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zfp423 is a 30 zinc finger transcription factor that forms regulatory complexes with EBF family members and factors targeted by canonical signaling pathways. Zfp423 mutations produce a range of developmental abnormalities in mice and humans related to the ciliopathies. Surprisingly, computational analysis of clustered Zfp423 and partner motifs in conserved genomic sequences predicts enrichment in Zfp423 and Ebf genes. In cell culture models selected for Zfp423 and EBF expression, we identify strong and reproducible occupancy of two Zfp423 intronic sites using chromatin immunoprecipitation with multiple independent antibodies. Both sites are significantly enriched in either quantitative PCR or massively parallel sequencing assays. A site in intron 5 acts as a classical enhancer in transient assays, but does not require the consensus motif for activity, suggesting a redundant or modulatory role for Zfp423 binding in this context. We speculate that Zfp423 may repress this enhancer as part of a developmental ratchet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Wook Cho
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chen-Jei Hong
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Aiju Hou
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter M. Gent
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kuixing Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kyoung-Jae Won
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Hamilton
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Genomic Medicine and Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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ZNF408 is mutated in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and is crucial for the development of zebrafish retinal vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:9856-61. [PMID: 23716654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220864110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by abnormal vascularization of the peripheral retina, which can result in retinal detachment and severe visual impairment. In a large Dutch FEVR family, we performed linkage analysis, exome sequencing, and segregation analysis of DNA variants. We identified putative disease-causing DNA variants in proline-alanine-rich ste20-related kinase (c.791dup; p.Ser265ValfsX64) and zinc finger protein 408 (ZNF408) (c.1363C>T; p.His455Tyr), the latter of which was also present in an additional Dutch FEVR family that subsequently appeared to share a common ancestor with the original family. Sequence analysis of ZNF408 in 132 additional individuals with FEVR revealed another potentially pathogenic missense variant, p.Ser126Asn, in a Japanese family. Immunolocalization studies in COS-1 cells transfected with constructs encoding the WT and mutant ZNF408 proteins, revealed that the WT and the p.Ser126Asn mutant protein show complete nuclear localization, whereas the p.His455Tyr mutant protein was localized almost exclusively in the cytoplasm. Moreover, in a cotransfection assay, the p.His455Tyr mutant protein retains the WT ZNF408 protein in the cytoplasm, suggesting that this mutation acts in a dominant-negative fashion. Finally, morpholino-induced knockdown of znf408 in zebrafish revealed defects in developing retinal and trunk vasculature, that could be rescued by coinjection of RNA encoding human WT ZNF408 but not p.His455Tyr mutant ZNF408. Together, our data strongly suggest that mutant ZNF408 results in abnormal retinal vasculogenesis in humans and is associated with FEVR.
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Conidi A, van den Berghe V, Huylebroeck D. Aptamers and their potential to selectively target aspects of EGF, Wnt/β-catenin and TGFβ-smad family signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:6690-719. [PMID: 23531534 PMCID: PMC3645661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14046690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The smooth identification and low-cost production of highly specific agents that interfere with signaling cascades by targeting an active domain in surface receptors, cytoplasmic and nuclear effector proteins, remain important challenges in biomedical research. We propose that peptide aptamers can provide a very useful and new alternative for interfering with protein–protein interactions in intracellular signal transduction cascades, including those emanating from activated receptors for growth factors. By their targeting of short, linear motif type of interactions, peptide aptamers have joined nucleic acid aptamers for use in signaling studies because of their ease of production, their stability, their high specificity and affinity for individual target proteins, and their use in high-throughput screening protocols. Furthermore, they are entering clinical trials for treatment of several complex, pathological conditions. Here, we present a brief survey of the use of aptamers in signaling pathways, in particular of polypeptide growth factors, starting with the published as well as potential applications of aptamers targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor signaling. We then discuss the opportunities for using aptamers in other complex pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, and focus on Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Conidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Celgen), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Building Ond & Nav4 p.o.box 812, room 05.313, Stem Cell Institute, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Zfp423/OAZ mutation reveals the importance of Olf/EBF transcription activity in olfactory neuronal maturation. J Neurosci 2013; 32:13679-88a. [PMID: 23035080 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6190-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zfp423/OAZ, a multi-zinc finger protein, is proposed to participate in neuronal differentiation through interactions with the Olf/EBF (O/E) family of transcription factors and mediate extrinsic BMP signaling pathways. These activities are associated with distinct domains of the Olf/EBF-associated zinc finger (OAZ) protein. Sustained OAZ expression arrests olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) at an immature state and alters olfactory receptor expression, but the mechanism remains elusive. We show here that constitutive expression of a C-terminal mutant OAZ (OAZΔC) in mice that selectively disrupts OAZ-O/E interaction while retaining other activities, exhibits apparently normal OSN differentiation. Additionally, interfering with potential BMP signaling pathways by inducible Follistatin expression in adult mice does not alter the neuronal lineage or differentiation status. Our results indicate that O/E-mediated processes are essential for the differentiation of OSNs and the establishment of a mature phenotype. BMP signaling pathways, if they are active in normal adult olfactory epithelium, may play a minor role in this tissue.
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Razin SV, Borunova VV, Maksimenko OG, Kantidze OL. Cys2His2 zinc finger protein family: classification, functions, and major members. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:217-26. [PMID: 22803940 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cys2His2 (C2H2)-type zinc fingers are widespread DNA binding motifs in eukaryotic transcription factors. Zinc fingers are short protein motifs composed of two or three β-layers and one α-helix. Two cysteine and two histidine residues located in certain positions bind zinc to stabilize the structure. Four other amino acid residues localized in specific positions in the N-terminal region of the α-helix participate in DNA binding by interacting with hydrogen donors and acceptors exposed in the DNA major groove. The number of zinc fingers in a single protein can vary over a wide range, thus enabling variability of target DNA sequences. Besides DNA binding, zinc fingers can also provide protein-protein and RNA-protein interactions. For the most part, proteins containing the C2H2-type zinc fingers are trans regulators of gene expression that play an important role in cellular processes such as development, differentiation, and suppression of malignant cell transformation (oncosuppression).
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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Tanimura N, Saito M, Ebisuya M, Nishida E, Ishikawa F. Stemness-related factor Sall4 interacts with transcription factors Oct-3/4 and Sox2 and occupies Oct-Sox elements in mouse embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:5027-38. [PMID: 23269686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A small number of transcription factors, including Oct-3/4 and Sox2, constitute the transcriptional network that maintains pluripotency in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Previous reports suggested that some of these factors form a complex that binds the Oct-Sox element, a composite sequence consisting of closely juxtaposed Oct-3/4 binding and Sox2 binding sites. However, little is known regarding the components of the complex. In this study we show that Sall4, a member of the Spalt-like family of proteins, directly interacts with Sox2 and Oct-3/4. Sall4 in combination with Sox2 or Oct-3/4 simultaneously occupies the Oct-Sox elements in mouse ES cells. Overexpression of Sall4 in ES cells increased reporter activities in a luciferase assay when the Pou5f1- or Nanog-derived Oct-Sox element was included in the reporter. Microarray analyses revealed that Sall4 and Sox2 bound to the same genes in ES cells significantly more frequently than expected from random coincidence. These factors appeared to bind the promoter regions of a subset of the Sall4 and Sox2 double-positive genes in precisely similar distribution patterns along the promoter regions, suggesting that Sall4 and Sox2 associate with such Sall4/Sox2-overlapping genes as a complex. Importantly, gene ontology analyses indicated that the Sall4/Sox2-overlapping gene set is enriched for genes involved in maintaining pluripotency. Sall4/Sox2/Oct-3/4 triple-positive genes identified by referring to a previous study identifying Oct-3/4-bound genes in ES cells were further enriched for pluripotency genes than Sall4/Sox2 double-positive genes. These results demonstrate that Sall4 contributes to the transcriptional network operating in pluripotent cells together with Oct-3/4 and Sox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Kang S, Akerblad P, Kiviranta R, Gupta RK, Kajimura S, Griffin MJ, Min J, Baron R, Rosen ED. Regulation of early adipose commitment by Zfp521. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001433. [PMID: 23209378 PMCID: PMC3507953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While there has been significant progress in determining the transcriptional cascade involved in terminal adipocyte differentiation, less is known about early events leading to lineage commitment and cell fate choice. It has been recently discovered that zinc finger protein 423 (Zfp423) is an early actor in adipose determination. Here, we show that a close paralog of Zfp423, Zfp521, acts as a key regulator of adipose commitment and differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Zfp521 exerts its actions by binding to early B cell factor 1 (Ebf1), a transcription factor required for the generation of adipocyte progenitors, and inhibiting the expression of Zfp423. Overexpression of Zfp521 in cells greatly inhibits adipogenic potential, whereas RNAi-mediated knock-down or genetic ablation of Zfp521 enhances differentiation. In addition, Zfp521⁻/⁻ embryos exhibit increased mass of interscapular brown adipose tissue and subcutaneous white adipocytes, a cell autonomous effect. Finally, Ebf1 participates in a negative feedback loop to repress Zfp521 as differentiation proceeds. Because Zfp521 is known to promote bone development, our results suggest that it acts as a critical switch in the commitment decision between the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Kang
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Akerblad
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Riku Kiviranta
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rana K. Gupta
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology and Division of Metabolism and Chronic Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology and Division of Metabolism and Chronic Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Griffin
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jie Min
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, and Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Evan D. Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Challenges and opportunities for small molecule aptamer development. J Nucleic Acids 2012; 2012:748913. [PMID: 23150810 PMCID: PMC3488411 DOI: 10.1155/2012/748913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to targets with high affinity and selectivity. Their use as molecular recognition elements has emerged as a viable approach for biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Despite this potential, relatively few aptamers exist that bind to small molecules. Small molecules are important targets for investigation due to their diverse biological functions as well as their clinical and commercial uses. Novel, effective molecular recognition probes for these compounds are therefore of great interest. This paper will highlight the technical challenges of aptamer development for small molecule targets, as well as the opportunities that exist for their application in biosensing and chemical biology.
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Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to targets with high affinity and selectivity. Their use as molecular recognition elements has emerged as a viable approach for biosensing, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Despite this potential, relatively few aptamers exist that bind to small molecules. Small molecules are important targets for investigation due to their diverse biological functions as well as their clinical and commercial uses. Novel, effective molecular recognition probes for these compounds are therefore of great interest. This paper will highlight the technical challenges of aptamer development for small molecule targets, as well as the opportunities that exist for their application in biosensing and chemical biology.
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