1
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Binder C, Cvetkovski F, Sellberg F, Berg S, Paternina Visbal H, Sachs DH, Berglund E, Berglund D. CD2 Immunobiology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1090. [PMID: 32582179 PMCID: PMC7295915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein CD2 is a costimulatory receptor expressed mainly on T and NK cells that binds to LFA3, a cell surface protein expressed on e.g., antigen-presenting cells. CD2 has an important role in the formation and organization of the immunological synapse that is formed between T cells and antigen-presenting cells upon cell-cell conjugation and associated intracellular signaling. CD2 expression is upregulated on memory T cells as well as activated T cells and plays an important role in activation of memory T cells despite the coexistence of several other costimulatory pathways. Anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies have been shown to induce immune modulatory effects in vitro and clinical studies have proven the safety and efficacy of CD2-targeting biologics. Investigators have highlighted that the lack of attention to the CD2/LFA3 costimulatory pathway is a missed opportunity. Overall, CD2 is an attractive target for monoclonal antibodies intended for treatment of pathologies characterized by undesired T cell activation and offers an avenue to more selectively target memory T cells while favoring immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Binder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Felix Sellberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Berg
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Horacio Paternina Visbal
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David H Sachs
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Erik Berglund
- Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, and Department of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Berglund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Section of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Research and Development, ITB-Med AB, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Georgiev H, Ravens I, Papadogianni G, Bernhardt G. Coming of Age: CD96 Emerges as Modulator of Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1072. [PMID: 29868026 PMCID: PMC5966540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD96 represents a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. CD96 is expressed mainly by cells of hematopoietic origin, in particular on T and NK cells. Upon interaction with CD155 present on target cells, CD96 was found to inhibit mouse NK cells, and absence of this interaction either by blocking with antibody or knockout of CD96 showed profound beneficial effects in containment of tumors and metastatic spread in murine model systems. However, our knowledge regarding CD96 functions remains fragmentary. In this review, we will discuss structural features of CD96 and their putative impact on function as well as some unresolved issues such as a potential activation that may be conferred by human but not mouse CD96. This is of importance for translation into human cancer therapy. We will also address CD96 activities in the context of the immune regulatory network that consists of CD155, CD96, CD226, and TIGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo Georgiev
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Ravens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Günter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Bhattacharya R, Ovies C, Williamson D, Mitchell S, Funk PE. SH3 dependent cell death signaling of the avian chB6 alloantigen. Cell Immunol 2017; 322:34-40. [PMID: 28992949 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In chickens, B cells develop in the bursa of Fabricius, a unique organ for B cell development. Most B cells will die within the bursa, mirroring cell losses seen in mammalian bone marrow as central tolerance is enforced at the transition to mature cells. B cell responses are shaped by a complex interplay of signals. Signals in addition to BCR that impact central tolerance have recently been described. We have been interested in chB6, a novel alloantigen on B cells in the chicken. chB6 is found in close proximity to the BCR and can trigger apoptosis after cross-linking by antibody. chB6 has two Ig domains, placing it within the CD2/SLAM family of molecules, but its cytoplasmic domain is unique. We have used a site-specific mutagenesis approach to show that an SH3 binding site in chB6 is required for the induction of apoptosis, suggesting parallels to CD2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325N Clifton, Chicago IL 60614, United States
| | - Cristian Ovies
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325N Clifton, Chicago IL 60614, United States
| | - Deisi Williamson
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325N Clifton, Chicago IL 60614, United States
| | - Sarah Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325N Clifton, Chicago IL 60614, United States
| | - Phillip E Funk
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, 2325N Clifton, Chicago IL 60614, United States.
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4
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Li XW, Rees JS, Xue P, Zhang H, Hamaia SW, Sanderson B, Funk PE, Farndale RW, Lilley KS, Perrett S, Jackson AP. New insights into the DT40 B cell receptor cluster using a proteomic proximity labeling assay. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14434-47. [PMID: 24706754 PMCID: PMC4031500 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.529578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate immune system, each B-lymphocyte expresses a surface IgM-class B cell receptor (BCR). When cross-linked by antigen or anti-IgM antibody, the BCR accumulates with other proteins into distinct surface clusters that activate cell signaling, division, or apoptosis. However, the molecular composition of these clusters is not well defined. Here we describe a quantitative assay we call selective proteomic proximity labeling using tyramide (SPPLAT). It allows proteins in the immediate vicinity of a target to be selectively biotinylated, and hence isolated for mass spectrometry analysis. Using the chicken B cell line DT40 as a model, we use SPPLAT to provide the first proteomic analysis of any BCR cluster using proximity labeling. We detect known components of the BCR cluster, including integrins, together with proteins not previously thought to be BCR-associated. In particular, we identify the chicken B-lymphocyte allotypic marker chB6. We show that chB6 moves to within about 30–40 nm of the BCR following BCR cross-linking, and we show that cross-linking chB6 activates cell binding to integrin substrates laminin and gelatin. Our work provides new insights into the nature and composition of the BCR cluster, and confirms SPPLAT as a useful research tool in molecular and cellular proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wen Li
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Johanna S Rees
- the Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom, the Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Xue
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Samir W Hamaia
- the Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Bailey Sanderson
- the Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60604, and
| | - Phillip E Funk
- the Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60604, and
| | - Richard W Farndale
- the Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn S Lilley
- the Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom, the Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Perrett
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China,
| | - Antony P Jackson
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China, the Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom,
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5
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Watson CL, Furlong SJ, Hoskin DW. Impaired Interleukin-2 Synthesis and T Cell Proliferation Following Antibody-mediated CD3 and CD2 or CD28 Cross-linking inTrans: Evidence that T Cell Activation Requires the Engagement of Costimulatory Molecules Within the Immunological Synapse. Immunol Invest 2009; 37:63-78. [DOI: 10.1080/08820130701555035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Mitchell JS, Brown WS, Woodside DG, Vanderslice P, McIntyre BW. Clustering T-cell GM1 lipid rafts increases cellular resistance to shear on fibronectin through changes in integrin affinity and cytoskeletal dynamics. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:324-36. [PMID: 19139760 PMCID: PMC2679097 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are small laterally mobile microdomains that are highly enriched in lymphocyte signaling molecules. GM1 gangliosides are a common lipid raft component and have been shown to be important in many T cell functions. The aggregation of specific GM1 lipid rafts can control many T cell activation events, including their novel association with T cell integrins. We found that clustering GM1 lipid rafts can regulate β1 integrin function. This was apparent through increased resistance to shear flow dependent detachment of T cells adherent to the α4β1 and α5β1 integrin ligand fibronectin (FN). Adhesion strengthening as a result of clustering GM1 enriched lipid rafts correlated with increased cellular rigidity and morphology through the localization of cortical F-actin, the resistance to shear induced cell stretching, and an increase in the surface area and symmetry of the contact area between the cell surface and adhesive substrate. Furthermore, clustering GM1 lipid rafts could initiate integrin “inside-out” signaling mechanisms. This was seen through increased integrin-cytoskeleton associations and enhanced soluble binding of FN and VCAM-1 suggesting the induction of high affinity integrin conformations. The activation of these adhesion strengthening characteristics appear to be specific for the aggregation of GM1 lipid rafts as the aggregation of the heterogeneous raft associated molecule CD59 failed to activate these functions. These findings indicate a novel mechanism to signal to β1 integrins and to activate adhesion strengthening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Mitchell
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Taylor A, Verhagen J, Akkoç T, Wenig R, Flory E, Blaser K, Akdis M, Akdis CA. IL-10 suppresses CD2-mediated T cell activation via SHP-1. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:622-9. [PMID: 18952289 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential suppressive cytokine and plays a key role in peripheral T cell tolerance to allergens, autoantigens, transplantation antigens and tumor antigens. However, the molecular mechanisms of direct T cell suppression by IL-10 are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that IL-10 directly inhibits CD2 signaling in T cells. T cell stimulation via CD2 alone induces activation and proliferation, when endogenous IL-10 sources are eliminated from cultures. IL-10 utilizes the src-homology-2 domain containing tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-1) to directly suppress T cell activation. The role of SHP-1 in IL-10-mediated suppression of CD2 co-stimulation on T cells is demonstrated by using dominant-negative SHP-1 over-expressing T cells and silencing endogenous SHP-1 by small inhibitory RNA. Findings are confirmed using both SHP-1-deficient mice and IL-10-deficient mice. CD2-induced proliferation is suppressed by exogenous IL-10 in IL-10-deficient, but not SHP-1-deficient murine T cells. In conclusion, SHP-1-mediated inhibition of CD2 signaling represents a novel mechanism for direct T cell suppression by IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Taylor
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Davos, Switzerland.
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8
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Braunstein J, Autschbach F, Giese T, Lasitschka F, Heidtmann A, Sido B, Funke B, Reiser C, Schröder AJ, Nebl G, Samstag Y, Meuer SC. Up-regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in human lamina propria T lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 151:496-504. [PMID: 18234058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human intestinal lamina propria T lymphocytes (LPT), when investigated ex vivo, exhibit functional properties profoundly different from those of peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBT). One prominent feature represents their enhanced sensitivity to CD2 stimulation when compared to PBT. Given that LPT are hyporesponsive to T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 stimulation, an alternative activation mode, as mimicked by CD2 triggering in vitro, may be functional in mucosal inflammation in vivo. This study provides insight into signalling events associated with the high CD2 responsiveness of LPT. When compared to PBT, LPT show an increased activation of the phosphoinositide 3/protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (PI3-kinase/AKT/GSK-3beta) pathway in response to CD2 stimulation. Evidence is provided that up-regulation of this pathway contributes to the enhanced CD2-induced cytokine production in LPT. Given the importance of TCR-independent stimulation for the initiation of intestinal immune responses analysis of signalling pathways induced by 'co-stimulatory' receptors may provide valuable information for therapeutic drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Braunstein
- Institute for Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Mueller KL, Thomas MS, Burbach BJ, Peterson EJ, Shimizu Y. Adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP) positively regulates T cell sensitivity to antigen and T cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:3559-69. [PMID: 17785790 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hemopoietic specific adapter protein ADAP (adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein) positively regulates TCR-dependent, integrin-mediated adhesion and participates in signaling pathways downstream of the TCR that result in T cell activation. The specific role of ADAP in regulating Ag-dependent T cell interactions with APCs and T cell activation following Ag stimulation is not known. We used ADAP-/- DO11.10 T cells to demonstrate that ADAP promotes T cell conjugation to Ag-laden APCs. Complementary in vitro and in vivo approaches reveal that ADAP controls optimal T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and expression of the prosurvival protein Bcl-xL in response to limiting Ag doses. Furthermore, ADAP is critical for clonal expansion in vivo independent of Ag concentration under conditions of low clonal abundance. These results suggest that ADAP regulates T cell activation by promoting Ag-dependent T cell-APC interactions, resulting in enhanced T cell sensitivity to Ag, and by participating in prosurvival signaling pathways initiated by Ag stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/physiology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Degranulation/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Integrins/physiology
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Mueller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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10
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Singleton K, Parvaze N, Dama KR, Chen KS, Jennings P, Purtic B, Sjaastad MD, Gilpin C, Davis MM, Wülfing C. A large T cell invagination with CD2 enrichment resets receptor engagement in the immunological synapse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:4402-13. [PMID: 16982875 PMCID: PMC2965457 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.7.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is driven by the TCR and complemented by costimulation. We have studied the dynamics of ligand-engagement of the costimulatory receptor CD2 in T cell/APC couples. Thousands of ligand-engaged CD2 molecules were included in a large T cell invagination at the center of the cellular interface within 1 min of cell couple formation. The structure and regulation of this invagination shared numerous features with phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. Three observations further characterize the invagination and the inclusion of CD2: 1) numerous ligand-engaged receptors were enriched in and internalized through the T cell invagination, none as prominently as CD2; 2) dissolution of the T cell invagination and CD2 engagement were required for effective proximal T cell signaling; and 3) the T cell invagination was uniquely sensitive to the affinity of the TCR for peptide-MHC. Based on this characterization, we speculate that the T cell invagination, aided by CD2 enrichment, internalizes parts of the TCR signaling machinery to reset T cell signaling upon agonist-mediated, stable APC contact.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/ultrastructure
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CD2 Antigens/immunology
- CD2 Antigens/metabolism
- CD48 Antigen
- Endocytosis/immunology
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentner Singleton
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nadia Parvaze
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kavyya R. Dama
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Kenneth S. Chen
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Paula Jennings
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bozidar Purtic
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Michael D. Sjaastad
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christopher Gilpin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Christoph Wülfing, Center for Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9093.
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11
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Noubir S, Lee JS, Reiner NE. Pleiotropic Effects of Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase in Monocyte Cell Regulation. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 81:51-95. [PMID: 16891169 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(06)81002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaâ Noubir
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), University of British Columbia, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Vancouver, Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 3J5
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12
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Boulay I, Némorin JG, Duplay P. Phosphotyrosine Binding-Mediated Oligomerization of Downstream of Tyrosine Kinase (Dok)-1 and Dok-2 Is Involved in CD2-Induced Dok Phosphorylation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4483-9. [PMID: 16177091 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To date, five members of the downstream of tyrosine kinase (Dok) family have been characterized. In T cells, two members, Dok-1 and Dok-2, are expressed. CD2 or CD28 stimulation, but not CD3/TCR stimulation, induces Dok phosphorylation. Recent evidence suggests that they act as negative regulators of the CD2 and CD28 signaling pathways. To identify the molecular mechanisms involved in Dok-mediated inhibition, we have identified proteins that bind to the phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain of Dok-1 and Dok-2. We showed that the Dok PTB domain mediates phosphotyrosine-dependent homotypic and heterotypic interactions of Dok-1 and Dok-2. Moreover, in CD2-stimulated Jurkat cells, Dok-1 coimmunoprecipitates with tyrosine-phosphorylated Dok-2. To study the involvement of PTB-mediated oligomerization in Dok function, we have generated Jurkat clones overexpressing Dok-1 or Dok-2 with a mutation that prevents oligomerization (in either the PTB domain or Tyr146 of Dok-1 and Tyr139 of Dok-2). These mutations abrogate CD2-induced phosphorylation and the ability of Dok-1 or Dok-2 to inhibit CD2-induced ERK1/2 and NFAT activation. Moreover, overexpression of Dok-1Y146F or Dok-2Y139F interferes with CD2-induced phosphorylation of endogenous Dok, whereas overexpression of PTB mutant or wild-type Dok does not. Taken together, these data indicate that PTB-mediated oligomerization of Dok-1 and Dok-2 represents an essential step for Dok phosphorylation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iohann Boulay
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Canada
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13
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Musgrave BL, Watson CL, Haeryfar SMM, Barnes CA, Hoskin DW. CD2–CD48 interactions promote interleukin-2 and interferon-γ synthesis by stabilizing cytokine mRNA. Cell Immunol 2004; 229:1-12. [PMID: 15331323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CD2-CD48 interactions enhance T cell receptor-driven mouse T lymphocyte activation. However, the mechanism is not well understood. Here we show that blockade of CD2-CD48 interactions with anti-CD48 monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibited interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma expression, as well as T cell proliferation in response to mitogenic anti-CD3 mAb, although more potent inhibition resulted from blocking CD28-CD80/CD86 interactions. Blockade of both CD2 and CD28 costimulation abrogated T cell proliferation and cytokine synthesis. Conversely, T cells stimulated with immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD2 mAb exhibited increased proliferation and IL-2 and IFN-gamma expression, although a stronger enhancing effect was obtained with immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAb. Concurrent CD2 and CD28 costimulation caused a further increase in proliferation and cytokine synthesis. Stimulation of purified T cells with microsphere-immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD2 mAb increased IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNA stability. However, CD28 costimulation had a stronger enhancing effect on IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNA stability that was not further increased by concomitant CD2 signaling. CD2, therefore, costimulates T cell activation by stabilizing cytokine mRNA transcripts, albeit with less efficiency than CD28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce L Musgrave
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
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14
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Goda S, Quale AC, Woods ML, Felthauser A, Shimizu Y. Control of TCR-Mediated Activation of β1 Integrins by the ZAP-70 Tyrosine Kinase Interdomain B Region and the Linker for Activation of T Cells Adapter Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5379-87. [PMID: 15100278 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest functional responses of T lymphocytes to extracellular signals that activate the Ag-specific CD3/TCR complex is a rapid, but reversible, increase in the functional activity of integrin adhesion receptors. Previous studies have implicated the tyrosine kinase zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70) and the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, in the activation of beta(1) integrins by the CD3/TCR complex. In this report, we use human ZAP-70-deficient Jurkat T cells to demonstrate that the kinase activity of ZAP-70 is required for CD3/TCR-mediated increases in beta(1) integrin-mediated adhesion and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. A tyrosine to phenylalanine substitution at position 315 in the interdomain B of ZAP-70 inhibits these responses, whereas a similar substitution at position 292 enhances these downstream signals. These mutations in the ZAP-70 interdomain B region also specifically affect CD3/TCR-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of residues 171 and 191 in the cytoplasmic domain of the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) adapter protein. CD3/TCR signaling to beta(1) integrins is defective in LAT-deficient Jurkat T cells, and can be restored with expression of wild-type LAT. Mutant LAT constructs with tyrosine to phenylalanine substitutions at position 171 and/or position 191 do not restore CD3/TCR-mediated activation of beta(1) integrins in LAT-deficient T cells. Thus, these studies demonstrate that the interdomain B region of ZAP-70 regulates beta(1) integrin activation by the CD3/TCR via control of tyrosine phosphorylation of tyrosine residues 171 and 191 in the LAT cytoplasmic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Goda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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15
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Pribila JT, Itano AA, Mueller KL, Shimizu Y. The alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha E beta 7 integrins define a subset of dendritic cells in peripheral lymph nodes with unique adhesive and antigen uptake properties. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:282-91. [PMID: 14688336 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of APCs with critical roles in T cell activation and immune regulation. We report in this study the identification and characterization of a novel subset of DCs resident in skin-draining peripheral lymph nodes of normal mice. This subset of CD11c(high)CD40(high)CD8alpha(intermediate (int)) DCs expresses the collagen-binding integrin, alpha1beta1, and the E-cadherin-binding integrin, alphaEbeta7. Although alpha1beta1 and alphaEbeta7 are also expressed on CD11c(high)CD40(int)CD8alpha(high) lymphoid DCs, CD11c(high)CD40(high)CD8alpha(int) DCs demonstrate preferential integrin-mediated adhesion to collagen and fibronectin. This DC subset most likely acquires expression of these integrins in peripheral lymph node, as this subset is not found in the spleen or mesenteric lymph node, and recent DC migrants from the skin lack expression of alpha1beta1 and alphaEbeta7 integrins. Resident CD40(high) DCs express alpha1beta1 integrin and colocalize with collagen in lymph nodes. When compared with CD11c(high)CD40(high)CD8alpha(int) DCs lacking expression of these integrins, the alpha1beta1+alphaEbeta7+DC subset exhibits more efficient formation of Ag-independent conjugates with T cells, and a decreased ability to acquire soluble Ag. Thus, the alpha1beta1 and alphaEbeta7 integrins define a unique population of peripheral lymph node-derived DCs with altered functional properties and adhesive potential that localizes these cells to sites in lymph nodes where Ag presentation to T cells occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Pribila
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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16
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Dhanji S, Teh HS. IL-2-activated CD8+CD44high cells express both adaptive and innate immune system receptors and demonstrate specificity for syngeneic tumor cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3442-50. [PMID: 14500639 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells depend on the alphabeta TCR for Ag recognition and function. However, Ag-activated CD8(+) T cells can also express receptors of the innate immune system. In this study, we examined the expression of NK receptors on a population of CD8(+) T cells expressing high levels of CD44 (CD8(+)CD44(high) cells) from normal mice. These cells are distinct from conventional memory CD8(+) T cells and they proliferate and become activated in response to IL 2 via a CD48/CD2-dependent mechanism. Before activation, they express low or undetectable levels of NK receptors but upon activation with IL-2 they expressed significant levels of activating NK receptors including 2B4 and NKG2D. Interestingly, the IL-2-activated cells demonstrate a preference in the killing of syngeneic tumor cells. This killing of syngeneic tumor cells was greatly enhanced by the expression of the NKG2D ligand Rae-1 on the target cell. In contrast to conventional CD8(+) T cells, IL-2-activated CD8(+)CD44(high) cells express DAP12, an adaptor molecule that is normally expressed in activated NK cells. These observations indicate that activated CD8(+)CD44(high) cells express receptors of both the adaptive and innate immune system and may play a unique role in the surveillance of host cells that have been altered by infection or transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD2 Antigens/physiology
- CD48 Antigen
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Immunity, Active/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/prevention & control
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Receptors, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Receptors, KIR
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Dhanji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Orange JS, Harris KE, Andzelm MM, Valter MM, Geha RS, Strominger JL. The mature activating natural killer cell immunologic synapse is formed in distinct stages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14151-6. [PMID: 14612578 PMCID: PMC283561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1835830100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells form a structure at their interface with a susceptible target cell called the activating NK cell immunologic synapse (NKIS). The mature activating NKIS contains a central and peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (SMAC), and includes polarized surface receptors, filamentous actin (F-actin) and perforin. Evaluation of the NKIS in human NK cells revealed CD2, CD11a, CD11b and F-actin in the peripheral SMAC (pSMAC) with perforin in the central SMAC. The accumulation of F-actin and surface receptors was rapid and depended on Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-driven actin polymerization. The accumulation at and arrangement of these molecules in the pSMAC was not affected by microtubule depolymerization. The polarization of perforin, however was slower and required intact actin, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, and microtubule function. Thus the process of CD2, CD11a, CD11b, and F-actin accumulation in the pSMAC and perforin accumulation in the central SMAC of the NKIS are sequential processes with distinct cytoskeletal requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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18
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Purushothaman SS, Wang B, Cleary PP. M1 protein triggers a phosphoinositide cascade for group A Streptococcus invasion of epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5823-30. [PMID: 14500504 PMCID: PMC201040 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.10.5823-5830.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of nonphagocytic cells by bacteria provides a favorable niche for persistence and evasion of host defenses and antibiotics. M protein is a major virulence factor because it promotes high-frequency invasion of epithelial cells by group A Streptococcus (GAS) and also renders the bacterium resistant to phagocytosis. In this study, we investigated the role of M1 protein from serotype M1 strain 90-226 in regulating mammalian signal transduction and cytoskeletal rearrangement for bacterial entry. LY294002 and wortmannin, which are inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K) blocked invasion of epithelial cells by GAS by 75 and 80%, respectively, but failed to inhibit invasion by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Also, epithelial cells transiently transfected with dominant negative p85 and p110 genes, the regulatory and catalytic subunits of PI 3-K, respectively, were less able to be invaded by GAS. To separate the influence of other streptococcal virulence factors from M protein, Lactococcus lactis was engineered to express M1 protein on its surface. L. lactis(pLM1) invaded epithelial cells efficiently in vitro, and PI 3-K inhibitors blocked 90% of this invasion. Purified soluble M1 protein stimulated the formation of stress fibers and actin tuffs on epithelial cells. LY294002 and wortmannin inhibited these cellular changes. A phosphoinositide analogue also inhibited the invasion of epithelial cells by GAS. Therefore, M1 protein, either directly or via bound fibronectin, initiates signals that depend on the lipid kinase PI 3-K pathway, which paves the way for cytoskeletal rearrangement that internalize the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sudha Purushothaman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaweare Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Pribila JT, Shimizu Y. Signal transduction events regulating integrin function and T cell migration: new functions and complexity. Immunol Res 2003; 27:107-28. [PMID: 12637771 DOI: 10.1385/ir:27:1:107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Integrin receptors facilitate T cell function by mediating adhesive events critical for T cell trafficking and recognition of foreign antigen, including interactions with vascular endothelium, extracellular matrix components, and antigen-presenting cells. Consequently, the functional activity of integrin receptors is acutely regulated by various intracellular signals delivered by other cell surface receptors, resulting in rapid changes in T cell adhesion and migration. This review highlights recent insights into our understanding of the signaling events by which the CD3/T cell receptor complex and chemokine receptors regulate integrin function and T cell migration. These studies highlight novel functions for several signaling molecules, including the tyrosine kinases Itk and ZAP-70, and the adapter protein SLAP-130/Fyb. In addition, analysis of the regulation of integrin function and chemokine-mediated migration has highlighted the critical role that spatial localization of signaling molecules plays in signal transduction, and the importance of the actin cytoskeleton in T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Pribila
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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20
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Fukao T, Terauchi Y, Kadowaki T, Koyasu S. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in mast cells: new insights from knockout mouse studies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2003; 81:524-35. [PMID: 12928787 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-003-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2002] [Accepted: 07/10/2003] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases essential for diverse physiological reactions. In recent years a series of gene-targeted mice lacking different types of PI3Ks and related molecules have been generated which enable us to understand the role of PI3K pathways, particularly class I members, in vivo. Analyses of such gene-targeted mice have led to major discoveries in the physiological roles of PI3K signaling in mast cell biology. In particular the role of PI3Ks has been extensively studied in signaling through the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI), since mast cells are the main effector cells in type I allergic reaction associated with IgE-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, the knockout mice have provided significant information concerning the role of PI3K signals in mast cell differentiation. This review presents several new insights into mast cell biology, which have been elucidated by the analyses of these knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Fukao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, 160-8582, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Tibaldi EV, Salgia R, Reinherz EL. CD2 molecules redistribute to the uropod during T cell scanning: implications for cellular activation and immune surveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:7582-7. [PMID: 12032326 PMCID: PMC124291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.112212699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2002] [Accepted: 04/09/2002] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic binding between CD2 and CD58 counter-receptors on opposing cells optimizes immune recognition through stabilization of cell-cell contact and juxtaposition of surface membranes at a distance suitable for T cell receptor-ligand interaction. Digitized time-lapse differential interference contrast and immunofluorescence microscopy on living cells now show that this binding also induces T cell polarization. Moreover, CD2 can facilitate motility of T cells along antigen-presenting cells via a movement referred to as scanning. Both activated CD4 and CD8 T cells are able to scan antigen-presenting cells surfaces in the absence of cognate antigen. Scanning is critically dependent on T cell beta-integrin function, as well as myosin light chain kinase. More importantly, surface CD2 molecules rapidly redistribute on interaction with a cellular substratum, resulting in a 100-fold greater CD2 density in the uropod versus the leading edge. In contrast, no redistribution is observed for CD11a/CD18 or CD45. Molecular compartmentalization of CD2, T cell receptor, and lipid rafts within the uropod prearranges the cellular activation machinery for subsequent immune recognition. This "presynapse" formation on primed T cells will likely facilitate the antigen-dependent recognition capability required for efficient immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Tibaldi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Schmidt-Weber CB, Wohlfahrt JG, Akdis CA, Blaser K. The phosphatidylinositol phosphatase PTEN is under control of costimulation and regulates proliferation in human T cells. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:1196-204. [PMID: 11932928 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<1196::aid-immu1196>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol phosphatase gene PTEN is a dual specific phosphatase acting on phospho amino acids but also on three phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. Present results demonstrate that PTEN is inducible by costimulatory signals in human CD4(+) T cells. PTEN expression was up-regulated on RNA and protein level in freshly isolated human CD4(+) T cells following stimulation with CD28 or CD2. In contrast, PTEN expression was high but remained CD28 and CD2 unresponsive in lymphoma cells. Intracellular staining revealed PTEN expression in CD4(+) T cell populations stimulated with anti-CD28 or anti-CD28 / anti-CD3. Stimulation with anti-CD3 alone did not induce PTEN expression. Inhibition of PTEN expression by antisense oligonucleotides in CD4(+) T cells stimulated with non-mitogenic anti-CD28 resulted in massively increased proliferation, which was sensitive to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 K) inhibitor wortmannin. Although CD28 and CD2 induce PI3 K signal transduction, wortmannin did not block PTEN up-regulation by CD28 or CD2 indicating that PTEN gene expression is PI3 K independent. These results demonstrate that PTEN negatively controls costimulatory signals by antagonizing PI3 K activity in the absence of TCR engagement.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Androstadienes/pharmacology
- CD2 Antigens/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Induction
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/biosynthesis
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/genetics
- Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thionucleotides/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
- Wortmannin
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23
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Vanhaesebroeck B, Leevers SJ, Ahmadi K, Timms J, Katso R, Driscoll PC, Woscholski R, Parker PJ, Waterfield MD. Synthesis and function of 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids. Annu Rev Biochem 2002; 70:535-602. [PMID: 11395417 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1209] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids fulfill roles as second messengers by interacting with the lipid binding domains of a variety of cellular proteins. Such interactions can affect the subcellular localization and aggregation of target proteins, and through allosteric effects, their activity. Generation of 3-phosphoinositides has been documented to influence diverse cellular pathways and hence alter a spectrum of fundamental cellular activities. This review is focused on the 3-phosphoinositide lipids, the synthesis of which is acutely triggered by extracellular stimuli, the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and metabolism, and their cell biological roles. Much knowledge has recently been gained through structural insights into the lipid kinases, their interaction with inhibitors, and the way their 3-phosphoinositide products interact with protein targets. This field is now moving toward a genetic dissection of 3-phosphoinositide action in a variety of model organisms. Such approaches will reveal the true role of the 3-phosphoinositides at the organismal level in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vanhaesebroeck
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Riding House Street, London W1W 7BS.
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24
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Katso R, Okkenhaug K, Ahmadi K, White S, Timms J, Waterfield MD. Cellular function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases: implications for development, homeostasis, and cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2002; 17:615-75. [PMID: 11687500 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 925] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family of enzymes is recruited upon growth factor receptor activation and produces 3' phosphoinositide lipids. The lipid products of PI3K act as second messengers by binding to and activating diverse cellular target proteins. These events constitute the start of a complex signaling cascade, which ultimately results in the mediation of cellular activities such as proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, survival, trafficking, and glucose homeostasis. Therefore, PI3Ks play a central role in many cellular functions. The factors that determine which cellular function is mediated are complex and may be partly attributed to the diversity that exists at each level of the PI3K signaling cascade, such as the type of stimulus, the isoform of PI3K, or the nature of the second messenger lipids. Numerous studies have helped to elucidate some of the key factors that determine cell fate in the context of PI3K signaling. For example, the past two years has seen the publication of many transgenic and knockout mouse studies where either PI3K or its signaling components are deregulated. These models have helped to build a picture of the role of PI3K in physiology and indeed there have been a number of surprises. This review uses such models as a framework to build a profile of PI3K function within both the cell and the organism and focuses, in particular, on the role of PI3K in cell regulation, immunity, and development. The evidence for the role of deregulated PI3K signaling in diseases such as cancer and diabetes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Katso
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 91 Riding House Street, London, W1W 7BS, England.
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25
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Ottoson NC, Pribila JT, Chan AS, Shimizu Y. Cutting edge: T cell migration regulated by CXCR4 chemokine receptor signaling to ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1857-61. [PMID: 11489961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines regulate the homeostatic trafficking of lymphocytes and lymphocyte influx into sites of injury and inflammation. The signaling pathways by which chemokine receptors regulate lymphocyte migration remain incompletely characterized. We demonstrate that Jurkat T cells lacking the ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase exhibit reduced migration in response to the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12 when compared with wild-type Jurkat T cells. Expression of wild-type, but not kinase-inactive, ZAP-70 resulted in enhanced migration of ZAP-70-deficient Jurkat T cells. The tyrosine residue at position 292 in the interdomain B region of ZAP-70 exerts a negative regulatory effect on ZAP-70-dependent migration. Stimulation of Jurkat T cells with CXCL12 also resulted in ZAP-70-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) adapter protein. Although CXCL12-dependent migration of SLP-76-deficient Jurkat T cells was impaired, re-expression of SLP-76 did not enhance migration. These results suggest a novel function for ZAP-70, but not SLP-76, in CXCR4 chemokine receptor signaling in human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Ottoson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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26
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Woods ML, Shimizu Y. Signaling networks regulating β1 integrin‐mediated adhesion of T lymphocytes to extracellular matrix. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.6.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melody L. Woods
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yoji Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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27
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Abstract
CD2 mediates T cell adhesion via its ectodomain and signal transduction utilizing its 117-amino acid cytoplasmic tail. Here we show that a significant fraction of human CD2 molecules is inducibly recruited into lipid rafts upon CD2 cross-linking by a specific pair of mitogenic anti-CD2 monoclonal antibodies (anti-T11(2) + anti-T11(3)) or during cellular conjugate formation by CD58, the physiologic ligand expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Translocation to lipid microdomains is independent of the T cell receptor (TCR) and, unlike inducible TCR-raft association, requires no tyrosine phosphorylation. Structural integrity of rafts is necessary for CD2-stimulated elevation of intracellular free calcium and tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular substrates. Whereas murine CD2 contains two membrane-proximal intracellular cysteines, partitioning CD2 into cholesterol-rich lipid rafts constitutively, human CD2 has no cytoplasmic cysteines. Mapping studies using CD2 point mutation, deletion, and chimeric molecules suggest that conformational change in the CD2 ectodomain participates in inducible raft association and excludes the membrane-proximal N-linked glycans, the transmembrane segment, and the CD2 cytoplasmic region (residues 8-117) as necessary for translocation. Translocation of CD2 into lipid rafts may reorganize the membrane into an activation-ready state prior to TCR engagement by a peptide associated with a major histocompatibility complex molecule, accounting for synergistic T cell stimulation by CD2 and the TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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28
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Woods ML, Kivens WJ, Adelsman MA, Qiu Y, August A, Shimizu Y. A novel function for the Tec family tyrosine kinase Itk in activation of beta 1 integrins by the T-cell receptor. EMBO J 2001; 20:1232-44. [PMID: 11250890 PMCID: PMC145515 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.6.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of T cells via the CD3--T-cell receptor (TCR) complex results in rapid increases in beta 1 integrin-mediated adhesion via poorly defined intracellular signaling events. We demonstrate that TCR-mediated activation of beta 1 integrins requires activation of the Tec family tyrosine kinase Itk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K)-dependent recruitment of Itk to detergent-insoluble glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (DIGs) via binding of the pleckstrin homology domain of Itk to the PI 3-K product PI(3,4,5)-P(3). Activation of PI 3-K and the src family kinase Lck, via stimulation of the CD4 co-receptor, can initiate beta 1 integrin activation that is dependent on Itk function. Targeting of Itk specifically to DIGs, coupled with CD4 stimulation, can also activate beta 1 integrin function independently of TCR stimulation. Changes in beta 1 integrin function mediated by TCR activation of Itk are also accompanied by Itk-dependent modulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, TCR-mediated activation of beta 1 integrins involves membrane relocalization and activation of Itk via coordinate action of PI 3-K and a src family tyrosine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody L. Woods
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and Immunology Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Wendy J. Kivens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and Immunology Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Margaret A. Adelsman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and Immunology Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and Immunology Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Avery August
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and Immunology Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
| | - Yoji Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology and Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 and Immunology Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Corresponding author e-mail:
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29
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Epler JA, Liu R, Chung H, Ottoson NC, Shimizu Y. Regulation of beta 1 integrin-mediated adhesion by T cell receptor signaling involves ZAP-70 but differs from signaling events that regulate transcriptional activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4941-9. [PMID: 11046020 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.4941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the CD3/TCR results within minutes in an increase in T cell adhesion mediated by beta(1) integrins. The biochemical pathways that control CD3-mediated increases in beta(1) integrin-mediated adhesion remain poorly characterized. In this study, the role of the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 in the regulation of beta(1) integrin activity by the CD3/TCR was investigated. CD3 stimulation did not increase beta(1) integrin-mediated adhesion of the ZAP-70-deficient Jurkat T cell line, P116, to the beta(1) integrin ligand fibronectin. Reintroduction of wild-type ZAP-70, but not a kinase-inactive variant, K369R, corrected the adhesive defect observed in P116 T cells. In addition, the kinase-inactive ZAP-70 mutant inhibited CD3-induced adhesion of primary human T cell blasts. Interestingly, a ZAP-70 mutant with a tyrosine to phenylalanine substitution at position 319 (Y319F) restored the adhesive defect in P116 T cells, even though Y319F ZAP-70 failed to fully reconstitute CD3-initiated NF-AT-dependent transcription and tyrosine phosphorylation of the LAT adapter protein. Finally, expression of mutants of LAT and the SLP-76 adapter protein that modulate CD3-mediated activation of an NF-AT reporter gene failed to block CD3-induced increases in beta(1) integrin-mediated adhesion. These observations support a model in which the tyrosine kinase activity of ZAP-70 kinase is critical for regulation of beta(1) integrin activity by CD3/TCR. However, the signaling events downstream of ZAP-70 that regulate CD3/TCR-mediated activation of beta(1) integrin function exhibit key differences when compared with the signaling pathways that regulate transcriptional events initiated by CD3/TCR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Epler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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30
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Finkelstein LD, Shimizu Y. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the Cbl adaptor protein in coupling the alpha4beta1 integrin to mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Biochem J 2000; 345 Pt 2:385-92. [PMID: 10620516 PMCID: PMC1220768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion mediated by beta1 integrin receptors leads to the initiation of intracellular signals that affect cell differentiation and survival. Here we have analysed the mechanism by which the alpha4beta1 integrin activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in HL60 cells, a myelomonocytic cell line that lacks the expression of focal adhesion kinase. A role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K) in alpha4 integrin-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) is suggested by the ability of PI-3K inhibitors and a dominant-negative form of the p85 subunit of PI-3K to block the activation of ERK2 by integrin. Stimulation of alpha4beta1 integrins on HL60 cells also leads to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the 120 kDa adaptor protein Cbl. PI-3K activity associated with Cbl also increases on the stimulation of alpha4beta1 integrins, although immunodepletion experiments suggest that Cbl-associated PI-3K does not account for all of the PI-3K activity induced on the stimulation of integrins in these cells. The expression of wild-type Cbl or the 70Z/3 Cbl mutant enhances basal ERK2 activity in transfectants with a minimal effect on alpha4 integrin-mediated ERK2 activity. In contrast, overexpression of the Hut Cbl truncation mutant, which does not associate with p85, has no effect on the ERK2 pathway. These results suggest that PI-3K has a major role in coupling alpha4beta1 integrins to ERK2 activation in myeloid cells and that the Cbl adaptor protein has a role in basal, but not alpha4beta1 integrin-mediated, activation of ERK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Finkelstein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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31
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Rao VR, Corradetti MN, Chen J, Peng J, Yuan J, Prestwich GD, Brugge JS. Expression cloning of protein targets for 3-phosphorylated phosphoinositides. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:37893-900. [PMID: 10608855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.53.37893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3'-K) family of lipid kinases play a critical role in cell proliferation, survival, vesicle trafficking, motility, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and oncogenesis. To identify downstream effectors of PI 3'-K, we developed a novel screen to isolate proteins that bind to the major products of PI 3'-K: phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns-3,4-P(2)) and PtdIns-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns-3,4,5-P(3)). This screen uses synthetic biotinylated analogs of these lipids in conjunction with libraries of radiolabeled proteins that are produced by coupled in vitro transcription/translation reactions. The feasibility of the screen was initially demonstrated using avidin-coated beads prebound to biotinylated PtdIns-3,4-P(2) and PtdIns-3,4,5-P(3) to specifically isolate the pleckstrin homology domain of the serine/threonine kinase Akt. We then demonstrated the utility of this technique in isolating novel 3'-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol (3'-PPI)-binding proteins through the preliminary screening of in vitro transcribed/translated cDNAs from a small pool expression library derived from mouse spleen. Three proteins were isolated that bound specifically to 3'PPIs. Two of these proteins have been previously characterized as PIP3BP/p42(IP4) and the PtdIns-3,4,5-P(3)-dependent serine/threonine kinase phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1. The third protein is a novel protein that contains only a Src homology 2 domain and a pleckstrin homology domain; this protein has a higher specificity for both PtdIns-3,4,5-P(3) and PtdIns-3,4-P(2) than for PtdIns-4, 5-bisphosphate. Transcripts of this novel gene are present in every tissue analyzed but are most prominently expressed in spleen. We have renamed this new protein PHISH for 3'-phosphoinositide-interacting Src homology-containing protein. This report demonstrates the utility of this technique for isolating and characterizing 3'-PPI-binding proteins and has broad applicability for the isolation of binding domains for other lipid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Rao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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32
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Perez-Villar JJ, Kanner SB. Regulated Association Between the Tyrosine Kinase Emt/Itk/Tsk and Phospholipase-Cγ1 in Human T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.12.6435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Emt/Itk/Tsk tyrosine kinase is involved in intracellular signaling events induced by several lymphocyte surface receptors. Modulation of TCR/CD3-induced phospholipase-Cγ1 (PLCγ1) activity by the tyrosine kinase Emt/Itk/Tsk has been demonstrated based on studies of Itk-deficient murine T lymphocytes. Here we report a TCR/CD3-regulated association between Emt and PLCγ1 in both normal and leukemic T cells. In addition, this association was enhanced following independent ligation of the CD2, CD4, or CD28 costimulatory molecules, but not of CD5 or CD6 surface receptors, correlating to the induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Emt. Before Ab-induced T cell activation, we found that the Emt-SH3 domain was crucial for the constitutive Emt/PLCγ1 association; however, upon TCR/CD3 engagement, the Emt-SH2 domain was more efficient in mediating the enhanced Emt/PLCγ1 interaction. Furthermore, the PLCγ1-SH3 domain, but not the two PLCγ1-SH2 domains, contributed to formation of the protein complex. Thus, we describe a regulated interaction between Emt and PLCγ1, and based on our studies with individual Emt and PLCγ1 SH2/SH3 domains, we propose a mechanism for this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Perez-Villar
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Pulmonary Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Steven B. Kanner
- Immunology, Inflammation, and Pulmonary Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543
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33
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Zell T, Kivens WJ, Kellermann SA, Shimizu Y. Regulation of integrin function by T cell activation: points of convergence and divergence. Immunol Res 1999; 20:127-45. [PMID: 10580638 DOI: 10.1007/bf02786469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte adhesiveness is dynamically regulated in response to conditions in the extracellular environment. One mechanism of regulation of integrin adhesion receptors involves a rapid, but transient, increase in integrin function upon T lymphocyte activation. These integrin activating signals can be initiated either via ligation of Ig superfamily members that are coupled to tyrosine kinase cascades, such as the CD3/T cell receptor, CD2, and CD28, or by G protein-coupled receptors for chemokines. Analysis of integrin activation induced by CD3/TCR, CD2 and CD28 suggests a critical role for phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI 3-K). This review summarizes recent insights into PI 3-K-dependent regulation of integrin function in leukocytes, including the mechanisms by which these receptors are coupled to PI 3-K, and potential downstream effectors of PI 3-K that regulate integrin-mediated adhesion in leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
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34
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Abstract
Many signaling pathways converge on and regulate phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes whose inositol lipid products are key mediators of intracellular signaling. Different PI3K isoforms generate specific lipids that bind to FYVE and pleckstrin homology (PH) domains in a variety of proteins, affecting their localization, conformation, and activities. Here we review the activation mechanisms of the different types of PI3Ks and their downstream actions, with focus on the PI3Ks that are acutely triggered by extracellular stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vanhaesebroeck
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 91 Riding House Street, London, W1P 8BT, United Kingdom.
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35
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Carmo AM, Castro MAA, Arosa FA. CD2 and CD3 Associate Independently with CD5 and Differentially Regulate Signaling Through CD5 in Jurkat T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In T lymphocytes, the CD2 and CD5 glycoproteins are believed to be involved in the regulation of signals elicited by the TCR/CD3 complex. Here we show that CD2 and CD3 independently associate with CD5 in human PBMC and Jurkat cells. CD5 coprecipitates with CD2 in CD3-deficient cells and, conversely, coprecipitates with CD3 in cells devoid of CD2. In unstimulated CD2+ CD3+ Jurkat cells, CD5 associates equivalently with CD2 and CD3 and is as efficiently phosphorylated in CD2 as in CD3 immune complexes. However, upon activation the involvement of CD5 is the opposite in the CD2 and CD3 pathways. CD5 becomes rapidly tyrosine phosphorylated after CD3 stimulation, but is dephosphorylated upon CD2 cross-linking. These opposing effects correlate with the decrease in the activity of the SH2 domain-containing protein phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) following CD3 activation vs an enhanced activity of the phosphatase after CD2 triggering. The failure of CD5 to become phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in the CD2 pathway has no parallel with the lack of use of ζ-chains in CD2 signaling; contrasting with comparable levels of association of CD2 or CD3 with CD5, ζ associates with CD2 only residually and is nevertheless slightly phosphorylated after CD2 stimulation. The modulation of CD5 phosphorylation may thus represent a level of regulation controlled by CD2 in signal transduction mechanisms in human T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M. Carmo
- *Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; and
- †Medical Research Council Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mónica A. A. Castro
- *Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; and
| | - Fernando A. Arosa
- *Laboratório de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; and
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