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Pan Q, Zhang Y, Liu T, Xu Q, Wu Q, Xin J. Mycoplasma glycine cleavage system key subunit GcvH is an apoptosis inhibitor targeting host endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012266. [PMID: 38787906 PMCID: PMC11156438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are minimal but notorious bacteria that infect humans and animals. These genome-reduced organisms have evolved strategies to overcome host apoptotic defense and establish persistent infection. Here, using Mycoplasma bovis as a model, we demonstrate that mycoplasma glycine cleavage system (GCS) H protein (GcvH) targets the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to hijack host apoptosis facilitating bacterial infection. Mechanically, GcvH interacts with the ER-resident kinase Brsk2 and stabilizes it by blocking its autophagic degradation. Brsk2 subsequently disturbs unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling, thereby inhibiting the key apoptotic molecule CHOP expression and ER-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway. CHOP mediates a cross-talk between ER- and mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. The GcvH N-terminal amino acid 31-35 region is necessary for GcvH interaction with Brsk2, as well as for GcvH to exert anti-apoptotic and potentially pro-infective functions. Notably, targeting Brsk2 to dampen apoptosis may be a conserved strategy for GCS-containing mycoplasmas. Our study reveals a novel role for the conserved metabolic route protein GcvH in Mycoplasma species. It also sheds light on how genome-reduced bacteria exploit a limited number of genomic proteins to resist host cell apoptosis thereby facilitating pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Institute of Western Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiuqing Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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2
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Quach JU, Diaz MJ, Huda TI, Kinskey JC, Zaman S, Desantis JE, Cios KJ, Blanck G. Bacterial Sequencing Reads in Blood Exome Files from Melanoma and Cervical Cancer Patients are Associated with Cancer Recurrence. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1476-1484. [PMID: 36653589 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacteremia poses great risk for morbidity and mortality for immunocompromised cancer patients. Although the presence of bacteria within solid tumors is gaining greater attention, few studies have analyzed species of bacteria in the blood and their effect on cancer clinical outcomes. Using the Kraken 2 taxonomic profiling tool, we classified bacteria present in blood and primary tumors of cervical cancer and melanoma cases. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) melanoma blood exome files with Pseudomonas species were found to represent a worse disease-free survival (DFS) probability, while a worse overall survival (OS) result was evidenced for both the TCGA and Moffitt Cancer Center melanoma datasets. Cervical cancer cases with reads representing the Bradyrhizobium genus and Bradyrhizobium sp. BTAi1 found in blood and tumor exome files were found to have lower DFS. Additionally, reduced DFS and OS were observed for cervical cancer cases positive for Bacteroides species including Bacteroides fragilis. This study provides novel evidence and a novel approach for indicating that bacteria in blood is associated with cancer recurrence. These findings may guide the development of more efficient prognostic and screening tools related to bacterial blood infections of melanoma and cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica U Quach
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Michael J Diaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Taha I Huda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jacob C Kinskey
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Saif Zaman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - John E Desantis
- Research Computing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Konrad J Cios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Bd. MDC7, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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3
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Mycoplasma hominis Causes DNA Damage and Cell Death in Primary Human Keratinocytes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101962. [PMID: 36296238 PMCID: PMC9608843 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis can be isolated from the human urogenital tract. However, its interaction with the host remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of M. hominis infection on primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). Cells were quantified at different phases of the cell cycle. Proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis progression were evaluated. The expression of genes encoding proteins that are associated with the DNA damage response and Toll-like receptor pathways was evaluated, and the cytokines involved in inflammatory responses were quantified. A greater number of keratinocytes were observed in the Sub-G0/G1 phase after infection with M. hominis. In the viable keratinocytes, infection resulted in G2/M-phase arrest; GADD45A expression was increased, as was the expression of proteins such as p53, p27, and p21 and others involved in apoptosis regulation and oxidative stress. In infected PHKs, the expression of genes associated with the Toll-like receptor pathways showed a change, and the production of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL) 1β, IL-18, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor alpha increased. The infection of PHKs by M. hominis causes cellular damage that can affect the cell cycle by activating the response pathways to cellular damage, oxidative stress, and Toll-like receptors. Overall, this response culminated in the reduction of cell proliferation/viability in vitro.
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4
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Liao Y, Peng K, Li X, Ye Y, Liu P, Zeng Y. The adhesion protein of Mycoplasma genitalium inhibits urethral epithelial cell apoptosis through CypA-CD147 activating PI3K/ Akt/NF-κB pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6657-6669. [PMID: 36066653 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
By interacting with the receptor on the host cells membrane, Mycoplasma genitalium, a prokaryotic bacterium primarily transmitted through sexual contact, can adhere to and even enter cells. The adhesion protein of M. genitalium (MgPa) plays a critical function in the adhering and subsequent invasion into host cells. Our prior studies verified that cyclophilin A (CypA) was the receptor of MgPa on human urethral epithelial cells (SV-HUC-1) membrane and could induce pro-inflammatory cytokines production through the CypA-CD147-ERK-NF-κB pathway. This research aims to understand how MgPa interacts with its membrane receptor CypA to cause apoptosis in host cells. We employed flow cytometry to see if MgPa prevents or enhances apoptosis of SV-HUC-1 cells. The apoptosis-related proteins such as Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3 were assayed using Western blot. Results suggested that MgPa could inhibit the apoptosis of SV-HUC-1 cells. And we demonstrated that interference with the expression of CypA or CD147 significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of MgPa on SV-HUC-1 cells apoptosis, indicating that MgPa inhibited urothelial cells apoptosis through CypA/CD147. Furthermore, we discovered that MgPa regulates the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway through CypA/CD147 to inhibit SV-HUC-1 cells apoptosis. Ultimately, the inhibitory effect of MgPa on the apoptosis of the urothelial epithelial cells extracted from CypA-knockout mice was validated by Annexin V/PI assay. The results corroborated that MgPa could also inhibit mouse urothelial epithelial cells apoptosis. In summary, we demonstrated that MgPa could inhibit SV-HUC-1 cells apoptosis via regulating the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway through CypA/CD147, providing experimental evidence for elucidating the survival strategies of M. genitalium in host cells. KEY POINTS: • M. genitalium protein of adhesion inhibited human urethral epithelial cells apoptosis through CypA-CD147 activating the signal pathway of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB • The knockdown of CypA and CD147 could downregulate the M. genitalium -activated PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in SV-HUC-1 cells • MgPa could inhibit the apoptosis of normal C57BL mouse primary urethral epithelial cells, but not for CypA-knockout C57BL mouse primary urethral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Liao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
- Center of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou of University of South China, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Kailan Peng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyuan Ye
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang City, Hunan Province, 421001, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Dawood A, Algharib SA, Zhao G, Zhu T, Qi M, Delai K, Hao Z, Marawan MA, Shirani I, Guo A. Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855731. [PMID: 35646746 PMCID: PMC9137434 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host's immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Prasad SK, Bhat S, Shashank D, C R A, R S, Rachtanapun P, Devegowda D, Santhekadur PK, Sommano SR. Bacteria-Mediated Oncogenesis and the Underlying Molecular Intricacies: What We Know So Far. Front Oncol 2022; 12:836004. [PMID: 35480118 PMCID: PMC9036991 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.836004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers are known to have multifactorial etiology. Certain bacteria and viruses are proven carcinogens. Lately, there has been in-depth research investigating carcinogenic capabilities of some bacteria. Reports indicate that chronic inflammation and harmful bacterial metabolites to be strong promoters of neoplasticity. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric adenocarcinoma is the best illustration of the chronic inflammation paradigm of oncogenesis. Chronic inflammation, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is hypothesized to cause cancerous cell proliferation. Other possible bacteria-dependent mechanisms and virulence factors have also been suspected of playing a vital role in the bacteria-induced-cancer(s). Numerous attempts have been made to explore and establish the possible relationship between the two. With the growing concerns on anti-microbial resistance and over-dependence of mankind on antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, it must be deemed critical to understand and identify carcinogenic bacteria, to establish their role in causing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashanka K Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Smitha Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Dharini Shashank
- Department of General Surgery, Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya, India
| | - Akshatha C R
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - Sindhu R
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Devananda Devegowda
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSSAHER), Mysuru, India
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Cluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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7
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Tantengco OAG, Aquino IMC, de Castro Silva M, Rojo RD, Abad CLR. Association of mycoplasma with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 75:102021. [PMID: 34517226 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are emerging sexually transmitted pathogens usually associated with male urinary tract infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), infertility, and prostate cancer. In this study, we review the evidence linking mycoplasma infection and prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases were reviewed through January 31, 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if odds ratio for prevalence or incidence of colonization and/or infection were provided or calculable. All included studies were evaluated independently by three reviewers. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Case-Control Studies. Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager Version 5.4. A total of 183/744 (24.6 %) patients with prostate cancer compared to 87/495 (17.58 %) patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tested positive for Mycoplasma spp., while 86/666 (12.91 %) and 11/388 (2.84 %) prostate cancer patients and BPH patients, respectively, had Ureaplasma spp. infections. This meta-analysis showed that prostate cancer patients had 2.24 times higher odds (p = 0.0005) of being colonized with any species of Mycoplasma spp. and 3.6 times increased odds (p = 0.008) of being colonized with any species of Ureaplasma spp. In conclusion, patients with prostate cancer were more likely to be colonized with Mycoplasma spp. or Ureaplasma spp. compared to patients with BPH, which highlights the potential association between chronic infection and cancer. However, more studies are needed to determine the specific role that mycoplasma plays in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inah Marie C Aquino
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mariana de Castro Silva
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raniv D Rojo
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Cybele Lara R Abad
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines.
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8
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The Relationship between Mycoplasmas and Cancer: Is It Fact or Fiction ? Narrative Review and Update on the Situation. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:9986550. [PMID: 34373693 PMCID: PMC8349275 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9986550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
More than one million new cancer cases occur worldwide every year. Although many clinical trials are applied and recent diagnostic tools are employed, curing cancer disease is still a great challenge for mankind. Heredity and epigenetics are the main risk factors often related to cancer. Although, the infectious etiological role in carcinogenesis was also theorized. By establishing chronic infection and inflammation in their hosts, several microorganisms were suggested to cause cell transformation. Of these suspicious microorganisms, mycoplasmas were well regarded because of their intimate parasitism with host cells, as well as their silent and insidious role during infections. This assumption has opened many questions about the real role played by mycoplasmas in oncogenesis. Herein, we presented a sum up of many studies among the hundreds which had addressed the Mycoplasma-cancer topic over the past 50 years. Research studies in this field have first started by approving the mycoplasmas malignancy potential. Indeed, using animal models and in vitro experiments in various cell lines from human and other mammalians, many mycoplasmas were proven to cause varied modifications leading to cell transformation. Moreover, many studies have looked upon the Mycoplasma-cancer subject from an epidemiological point of view. Diverse techniques were used to assess the mycoplasmas prevalence in patients with cancer from different countries. Not less than 10 Mycoplasma species were detected in the context of at least 15 cancer types affecting the brain, the breast, the lymphatic system, and different organs in the genitourinary, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts. Based on these revelations, one should concede that detection of mycoplasmas often linked to ‘‘wolf in sheep's clothing” is not a coincidence and might have a role in cancer. Thorough investigations are needed to better elucidate this role. This would have a substantial impact on the improvement of cancer diagnosis and its prevention.
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9
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Henriquez FL, Mooney R, Bandel T, Giammarini E, Zeroual M, Fiori PL, Margarita V, Rappelli P, Dessì D. Paradigms of Protist/Bacteria Symbioses Affecting Human Health: Acanthamoeba species and Trichomonas vaginalis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:616213. [PMID: 33488560 PMCID: PMC7817646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.616213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the publication of the seminal paper by Lynn Margulis in 1967 proposing the theory of the endosymbiotic origin of organelles, the study of the symbiotic relationships between unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes has received ever-growing attention by microbiologists and evolutionists alike. While the evolutionary significance of the endosymbiotic associations within protists has emerged and is intensively studied, the impact of these relationships on human health has been seldom taken into account. Microbial endosymbioses involving human eukaryotic pathogens are not common, and the sexually transmitted obligate parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and the free-living opportunistic pathogen Acanthamoeba represent two unique cases in this regard, to date. The reasons of this peculiarity for T. vaginalis and Acanthamoeba may be due to their lifestyles, characterized by bacteria-rich environments. However, this characteristic does not fully explain the reason why no bacterial endosymbiont has yet been detected in unicellular eukaryotic human pathogens other than in T. vaginalis and Acanthamoeba, albeit sparse and poorly investigated examples of morphological identification of bacteria-like microorganisms associated with Giardia and Entamoeba were reported in the past. In this review article we will present the body of experimental evidences revealing the profound effects of these examples of protist/bacteria symbiosis on the pathogenesis of the microbial species involved, and ultimately their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Henriquez
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Ronnie Mooney
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bandel
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Giammarini
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Zeroual
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Margarita
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Rappelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Dessì
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
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10
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Mycoplasmas-Host Interaction: Mechanisms of Inflammation and Association with Cellular Transformation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091351. [PMID: 32899663 PMCID: PMC7565387 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating prokaryotes. Located everywhere in nature, they are widespread as parasites of humans, mammals, reptiles, fish, arthropods, and plants. They usually exhibiting organ and tissue specificity. Mycoplasmas belong to the class named Mollicutes (mollis = soft and cutis = skin, in Latin), and their small size and absence of a cell wall contribute to distinguish them from other bacteria. Mycoplasma species are found both outside the cells as membrane surface parasites and inside the cells, where they become intracellular residents as "silent parasites". In humans, some Mycoplasma species are found as commensal inhabitants, while others have a significant impact on the cellular metabolism and physiology. Mollicutes lack typical bacterial PAMPs (e.g., lipoteichoic acid, flagellin, and some lipopolysaccharides) and consequently the exact molecular mechanisms of Mycoplasmas' recognition by the cells of the immune system is the subjects of several researches for its pathogenic implications. It is well known that several strains of Mycoplasma suppress the transcriptional activity of p53, resulting in reduced apoptosis of damaged cells. In addition, some Mycoplasmas were reported to have oncogenic potential since they demonstrated not just accumulation of abnormalities but also phenotypic changes of the cells. Aim of this review is to provide an update of the current literature that implicates Mycoplasmas in triggering inflammation and altering critical cellular pathways, thus providing a better insight into potential mechanisms of cellular transformation.
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11
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Dowling AJ, Hill GE, Bonneaud C. Multiple differences in pathogen-host cell interactions following a bacterial host shift. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6779. [PMID: 32322086 PMCID: PMC7176683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel disease emergence is often associated with changes in pathogen traits that enable pathogen colonisation, persistence and transmission in the novel host environment. While understanding the mechanisms underlying disease emergence is likely to have critical implications for preventing infectious outbreaks, such knowledge is often based on studies of viral pathogens, despite the fact that bacterial pathogens may exhibit very different life histories. Here, we investigate the ability of epizootic outbreak strains of the bacterial pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, which jumped from poultry into North American house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), to interact with model avian cells. We found that house finch epizootic outbreak strains of M. gallisepticum displayed a greater ability to adhere to, invade, persist within and exit from cultured chicken embryonic fibroblasts, than the reference virulent (R_low) and attenuated (R_high) poultry strains. Furthermore, unlike the poultry strains, the house finch epizootic outbreak strain HF_1994 displayed a striking lack of cytotoxicity, even exerting a cytoprotective effect on avian cells. Our results suggest that, at epizootic outbreak in house finches, M. gallisepticum was particularly adept at using the intra-cellular environment, which may have facilitated colonisation, dissemination and immune evasion within the novel finch host. Whether this high-invasion phenotype is similarly displayed in interactions with house finch cells, and whether it contributed to the success of the host shift, remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Dowling
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Geoffrey E Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL36849-5414, USA
| | - Camille Bonneaud
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK.
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12
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Effects of Mycoplasmas on the Host Cell Signaling Pathways. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040308. [PMID: 32331465 PMCID: PMC7238135 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms. Reduced sizes of their genomes put constraints on the ability of these bacteria to live autonomously and make them highly dependent on the nutrients produced by host cells. Importantly, at the organism level, mycoplasmal infections may cause pathological changes to the host, including cancer and severe immunological reactions. At the molecular level, mycoplasmas often activate the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) inflammatory response and concomitantly inhibit the p53-mediated response, which normally triggers the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, mycoplasmal infections may be considered as cancer-associated factors. At the same time, mycoplasmas through their membrane lipoproteins (LAMPs) along with lipoprotein derivatives (lipopeptide MALP-2, macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2) are able to modulate anti-inflammatory responses via nuclear translocation and activation of Nrf2 (the nuclear factor-E2-related anti-inflammatory transcription factor 2). Thus, interactions between mycoplasmas and host cells are multifaceted and depend on the cellular context. In this review, we summarize the current information on the role of mycoplasmas in affecting the host’s intracellular signaling mediated by the interactions between transcriptional factors p53, Nrf2, and NF-κB. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathologic processes associated with reprogramming eukaryotic cells that arise during the mycoplasma-host cell interaction should facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat oncogenic and inflammatory processes.
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13
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Role of Mycoplasma Chaperone DnaK in Cellular Transformation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041311. [PMID: 32075244 PMCID: PMC7072988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the human microbiome have elucidated an array of complex interactions between prokaryotes and their hosts. However, precise bacterial pathogen-cancer relationships remain largely elusive, although several bacteria, particularly those establishing persistent intra-cellular infections, like mycoplasmas, can alter host cell cycles, affect apoptotic pathways, and stimulate the production of inflammatory substances linked to DNA damage, thus potentially promoting abnormal cell growth and transformation. Consistent with this idea, in vivo experiments in several chemically induced or genetically deficient mouse models showed that germ-free conditions reduce colonic tumor formation. We demonstrate that mycoplasma DnaK, a chaperone protein belonging to the Heath shock protein (Hsp)-70 family, binds Poly-(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP)-1, a protein that plays a critical role in the pathways involved in recognition of DNA damage and repair, and reduces its catalytic activity. It also binds USP10, a key p53 regulator, reducing p53 stability and anti-cancer functions. Finally, we showed that bystander, uninfected cells take up exogenous DnaK-suggesting a possible paracrine function in promoting cellular transformation, over and above direct mycoplasma infection. We propose that mycoplasmas, and perhaps certain other bacteria with closely related DnaK, may have oncogenic activity, mediated through the inhibition of DNA repair and p53 functions, and may be involved in the initiation of some cancers but not necessarily involved nor necessarily even be present in later stages.
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14
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Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that control the transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA by binding to specific DNA sequences either on their own or with other proteins as a complex. TFs thus support or suppress the recruitment of the corresponding RNA polymerase. In general, TFs are classified by structure or function. The TF, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), is expressed in all cell types and tissues. NF-κB signaling and crosstalk are involved in several steps of carcinogenesis including in sequences involving pathogenic stimulus, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, establishment of its remodeling to the precancerous niche (PCN) and transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell. Triggered by various inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB is activated along with other TFs with subsequent stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. The involvement of NF-κB in carcinogenesis provides an opportunity to develop anti-NF-κB therapies. The complexity of these interactions requires that we elucidate those aspects of NF-κB interactions that play a role in carcinogenesis, the sequence of events leading to cancer.
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15
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Miyake M, Ohnishi K, Hori S, Nakano A, Nakano R, Yano H, Ohnishi S, Owari T, Morizawa Y, Itami Y, Nakai Y, Inoue T, Anai S, Torimoto K, Tanaka N, Fujii T, Furuya H, Rosser CJ, Fujimoto K. Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Chronic Inflammation in Human Prostate Cancer: Detection Using Prostatectomy and Needle Biopsy Specimens. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030212. [PMID: 30832347 PMCID: PMC6468796 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence of association between sexually transmitted infection and prostatic inflammation in human prostate cancer (PCa) is limited. Here, we sought to examine the potential association of prostatic infection with the inflammatory environment and prostate carcinogenesis. We screened surgical and biopsy specimens from 45 patients with PCa against a panel of sexually transmitted infection-related organisms using polymerase chain reaction and examined the severity of intraprostatic inflammation by pathologic examination. Among tested organisms, the rate of Mycoplasma genitalium (Mg) infection was significantly different between the prostate cancer cohort and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) cohort (P = 0.03). Mg infection in the surgical specimens was associated with younger patients. The rate of extensive disease (pT2c–3b) was higher in Mg-positive patients than in Mg-negative patients (P = 0.027). No significant correlation was observed between Mg infection status and the grade of intraprostatic inflammation. The detection sensitivity of biopsy specimens was 61% for Mg and 60% for human papillomavirus (HPV)18, indicating possible clinical application of this material. A comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the urogenital microbiome and inflammation would facilitate the development of strategies for PCa prevention. Further studies are required to explore its clinical utility in recommendations of early re-biopsy, close follow-up, and treatment by antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makito Miyake
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Kenta Ohnishi
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Shunta Hori
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Akiyo Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Ryuichi Nakano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Hisakazu Yano
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Ohnishi
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Takuya Owari
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Morizawa
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Itami
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Nakai
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Anai
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Torimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Nobumichi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Fujii
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Hideki Furuya
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Charles J Rosser
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Kiyohide Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
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16
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Santos VSV, Silveira E, Pereira BB. Toxicity and applications of surfactin for health and environmental biotechnology. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 21:382-399. [PMID: 30614421 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1564712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Characterized as one of the most potent biosurfactants, surfactin is a cyclic lipopeptide synthesized by several strains of Bacillus genus. The aim of this review was to present the physicochemical and structural properties of surfactin and to demonstrate advances and applications of this biosurfactant for health and environmental biotechnology. Further, this review also focused on toxicological effects of surfactin on in vivo and in in vitro systems. The hydrophobic nature of surfactin enables interaction with membrane-bound phospholipids and indicates the ability of the molecule to act as a new weapon with respect to therapeutic and environmental properties. Seeking to avoid environmental contamination produced by widespread use of synthetic surfactants, surfactin emerges as a biological control agent against pathogen species owing to its antibacterial and antiviral properties. In addition, the mosquitocidal activity of surfactin was suggested as new strategy to control disease vectors. The current findings warrant future research to assess the toxicity of surfactin to enable an optimizing anticancer therapy and to seek refined methodologies, including nanotechnology techniques, to allow for an improved delivery of the biogenic molecule on target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Santana Vieira Santos
- a Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health , Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
- b Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Edgar Silveira
- b Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- a Department of Environmental Health, Laboratory of Environmental Health , Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
- b Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Brazil
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17
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Borchsenius SN, Daks A, Fedorova O, Chernova O, Barlev NA. Effects of mycoplasma infection on the host organism response via p53/NF‐κB signaling. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:171-180. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
| | - Olga Chernova
- Kazan Scientific Center Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Laboratory “Omics Technology”, Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan Russia
| | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation Saint‐Petersburg Russia
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18
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Boyarskikh UA, Shadrina AS, Smetanina MA, Tsepilov YA, Oscorbin IP, Kozlov VV, Kel AE, Filipenko ML. Mycoplasma hyorhinis reduces sensitivity of human lung carcinoma cells to Nutlin-3 and promotes their malignant phenotype. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1289-1300. [PMID: 29737431 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MDM2 inhibitors are promising anticancer agents that induce cell cycle arrest and tumor cells death via p53 reactivation. We examined the influence of Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection on sensitivity of human lung carcinoma cells NCI-H292 to MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3. In order to unveil possible mechanisms underlying the revealed effect, we investigated gene expression changes and signal transduction networks activated in NCI-H292 cells in response to mycoplasma infection. METHODS Sensitivity of NCI-Н292 cells to Nutlin-3 was estimated by resazurin-based cell viability assay. Genome-wide transcriptional profiles of NCI-H292 and NCI-Н292Myc.h cell lines were determined using Illumina Human HT-12 v3 Expression BeadChip. Search for key transcription factors and key node molecules was performed using the geneXplain platform. Ability for anchorage-independent growth was tested by soft agar colony formation assay. RESULTS NCI-Н292Myc.h cells were shown to be 1.5- and 5.2-fold more resistant to killing by Nutlin-3 at concentrations of 15 and 30 µM than uninfected NCI-Н292 cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of multiple genes involved in cancer progression and metastasis as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, we have shown experimentally that NCI-Н292Myc.h cells were more capable of growing and dividing without binding to a substrate. The most likely mechanism explaining the observed changes was found to be TLR4- and IL-1b-mediated activation of NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that mycoplasma infection is an important factor modulating the effect of MDM2 inhibitors on cancer cells and is able to induce EMT-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uljana A Boyarskikh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexandra S Shadrina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Mariya A Smetanina
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Yakov A Tsepilov
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Institute of Cytology and Genetics, 10 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Igor P Oscorbin
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vadim V Kozlov
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Center, 2 Plakhotnogo Street, Novosibirsk, 630108, Russia
| | - Alexander E Kel
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Department of Research and Development, geneXplain GmbH, Am Exer 10b, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Maxim L Filipenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentjev Avenue, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Street, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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19
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Zakariah M, Khan S, Chaudhary AA, Rolfo C, Ben Ismail MM, Alotaibi YA. To Decipher the Mycoplasma hominis Proteins Targeting into the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Their Implications in Prostate Cancer Etiology Using Next-Generation Sequencing Data. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23050994. [PMID: 29695086 PMCID: PMC6099661 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23050994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer was initially considered a genetic disease. However, recent studies have revealed the connection between bacterial infections and growth of different types of cancer. The enteroinvasive strain of Mycoplasma hominis alters the normal behavior of host cells that may result in the growth of prostate cancer. The role of M. hominis in the growth and development of prostate cancer still remains unclear. The infection may regulate several factors that influence prostate cancer growth in susceptible individuals. The aim of this study was to predict M. hominis proteins targeted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the host cell, and their potential role in the induction of prostate cancer. From the whole proteome of M. hominis, 19 proteins were predicted to be targeted into the ER of host cells. The results of our study predict that several proteins of M. hominis may be targeted to the host cell ER, and possibly alter the normal pattern of protein folding. These predicted proteins can modify the normal function of the host cell. Thus, the intercellular infection of M. hominis in host cells may serve as a potential factor in prostate cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zakariah
- Research Center, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine & Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 2457, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar 251002, UP, India.
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, "Centre for Oncological Research (CORE)", 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Mohamed Maher Ben Ismail
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yousef Ajami Alotaibi
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Burns AR, Watral V, Sichel S, Spagnoli S, Banse AV, Mittge E, Sharpton TJ, Guillemin K, Kent ML. Transmission of a common intestinal neoplasm in zebrafish by cohabitation. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:569-579. [PMID: 29023774 PMCID: PMC5844789 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal neoplasms are common in zebrafish (Danio rerio) research facilities. These tumours are most often seen in older fish and are classified as small cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas. Affected fish populations always contain subpopulations with preneoplastic lesions, characterized by epithelial hyperplasia or inflammation. Previous observations indicated that these tumours are unlikely caused by diet, water quality or genetic background, suggesting an infectious aetiology. We performed five transmission experiments by exposure of naïve fish to affected donor fish by cohabitation or exposure to tank effluent water. Intestinal lesions were observed in recipient fish in all exposure groups, including transmissions from previous recipient fish, and moribund fish exhibited a higher prevalence of neoplasms. We found a single 16S rRNA sequence, most similar to Mycoplasma penetrans, to be highly enriched in the donors and exposed recipients compared to unexposed control fish. We further tracked the presence of the Mycoplasma sp. using a targeted PCR test on individual dissected intestines or faeces or tank faeces. Original donor and exposed fish populations were positive for Mycoplasma, while corresponding unexposed control fish were negative. This study indicates an infectious aetiology for these transmissible tumours of zebrafish and suggests a possible candidate agent of a Mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Burns
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Virginia. Watral
- Department of Microbiology Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Sophie Sichel
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Sean Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Allison V. Banse
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Erika Mittge
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
| | - Thomas J. Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
- Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Michael L. Kent
- Department of Microbiology Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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21
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Khan S, Zakariah M, Rolfo C, Robrecht L, Palaniappan S. Prediction of mycoplasma hominis proteins targeting in mitochondria and cytoplasm of host cells and their implication in prostate cancer etiology. Oncotarget 2018; 8:30830-30843. [PMID: 27027344 PMCID: PMC5458171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the idea of bacteria causing different types of cancer has exploded about century ago, the potential mechanisms of carcinogenesis is still not well established. Many reports showed the involvement of M. hominis in the development of prostate cancer, however, mechanistic approach for growth and development of prostate cancer has been poorly understood. In the current study, we predicted M. hominis proteins targeting in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of host cells and their implication in prostate cancer. A total of 77 and 320 proteins from M. hominis proteome were predicted to target in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of host cells respectively. In particular, various targeted proteins may interfere with normal growth behaviour of host cells, thereby altering the decision of programmed cell death. Furthermore, we investigated possible mechanisms of the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic targeted proteins of M. hominis in etiology of prostate cancer by screening the whole proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine & Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Mohammed Zakariah
- Research Center, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I- Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, "Centre for Oncological Research (CORE)", Edegem, Belgium
| | - Lembrechts Robrecht
- Phase I- Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department, Antwerp University Hospital, "Centre for Oncological Research (CORE)", Edegem, Belgium
| | - Sellappan Palaniappan
- School of Science and Engineeringing, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Selangor, Malaysia
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22
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May Z, Kumar R, Fuehrmann T, Tam R, Vulic K, Forero J, Lucas Osma A, Fenrich K, Assinck P, Lee MJ, Moulson A, Shoichet MS, Tetzlaff W, Biernaskie J, Fouad K. Adult skin-derived precursor Schwann cell grafts form growths in the injured spinal cord of Fischer rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:034101. [PMID: 29068322 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa95f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, GFP+ skin-derived precursor Schwann cells (SKP-SCs) from adult rats were grafted into the injured spinal cord of immunosuppressed rats. Our goal was to improve grafted cell survival in the injured spinal cord, which is typically low. Cells were grafted in hyaluronan-methylcellulose hydrogel (HAMC) or hyaluronan-methylcellulose modified with laminin- and fibronectin-derived peptide sequences (eHAMC). The criteria for selection of hyaluronan was for its shear-thinning properties, making the hydrogel easy to inject, methylcellulose for its inverse thermal gelation, helping to keep grafted cells in situ, and fibronectin and laminin to improve cell attachment and, thus, prevent cell death due to dissociation from substrate molecules (i.e., anoikis). Post-mortem examination revealed large masses of GFP+ SKP-SCs in the spinal cords of rats that received cells in HAMC (5 out of n = 8) and eHAMC (6 out of n = 8). Cell transplantation in eHAMC caused significantly greater spinal lesions compared to lesion and eHAMC only control groups. A parallel study showed similar masses in the contused spinal cord of rats after transplantation of adult GFP+ SKP-SCs without a hydrogel or immunosuppression. These findings suggest that adult GFP+ SKP-SCs, cultured/transplanted under the conditions described here, have a capacity for uncontrolled proliferation. Growth-formation in pre-clinical research has also been documented after transplantation of: human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (Itakura et al 2015 PLoS One 10 e0116413), embryonic stem cells and embryonic stem cell-derived neurons (Brederlau et al 2006 Stem Cells 24 1433-40; Dressel et al 2008 PLoS One 3 e2622), bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (Jeong et al 2011 Circ. Res. 108 1340-47) and rat nerve-derived SCs following in vitro expansion for >11 passages (Funk et al 2007 Eur. J. Cell Biol. 86 207-19; Langford et al 1988 J. Neurocytology 17 521-9; Morrissey et al 1991 J. Neurosci. 11 2433-42). It is of upmost importance to define the precise culture/transplantation parameters for maintenance of normal cell function and safe and effective use of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacnicte May
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
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23
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Henrich B, Kretzmer F, Deenen R, Köhrer K. Validation of a novel Mho microarray for a comprehensive characterisation of the Mycoplasma hominis action in HeLa cell infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181383. [PMID: 28753664 PMCID: PMC5533444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma hominis is the second smallest facultative pathogen of the human urogenital tract. With less than 600 protein-encoding genes, it represents an ideal model organism for the study of host-pathogen interactions. For a comprehensive characterisation of the M. hominis action in infection a customized Mho microarray, which was based on two genome sequences (PG21 and LBD-4), was designed to analyze the dynamics of the mycoplasma transcriptome during infection and validated for M. hominis strain FBG. RNA preparation was evaluated and adapted to ensure the highest recovery of mycoplasmal mRNAs from in vitro HeLa cell infection assays. Following cRNA hybridization, the read-out strategy of the hybridization results was optimized and confirmed by RT-PCR. A statistically robust infection assay with M. hominis strain FBG enabled the identification of differentially regulated key effector molecules such as critical cytoadhesins (4 h post infection (pI)), invasins (48 h pI) and proteins associated with establishing chronic infection of the host (336 h pI). Of the 294 differentially regulated genes (>2-fold) 128 (43.5%) encoded hypothetical proteins, including lipoproteins that seem to play a central role as virulence factors at each stage of infection: P75 as a novel cytoadhesin candidate, which is also differentially upregulated in chronic infection; the MHO_2100 protein, a postulated invasin and the MHO_730-protein, a novel ecto-nuclease and domain of an ABC transporter, the function of which in chronic infection has still to be elucidated. Implementation of the M. hominis microarray strategy led to a comprehensive identification of to date unknown candidates for virulence factors at relevant stages of host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Henrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Freya Kretzmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty of Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Centre (BMFZ), Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Adebamowo SN, Ma B, Zella D, Famooto A, Ravel J, Adebamowo C. Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium in the Vaginal Microbiota and Persistent High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection. Front Public Health 2017; 5:140. [PMID: 28695118 PMCID: PMC5483445 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that the vaginal microenvironment plays a role in persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection and thus cervical carcinogenesis. Furthermore, it has been shown that some mycoplasmas are efficient methylators and may facilitate carcinogenesis through methylation of hrHPV and cervical somatic cells. We examined associations between prevalence and persistence of Mycoplasma spp. in the vaginal microbiota, and prevalent as well as persistent hrHPV infections. Methods We examined 194 Nigerian women who were tested for hrHPV infection using SPF25/LiPA10 and we identified Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma hominis in their vaginal microbiota established by sequencing the V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. We defined the prevalence of M. genitalium, M. hominis, and hrHPV based on positive result of baseline tests, while persistence was defined as positive results from two consecutive tests. We used exact logistic regression models to estimate associations between Mycoplasma spp. and hrHPV infections. Results The mean (SD) age of the study participants was 38 (8) years, 71% were HIV positive, 30% M. genitalium positive, 45% M. hominis positive, and 40% hrHPV positive at baseline. At follow-up, 16% of the women remained positive for M. genitalium, 30% for M. hominis, and 31% for hrHPV. There was a significant association between persistent M. hominis and persistent hrHPV (OR 8.78, 95% CI 1.49–51.6, p 0.01). Women who were positive for HIV and had persistent M. hominis had threefold increase in the odds of having persistent hrHPV infection (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.31–8.74, p 0.008), compared to women who were negative for both. Conclusion We found significant association between persistent M. hominis in the vaginal microbiota and persistent hrHPV in this study, but we could not rule out reverse causation. Our findings need to be replicated in larger, longitudinal studies and if confirmed, could have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally N Adebamowo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,University of Maryland Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bing Ma
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clement Adebamowo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,University of Maryland Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Institute of Research Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
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25
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Benedetti F, Curreli S, Krishnan S, Davinelli S, Cocchi F, Scapagnini G, Gallo RC, Zella D. Anti-inflammatory effects of H 2S during acute bacterial infection: a review. J Transl Med 2017; 15:100. [PMID: 28490346 PMCID: PMC5424385 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1206-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), previously only considered a toxic environmental air pollutant, is now increasingly recognized as an important signaling molecule able to modulate several cellular pathways in many human tissues. As demonstrated in recent studies, H2S is produced endogenously in response to different cellular stimuli and plays different roles in controlling a number of physiological responses. The precise role of H2S in inflammation is still largely unknown. In particular, the role of H2S in the regulation of the inflammatory response in acute and chronic infections is being actively investigated because of its potential therapeutic use. To study the effect of H2S as an anti-inflammatory mediator during bacterial infections, we developed an ex vivo model of primary cells and cell lines infected with Mycoplasma. Our data demonstrate a dichotomic effect of H2S on the NF-kB and Nrf-2 molecular pathways, which were inhibited and stimulated, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Benedetti
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Sabrina Curreli
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Selvi Krishnan
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Cocchi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Robert C Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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26
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Hettmann A, Demcsák A, Decsi G, Bach Á, Pálinkó D, Rovó L, Nagy K, Takács M, Minarovits J. Infectious Agents Associated with Head and Neck Carcinomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 897:63-80. [PMID: 26563307 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to traditional risk factors such as smoking habits and alcohol consumption, certain microbes also play an important role in the generation of head and neck carcinomas. Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus types is strongly associated with the development of oropharyngeal carcinoma, and Epstein-Barr virus appears to be indispensable for the development of non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Other viruses including torque teno virus and hepatitis C virus may act as co-carcinogens, increasing the risk of malignant transformation. A shift in the composition of the oral microbiome was associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma, although the causal or casual role of oral bacteria remains to be clarified. Conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde, a mutagenic compound, by members of the oral microflora as well as by fungi including Candida albicans and others is a potential mechanism that may increase oral cancer risk. In addition, distinct Candida spp. also produce NBMA (N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine), a potent carcinogen. Inflammatory processes elicited by microbes may also facilitate tumorigenesis in the head and neck region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hettmann
- Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Albert F. ut 2-6, H-1097, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anett Demcsák
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Decsi
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Bach
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, University of Szeged, Tisza L. krt. 111, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Pálinkó
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, University of Szeged, Tisza L. krt. 111, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Rovó
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, University of Szeged, Tisza L. krt. 111, H-6725, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Nagy
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Szeged, Tisza Lajos krt. 64, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Takács
- Division of Virology, National Center for Epidemiology, Albert F. ut 2-6, H-1097, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Minarovits
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology and Experimental Dental Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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27
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies the pathogenesis of influenza A virus in the avian tracheal epithelium. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:174-86. [PMID: 27079856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple respiratory infections have a significant impact on health and economy. Pathogenesis of co-infecting viruses and bacteria and their interaction with mucosal surfaces are poorly characterized. In this study we established a co-infection model based on pre-incubation of tracheal organ cultures (TOC) with Mycoplasma (M.) gallisepticum and a subsequent infection with avian influenza virus (AIV). Mycoplasma gallisepticum modified the pathogenesis of AIV as demonstrated in TOC of two different avian species (chickens and turkeys). Co-infection promoted bacterial growth in tracheal epithelium. Depending on the interaction time of M. gallisepticum with the host cells, AIV replication was either promoted or suppressed. M. gallisepticum inhibited the antiviral gene expression and affected AIV attachment to the host cell by desialylation of α-2,3 linked sialic acids. Ultrastructural analysis of co-infected TOC suggests that both pathogens may attach to and possibly infect the same epithelial cell. The obtained results contribute to better understanding of the interaction dynamics between M. gallisepticum and AIV. They highlight the importance of the time interval between infections as well as the biological properties of the involved pathogens as influencing factors in the outcome of respiratory infections.
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28
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Khan S, Zakariah M, Palaniappan S. Computational prediction of Mycoplasma hominis proteins targeting in nucleus of host cell and their implication in prostate cancer etiology. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10805-13. [PMID: 26874727 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has long been assumed to be a genetic disease. However, recent evidence supports the enigmatic connection of bacterial infection with the growth and development of various types of cancers. The cause and mechanism of the growth and development of prostate cancer due to Mycoplasma hominis remain unclear. Prostate cancer cells are infected and colonized by enteroinvasive M. hominis, which controls several factors that can affect prostate cancer growth in susceptible persons. We investigated M. hominis proteins targeting the nucleus of host cells and their implications in prostate cancer etiology. Many vital processes are controlled in the nucleus, where the proteins targeting M. hominis may have various potential implications. A total of 29/563 M. hominis proteins were predicted to target the nucleus of host cells. These include numerous proteins with the capability to alter normal growth activities. In conclusion, our results emphasize that various proteins of M. hominis targeted the nucleus of host cells and were involved in prostate cancer etiology through different mechanisms and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine & Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, UP, India.
| | - Mohammed Zakariah
- Research Center, College of Computer and Information Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sellappan Palaniappan
- School of Science and Engineering, Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
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29
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The Mycoplasma hyorhinis p37 Protein Rapidly Induces Genes in Fibroblasts Associated with Inflammation and Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140753. [PMID: 26512722 PMCID: PMC4626034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The p37 protein at the surface of Mycoplasma hyorhinis cells forms part of a high-affinity transport system and has been found associated with animal and human cancers. Here we show in NIH3T3 fibroblasts, p37 rapidly induces the expression of genes implicated in inflammation and cancer progression. This gene activation was principally via the Tlr4 receptor. Activity was lost from p37 when the C-terminal 20 amino acids were removed or the four amino acids specific for the hydrogen bonding of thiamine pyrophosphate had been replaced by valine. Blocking the IL6 receptor or inhibiting STAT3 signalling resulted in increased p37-induced gene expression. Since cancer associated fibroblasts support growth, invasion and metastasis via their ability to regulate tumour-related inflammation, the rapid induction in fibroblasts of pro-inflammatory genes by p37 might be expected to influence cancer development.
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30
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Patil S, Rao RS, Raj AT. Role of Mycoplasma in the Initiation and Progression of Oral Cancer. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7:i-ii. [PMID: 26229390 PMCID: PMC4513787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Thirumal Raj
- Post-graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
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31
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Amorim AT, Marques LM, Santos AMOG, Martins HB, Barbosa MS, Rezende IS, Andrade EF, Campos GB, Lobão TN, Cortez BA, Monezi TA, Machado-Santelli GM, Timenetsky J. Apoptosis in HEp-2 cells infected with Ureaplasma diversum. Biol Res 2014; 47:38. [PMID: 25299837 PMCID: PMC4167145 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial pathogens have many strategies for infecting and persisting in host cells. Adhesion, invasion and intracellular life are important features in the biology of mollicutes. The intracellular location of Ureaplasma diversum may trigger disturbances in the host cell. This includes activation or inhibition of pro and anti-apoptotic factors, which facilitate the development of host damage. The aim of the present study was to associate U. diversum infection in HEp-2 cells and apoptosis induction. Cells were infected for 72hs with four U. diversum clinical isolates and an ATCC strain. The U. diversum invasion was analyzed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and gentamicin invasion assay. The apoptosis was evaluated using pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression, and FITC Annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit. RESULTS The number of internalized ureaplasma in HEp-2 cells increased significantly throughout the infection. The flow cytometry analysis with fluorochromes to detect membrane depolarization and gene expression for caspase 2, 3 and 9 increased in infected cells after 24 hours. However, after 72 hours a considerable decrease of apoptotic cells was observed. CONCLUSIONS The data suggests that apoptosis may be initially induced by some isolates in association with HEp-2 cells, but over time, there was no evidence of apoptosis in the presence of ureaplasma and HEp-2 cells. The initial increase and then decrease in apoptosis could be related to bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPS). Moreover, the isolates of U. diversum presented differences in the studied parameters for apoptosis. It was also observed that the amount of microorganisms was not proportional to the induction of apoptosis in HEp-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Teixeira Amorim
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Hellen Braga Martins
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Izadora Souza Rezende
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Ewerton Ferraz Andrade
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Tecnologia em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Barreto Campos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tássia Neves Lobão
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Araujo Cortez
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Telma Alvez Monezi
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Glaucia Maria Machado-Santelli
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Timenetsky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mizuki H, Kawamura T, Nagasawa D. In situ immunohistochemical detection of intracellular Mycoplasma salivarium in the epithelial cells of oral leukoplakia. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:134-44. [PMID: 25065471 PMCID: PMC4312986 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms; Mycoplasma salivarium and Mycoplasma orale are the most common species isolated from the oropharynx. Oral leukoplakia is the most prevalent potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa; its etiology has not been defined. Our previous study with DNA-binding fluorescent dye suggested the presence of mycoplasmas in the epithelial cells of leukoplakia tissue. Objective Our aim was to detect M. salivarium in the epithelial cells of leukoplakia by immunohistochemistry. Design We produced a polyclonal antibody (PAb) reactive to Mycoplasma by injecting a rabbit with M. salivarium cells (ATCC 23064) mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant and a monoclonal antibody specific to M. salivarium by injecting M. salivarium cells (ATCC 23557) mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant into the footpads of a rat. Then, we attempted to detect M. salivarium in the epithelium of leukoplakia tissues by immunohistochemistry. Results We obtained an antimycoplasma rabbit PAb reactive to all seven Mycoplasma species used in this study. Three hybridoma clones producing monoclonal antibodies specific to M. salivarium were obtained, and an M. salivarium-specific monoclonal antibody, designated 7-6H, was established. Immunohistochemistry with these antibodies revealed M. salivarium in the epithelial cells of leukoplakia with hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis on histology. PCR and sequencing verified the presence of M. salivariumDNA in the epithelial cells of leukoplakia. Conclusion Intracellular M. salivarium was identified in the epithelial cells of leukoplakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Mizuki
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
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Vande Voorde J, Balzarini J, Liekens S. Mycoplasmas and cancer: focus on nucleoside metabolism. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:300-22. [PMID: 26417262 PMCID: PMC4464442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The standard of care for patients suffering cancer often includes treatment with nucleoside analogues (NAs). NAs are internalized by cell-specific nucleobase/nucleoside transporters and, after enzymatic activation (often one or more phosphorylation steps), interfere with cellular nucleo(s)(t)ide metabolism and DNA/RNA synthesis. Therefore, their efficacy is highly dependent on the expression and activity of nucleo(s)(t)ide-metabolizing enzymes, and alterations thereof (e.g. by down/upregulated expression or mutations) may change the susceptibility to NA-based therapy and/or confer drug resistance. Apart from host cell factors, several other variables including microbial presence may determine the metabolome (i.e. metabolite concentrations) of human tissues. Studying the diversity of microorganisms that are associated with the human body has already provided new insights in several diseases (e.g. diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease) and the metabolic exchange between tissues and their specific microbiota was found to affect the bioavailability and toxicity of certain anticancer drugs, including NAs. Several studies report a preferential colonization of tumor tissues with some mycoplasma species (mostly Mycoplasma hyorhinis). These prokaryotes are also a common source of cell culture contamination and alter the cytostatic activity of some NAs in vitro due to the expression of nucleoside-catabolizing enzymes. Mycoplasma infection may therefore bias experimental work with NAs, and their presence in the tumor microenvironment could be of significance when optimizing nucleoside-based cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Vande Voorde
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x - bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x - bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, blok x - bus 1030, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Zarei O, Rezania S, Mousavi A. Mycoplasma genitalium and cancer: a brief review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3425-8. [PMID: 23886122 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately, 15-20% of all cancers worldwide are caused by infectious agents. Understanding the role of infectious agents on cancer development might be useful for developing new approaches to its prevention. Mycoplasma genitalium is a clinically important sexually transmitted pathogen that has been associated with several human diseases. There have been a few studies suggestive of probable roles of Mycoplasma genitalium in cancer development, including prostate and ovarian cancers and lymphomas, but the role of this microorganism like other Mycoplasma species in neoplasia is still conjectural. Considering the prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infections and also the emergence of resistant strains, Mycoplasma genitalium needs more attention in the infectious agent cancer-causing research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Zarei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Biomedicine Research Institute, Tabriz, Iran.
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35
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Xu Y, Li H, Chen W, Yao X, Xing Y, Wang X, Zhong J, Meng G. Mycoplasma hyorhinis activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and promotes migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77955. [PMID: 24223129 PMCID: PMC3819327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M.hyorhinis, M.hy) is associated with development of gastric and prostate cancers. The NLRP3 inflammasome, a protein complex controlling maturation of important pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, is also involved in tumorigenesis and metastasis of various cancers. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To clarify whether M.hy promoted tumor development via inflammasome activation, we analyzed monocytes for IL-1β and IL-18 production upon M.hy challenge. When exposed to M.hy, human monocytes exhibited rapid and robust IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. We further identified that lipid-associated membrane protein (LAMP) from M.hy was responsible for IL-1β induction. Applying competitive inhibitors, gene specific shRNA and gene targeted mice, we verified that M.hy induced IL-1β secretion was NLRP3-dependent in vitro and in vivo. Cathepsin B activity, K(+) efflux, Ca(2+) influx and ROS production were all required for the NLRP3 inflammasome activation by M.hy. Importantly, it is IL-1β but not IL-18 produced from macrophages challenged with M.hy promoted gastric cancer cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by M.hy may be associated with its promotion of gastric cancer metastasis, and anti-M.hy therapy or limiting NLRP3 signaling could be effective approach for control of gastric cancer progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Fu M, Chen LH, Xia G, Zhang Y. Effects of Ureaplasma urealyticum lipid-associated membrane proteins on rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1655-70. [PMID: 24097830 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513498542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives As an infectious agent might play a role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) development, this study investigated effects of Ureaplasma urealyticum lipid-associated membrane proteins (UuLAMPs) on RA synovial fibroblast (RASF) proliferation, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β production by THP-1 macrophages. Possible immunogenic proteins in UuLAMPs were identified. Methods RASFs were cultured from synovial tissue from donors with RA. Serum samples from donors with/without RA and with/without U. urealyticum infection were used for immunogenicity analyses. THP-1 macrophages served as a model for synovial macrophages. TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels were assessed using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction; protein levels were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. UuLAMPs underwent separation and Western blot analyses. Results UuLAMPs (0.025–0.4 µg/ml) stimulated RASF proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and increased TNF-α and IL-1β levels in THP-1 macrophages. Several immunogenic UuLAMPs were identified, but antibodies to a 25 kDa protein were only found in RA patients with U. urealyticum infection. Conclusions UuLAMPs might induce RASF proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in synovium from RA patients. A 25 kDa U. urealyticum protein might act as a cross-reactive antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li Hui Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangtao Xia
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanchao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Protein P37 of mycoplasma hyorhinis induces secretion of TNF-α from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03325650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Afriat R, Horowitz S, Priel E. Mycoplasma fermentans inhibits the activity of cellular DNA topoisomerase I by activation of PARP1 and alters the efficacy of its anti-cancer inhibitor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72377. [PMID: 24013388 PMCID: PMC3754970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the effects of the interaction between Mycoplasma and cells on the host cellular function, it is important to elucidate the influences of infection of cells with Mycoplasma on nuclear enzymes such as DNA Topoisomerase type I (Topo I). Human Topo I participates in DNA transaction processes and is the target of anti-cancer drugs, the camptothecins (CPTs). Here we investigated the mechanism by which infection of human tumor cells with Mycoplasma fermentans affects the activity and expression of cellular Topo I, and the anti-cancer efficacy of CPT. Human cancer cells were infected or treated with live or sonicated M. fermentans and the activity and expression of Topo I was determined. M. fermentans significantly reduced (by 80%) Topo I activity in the infected/treated tumor cells without affecting the level of Topo I protein. We demonstrate that this reduction in enzyme activity resulted from ADP-ribosylation of the Topo I protein by Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP-1). In addition, pERK was activated as a result of the induction of the MAPK signal transduction pathway by M. fermentans. Since PARP-1 was shown to be activated by pERK, we concluded that M. fermentans modified the cellular Topo I activity by activation of PARP-I via the induction of the MAPK signal transduction pathway. Moreover, the infection of tumor cells with M. fermentans diminished the inhibitory effect of CPT. The results of this study suggest that modification of Topo I activity by M. fermentans may alter cellular gene expression and the response of tumor cells to Topo I inhibitors, influencing the anti-cancer capacity of Topo I antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Afriat
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shulamith Horowitz
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Esther Priel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Kutikhin AG, Yuzhalin AE, Brusina EB. Organ Microbiota in Cancer Development: The Holy Grail of Biological Carcinogenesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5955-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Concomitant infections with human papillomavirus and various mycoplasma and ureaplasma species in women with abnormal cervical cytology. Adv Med Sci 2012; 56:299-303. [PMID: 21940266 DOI: 10.2478/v10039-011-0028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present study is to verify possible association between infections with mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas and the presence of HPV infections in women diagnosed with abnormal cervical cytology. MATERIAL/METHODS The investigation included 387 non-pregnant women among whom: 62 were diagnosed with ASCUS, 167 with LSIL, 27 with HSIL, 49 with cervical carcinomas, and 82 females with normal cytology.The presence of HPV infection and identification of both ureaplasma and mycoplasma were confirmed by PCR using specific primers. RESULTS HPV infections were demonstrated in 156 females (40%), with mycoplasmas and/or ureaplasmas were confirmed in 93 cases (24%). In HPV-positive patients, infections with mycoplasmas/ureaplasmas were more frequent, particularly for ureaplasmas (U. urealyticum p=0.004, U. parvum p=0.027). The percentage of females infected with U. urealyticum significantly increased in women diagnosed with cervical carcinoma as compared to controls.The statistical analysis demonstrated that the risk of HPV infection while already infected with any of the four analyzed species of Mycoplasmataceae increased two-fold. With concomitant of U. urealyticum infection, the risk of HPV infection was 4.7-fold greater than in the absence U. urealyticum infection. CONCLUSION Since the presence of U. urealyticum associates significantly with the HPV infection, genotyping of the ureaplasma species should be recomended.
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Yang C, Chalasani G, Ng YH, Robbins PD. Exosomes released from Mycoplasma infected tumor cells activate inhibitory B cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36138. [PMID: 22558358 PMCID: PMC3338602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas cause numerous human diseases and are common opportunistic pathogens in cancer patients and immunocompromised individuals. Mycoplasma infection elicits various host immune responses. Here we demonstrate that mycoplasma-infected tumor cells release exosomes (myco+ exosomes) that specifically activate splenic B cells and induce splenocytes cytokine production. Induction of cytokines, including the proinflammatory IFN-γ and the anti-inflammatory IL-10, was largely dependent on the presence of B cells. B cells were the major IL-10 producers. In splenocytes from B cell deficient μMT mice, induction of IFN-γ+ T cells by myco+ exosomes was greatly increased compared with wild type splenocytes. In addition, anti-CD3-stimulated T cell proliferation was greatly inhibited in the presence of myco+ exosome-treated B cells. Also, anti-CD3-stimulated T cell signaling was impaired by myco+ exosome treatment. Proteomic analysis identified mycoplasma proteins in exosomes that potentially contribute to the effects. Our results demonstrate that mycoplasma-infected tumor cells release exosomes carrying mycoplasma components that preferentially activate B cells, which in turn, are able to inhibit T cell activity. These results suggest that mycoplasmas infecting tumor cells can exploit the exosome pathway to disseminate their own components and modulate the activity of immune cells, in particular, activate B cells with inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Geetha Chalasani
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yue-Harn Ng
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dusanic D, Bencina D, Oven I, Cizelj I, Bencina M, Narat M. Mycoplasma synoviae induces upregulation of apoptotic genes, secretion of nitric oxide and appearance of an apoptotic phenotype in infected chicken chondrocytes. Vet Res 2012; 43:7. [PMID: 22280251 PMCID: PMC3293721 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of chondrocytes in the development of infectious arthritis is not well understood. Several examples of mycoplasma-induced arthritis in animals indicate that chondrocytes come into direct contact with bacteria. The objective of this study was to analyze the interaction of an arthrogenic Mycoplasma synoviae strain WVU 1853 with chicken chondrocytes. We found that M. synoviae significantly reduces chondrocyte respiration. This was accompanied by alterations in chondrocyte morphology, namely cell shrinkage and cytoplasm condensation, as well as nuclear condensation and formation of plasma membrane invaginations containing nuclear material, which appeared to cleave off the cell surface. In concordance with these apoptosis-like events in chondrocytes, transcription was increased in several pro-apoptotic genes. Twenty-four hours after infection, strong upregulation was assayed in NOS2, Mapk11, CASP8 and Casp3 genes. Twenty-four and 72 h incubation of chondrocytes with M. synoviae induced upregulation of AIFM1, NFκB1, htrA3 and BCL2. Casp3 and NOS2 remained upregulated, but upregulation ceased for Mapk11 and CASP8 genes. Increased production of nitric oxide was also confirmed in cell supernates. The data suggests that chicken chondrocytes infected with M. synoviae die by apoptosis involving production of nitric oxide, caspase 3 activation and mitochondrial inactivation. The results of this study show for the first time that mycoplasmas could cause chondrocyte apoptosis. This could contribute to tissue destruction and influence the development of arthritic conditions. Hence, the study gives new insights into the role of mycoplasma infection on chondrocyte biology and development of infectious arthritis in chickens and potentially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliborka Dusanic
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Dusan Bencina
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Irena Oven
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Ivanka Cizelj
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Bencina
- National Institute of Chemistry Slovenia, L12 Laboratory of Biotechnology, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Narat
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Animal Science, Chair for Genetics, Animal Biotechnology and Immunology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domzale, Slovenia
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Barykova YA, Logunov DY, Shmarov MM, Vinarov AZ, Fiev DN, Vinarova NA, Rakovskaya IV, Baker PS, Shyshynova I, Stephenson AJ, Klein EA, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL, Gudkov AV. Association of Mycoplasma hominis infection with prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2011; 2:289-97. [PMID: 21471611 PMCID: PMC3248169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of chronic inflammation preceding the development of prostate cancer (PCa) remains unknown. We investigated possible involvement of mycoplasma infection in PCa by screening prostate biopsies from two groups of Russian men undergoing PCa diagnosis. M. hominis was detected by standard PCR in 15% of the 125 patients in the first group and by quantitative real-time PCR in 37.4% of the 123 men in the second group. In both groups, stratification of patients according to diagnosis showed that M. hominis was present at three times higher frequency in patients with PCa than in those with benign prostatic hyperplasia. No M. hominis was detected in the prostates of 27 men without detectable prostate disease. In addition, PCa-positive men had higher titers of antibodies against M. hominis and average PSA levels were higher in M. hominis-positive men. These data, together with previous observations linking mycoplasma infection with cell transformation, genomic instability and resistance to apoptosis, suggest that M. hominis infection may be involved in PCa development and may, therefore, be a potential PCa marker and/or target for improved prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Barykova
- NF Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.
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Urbanek C, Goodison S, Chang M, Porvasnik S, Sakamoto N, Li CZ, Boehlein SK, Rosser CJ. Detection of antibodies directed at M. hyorhinis p37 in the serum of men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:233. [PMID: 21663671 PMCID: PMC3129326 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent epidemiologic, genetic, and molecular studies suggest infection and inflammation initiate certain cancers, including cancers of the prostate. Over the past several years, our group has been studying how mycoplasmas could possibly initiate and propagate cancers of the prostate. Specifically, Mycoplasma hyorhinis encoded protein p37 was found to promote invasion of prostate cancer cells and cause changes in growth, morphology and gene expression of these cells to a more aggressive phenotype. Moreover, we found that chronic exposure of benign human prostate cells to M. hyorhinis resulted in significant phenotypic and karyotypic changes that ultimately resulted in the malignant transformation of the benign cells. In this study, we set out to investigate another potential link between mycoplasma and human prostate cancer. Methods We report the incidence of men with prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) being seropositive for M. hyorhinis. Antibodies to M. hyorhinis were surveyed by a novel indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples collected from men presenting to an outpatient Urology clinic for BPH (N = 105) or prostate cancer (N = 114) from 2006-2009. Results A seropositive rate of 36% in men with BPH and 52% in men with prostate cancer was reported, thus leading us to speculate a possible connection between M. hyorhinis exposure with prostate cancer. Conclusions These results further support a potential exacerbating role for mycoplasma in the development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydney Urbanek
- Department of Urology, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
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Spectroscopic and structural studies of 6-(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)-1H-pyridin-2-one and of an unusual T4(2)7(2)6(2)7(2) water tape stabilized by the copper(II) coordination polymer. Inorganica Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Recently, an unprecedented effort has been directed at understanding the interplay between chronic inflammation and development of cancer, with the case of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-associated colorectal cancer at the forefront of this research endeavor. The last decade has been particularly fertile, with the discovery of numerous innovative paradigms linking various inflammatory, proliferative, and innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways to the development of colorectal cancer. Because of the preponderant role of the intestinal microbiota in the initiation and progression of IBD, recent efforts have been directed at understanding the relationship between bacteria and colorectal cancer. The microbiota and its collective genome, the microbiome, form a diverse and complex ecological community that profoundly impacts intestinal homeostasis and disease states. This review will discuss the differential influence of the microbiota on the development of IBD-associated colorectal cancer and highlight the role of innate immune sensor-dependent as well as -independent mechanisms in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle C Arthur
- Department of Medicine and the Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7080, USA
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Yang H, Zhang JZ, Shou CC. Detection of mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in ovarian cancer with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11805-010-0534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang H, Qu L, Ma H, Chen L, Liu W, Liu C, Meng L, Wu J, Shou C. Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in gastric carcinoma and its effects on the malignant phenotypes of gastric cancer cells. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:132. [PMID: 21062494 PMCID: PMC2993648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection has been postulated to play a role in the development of several types of cancer, but the direct evidence and mechanism remained to be determined. METHODS Immunohistochemistry assay and nested polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) were performed to examine the mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in gastric cancer tissues. Statistical analysis was used to check the association between mycoplasma infection and clinicopathologic parameters. Transwell chamber assay and metastasis assay were used to evaluate mycoplasma hyorhinis' effects on metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mycoplasma hyorhinis-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation were investigated by Western blot. RESULTS Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in gastric cancer tissues was revealed and statistical analysis indicated a significant association between mycoplasma infections and lymph node metastasis, Lauren's Classification, TNM stage, and age of the patients. Mycoplasma hyorhinis promoted tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, which was possibly associated with the enhanced phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK1/2. The antibody against p37 protein of Mycoplasma hyorhinis could inhibit the migration of the infected cells. CONCLUSIONS The infection of mycoplasma hyorhinis may contribute to the development of gastric cancer and Mycoplasma hyorhinis-induced malignant phenotypes were possibly mediated by p37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China
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