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Zhen Z, Chen Y, Wang H, Tang H, Zhang H, Liu H, Jiang Y, Mao Z. Nuclear cGAS restricts L1 retrotransposition by promoting TRIM41-mediated ORF2p ubiquitination and degradation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8217. [PMID: 38086852 PMCID: PMC10716122 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), initially identified as a cytosolic DNA sensor, detects DNA fragments to trigger an innate immune response. Recently, accumulating evidence reveals the presence of cGAS within the nucleus. However, the biological functions of nuclear cGAS are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that nuclear cGAS represses LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposition to preserve genome integrity in human cells. Mechanistically, the E3 ligase TRIM41 interacts with and ubiquitinates ORF2p to influence its stability, and cGAS enhances the association of ORF2p with TRIM41, thereby promoting TRIM41-mediated ORF2p degradation and the suppression of L1 retrotransposition. In response to DNA damage, cGAS is phosphorylated at serine residues 120 and 305 by CHK2, which promotes cGAS-TRIM41 association, facilitating TRIM41-mediated ORF2p degradation. Moreover, we show that nuclear cGAS mediates the repression of L1 retrotransposition in senescent cells induced by DNA damage agents. We also identify several cancer-associated cGAS mutations that abolish the suppressive effect on L1 retrotransposition by disrupting the CHK2-cGAS-TRIM41-ORF2p regulatory axis. Together, these findings indicate that nuclear cGAS exhibits an inhibitory function in L1 retrotransposition which could provide avenues for future interventions in both aging and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Zhen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanyin Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 200092, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Tsingtao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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2
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Yates LA, Zhang X. Phosphoregulation of the checkpoint kinase Mec1 ATR. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 129:103543. [PMID: 37480741 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Yeast Mec1, and its mammalian ortholog, Ataxia-Telangiectasia and Rad3-related, are giant protein kinases central to replication stress and double strand DNA break repair. Mec1ATR, in complex with Ddc2ATRIP, is a 'sensor' of single stranded DNA, and phosphorylates numerous cell cycle and DNA repair factors to enforce cell cycle arrest and facilitate repair. Over the last several years, new techniques - particularly in structural biology - have provided molecular mechanisms for Mec1ATR function. It is becoming increasingly clear how post-translational modification of Mec1ATR and its interaction partners modulates the DNA damage checkpoint. In this review, we summarise the most recent work unravelling Mec1ATR function in the DNA damage checkpoint and provide a molecular context for its regulation by phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A Yates
- Section of Structural, Department of Infectious Disease, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK; DNA processing machines laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Section of Structural, Department of Infectious Disease, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK; DNA processing machines laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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3
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He CC, Wang SP, Zhou PR, Li ZJ, Li N, Li MS. Inherited CHEK2 p.H371Y mutation in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome among familial patients: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4809-4814. [PMID: 37664155 PMCID: PMC10473918 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i31.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) is a rare rectal disease with unknown etiology. Data on the genetic background in SRUS is lacking. CASE SUMMARY Here, we report the first case of SRUS in a mother-son relationship. Gene sequencing was conducted on the whole family, which revealed an inherited CHEK2 p.H371Y mutation. The experiment preliminarily revealed that the CHEK2 mutation did not affect the expression of CHEK2 protein, but affected the function of CHEK2, resulting in the expression level changes of downstream genes such as CDC25A. CONCLUSION SRUS is a genetic susceptibility disease where CHEK2 p.H371Y mutation may play a crucial role in the development and prognosis of SRUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shan-Ping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pei-Rong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming-Song Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, Guangdong Province, China
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Qin S, Kitty I, Hao Y, Zhao F, Kim W. Maintaining Genome Integrity: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Orchestrate the Balancing Act of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10212. [PMID: 37373360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal DNA damages which lead to severe genome instability. Phosphorylation is one of the most important protein post-translation modifications involved in DSBs repair regulation. Kinases and phosphatases play coordinating roles in DSB repair by phosphorylating and dephosphorylating various proteins. Recent research has shed light on the importance of maintaining a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities in DSB repair. The interplay between kinases and phosphatases plays an important role in regulating DNA-repair processes, and alterations in their activity can lead to genomic instability and disease. Therefore, study on the function of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair is essential for understanding their roles in cancer development and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair regulation and highlight the advancements in the development of cancer therapies targeting kinases or phosphatases in DSBs repair pathways. In conclusion, understanding the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities in DSBs repair provides opportunities for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ichiwa Kitty
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalan Hao
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Minor Kinases with Major Roles in Cytokinesis Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223639. [PMID: 36429067 PMCID: PMC9688779 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, the conclusive act of cell division, allows cytoplasmic organelles and chromosomes to be faithfully partitioned between two daughter cells. In animal organisms, its accurate regulation is a fundamental task for normal development and for preventing aneuploidy. Cytokinesis failures produce genetically unstable tetraploid cells and ultimately result in chromosome instability, a hallmark of cancer cells. In animal cells, the assembly and constriction of an actomyosin ring drive cleavage furrow ingression, resulting in the formation of a cytoplasmic intercellular bridge, which is severed during abscission, the final event of cytokinesis. Kinase-mediated phosphorylation is a crucial process to orchestrate the spatio-temporal regulation of the different stages of cytokinesis. Several kinases have been described in the literature, such as cyclin-dependent kinase, polo-like kinase 1, and Aurora B, regulating both furrow ingression and/or abscission. However, others exist, with well-established roles in cell-cycle progression but whose specific role in cytokinesis has been poorly investigated, leading to considering these kinases as "minor" actors in this process. Yet, they deserve additional attention, as they might disclose unexpected routes of cell division regulation. Here, we summarize the role of multifunctional kinases in cytokinesis with a special focus on those with a still scarcely defined function during cell cleavage. Moreover, we discuss their implication in cancer.
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CHK2 activation contributes to the development of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1615-1628. [PMID: 35999268 PMCID: PMC9596403 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC), the most common cancer type, causes high morbidity and mortality. Patients who develop drug resistance to oxaliplatin-based regimens have short overall survival. Thus, identifying molecules involved in the development of oxaliplatin resistance is critical for designing therapeutic strategies. METHODS A proteomic screen was performed to reveal altered protein kinase phosphorylation in oxaliplatin-resistant (OR) CRC tumour spheroids. The function of CHK2 was characterised using several biochemical techniques and evident using in vitro cell and in vivo tumour models. RESULTS We revealed that the level of phospho-CHK2(Thr68) was elevated in OR CRC cells and in ~30% of tumour samples from patients with OR CRC. We demonstrated that oxaliplatin activated several phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) and CHK2 downstream effectors and enhanced CHK2/PARP1 interaction to facilitate DNA repair. A phosphorylation mimicking CHK2 mutant, CHK2T68D, but not a kinase-dead CHK2 mutant, CHK2D347A, promoted DNA repair, the CHK2/PARP1 interaction, and cell growth in the presence of oxaliplatin. Finally, we showed that a CHK2 inhibitor, BML-277, reduced protein poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), FANCD2 monoubiquitination, homologous recombination and OR CRC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CHK2 activity is critical for modulating oxaliplatin response and that CHK2 is a potential therapeutic target for OR CRC.
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Maybee DV, Psaras AM, Brooks TA, Ali MAM. RYBP Sensitizes Cancer Cells to PARP Inhibitors by Regulating ATM Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911764. [PMID: 36233063 PMCID: PMC9570458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ring1 and YY1 Binding Protein (RYBP) is a member of the non-canonical polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1), and like other PRC1 members, it is best described as a transcriptional regulator. Previously, we showed that RYBP, along with other PRC1 members, is also involved in the DNA damage response. RYBP inhibits recruitment of breast cancer gene 1(BRCA1) complex to DNA damage sites through its binding to K63-linked ubiquitin chains. In addition, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase serves as an important sensor kinase in early stages of DNA damage response. Here, we report that overexpression of RYBP results in inhibition in both ATM activity and recruitment to DNA damage sites. Cells expressing RYBP show less phosphorylation of the ATM substrate, Chk2, after DNA damage. Due to its ability to inhibit ATM activity, we find that RYBP sensitizes cancer cells to poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Although we find a synergistic effect between PARP inhibitor and ATM inhibitor in cancer cells, this synergy is lost in cells expressing RYBP. We also show that overexpression of RYBP hinders cancer cell migration through, at least in part, ATM inhibition. We provide new mechanism(s) by which RYBP expression may sensitize cancer cells to DNA damaging agents and inhibits cancer metastasis.
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8
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Baughan SL, Darwiche F, Tainsky MA. Functional Analysis of ATM variants in a high risk cohort provides insight into missing heritability. Cancer Genet 2022; 264-265:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Ueno S, Sudo T, Hirasawa A. ATM: Functions of ATM Kinase and Its Relevance to Hereditary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:523. [PMID: 35008949 PMCID: PMC8745051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) functions as a key initiator and coordinator of DNA damage and cellular stress responses. ATM signaling pathways contain many downstream targets that regulate multiple important cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, oxidative sensing, and proliferation. Over the past few decades, associations between germline ATM pathogenic variants and cancer risk have been reported, particularly for breast and pancreatic cancers. In addition, given that ATM plays a critical role in repairing double-strand breaks, inhibiting other DNA repair pathways could be a synthetic lethal approach. Based on this rationale, several DNA damage response inhibitors are currently being tested in ATM-deficient cancers. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge related to the structure of the ATM gene, function of ATM kinase, clinical significance of ATM germline pathogenic variants in patients with hereditary cancers, and ongoing efforts to target ATM for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Ueno
- Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kita-Oji-cho, Akashi-shi 673-8558, Japan;
- Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Tamotsu Sudo
- Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kita-Oji-cho, Akashi-shi 673-8558, Japan;
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
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Liu R, Li J, Shao J, Lee JH, Qiu X, Xiao Y, Zhang B, Hao Y, Li M, Chen Q. Innate immune response orchestrates phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetases to support DNA repair. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2076-2089.e9. [PMID: 34343500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damages cause genome instability and are highly cytotoxic. Deoxyribonucleotide metabolism provides building blocks for DNA repair. Nevertheless, how deoxyribonucleotide metabolism is timely regulated to coordinate with DNA repair remains elusive. Here, we show that ionizing radiation results in TBK1-mediated phosphorylation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPS)1/2 at T228, thereby enhancing PRPS1/2 catalytic activity and promoting deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. DNA damage-elicited activation of cGAS/STING axis and ATM-mediated PRPS1/2 S16 phosphorylation are required for PRPS1/2 T228 phosphorylation under ionizing radiation. Furthermore, T228 phosphorylation overrides allosteric regulator-mediated effects and preserves PRPS1/2 with high activity. The expression of non-phosphorylatable PRPS1/2 mutants or inhibition of cGAS/STING axis counteracts ionizing radiation-induced PRPS1/2 activation, deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, and DNA repair, and further impairs cell viability. This study highlights a novel and important mechanism underlying an innate immune response-guided deoxyribonucleotide metabolism, which supports DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Jingyi Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China; School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610599, China
| | - Jichun Shao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China
| | - Jong-Ho Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanxuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, China
| | - Yilong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Mi Li
- UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77225, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Peng B, Shi R, Bian J, Li Y, Wang P, Wang H, Liao J, Zhu WG, Xu X. PARP1 and CHK1 coordinate PLK1 enzymatic activity during the DNA damage response to promote homologous recombination-mediated repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7554-7570. [PMID: 34197606 PMCID: PMC8287952 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a master kinase that regulates cell cycle progression. How its enzymatic activity is regulated in response to DNA damage is not fully understood. We show that PLK1 is enriched at double strand breaks (DSBs) within seconds of UV laser irradiation in a PARP-1-dependent manner and then disperses within 10 min in a PARG-dependent manner. Poly(ADP-)ribose (PAR) chains directly bind to PLK1 in vitro and inhibit its enzymatic activity. CHK1-mediated PLK1 phosphorylation at S137 prevents its binding to PAR and recruitment to DSBs but ensures PLK1 phosphorylation at T210 and its enzymatic activity toward RAD51 at S14. This subsequent phosphorylation event at S14 primes RAD51 for CHK1-mediated phosphorylation at T309, which is essential for full RAD51 activation. This CHK1-PLK1-RAD51 axis ultimately promotes homologous recombination (HR)-mediated repair and ensures chromosome stability and cellular radiosensitivity. These findings provide biological insight for combined cancer therapy using inhibitors of PARG and CHK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ruifeng Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Jing Bian
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Yuwei Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ji Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention and Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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12
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Woo TT, Chuang CN, Wang TF. Budding yeast Rad51: a paradigm for how phosphorylation and intrinsic structural disorder regulate homologous recombination and protein homeostasis. Curr Genet 2021; 67:389-396. [PMID: 33433732 PMCID: PMC8139929 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The RecA-family recombinase Rad51 is the central player in homologous recombination (HR), the faithful pathway for repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during both mitosis and meiosis. The behavior of Rad51 protein in vivo is fine-tuned via posttranslational modifications conducted by multiple protein kinases in response to cell cycle cues and DNA lesions. Unrepaired DSBs and ssDNA also activate Mec1ATR and Tel1ATM family kinases to initiate the DNA damage response (DDR) that safeguards genomic integrity. Defects in HR and DDR trigger genome instability and result in cancer predisposition, infertility, developmental defects, neurological diseases or premature aging. Intriguingly, yeast Mec1ATR- and Tel1ATM-dependent phosphorylation promotes Rad51 protein stability during DDR, revealing how Mec1ATR can alleviate proteotoxic stress. Moreover, Mec1ATR- and Tel1ATM-dependent phosphorylation also occurs on DDR-unrelated proteins, suggesting that Mec1ATR and Tel1ATM have a DDR-independent function in protein homeostasis. In this minireview, we first describe how human and budding yeast Rad51 are phosphorylated by multiple protein kinases at different positions to promote homology-directed DNA repair and recombination (HDRR). Then, we discuss recent findings showing that intrinsic structural disorder and Mec1ATR/Tel1ATM-dependent phosphorylation are coordinated in yeast Rad51 to regulate both HR and protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ting Woo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ning Chuang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Induction of DNA damage, apoptosis and cell cycle perturbation mediate cytotoxic activity of new 5-aminosalicylate–4-thiazolinone hybrid derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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14
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Germani A, Petrucci S, De Marchis L, Libi F, Savio C, Amanti C, Bonifacino A, Campanella B, Capalbo C, Lombardi A, Maggi S, Mattei M, Osti MF, Pellegrini P, Speranza A, Stanzani G, Vitale V, Pizzuti A, Torrisi MR, Piane M. Beyond BRCA1 and BRCA2: Deleterious Variants in DNA Repair Pathway Genes in Italian Families with Breast/Ovarian and Pancreatic Cancers. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9093003. [PMID: 32957588 PMCID: PMC7563793 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5–10% of breast/ovarian cancers (BC and OC) are inherited, and germline pathogenic (P) variants in DNA damage repair (DDR) genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 explain only 10–20% of these cases. Currently, new DDR genes have been related to BC/OC and to pancreatic (PC) cancers, but the prevalence of P variants remains to be explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spectrum and the prevalence of pathogenic variants in DDR pathway genes other than BRCA1/2 and to correlate the genotype with the clinical phenotype. A cohort of 113 non-BRCA patients was analyzed by next-generation sequencing using a multigene panel of the 25 DDR pathways genes related to BC, OC, and PC. We found 43 unique variants in 18 of 25 analyzed genes, 14 classified as P/likely pathogenic (LP) and 28 as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). Deleterious variants were identified in 14% of index cases, whereas a VUS was identified in 20% of the probands. We observed a high incidence of deleterious variants in the CHEK2 gene, and a new pathogenic variant was detected in the RECQL gene. These results supported the clinical utility of multigene panel to increase the detection of P/LP carriers and to identify new actionable pathogenic gene variants useful for preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Germani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.P.); (M.R.T.)
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Simona Petrucci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.P.); (M.R.T.)
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Laura De Marchis
- Department of Radiological Anatomopathological, Oncological Science, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
- Umberto I University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Libi
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Camilla Savio
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Claudio Amanti
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Adriana Bonifacino
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanella
- Unit of Radiation Oncology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Capalbo
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Roma, Italy
| | - Augusto Lombardi
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Maggi
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Mattei
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Mattia Falchetto Osti
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
- Unit of Radiation Oncology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.P.); (M.R.T.)
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Annarita Speranza
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Gianluca Stanzani
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Valeria Vitale
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Antonio Pizzuti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy;
- Clinical Genomics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Torrisi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.P.); (M.R.T.)
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
| | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00100 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (S.P.); (P.P.); (M.R.T.)
- Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.S.); (C.A.); (A.B.); (C.C.); (A.L.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (M.F.O.); (A.S.); (G.S.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Abd Wahab S, Remus D. Antagonistic control of DDK binding to licensed replication origins by Mcm2 and Rad53. eLife 2020; 9:58571. [PMID: 32701054 PMCID: PMC7398698 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic replication origins are licensed by the loading of the replicative DNA helicase, Mcm2-7, in inactive double hexameric form around DNA. Subsequent origin activation is under control of multiple protein kinases that either promote or inhibit origin activation, which is important for genome maintenance. Using the reconstituted budding yeast DNA replication system, we find that the flexible N-terminal extension (NTE) of Mcm2 promotes the stable recruitment of Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) to Mcm2-7 double hexamers, which in turn promotes DDK phosphorylation of Mcm4 and −6 and subsequent origin activation. Conversely, we demonstrate that the checkpoint kinase, Rad53, inhibits DDK binding to Mcm2-7 double hexamers. Unexpectedly, this function is not dependent on Rad53 kinase activity, suggesting steric inhibition of DDK by activated Rad53. These findings identify critical determinants of the origin activation reaction and uncover a novel mechanism for checkpoint-dependent origin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafiq Abd Wahab
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States.,Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States
| | - Dirk Remus
- Molecular Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States.,Weill-Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States
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16
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Abstract
Cells confront DNA damage in every cell cycle. Among the most deleterious types of DNA damage are DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which can cause cell lethality if unrepaired or cancers if improperly repaired. In response to DNA DSBs, cells activate a complex DNA damage checkpoint (DDC) response that arrests the cell cycle, reprograms gene expression, and mobilizes DNA repair factors to prevent the inheritance of unrepaired and broken chromosomes. Here we examine the DDC, induced by DNA DSBs, in the budding yeast model system and in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Waterman
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA;
| | - James E Haber
- Department of Biology and Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA;
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
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17
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Wahab SA, Remus D. Antagonistic control of DDK binding to licensed replication origins by Mcm2 and Rad53.. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.04.077628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTEukaryotic replication origins are licensed by the loading of the replicative DNA helicase, Mcm2-7, in inactive double hexameric form around DNA. Subsequent origin activation is under control of multiple protein kinases that either promote or inhibit origin activation, which is important for genome maintenance. Using the reconstituted budding yeast DNA replication system, we find that the flexible N-terminal tail of Mcm2 promotes the stable recruitment of Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) to Mcm2-7 double hexamers, which in turn promotes DDK phosphorylation of Mcm4 and -6 and subsequent origin activation. Conversely, we demonstrate that the checkpoint kinase, Rad53, inhibits DDK binding to Mcm2-7 double hexamers. Unexpectedly, this function is not dependent on Rad53 kinase activity, but requires Rad53 activation by trans-autophosphorylation, suggesting steric inhibition of DDK by activated Rad53. These findings identify critical determinants of the origin activation reaction and uncover a novel mechanism for checkpoint-dependent origin inhibition.
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18
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Role of DNA Damage Response in Suppressing Malignant Progression of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Polycythemia Vera: Impact of Different Oncogenes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040903. [PMID: 32272770 PMCID: PMC7226398 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory and oncogenic signaling, both known to challenge genome stability, are key drivers of BCR-ABL-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and JAK2 V617F-positive chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Despite similarities in chronic inflammation and oncogene signaling, major differences in disease course exist. Although BCR-ABL has robust transformation potential, JAK2 V617F-positive polycythemia vera (PV) is characterized by a long and stable latent phase. These differences reflect increased genomic instability of BCR-ABL-positive CML, compared to genome-stable PV with rare cytogenetic abnormalities. Recent studies have implicated BCR-ABL in the development of a "mutator" phenotype fueled by high oxidative damage, deficiencies of DNA repair, and defective ATR-Chk1-dependent genome surveillance, providing a fertile ground for variants compromising the ATM-Chk2-p53 axis protecting chronic phase CML from blast crisis. Conversely, PV cells possess multiple JAK2 V617F-dependent protective mechanisms, which ameliorate replication stress, inflammation-mediated oxidative stress and stress-activated protein kinase signaling, all through up-regulation of RECQL5 helicase, reactive oxygen species buffering system, and DUSP1 actions. These attenuators of genome instability then protect myeloproliferative progenitors from DNA damage and create a barrier preventing cellular stress-associated myelofibrosis. Therefore, a better understanding of BCR-ABL and JAK2 V617F roles in the DNA damage response and disease pathophysiology can help to identify potential dependencies exploitable for therapeutic interventions.
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19
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Nai S, Shi Y, Ru H, Ding Y, Geng Q, Li Z, Dong MQ, Xu X, Li J. Chk2-dependent phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) regulates centrosome maturation. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2651-2659. [PMID: 31416392 PMCID: PMC6773232 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1654795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is a pivotal effector kinase in the DNA damage response, with an emerging role in mitotic chromosome segregation. In this study, we show that Chk2 interacts with myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1), the targeting subunit of protein phosphatase 1cβ (PP1cβ). Previous studies have shown that MYPT1 is phosphorylated by CDK1 at S473 during mitosis, and subsequently docks to the polo-binding domain of PLK1 and dephosphorylates PLK1. Herein we present data that Chk2 phosphorylates MYPT1 at S507 in vitro and in vivo, which antagonizes pS473. Chk2 inhibition results in failure of γ-tubulin recruitment to the centrosomes, phenocopying Plk1 inhibition defects. These aberrancies were also observed in the MYPT1-S507A stable transfectants, suggesting that Chk2 exerts its effect on centrosomes via MYPT1. Collectively, we have identified a Chk2-MYPT1-PLK1 axis in regulating centrosome maturation. Abbreviations: Chk2: checkpoint kinase 2; MYPT1: myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1; PP1cβ: protein phosphatase 1c β; Noc: nocodazole; IP: immunoprecipitation; IB: immunoblotting; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; Chk2: checkpoint kinase 2; KD: kinase domain; WT: wild type; Ub: ubiquitin; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; IF: Immunofluorescence; IR: ionizing radiation; siCHK2: siRNA targeting CHK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Nai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanwei Ru
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehe Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qizhi Geng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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20
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Lanz MC, Dibitetto D, Smolka MB. DNA damage kinase signaling: checkpoint and repair at 30 years. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101801. [PMID: 31393028 PMCID: PMC6745504 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
From bacteria to mammalian cells, damaged DNA is sensed and targeted by DNA repair pathways. In eukaryotes, kinases play a central role in coordinating the DNA damage response. DNA damage signaling kinases were identified over two decades ago and linked to the cell cycle checkpoint concept proposed by Weinert and Hartwell in 1988. Connections between the DNA damage signaling kinases and DNA repair were scant at first, and the initial perception was that the importance of these kinases for genome integrity was largely an indirect effect of their roles in checkpoints, DNA replication, and transcription. As more substrates of DNA damage signaling kinases were identified, it became clear that they directly regulate a wide range of DNA repair factors. Here, we review our current understanding of DNA damage signaling kinases, delineating the key substrates in budding yeast and humans. We trace the progress of the field in the last 30 years and discuss our current understanding of the major substrate regulatory mechanisms involved in checkpoint responses and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Charles Lanz
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsWeill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Diego Dibitetto
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsWeill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Marcus Bustamante Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsWeill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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21
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USP39 regulates DNA damage response and chemo-radiation resistance by deubiquitinating and stabilizing CHK2. Cancer Lett 2019; 449:114-124. [PMID: 30771428 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase, CHK2 (checkpoint kinase 2), is a key mediator in DNA damage response and a tumor suppressor, which is implicated in promoting cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA repair. Accumulating evidence suggests that these functions are primarily exerted through phosphorylation downstream factors such as p53 and BRCA1. Recent studies have shown that ubiquitination is an important mode of regulation of CHK2. However, it remains largely unclear whether deubiquitinases participate in regulation of CHK2. Here, we report that a deubiquitinase, USP39, is a new regulator of CHK2. Mechanistically, USP39 deubiquitinates and stabilizes CHK2, which in turn enhances CHK2 stability. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) mediated knockdown of USP39 led to deregulate CHK2, which resulted in compromising the DNA damage-induced G2/M checkpoint, decreasing apoptosis, and conferring cancer cells resistance to chemotherapy drugs and radiation treatment. Collectively, we identify USP39 as a novel regulator of CHK2 in the DNA damage response.
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22
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Pang D, Hu Q, Lan X, Lin Y, Duan H, Cao S, Lin Y, Li L, Peng F, Pan F. The novel long non‑coding RNA PRNCR1‑2 is involved in breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell cycle progression. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1824-1832. [PMID: 30592261 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been reported to act as important mediators of tumor initiation and progression. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and pathogenic roles of the lncRNA prostate cancer‑associated non‑coding RNA (PRNCR)1‑2 in breast cancer. The expression levels of PRNCR1‑2 were detected in breast cancer tissues and numerous breast cancer cell lines using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Depletion of PRNCR1‑2 expression in breast cancer cells was conducted through small interfering RNA‑mediated silencing. Subsequently, cell proliferation was assessed by MTS assay, cell migration and invasion capacities were evaluated using the Transwell culture system, and cell cycle progression and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Protein expression levels of the signaling components checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated (p)‑CHK2 and p‑AKT were measured by western blotting. The results demonstrated that PRNCR1‑2 expression was significantly elevated in breast cancer tissues compared with in adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, depletion of PRNCR1‑2 in HS‑578T and MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cells markedly suppressed their proliferation rates, migration and invasion capacities, and cell cycle progression; however, it had no effect on cell apoptosis. In addition, PRNCR1‑2 depletion increased CHK2 phosphorylation and decreased AKT phosphorylation in HS‑578T and MDA‑MB‑231 cells. In conclusion, the lncRNA PRNCR1‑2 may promote breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmei Pang
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Lan
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Lin
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Duan
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Cao
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Yaodong Lin
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Fengtao Pan
- Department of Breast Cancer Oncology, Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
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23
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Hsu PC, Gopinath RK, Hsueh YA, Shieh SY. CHK2-mediated regulation of PARP1 in oxidative DNA damage response. Oncogene 2018; 38:1166-1182. [PMID: 30254210 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0506-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a DNA damage sensor, which upon activation, recruits downstream proteins by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation). However, it remains largely unclear how PARP1 activity is regulated. Interestingly, the data obtained through this study revealed that PARP1 was co-immunoprecipitated with checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), and the interaction was increased after oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, CHK2 depletion resulted in a reduction in overall PARylation. To further explore the functional relationship between PARP1 and CHK2, this study employed H2O2 to induce an oxidative DNA damage response in cells. Here, we showed that CHK2 and PARP1 interact in vitro and in vivo through the CHK2 SCD domain and the PARP1 BRCT domain. Furthermore, CHK2 stimulates the PARylation activity of PARP1 through CHK2-dependent phosphorylation. Consequently, the impaired repair associated with PARP1 depletion could be rescued by re-expression of wild-type PARP1 and the phospho-mimic but not the phospho-deficient mutant. Mechanistically, we showed that CHK2-dependent phosphorylation of PARP1 not only regulates its cellular localization but also promotes its catalytic activity and its interaction with XRCC1. These findings indicate that CHK2 exerts a multifaceted impact on PARP1 in response to oxidative stress to facilitate DNA repair and to maintain cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-An Hsueh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Sheau-Yann Shieh
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
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24
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Wang H, Peng B, Pandita RK, Engler DA, Matsunami RK, Xu X, Hegde PM, Butler BE, Pandita TK, Mitra S, Xu B, Hegde ML. Aurora kinase B dependent phosphorylation of 53BP1 is required for resolving merotelic kinetochore-microtubule attachment errors during mitosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48671-48687. [PMID: 28415769 PMCID: PMC5564716 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in resolving kinetochore-microtubule attachment mistakes during mitosis is linked to chromosome instability associated with carcinogenesis as well as resistance to cancer therapy. Here we report for the first time that tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) is phosphorylated at serine 1342 (S1342) by Aurora kinase B both in vitro and in human cells, which is required for optimal recruitment of 53BP1 at kinetochores. Furthermore, 53BP1 staining normally localized on the outer kinetochore, extended to the whole kinetochore when it is merotelically-attached, in concert with mitotic centromere-associated kinesin. Kinetochore-binding of pS1342-53BP1 is essential for efficient resolving of merotelic attachment, a spontaneous kinetochore-microtubule connection error that usually causes aneuploidy. Consistently, loss of 53BP1 results in significant increase in lagging chromosome events, micronuclei formation and aneuploidy, due to the unresolved merotely in both cancer and primary cells, which is prevented by ectopic wild type 53BP1 but not by the nonphophorylable S1342A mutant. We thus document a novel DNA damage-independent function of 53BP1 in maintaining faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Raj K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David A Engler
- Proteomics Programmatic Core Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Risë K Matsunami
- Proteomics Programmatic Core Laboratory, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pavana M Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Brian E Butler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tej K Pandita
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Aveic S, Corallo D, Porcù E, Pantile M, Boso D, Zanon C, Viola G, Sidarovich V, Mariotto E, Quattrone A, Basso G, Tonini GP. TP-0903 inhibits neuroblastoma cell growth and enhances the sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 818:435-448. [PMID: 29154838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonal tumor with low cure rate for patients classified as high-risk. This class of NB tumors shows a very complex genomic background and requires aggressive treatment strategies. In this work we evaluated the efficacy of the novel multi-kinase inhibitor TP-0903 in impairing NB cells' growth, proliferation and motility. In vitro studies were performed using cell lines with different molecular background, and in vivo studies were done using the zebrafish experimental model. Our results confirmed a strong cytotoxicity of TP-0903 already at the sub-micro molar concentrations. The observed cytotoxicity of TP-0903 was irreversible and the resulting apoptosis was caspase dependent. In addition, TP-0903 impaired colony formation and neurosphere creation. Depending on the molecular background of the selected NB cell lines, TP-0903 influenced either their capacity to migrate, to complete their cell cycle or both. Likewise, TP-0903 reduced NB cells intravasation in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, TP-0903 showed remarkable pharmacological efficacy not only as a mono-treatment, but also in combination with conventional chemotherapy drugs (ATRA, cisplatin, and VP16) in different types of NB cells. In conclusion, the multi-kinase activity of TP-0903 allowed the impairment of several biological processes required for expansion of NB cells, making them more vulnerable to the conventional chemotherapeutics. Altogether, our results support the eligibility of TP-0903 for further (pre)clinical assessments in NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Aveic
- Pediatric Research Institute - Città della Speranza, Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Padua, Italy.
| | - Diana Corallo
- Pediatric Research Institute - Città della Speranza, Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Porcù
- University of Padua, Laboratory of Oncohematology, SDB Department, Padua, Italy
| | - Marcella Pantile
- Pediatric Research Institute - Città della Speranza, Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniele Boso
- University of Padua, Laboratory of Oncohematology, SDB Department, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanon
- Pediatric Research Institute - Città della Speranza, Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Padua, Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- University of Padua, Laboratory of Oncohematology, SDB Department, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Elena Mariotto
- University of Padua, Laboratory of Oncohematology, SDB Department, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Basso
- University of Padua, Laboratory of Oncohematology, SDB Department, Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Tonini
- Pediatric Research Institute - Città della Speranza, Neuroblastoma Laboratory, Padua, Italy
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26
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Chen ESW, Weng JH, Chen YH, Wang SC, Liu XX, Huang WC, Matsui T, Kawano Y, Liao JH, Lim LH, Bessho Y, Huang KF, Wu WJ, Tsai MD. Phospho-Priming Confers Functionally Relevant Specificities for Rad53 Kinase Autophosphorylation. Biochemistry 2017; 56:5112-5124. [PMID: 28858528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of in vitro structural and functional studies of the activation mechanism of protein kinases use the kinase domain alone. Well-demonstrated effects of regulatory domains or allosteric factors are scarce for serine/threonine kinases. Here we use a site-specifically phosphorylated SCD1-FHA1-kinase three-domain construct of the serine/threonine kinase Rad53 to show the effect of phospho-priming, an in vivo regulatory mechanism, on the autophosphorylation intermediate and specificity. Unphosphorylated Rad53 is a flexible monomer in solution but is captured in an asymmetric enzyme:substrate complex in crystal with the two FHA domains separated from each other. Phospho-priming induces formation of a stable dimer via intermolecular pT-FHA binding in solution. Importantly, autophosphorylation of unprimed and phospho-primed Rad53 produced predominantly inactive pS350-Rad53 and active pT354-Rad53, respectively. The latter mechanism was also demonstrated in vivo. Our results show that, while Rad53 can display active conformations under various conditions, simulation of in vivo regulatory conditions confers functionally relevant autophosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sheng-Wen Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Weng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hou Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Chang Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Xia Liu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Yoshiaki Kawano
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Jiahn-Haur Liao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Hin Lim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yoshitaka Bessho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fa Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jin Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Daw Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica , Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University , Taipei 106, Taiwan
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27
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Thibodeau ML, Reisle C, Zhao E, Martin LA, Alwelaie Y, Mungall KL, Ch'ng C, Thomas R, Ng T, Yip S, J Lim H, Sun S, Young SS, Karsan A, Zhao Y, Mungall AJ, Moore RA, J Renouf D, Gelmon K, Ma YP, Hayes M, Laskin J, Marra MA, Schrader KA, Jones SJM. Genomic profiling of pelvic genital type leiomyosarcoma in a woman with a germline CHEK2:c.1100delC mutation and a concomitant diagnosis of metastatic invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017; 3:mcs.a001628. [PMID: 28514723 PMCID: PMC5593158 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a woman with the known pathogenic germline variant CHEK2:c.1100delC and synchronous diagnoses of both pelvic genital type leiomyosarcoma (LMS) and metastatic invasive ductal breast carcinoma. CHEK2 (checkpoint kinase 2) is a tumor-suppressor gene encoding a serine/threonine-protein kinase (CHEK2) involved in double-strand DNA break repair and cell cycle arrest. The CHEK2:c.1100delC variant is a moderate penetrance allele resulting in an approximately twofold increase in breast cancer risk. Whole-genome and whole-transcriptome sequencing were performed on the leiomyosarcoma and matched blood-derived DNA. Despite the presence of several genomic hits within the double-strand DNA damage pathway (CHEK2 germline variant and multiple RAD51B somatic structural variants), tumor profiling did not show an obvious DNA repair deficiency signature. However, even though the LMS displayed clear malignant features, its genomic profiling revealed several characteristics classically associated with leiomyomas including a translocation, t(12;14), with one breakpoint disrupting RAD51B and the other breakpoint upstream of HMGA2 with very high expression of HMGA2 and PLAG1. This is the first report of LMS genomic profiling in a patient with the germline CHEK2:c.1100delC variant and an additional diagnosis of metastatic invasive ductal breast carcinoma. We also describe a possible mechanistic relationship between leiomyoma and LMS based on genomic and transcriptome data. Our findings suggest that RAD51B translocation and HMGA2 overexpression may play an important role in LMS oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Linh Thibodeau
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Caralyn Reisle
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Eric Zhao
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Lee Ann Martin
- Fraser Valley Cancer Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Surrey, British Columbia V3V 1Z2, Canada
| | - Yazeed Alwelaie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Karen L Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Carolyn Ch'ng
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Ruth Thomas
- Hereditary Cancer Program, British Columbia Cancer Agency-Abbotsford, Abbotsford, British Columbia V2S 0C2, Canada
| | - Tony Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Howard J Lim
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Sophie Sun
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Sean S Young
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mungall
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Richard A Moore
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Daniel J Renouf
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Karen Gelmon
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Yussanne P Ma
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Malcolm Hayes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - Janessa Laskin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada.,Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada.,Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kasmintan A Schrader
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Department of Medical Genetics, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 614-750 West Broadway, Vancouver British Columbia V5Z 1H5, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada.,Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
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28
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Mlody B, Wruck W, Martins S, Sperling K, Adjaye J. Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome fibroblasts and iPSCs: cellular models for uncovering disease-associated signaling pathways and establishing a screening platform for anti-oxidants. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7516. [PMID: 28790359 PMCID: PMC5548734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS) is associated with cancer predisposition, premature aging, immune deficiency, microcephaly and is caused by mutations in the gene coding for NIBRIN (NBN) which is involved in DNA damage repair. Dermal-derived fibroblasts from NBS patients were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in order to bypass premature senescence. The influence of antioxidants on intracellular levels of ROS and DNA damage were screened and it was found that EDHB-an activator of the hypoxia pathway, decreased DNA damage in the presence of high oxidative stress. Furthermore, NBS fibroblasts but not NBS-iPSCs were found to be more susceptible to the induction of DNA damage than their healthy counterparts. Global transcriptome analysis comparing NBS to healthy fibroblasts and NBS-iPSCs to embryonic stem cells revealed regulation of P53 in NBS fibroblasts and NBS-iPSCs. Cell cycle related genes were down-regulated in NBS fibroblasts. Furthermore, oxidative phosphorylation was down-regulated and glycolysis up-regulated specifically in NBS-iPSCs compared to embryonic stem cells. Our study demonstrates the utility of NBS-iPSCs as a screening platform for anti-oxidants capable of suppressing DNA damage and a cellular model for studying NBN de-regulation in cancer and microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mlody
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), 13092, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Soraia Martins
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Sperling
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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29
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Peng B, Shi R, Jiang W, Ding YH, Dong MQ, Zhu WG, Xu X. Phosphorylation of LSD1 by PLK1 promotes its chromatin release during mitosis. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:15. [PMID: 28344766 PMCID: PMC5364692 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) modulates chromatin status through demethylation of H3K4 and H3K9. It has been demonstrated that LSD1 is hyperphosphorylated and dissociates from chromatin during mitosis. However, the molecular mechanism of LSD1 detachment is unknown. Results In this report, we found that polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) directly interacted with LSD1 and phosphorylated LSD1 at Ser-126 . Nocodazole-induced metaphase arrest promoted release of LSD1 from chromatin, and the phosphorylation-defective mutant LSD1 (S126A) failed to dissociate from chromatin upon nocodazole treatment. Conclusions Taken together, our findings demonstrate that phosphorylation of LSD1 at Ser-126 by PLK1 promotes its release from chromatin during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
| | - Ruifeng Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China
| | - Yue-He Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048 China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
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30
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Tian J, Geng Q, Ding Y, Liao J, Dong MQ, Xu X, Li J. O-GlcNAcylation Antagonizes Phosphorylation of CDH1 (CDC20 Homologue 1). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12136-44. [PMID: 27080259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) orchestrates various aspects of the eukaryotic cell cycle. One of its co-activators, Cdh1, is subject to myriad post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Herein we identify the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification that occurs on Cdh1. Cdh1 is O-GlcNAcylated in cultured cells and mouse brain extracts. Mass spectrometry identifies an O-GlcNAcylated peptide that neighbors a known phosphorylation site. Cell synchronization and mutation studies reveal that O-GlcNAcylation of Cdh1 may antagonize its phosphorylation. Our results thus reveal a pivotal role of O-GlcNAcylation in regulating APC/C activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Qizhi Geng
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Yuehe Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ji Liao
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
| | - Jing Li
- From the Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China and
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31
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García-Limones C, Lara-Chica M, Jiménez-Jiménez C, Pérez M, Moreno P, Muñoz E, Calzado MA. CHK2 stability is regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase SIAH2. Oncogene 2016; 35:4289-301. [PMID: 26751770 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The serine threonine checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) is a critical protein involved in the DNA damage-response pathway, which is activated by phosphorylation inducing cellular response such as DNA repair, cell-cycle regulation or apoptosis. Although CHK2 activation mechanisms have been amply described, very little is known about degradation control processes. In the present study, we identify the ubiquitin E3 ligase SIAH2 as an interaction partner of CHK2, which mediates its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. CHK2 degradation is independent of both its activation and its kinase activity, but also of the phosphorylation in S456. We show that SIAH2-deficient cells present CHK2 accumulation together with lower ubiquitination levels. Accordingly, SIAH2 depletion by siRNA increases CHK2 levels. In response to DNA damage induced by etoposide, interaction between both proteins is disrupted, thus avoiding CHK2 degradation and promoting its stabilization. We also found that CHK2 phosphorylates SIAH2 at three residues (Thr26, Ser28 and Thr119), modifying its ability to regulate certain substrates. Cellular arrest in the G2/M phase induced by DNA damage is reverted by SIAH2 expression through the control of CHK2 levels. We observed that hypoxia decreases CHK2 levels in parallel to SIAH2 induction. Similarly, we provide evidence suggesting that resistance to apoptosis induced by genotoxic agents in cells subjected to hypoxia could be partly explained by the mutual regulation between both proteins. These results indicate that SIAH2 regulates CHK2 basal turnover, with important consequences on cell-cycle control and on the ability of hypoxia to alter the DNA damage-response pathway in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C García-Limones
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital, Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Lara-Chica
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital, Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - C Jiménez-Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital, Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Pérez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital, Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital, Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Muñoz
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital, Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M A Calzado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital, Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
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32
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McSkimming DI, Dastgheib S, Talevich E, Narayanan A, Katiyar S, Taylor SS, Kochut K, Kannan N. ProKinO: a unified resource for mining the cancer kinome. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:175-86. [PMID: 25382819 PMCID: PMC4342772 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases represent a large and diverse family of evolutionarily related proteins that are abnormally regulated in human cancers. Although genome sequencing studies have revealed thousands of variants in protein kinases, translating "big" genomic data into biological knowledge remains a challenge. Here, we describe an ontological framework for integrating and conceptualizing diverse forms of information related to kinase activation and regulatory mechanisms in a machine readable, human understandable form. We demonstrate the utility of this framework in analyzing the cancer kinome, and in generating testable hypotheses for experimental studies. Through the iterative process of aggregate ontology querying, hypothesis generation and experimental validation, we identify a novel mutational hotspot in the αC-β4 loop of the kinase domain and demonstrate the functional impact of the identified variants in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) constitutive activity and inhibitor sensitivity. We provide a unified resource for the kinase and cancer community, ProKinO, housed at http://vulcan.cs.uga.edu/prokino.
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33
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Abstract
DNA damage is induced in many types of cells by internal and external cell stress. When DNA is damaged, DNA Damage Response (DDR) programs are activated to repair the DNA lesions in order to preserve genomic integrity and suppress subsequent malignant transformation. Among these programs is cell cycle checkpoint that ensures cell cycle arrest and subsequent repair of the damaged DNA, apoptosis and senescence in various phases of the cell cycle. Moreover, recent studies have established the cell differentiation checkpoint, the other type of the checkpoint that is specifically activated in the course of differentiation. We will discuss the evidences that support the link between DNA damage proteins and C2C12 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cuesta Sancho
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY14263, USA
| | - Toru Ouchi
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY14263, USA
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34
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Peng B, Wang J, Hu Y, Zhao H, Hou W, Zhao H, Wang H, Liao J, Xu X. Modulation of LSD1 phosphorylation by CK2/WIP1 regulates RNF168-dependent 53BP1 recruitment in response to DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5936-47. [PMID: 25999347 PMCID: PMC4499147 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper DNA damage response is essential for the maintenance of genome integrity. The E3 ligase RNF168 deficiency fully prevents both the initial recruitment and retention of 53BP1 at sites of DNA damage. In response to DNA damage, RNF168-dependent recruitment of the lysine-specific demethylase LSD1 to the site of DNA damage promotes local H3K4me2 demethylation and ubiquitination of H2A/H2AX, facilitating 53BP1 recruitment to sites of DNA damage. Alternatively, RNF168-mediated K63-linked ubiquitylation of 53BP1 is required for the initial recruitment of 53BP1 to sites of DNA damage and for its function in repair. We demonstrated here that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of LSD1 at S131 and S137 was mediated by casein kinase 2 (CK2) and wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (WIP1), respectively. LSD1, RNF168 and 53BP1 interacted with each other directly. CK2-mediated phosphorylation of LSD1 exhibited no impact on its interaction with 53BP1, but promoted its interaction with RNF168 and RNF168-dependent 53BP1 ubiquitination and subsequent recruitment to the DNA damage sites. Furthermore, overexpression of phosphorylation-defective mutants failed to restore LSD1 depletion-induced cellular sensitivity to DNA damage. Taken together, our results suggest that LSD1 phosphorylation modulated by CK2/WIP1 regulates RNF168-dependent 53BP1 recruitment directly in response to DNA damage and cellular sensitivity to DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenya Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongchang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ji Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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Zannini L, Delia D, Buscemi G. CHK2 kinase in the DNA damage response and beyond. J Mol Cell Biol 2014; 6:442-57. [PMID: 25404613 PMCID: PMC4296918 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mju045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase CHK2 is a key component of the DNA damage response. In human cells, following genotoxic stress, CHK2 is activated and phosphorylates >20 proteins to induce the appropriate cellular response, which, depending on the extent of damage, the cell type, and other factors, could be cell cycle checkpoint activation, induction of apoptosis or senescence, DNA repair, or tolerance of the damage. Recently, CHK2 has also been found to have cellular functions independent of the presence of nuclear DNA lesions. In particular, CHK2 participates in several molecular processes involved in DNA structure modification and cell cycle progression. In this review, we discuss the activity of CHK2 in response to DNA damage and in the maintenance of the biological functions in unstressed cells. These activities are also considered in relation to a possible role of CHK2 in tumorigenesis and, as a consequence, as a target of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zannini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Delia
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Buscemi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Reisz JA, Bansal N, Qian J, Zhao W, Furdui CM. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules--mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:260-92. [PMID: 24382094 PMCID: PMC4060780 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The detrimental effects of ionizing radiation (IR) involve a highly orchestrated series of events that are amplified by endogenous signaling and culminating in oxidative damage to DNA, lipids, proteins, and many metabolites. Despite the global impact of IR, the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue damage reveal that many biomolecules are chemoselectively modified by IR. RECENT ADVANCES The development of high-throughput "omics" technologies for mapping DNA and protein modifications have revolutionized the study of IR effects on biological systems. Studies in cells, tissues, and biological fluids are used to identify molecular features or biomarkers of IR exposure and response and the molecular mechanisms that regulate their expression or synthesis. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, chemical mechanisms are described for IR-induced modifications of biomolecules along with methods for their detection. Included with the detection methods are crucial experimental considerations and caveats for their use. Additional factors critical to the cellular response to radiation, including alterations in protein expression, metabolomics, and epigenetic factors, are also discussed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Throughout the review, the synergy of combined "omics" technologies such as genomics and epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is highlighted. These are anticipated to lead to new hypotheses to understand IR effects on biological systems and improve IR-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Reisz
- Section on Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Min W, Bruhn C, Grigaravicius P, Zhou ZW, Li F, Krüger A, Siddeek B, Greulich KO, Popp O, Meisezahl C, Calkhoven CF, Bürkle A, Xu X, Wang ZQ. Poly(ADP-ribose) binding to Chk1 at stalled replication forks is required for S-phase checkpoint activation. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2993. [PMID: 24356582 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Damaged replication forks activate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which catalyses poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) formation; however, how PARP1 or poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in the S-phase checkpoint is unknown. Here we show that PAR, supplied by PARP1, interacts with Chk1 via a novel PAR-binding regulatory (PbR) motif in Chk1, independent of ATR and its activity. iPOND studies reveal that Chk1 associates readily with the unperturbed replication fork and that PAR is required for efficient retention of Chk1 and phosphorylated Chk1 at the fork. A PbR mutation, which disrupts PAR binding, but not the interaction with its partners Claspin or BRCA1, impairs Chk1 and the S-phase checkpoint activation, and mirrors Chk1 knockdown-induced hypersensitivity to fork poisoning. We find that long chains, but not short chains, of PAR stimulate Chk1 kinase activity. Collectively, we disclose a previously unrecognized mechanism of the S-phase checkpoint by PAR metabolism that modulates Chk1 activity at the replication fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- WooKee Min
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher Bruhn
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Paulius Grigaravicius
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2]
| | - Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Fu Li
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Krüger
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Bénazir Siddeek
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Otto Greulich
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Chris Meisezahl
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelis F Calkhoven
- Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, Capital Normal University, 105 Xi San Huan Road (N), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- 1] Leibniz Institute For Age Research-Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany [2] Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Beutenberger strasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Wybenga-Groot LE, Ho CS, Sweeney FD, Ceccarelli DF, McGlade CJ, Durocher D, Sicheri F. Structural basis of Rad53 kinase activation by dimerization and activation segment exchange. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1825-36. [PMID: 24815189 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase Rad53 is a key regulator of the DNA damage checkpoint in budding yeast. Its human ortholog, CHEK2, is mutated in familial breast cancer and mediates apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. Autophosphorylation of Rad53 at residue Thr354 located in the kinase activation segment is essential for Rad53 activation. In this study, we assessed the requirement of kinase domain dimerization and the exchange of its activation segment during the Rad53 activation process. We solved the crystal structure of Rad53 in its dimeric form and found that disruption of the observed head-to-tail, face-to-face dimer structure decreased Rad53 autophosphorylation on Thr354 in vitro and impaired Rad53 function in vivo. Moreover, we provide critical functional evidence that Rad53 trans-autophosphorylation may involve the interkinase domain exchange of helix αEF via an invariant salt bridge. These findings suggest a mechanism of autophosphorylation that may be broadly applicable to other protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne E Wybenga-Groot
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Cynthia S Ho
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Frédéric D Sweeney
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Derek F Ceccarelli
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - C Jane McGlade
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre and Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Daniel Durocher
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Frank Sicheri
- The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada; Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Chen ESW, Hoch NC, Wang SC, Pellicioli A, Heierhorst J, Tsai MD. Use of quantitative mass spectrometric analysis to elucidate the mechanisms of phospho-priming and auto-activation of the checkpoint kinase Rad53 in vivo. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:551-65. [PMID: 24302356 PMCID: PMC3916653 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.034058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle checkpoint kinases play central roles in the genome maintenance of eukaryotes. Activation of the yeast checkpoint kinase Rad53 involves Rad9 or Mrc1 adaptor-mediated phospho-priming by Mec1 kinase, followed by auto-activating phosphorylation within its activation loop. However, the mechanisms by which these adaptors regulate priming phosphorylation of specific sites and how this then leads to Rad53 activation remain poorly understood. Here we used quantitative mass spectrometry to delineate the stepwise phosphorylation events in the activation of endogenous Rad53 in response to S phase alkylation DNA damage, and we show that the two Rad9 and Mrc1 adaptors, the four N-terminal Mec1-target TQ sites of Rad53 (Rad53-SCD1), and Rad53-FHA2 coordinate intimately for optimal priming phosphorylation to support substantial Rad53 auto-activation. Rad9 or Mrc1 alone can mediate surprisingly similar Mec1 target site phosphorylation patterns of Rad53, including previously undetected tri- and tetraphosphorylation of Rad53-SCD1. Reducing the number of TQ motifs turns the SCD1 into a proportionally poorer Mec1 target, which then requires the presence of both Mrc1 and Rad9 for sufficient priming and auto-activation. The phosphothreonine-interacting Rad53-FHA domains, particularly FHA2, regulate phospho-priming by interacting with the checkpoint mediators but do not seem to play a major role in the phospho-SCD1-dependent auto-activation step. Finally, mutation of all four SCD1 TQ motifs greatly reduces Rad53 activation but does not eliminate it, and residual Rad53 activity in this mutant is dependent on Rad9 but not Mrc1. Altogether, our results provide a paradigm for how phosphorylation site clusters and checkpoint mediators can be involved in the regulation of signaling relay in protein kinase cascades in vivo and elucidate an SCD1-independent Rad53 auto-activation mechanism through the Rad9 pathway. The work also demonstrates the power of mass spectrometry for in-depth analyses of molecular mechanisms in cellular signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S-W Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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40
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Reinhardt HC, Yaffe MB. Phospho-Ser/Thr-binding domains: navigating the cell cycle and DNA damage response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:563-80. [PMID: 23969844 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated progression through the cell cycle is a complex challenge for eukaryotic cells. Following genotoxic stress, diverse molecular signals must be integrated to establish checkpoints specific for each cell cycle stage, allowing time for various types of DNA repair. Phospho-Ser/Thr-binding domains have emerged as crucial regulators of cell cycle progression and DNA damage signalling. Such domains include 14-3-3 proteins, WW domains, Polo-box domains (in PLK1), WD40 repeats (including those in the E3 ligase SCF(βTrCP)), BRCT domains (including those in BRCA1) and FHA domains (such as in CHK2 and MDC1). Progress has been made in our understanding of the motif (or motifs) that these phospho-Ser/Thr-binding domains connect with on their targets and how these interactions influence the cell cycle and DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christian Reinhardt
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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41
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Zhou ZW, Liu C, Li TL, Bruhn C, Krueger A, Min W, Wang ZQ, Carr AM. An essential function for the ATR-activation-domain (AAD) of TopBP1 in mouse development and cellular senescence. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003702. [PMID: 23950734 PMCID: PMC3738440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
ATR activation is dependent on temporal and spatial interactions with partner proteins. In the budding yeast model, three proteins – Dpb11TopBP1, Ddc1Rad9 and Dna2 - all interact with and activate Mec1ATR. Each contains an ATR activation domain (ADD) that interacts directly with the Mec1ATR:Ddc2ATRIP complex. Any of the Dpb11TopBP1, Ddc1Rad9 or Dna2 ADDs is sufficient to activate Mec1ATRin vitro. All three can also independently activate Mec1ATRin vivo: the checkpoint is lost only when all three AADs are absent. In metazoans, only TopBP1 has been identified as a direct ATR activator. Depletion-replacement approaches suggest the TopBP1-AAD is both sufficient and necessary for ATR activation. The physiological function of the TopBP1 AAD is, however, unknown. We created a knock-in point mutation (W1147R) that ablates mouse TopBP1-AAD function. TopBP1-W1147R is early embryonic lethal. To analyse TopBP1-W1147R cellular function in vivo, we silenced the wild type TopBP1 allele in heterozygous MEFs. AAD inactivation impaired cell proliferation, promoted premature senescence and compromised Chk1 signalling following UV irradiation. We also show enforced TopBP1 dimerization promotes ATR-dependent Chk1 phosphorylation. Our data suggest that, unlike the yeast models, the TopBP1-AAD is the major activator of ATR, sustaining cell proliferation and embryonic development. DNA damage checkpoint signalling is an essential component of the DNA damage response. Many of the key proteins initiating the checkpoint signal have been identified and characterised in yeast. Here we explore the role of the ATR activating domain (AAD) of TopBP1 in embryonic development, cell growth and checkpoint activation using a mouse model. In contrast to yeasts, where the TopBP1 AAD plays a redundant, and thus phenotypically minor, role in ATR activation, our data demonstrate that the mouse TopBP1 AAD is essential for cellular proliferation. Interestingly, this suggests evolution has provided a simpler ATR activation mechanism in metazoans than it has in yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Cong Liu
- Sussex for Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Tang-Liang Li
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Christopher Bruhn
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Krueger
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - WooKee Min
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail: (ZQW); (AMC)
| | - Antony M. Carr
- Sussex for Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ZQW); (AMC)
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42
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Scafoglio C, Smolka M, Zhou H, Perissi V, Rosenfeld MG. The co-repressor SMRT delays DNA damage-induced caspase activation by repressing pro-apoptotic genes and modulating the dynamics of checkpoint kinase 2 activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59986. [PMID: 23690919 PMCID: PMC3656868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) is a major regulator of DNA damage response and can induce alternative cellular responses: cell cycle arrest and DNA repair or programmed cell death. Here, we report the identification of a new role of Chk2 in transcriptional regulation that also contributes to modulating the balance between survival and apoptosis following DNA damage. We found that Chk2 interacts with members of the NCoR/SMRT transcriptional co-regulator complexes and serves as a functional component of the repressor complex, being required for recruitment of SMRT on the promoter of pro-apoptotic genes upon DNA damage. Thus, the co-repressor SMRT exerts a critical protective action against genotoxic stress-induced caspase activation, repressing a functionally important cohort of pro-apoptotic genes. Amongst them, SMRT is responsible for basal repression of Wip1, a phosphatase that de-phosphorylates and inactivates Chk2, thus affecting a feedback loop responsible for licensing the correct timing of Chk2 activation and the proper execution of the DNA repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Scafoglio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CS); (MGR)
| | - Marcus Smolka
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Valentina Perissi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CS); (MGR)
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Abstract
The serine threonine kinase checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) is a DNA damage checkpoint protein important for the ATM-p53 signaling pathway. In addition to its phosphorylation, CHK2 is also ubiquitylated, and both post-translational modifications are important for its function. However, although the mechanisms that regulate CHK2 phosphorylation are well established, those that control its ubiquitylation are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the ubiquitin E3 ligase PIRH2 (p53-induced protein with a RING (Really Interesting New Gene)-H2 domain) interacts with CHK2 and mediates its polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation. We show that the deubiquitylating enzyme USP28 forms a complex with PIRH2 and CHK2 and antagonizes PIRH2-mediated polyubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of CHK2. We also provide evidence that CHK2 ubiquitylation by PIRH2 is dependent on its phosphorylation status. Cells deficient in Pirh2 displayed accumulation of Chk2 and enhanced hyperactivation of G1/S and G2/M cell-cycle checkpoints. This hyperactivation was, however, no longer observed in Pirh2-/-Chk2-/- cells, providing evidence for the importance of Chk2 regulation by Pirh2. These findings indicate that PIRH2 has central roles in the ubiquitylation of Chk2 and its turnover and in the regulation of its function.
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Shimada M, Nakanishi M. Response to DNA damage: why do we need to focus on protein phosphatases? Front Oncol 2013; 3:8. [PMID: 23386996 PMCID: PMC3560363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are continuously threatened by unavoidable errors during normal DNA replication or various sources of genotoxic stresses that cause DNA damage or stalled replication. To maintain genomic integrity, cells have developed a coordinated signaling network, known as the DNA damage response (DDR). Following DNA damage, sensor molecules detect the presence of DNA damage and transmit signals to downstream transducer molecules. This in turn conveys the signals to numerous effectors, which initiate a large number of specific biological responses, including transient cell cycle arrest mediated by checkpoints, DNA repair, and apoptosis. It is recently becoming clear that dephosphorylation events are involved in keeping DDR factors inactive during normal cell growth. Moreover, dephosphorylation is required to shut off checkpoint arrest following DNA damage and has been implicated in the activation of the DDR. Spatial and temporal regulation of phosphorylation events is essential for the DDR, and fine-tuning of phosphorylation is partly mediated by protein phosphatases. While the role of kinases in the DDR has been well documented, the complex roles of protein dephosphorylation have only recently begun to be investigated. Therefore, it is important to focus on the role of phosphatases and to determine how their activity is regulated upon DNA damage. In this work, we summarize current knowledge on the involvement of serine/threonine phosphatases, especially the protein phosphatase 1, protein phosphatase 2A, and protein phosphatase Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent families, in the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Shimada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University Nagoya, Japan
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45
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Thompson LH. Recognition, signaling, and repair of DNA double-strand breaks produced by ionizing radiation in mammalian cells: the molecular choreography. Mutat Res 2012; 751:158-246. [PMID: 22743550 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The faithful maintenance of chromosome continuity in human cells during DNA replication and repair is critical for preventing the conversion of normal diploid cells to an oncogenic state. The evolution of higher eukaryotic cells endowed them with a large genetic investment in the molecular machinery that ensures chromosome stability. In mammalian and other vertebrate cells, the elimination of double-strand breaks with minimal nucleotide sequence change involves the spatiotemporal orchestration of a seemingly endless number of proteins ranging in their action from the nucleotide level to nucleosome organization and chromosome architecture. DNA DSBs trigger a myriad of post-translational modifications that alter catalytic activities and the specificity of protein interactions: phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, and SUMOylation, followed by the reversal of these changes as repair is completed. "Superfluous" protein recruitment to damage sites, functional redundancy, and alternative pathways ensure that DSB repair is extremely efficient, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This review strives to integrate the information about the molecular mechanisms of DSB repair that has emerged over the last two decades with a focus on DSBs produced by the prototype agent ionizing radiation (IR). The exponential growth of molecular studies, heavily driven by RNA knockdown technology, now reveals an outline of how many key protein players in genome stability and cancer biology perform their interwoven tasks, e.g. ATM, ATR, DNA-PK, Chk1, Chk2, PARP1/2/3, 53BP1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BLM, RAD51, and the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex. Thus, the nature of the intricate coordination of repair processes with cell cycle progression is becoming apparent. This review also links molecular abnormalities to cellular pathology as much a possible and provides a framework of temporal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Thompson
- Biology & Biotechnology Division, L452, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94551-0808, United States.
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Wang H, Gao J, Li W, Wong AHH, Hu K, Chen K, Wang Y, Sang J. Pph3 dephosphorylation of Rad53 is required for cell recovery from MMS-induced DNA damage in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37246. [PMID: 22606354 PMCID: PMC3351423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Candida albicans switches from yeast growth to filamentous growth in response to genotoxic stresses, in which phosphoregulation of the checkpoint kinase Rad53 plays a crucial role. Here we report that the Pph3/Psy2 phosphatase complex, known to be involved in Rad53 dephosphorylation, is required for cellular responses to the DNA-damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) but not the DNA replication inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) in C. albicans. Deletion of either PPH3 or PSY2 resulted in enhanced filamentous growth during MMS treatment and continuous filamentous growth even after MMS removal. Moreover, during this growth, Rad53 remained hyperphosphorylated, MBF-regulated genes were downregulated, and hypha-specific genes were upregulated. We have also identified S461 and S545 on Rad53 as potential dephosphorylation sites of Pph3/Psy2 that are specifically involved in cellular responses to MMS. Therefore, our studies have identified a novel molecular mechanism mediating DNA damage response to MMS in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ada Hang-Heng Wong
- Protein Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kangdi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (JS); (YW)
| | - Jianli Sang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JS); (YW)
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Intermolecular binding between TIFA-FHA and TIFA-pT mediates tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulation and NF-κB activation. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:2664-73. [PMID: 22566686 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00438-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead-associated (FHA) domain recognizes phosphothreonine (pT) with high specificity and functional diversity. TIFA (TRAF-interacting protein with an FHA domain) is the smallest FHA-containing human protein. Its overexpression was previously suggested to provoke NF-κB activation, yet its exact roles in this signaling pathway and the underlying molecular mechanism remain unclear. Here we identify a novel threonine phosphorylation site on TIFA and show that this phosphorylated threonine (pT) binds with the FHA domain of TIFA, leading to TIFA oligomerization and TIFA-mediated NF-κB activation. Detailed analysis indicated that unphosphorylated TIFA exists as an intrinsic dimer and that the FHA-pT9 binding occurs between different dimers of TIFA. In addition, silencing of endogenous TIFA resulted in attenuation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated downstream signaling. We therefore propose that the TIFA FHA-pT9 binding provides a previously unidentified link between TNF-α stimulation and NF-κB activation. The intermolecular FHA-pT9 binding between dimers also represents a new mechanism for the FHA domain.
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Liu J, Luo S, Zhao H, Liao J, Li J, Yang C, Xu B, Stern DF, Xu X, Ye K. Structural mechanism of the phosphorylation-dependent dimerization of the MDC1 forkhead-associated domain. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:3898-912. [PMID: 22234877 PMCID: PMC3351156 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MDC1 is a key mediator of the DNA-damage response in mammals with several phosphorylation-dependent protein interaction domains. The function of its N-terminal forkhead-associated (FHA) domain remains elusive. Here, we show with structural, biochemical and cellular data that the FHA domain mediates phosphorylation-dependent dimerization of MDC1 in response to DNA damage. Crystal structures of the FHA domain reveal a face-to-face dimer with pseudo-dyad symmetry. We found that the FHA domain recognizes phosphothreonine 4 (pT4) at the N-terminus of MDC1 and determined its crystal structure in complex with a pT4 peptide. Biochemical analysis further revealed that in the dimer, the FHA domain binds in trans to pT4 from the other subunit, which greatly stabilizes the otherwise unstable dimer. We show that T4 is phosphorylated primarily by ATM upon DNA damage. MDC1 mutants with the FHA domain deleted or impaired in its ability to dimerize formed fewer foci at DNA-damage sites, but the localization defect was largely rescued by an artificial dimerization module, suggesting that dimerization is the primary function of the MDC1 FHA domain. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of MDC1 function through T4 phosphorylation and FHA-mediated dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response and College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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Jungmichel S, Clapperton JA, Lloyd J, Hari FJ, Spycher C, Pavic L, Li J, Haire LF, Bonalli M, Larsen DH, Lukas C, Lukas J, MacMillan D, Nielsen ML, Stucki M, Smerdon SJ. The molecular basis of ATM-dependent dimerization of the Mdc1 DNA damage checkpoint mediator. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:3913-28. [PMID: 22234878 PMCID: PMC3351161 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mdc1 is a large modular phosphoprotein scaffold that maintains signaling and repair complexes at double-stranded DNA break sites. Mdc1 is anchored to damaged chromatin through interaction of its C-terminal BRCT-repeat domain with the tail of γH2AX following DNA damage, but the role of the N-terminal forkhead-associated (FHA) domain remains unclear. We show that a major binding target of the Mdc1 FHA domain is a previously unidentified DNA damage and ATM-dependent phosphorylation site near the N-terminus of Mdc1 itself. Binding to this motif stabilizes a weak self-association of the FHA domain to form a tight dimer. X-ray structures of free and complexed Mdc1 FHA domain reveal a 'head-to-tail' dimerization mechanism that is closely related to that seen in pre-activated forms of the Chk2 DNA damage kinase, and which both positively and negatively influences Mdc1 FHA domain-mediated interactions in human cells prior to and following DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jungmichel
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Zürich - Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Tung N, Silver DP. Chek2 DNA damage response pathway and inherited breast cancer risk. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:3813-5. [PMID: 21876079 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.37.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Tung
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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