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Yang D, Jian Z, Tang C, Chen Z, Zhou Z, Zheng L, Peng X. Zebrafish Congenital Heart Disease Models: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5943. [PMID: 38892128 PMCID: PMC11172925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are common human birth defects. Genetic mutations potentially cause the exhibition of various pathological phenotypes associated with CHDs, occurring alone or as part of certain syndromes. Zebrafish, a model organism with a strong molecular conservation similar to humans, is commonly used in studies on cardiovascular diseases owing to its advantageous features, such as a similarity to human electrophysiology, transparent embryos and larvae for observation, and suitability for forward and reverse genetics technology, to create various economical and easily controlled zebrafish CHD models. In this review, we outline the pros and cons of zebrafish CHD models created by genetic mutations associated with single defects and syndromes and the underlying pathogenic mechanism of CHDs discovered in these models. The challenges of zebrafish CHD models generated through gene editing are also discussed, since the cardiac phenotypes resulting from a single-candidate pathological gene mutation in zebrafish might not mirror the corresponding human phenotypes. The comprehensive review of these zebrafish CHD models will facilitate the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of CHDs and offer new opportunities for their treatments and intervention strategies.
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Li H, Wang P, Zhang C, Zuo Y, Zhou Y, Han R. Defective BVES-mediated feedback control of cAMP in muscular dystrophy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1785. [PMID: 36997581 PMCID: PMC10063672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological processes incorporate feedback mechanisms to enable positive and/or negative regulation. cAMP is an important second messenger involved in many aspects of muscle biology. However, the feedback mechanisms for the cAMP signaling control in skeletal muscle are largely unknown. Here we show that blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES) is a negative regulator of adenylyl cyclase 9 (ADCY9)-mediated cAMP signaling involved in maintaining muscle mass and function. BVES deletion in mice reduces muscle mass and impairs muscle performance, whereas virally delivered BVES expressed in Bves-deficient skeletal muscle reverses these defects. BVES interacts with and negatively regulates ADCY9's activity. Disruption of BVES-mediated control of cAMP signaling leads to an increased protein kinase A (PKA) signaling cascade, thereby promoting FoxO-mediated ubiquitin proteasome degradation and autophagy initiation. Our study reveals that BVES functions as a negative feedback regulator of ADCY9-cAMP signaling in skeletal muscle, playing an important role in maintaining muscle homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yuanbojiao Zuo
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Wang Y, Lu J, Liu Y. Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113380. [PMID: 36362166 PMCID: PMC9657523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injuries occur frequently in daily life and exercise. Understanding the mechanisms of regeneration is critical for accelerating the repair and regeneration of muscle. Therefore, this article reviews knowledge on the mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin-induced injury. The process of regeneration is similar in different mouse strains and is inhibited by aging, obesity, and diabetes. Exercise, microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation, and mechanical loading improve regeneration. The mechanisms of regeneration are complex and strain-dependent, and changes in functional proteins involved in the processes of necrotic fiber debris clearance, M1 to M2 macrophage conversion, SC activation, myoblast proliferation, differentiation and fusion, and fibrosis and calcification influence the final outcome of the regenerative activity.
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Baldwin TA, Li Y, Marsden AN, Rinné S, Garza‐Carbajal A, Schindler RFR, Zhang M, Garcia MA, Venna VR, Decher N, Brand T, Dessauer CW. POPDC1 scaffolds a complex of adenylyl cyclase 9 and the potassium channel TREK-1 in heart. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55208. [PMID: 36254885 PMCID: PMC9724675 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of macromolecular complexes by scaffolding proteins is key to the local production of cAMP by anchored adenylyl cyclase (AC) and the subsequent cAMP signaling necessary for cardiac functions. We identify a novel AC scaffold, the Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) protein. The POPDC family of proteins is important for cardiac pacemaking and conduction, due in part to their cAMP-dependent binding and regulation of TREK-1 potassium channels. We show that TREK-1 binds the AC9:POPDC1 complex and copurifies in a POPDC1-dependent manner with AC9 activity in heart. Although the AC9:POPDC1 interaction is cAMP-independent, TREK-1 association with AC9 and POPDC1 is reduced upon stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptor (βAR). AC9 activity is required for βAR reduction of TREK-1 complex formation with AC9:POPDC1 and in reversing POPDC1 enhancement of TREK-1 currents. Finally, deletion of the gene-encoding AC9 (Adcy9) gives rise to bradycardia at rest and stress-induced heart rate variability, a milder phenotype than the loss of Popdc1 but similar to the loss of Kcnk2 (TREK-1). Thus, POPDC1 represents a novel adaptor for AC9 interactions with TREK-1 to regulate heart rate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Baldwin
- Department Integrative Biology and PharmacologyMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Yong Li
- Department Integrative Biology and PharmacologyMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Autumn N Marsden
- Department Integrative Biology and PharmacologyMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Susanne Rinné
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior MCMBBPhilipps‐University of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Anibal Garza‐Carbajal
- Department Integrative Biology and PharmacologyMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | | | - Musi Zhang
- Department Integrative Biology and PharmacologyMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Mia A Garcia
- Department Integrative Biology and PharmacologyMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Venugopal Reddy Venna
- Department NeurologyMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior MCMBBPhilipps‐University of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department Integrative Biology and PharmacologyMcGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTXUSA
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He X, Wang J, Yu H, Lv W, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Wu Y. Clinical significance for diagnosis and prognosis of POP1 and its potential role in breast cancer: a comprehensive analysis based on multiple databases. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6936-6956. [PMID: 36084948 PMCID: PMC9512506 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in women. The discovery of available biomarkers is crucial for early diagnosis and improving prognosis. The effect of POP1 in BC remains unrevealed. Our study aims to explore the expression of POP1 in BC and demonstrate its clinical significance and potential molecular mechanisms. Methods: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) BC cohort transcriptome data and corresponding clinical information were downloaded. GSE42568 cohort, GSE162228 cohort, GSE7904 cohort, and GSE161533 cohort in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used as verification groups. R software and several web tools were used for statistical analysis. Moreover, the proliferation, transwell, wound healing experiments, and flow cytometry were used for in vitro investigation. Results: Compared with normal breast tissue, POP1 expression was up-regulated in BC tissue with a higher mutation rate. POP1 had good diagnostic value for BC and could be utilized as a new marker. POP1 was significantly correlated with multiple pathways in BC and played an important role in the immune infiltration of BC. High-POP1 expression patients were more prone to be responded to immunotherapy and had a significantly higher percentage of immunotherapy response rate. Moreover, POP1 promoted proliferation and migration and inhibited apoptosis in BC cells. Conclusions: POP1 expression was up-regulated in BC and was associated with a poor prognosis. Patients with high-POP1 expression were more likely to be responded to immunotherapy. Our study can provide a potential marker POP1 for BC, which is beneficial in the diagnosis and treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Emergency, The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, The First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang 443000, Hubei, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenchang Lv
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
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Shetty MS, Ris L, Schindler RFR, Mizuno K, Fedele L, Giese KP, Brand T, Abel T. Mice Lacking the cAMP Effector Protein POPDC1 Show Enhanced Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3457-3471. [PMID: 34937090 PMCID: PMC9376866 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has uncovered diverse forms of synaptic plasticity and an array of molecular signaling mechanisms that act as positive or negative regulators. Specifically, cyclic 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathways are crucially implicated in long-lasting synaptic plasticity. In this study, we examine the role of Popeye domain-containing protein 1 (POPDC1) (or blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES)), a cAMP effector protein, in modulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Unlike other cAMP effectors, such as protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange factor directly activated by cAMP, POPDC1 is membrane-bound and the sequence of the cAMP-binding cassette differs from canonical cAMP-binding domains, suggesting that POPDC1 may have an unique role in cAMP-mediated signaling. Our results show that Popdc1 is widely expressed in various brain regions including the hippocampus. Acute hippocampal slices from Popdc1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit PKA-dependent enhancement in CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to weaker stimulation paradigms, which in slices from wild-type mice induce only transient LTP. Loss of POPDC1, while not affecting basal transmission or input-specificity of LTP, results in altered response during high-frequency stimulation. Popdc1 KO mice also show enhanced forskolin-induced potentiation. Overall, these findings reveal POPDC1 as a novel negative regulator of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and, together with recent evidence for its interaction with phosphodiesterases (PDEs), suggest that POPDC1 is involved in modulating activity-dependent local cAMP-PKA-PDE signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Shivarama Shetty
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Laurence Ris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Mons, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | | | - Keiko Mizuno
- Department of Neuroscience, King’s College, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Laura Fedele
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | | | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Ted Abel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Microbiota and Transcriptomic Effects of an Essential Oil Blend and Its Delivery Route Compared to an Antibiotic Growth Promoter in Broiler Chickens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10050861. [PMID: 35630307 PMCID: PMC9147064 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the delivery of a commercial essential oil blend containing the phytonutrients star anise, cinnamon, rosemary, and thyme oil (via different routes) on broiler chickens’ ileal and ceca microbiota and liver transcriptome compared to an antibiotic growth promoter. Eggs were incubated and allocated into three groups: non-injected, in ovo saline, and in ovo essential oil. On day 18 of incubation, 0.2 mL of essential oil in saline (dilution ratio of 2:1) or saline alone was injected into the amnion. At hatch, chicks were assigned to post-hatch treatment combinations: (A) a negative control (corn-wheat-soybean diet), (B) in-feed antibiotics, (C) in-water essential oil (250 mL/1000 L of drinking water), (D) in ovo saline, (E) in ovo essential oil, and (F) in ovo essential oil plus in-water essential oil in eight replicate cages (six birds/cage) and raised for 28 days. On days 21 and 28, one and two birds per cage were slaughtered, respectively, to collect gut content and liver tissues for further analysis. Alpha and beta diversity differed significantly between ileal and ceca samples but not between treatment groups. In-feed antibiotic treatment significantly increased the proportion of specific bacteria in the family Lachnospiraceae while reducing the proportion of bacteria in the genus Christensenellaceae in the ceca, compared to other treatments. Sex-controlled differential expression of genes related to cell signaling and tight junctions were recorded. This study provides data that could guide the use of these feed additives and a foundation for further research.
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Gruscheski L, Brand T. The Role of POPDC Proteins in Cardiac Pacemaking and Conduction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:160. [PMID: 34940515 PMCID: PMC8706714 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) gene family, consisting of Popdc1 (also known as Bves), Popdc2, and Popdc3, encodes transmembrane proteins abundantly expressed in striated muscle. POPDC proteins have recently been identified as cAMP effector proteins and have been proposed to be part of the protein network involved in cAMP signaling. However, their exact biochemical activity is presently poorly understood. Loss-of-function mutations in animal models causes abnormalities in skeletal muscle regeneration, conduction, and heart rate adaptation after stress. Likewise, patients carrying missense or nonsense mutations in POPDC genes have been associated with cardiac arrhythmias and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. In this review, we introduce the POPDC protein family, and describe their structure function, and role in cAMP signaling. Furthermore, the pathological phenotypes observed in zebrafish and mouse models and the clinical and molecular pathologies in patients carrying POPDC mutations are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
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Holt I, Fuller HR, Schindler RFR, Shirran SL, Brand T, Morris GE. An interaction of heart disease-associated proteins POPDC1/2 with XIRP1 in transverse tubules and intercalated discs. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:88. [PMID: 33261556 PMCID: PMC7709239 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Popeye domain-containing proteins 1 and 2 (POPDC1 and POPDC2) are transmembrane proteins involved in cyclic AMP-mediated signalling processes and are required for normal cardiac pacemaking and conduction. In order to identify novel protein interaction partners, POPDC1 and 2 proteins were attached to beads and compared by proteomic analysis with control beads in the pull-down of proteins from cultured human skeletal myotubes. Results There were highly-significant interactions of both POPDC1 and POPDC2 with XIRP1 (Xin actin binding repeat-containing protein 1), actin and, to a lesser degree, annexin A5. In adult human skeletal muscle, both XIRP1 and POPDC1/2 were present at the sarcolemma and in T-tubules. The interaction of POPDC1 with XIRP1 was confirmed in adult rat heart extracts. Using new monoclonal antibodies specific for POPDC1 and POPDC2, both proteins, together with XIRP1, were found mainly at intercalated discs but also at T-tubules in adult rat and human heart. Conclusions Mutations in human POPDC1, POPDC2 and in human XIRP1, all cause pathological cardiac arrhythmias, suggesting a possible role for POPDC1/2 and XIRP1 interaction in normal cardiac conduction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-020-00329-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Holt
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK. .,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Heidi R Fuller
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Roland F R Schindler
- Imperial Centre of Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, 4th Floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sally L Shirran
- BSRC Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Thomas Brand
- Imperial Centre of Translational and Experimental Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, 4th Floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Glenn E Morris
- Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, SY10 7AG, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
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BVES downregulation in non-syndromic tetralogy of fallot is associated with ventricular outflow tract stenosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14167. [PMID: 32843646 PMCID: PMC7447802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BVES is a transmembrane protein, our previous work demonstrated that single nucleotide mutations of BVES in tetralogy of fallot (TOF) patients cause a downregulation of BVES transcription. However, the relationship between BVES and the pathogenesis of TOF has not been determined. Here we reported our research results about the relationship between BVES and the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) stenosis. BVES expression was significantly downregulated in most TOF samples compared with controls. The expression of the second heart field (SHF) regulatory network genes, including NKX2.5, GATA4 and HAND2, was also decreased in the TOF samples. In zebrafish, bves knockdown resulted in looping defects and ventricular outflow tract (VOT) stenosis, which was mostly rescued by injecting bves mRNA. bves knockdown in zebrafish also decreased the expression of SHF genes, such as nkx2.5, gata4 and hand2, consistent with the TOF samples` results. The dual-fluorescence reporter system analysis showed that BVES positively regulated the transcriptional activity of GATA4, NKX2.5 and HAND2 promoters. In zebrafish, nkx2.5 mRNA partially rescued VOT stenosis caused by bves knockdown. These results indicate that BVES downregulation may be associated with RVOT stenosis of non-syndromic TOF, and bves is probably involved in the development of VOT in zebrafish.
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POPDC proteins and cardiac function. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1393-1404. [PMID: 31551355 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein-protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.
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The Role of the Popeye Domain Containing Gene Family in Organ Homeostasis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121594. [PMID: 31817925 PMCID: PMC6952887 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) gene family consists of POPDC1 (also known as BVES), POPDC2 and POPDC3 and encodes a novel class of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) effector proteins. Despite first reports of their isolation and initial characterization at the protein level dating back 20 years, only recently major advances in defining their biological functions and disease association have been made. Loss-of-function experiments in mice and zebrafish established an important role in skeletal muscle regeneration, heart rhythm control and stress signaling. Patients suffering from muscular dystrophy and atrioventricular block were found to carry missense and nonsense mutations in either of the three POPDC genes, which suggests an important function in the control of striated muscle homeostasis. However, POPDC genes are also expressed in a number of epithelial cells and function as tumor suppressor genes involved in the control of epithelial structure, tight junction formation and signaling. Suppression of POPDC genes enhances tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis in a variety of human cancers, thus promoting a malignant phenotype. Moreover, downregulation of POPDC1 and POPDC3 expression in different cancer types has been associated with poor prognosis. However, high POPDC3 expression has also been correlated to poor clinical prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting that POPDC3 potentially plays different roles in the progression of different types of cancer. Interestingly, a gain of POPDC1 function in tumor cells inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion thereby reducing malignancy. Furthermore, POPDC proteins have been implicated in the control of cell cycle genes and epidermal growth factor and Wnt signaling. Work in tumor cell lines suggest that cyclic nucleotide binding may also be important in epithelial cells. Thus, POPDC proteins have a prominent role in tissue homeostasis and cellular signaling in both epithelia and striated muscle.
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Vissing J, Johnson K, Töpf A, Nafissi S, Díaz-Manera J, French VM, Schindler RF, Sarathchandra P, Løkken N, Rinné S, Freund M, Decher N, Müller T, Duno M, Krag T, Brand T, Straub V. POPDC3 Gene Variants Associate with a New Form of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy. Ann Neurol 2019; 86:832-843. [PMID: 31610034 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Popeye domain containing 3 (POPDC3) gene encodes a membrane protein involved in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. Besides gastric cancer, no disease association has been described. We describe a new muscular dystrophy associated with this gene. METHODS We screened 1,500 patients with unclassified limb girdle weakness or hyperCKemia for pathogenic POPDC3 variants. Five patients carrying POPDC3 variants were examined by muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), muscle biopsy, and cardiac examination. We performed functional analyses in a zebrafish popdc3 knockdown model and heterologous expression of the mutant proteins in Xenopus laevis oocytes to measure TREK-1 current. RESULTS We identified homozygous POPDC3 missense variants (p.Leu155His, p.Leu217Phe, and p.Arg261Gln) in 5 patients from 3 ethnically distinct families. Variants affected highly conserved residues in the Popeye (p.Leu155 and p.Leu217) and carboxy-terminal (p.Arg261) domains. The variants were almost absent from control populations. Probands' muscle biopsies were dystrophic, and serum creatine kinase levels were 1,050 to 9,200U/l. Muscle weakness was proximal with adulthood onset in most patients and affected lower earlier than upper limbs. Muscle MRI revealed fat replacement of paraspinal and proximal leg muscles; cardiac investigations were unremarkable. Knockdown of popdc3 in zebrafish, using 2 different splice-site blocking morpholinos, resulted in larvae with tail curling and dystrophic muscle features. All 3 mutants cloned in Xenopus oocytes caused an aberrant modulation of the mechano-gated potassium channel, TREK-1. INTERPRETATION Our findings point to an important role of POPDC3 for skeletal muscle function and suggest that pathogenic variants in POPDC3 are responsible for a novel type of autosomal recessive limb girdle muscular dystrophy. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:832-843.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katherine Johnson
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Töpf
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Shahriar Nafissi
- Department of Neurology, Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jordi Díaz-Manera
- Unitat de Malalties Neuromusculars, Servei de Neurologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau de Barcelona and CIBERER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa M French
- Developmental Dynamics, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland F Schindler
- Developmental Dynamics, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicoline Løkken
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Rinné
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, AG Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Max Freund
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, AG Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, AG Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Morten Duno
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Brand
- Developmental Dynamics, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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14
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Swan AH, Gruscheski L, Boland LA, Brand T. The Popeye domain containing gene family encoding a family of cAMP-effector proteins with important functions in striated muscle and beyond. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 40:169-183. [PMID: 31197601 PMCID: PMC6726836 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) gene family encodes a novel class of membrane-bound cyclic AMP effector proteins. POPDC proteins are abundantly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Consistent with its predominant expression in striated muscle, Popdc1 and Popdc2 null mutants in mouse and zebrafish develop cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. Likewise, mutations in POPDC genes in patients have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy phenotypes. A membrane trafficking function has been identified in this context. POPDC proteins have also been linked to tumour formation. Here, POPDC1 plays a role as a tumour suppressor by limiting c-Myc and WNT signalling. Currently, a common functional link between POPDC's role in striated muscle and as a tumour suppressor is lacking. We also discuss several alternative working models to better understand POPDC protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Swan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 4th Floor ICTEM Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lena Gruscheski
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 4th Floor ICTEM Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Lauren A Boland
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 4th Floor ICTEM Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 4th Floor ICTEM Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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15
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De Ridder W, Nelson I, Asselbergh B, De Paepe B, Beuvin M, Ben Yaou R, Masson C, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Maisonobe T, Eymard B, Symoens S, Schindler R, Brand T, Johnson K, Töpf A, Straub V, De Jonghe P, De Bleecker JL, Bonne G, Baets J. Muscular dystrophy with arrhythmia caused by loss-of-function mutations in BVES. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2019; 5:e321. [PMID: 31119192 PMCID: PMC6501641 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of patients harboring recessive mutations in BVES. Methods We performed whole-exome sequencing in a multicenter cohort of 1929 patients with a suspected hereditary myopathy, showing unexplained limb-girdle muscular weakness and/or elevated creatine kinase levels. Immunohistochemistry and mRNA experiments on patients' skeletal muscle tissue were performed to study the pathogenicity of identified loss-of-function (LOF) variants in BVES. Results We identified 4 individuals from 3 families harboring homozygous LOF variants in BVES, the gene that encodes for Popeye domain containing protein 1 (POPDC1). Patients showed skeletal muscle involvement and cardiac conduction abnormalities of varying nature and severity, but all exhibited at least subclinical signs of both skeletal muscle and cardiac disease. All identified mutations lead to a partial or complete loss of function of BVES through nonsense-mediated decay or through functional changes to the POPDC1 protein. Conclusions We report the identification of homozygous LOF mutations in BVES, causal in a young adult-onset myopathy with concomitant cardiac conduction disorders in the absence of structural heart disease. These findings underline the role of POPDC1, and by extension, other members of this protein family, in striated muscle physiology and disease. This disorder appears to have a low prevalence, although it is probably underdiagnosed because of its striking phenotypic variability and often subtle yet clinically relevant manifestations, particularly concerning the cardiac conduction abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem De Ridder
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Nelson
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Boel De Paepe
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Maud Beuvin
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rabah Ben Yaou
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Masson
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Boland
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Maisonobe
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sofie Symoens
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Schindler
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Brand
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Johnson
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Töpf
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Straub
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jan L De Bleecker
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gisèle Bonne
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), University of Antwerp; the Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Institute Born- Bunge, University of Antwerp; the Neuromuscular Reference Centre (W.D.R., P.D.J., J.B.), Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium; Sorbonne Université (I.N., M.B., R.B.Y., G.B.), INSERM U974, Center of Research in Myology, Institute of Myology, G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France; Histology and Cellular Imaging (B.A.), Neuromics Support Facility, VIB-UAntwerp Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp; Laboratory for Neuropathology (B.D.P., J.D.B.), Division of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; AP-HP, Centre de Référence de Pathologie Neuromusculaire Nord/Est/Ile-deFrance (R.B.Y., B.E.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Bioinformatics Unit (C.M.), Necker Hospital, AP-HP, and University Paris Descartes, ; Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH) (A.B., J.F.D.), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry; Laboratoire de Neuropathologie (T.M.), G.H. Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Center for Medical Genetics (S.S.), Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Developmental Dynamics, Imperial Centre for Experimental and Translational Medicine (R.S., T.B.), Imperial College London; John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre (K.J., A.T., V.S.), MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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16
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Parang B, Thompson JJ, Williams CS. Blood Vessel Epicardial Substance (BVES) in junctional signaling and cancer. Tissue Barriers 2018; 6:1-12. [PMID: 30307367 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2018.1499843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES) is a tight-junction associated protein that was originally discovered from a cDNA screen of the developing heart. Research over the last decade has shown that not only is BVES is expressed in cardiac and skeletal tissue, but BVES is also is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal epithelium. Mice lacking BVES sustain worse intestinal injury and inflammation. Furthermore, BVES is suppressed in gastrointestinal cancers, and mouse modeling has shown that loss of BVES promotes tumor formation. Recent work from multiple laboratories has revealed that BVES can regulate several molecular pathways, including cAMP, WNT, and promoting the degradation of the oncogene, c-Myc. This review will summarize our current understanding of how BVES regulates the intestinal epithelium and discuss how BVES functions at the molecular level to preserve epithelial phenotypes and suppress tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobak Parang
- a Department of Medicine , Cornell University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Joshua J Thompson
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- b Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,c Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System , Nashville , TN , USA
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17
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Choksi YA, Reddy VK, Singh K, Barrett CW, Short SP, Parang B, Keating CE, Thompson JJ, Verriere TG, Brown RE, Piazuelo MB, Bader DM, Washington MK, Mittal MK, Brand T, Gobert AP, Coburn LA, Wilson KT, Williams CS. BVES is required for maintenance of colonic epithelial integrity in experimental colitis by modifying intestinal permeability. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1363-1374. [PMID: 29907869 PMCID: PMC6162166 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES), or POPDC1, is a tight junction-associated transmembrane protein that modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via junctional signaling pathways. There have been no in vivo studies investigating the role of BVES in colitis. We hypothesized that BVES is critical for maintaining colonic epithelial integrity. At baseline, Bves-/- mouse colons demonstrate increased crypt height, elevated proliferation, decreased apoptosis, altered intestinal lineage allocation, and dysregulation of tight junctions with functional deficits in permeability and altered intestinal immunity. Bves-/- mice inoculated with Citrobacter rodentium had greater colonic injury, increased colonic and mesenteric lymph node bacterial colonization, and altered immune responses after infection. We propose that increased bacterial colonization and translocation result in amplified immune responses and worsened injury. Similarly, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment resulted in greater histologic injury in Bves-/- mice. Two different human cell lines (Caco2 and HEK293Ts) co-cultured with enteropathogenic E. coli showed increased attaching/effacing lesions in the absence of BVES. Finally, BVES mRNA levels were reduced in human ulcerative colitis (UC) biopsy specimens. Collectively, these studies suggest that BVES plays a protective role both in ulcerative and infectious colitis and identify BVES as a critical protector of colonic mucosal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash A Choksi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vishruth K Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kshipra Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caitlyn W Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah P Short
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bobak Parang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua J Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas G Verriere
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Brown
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David M Bader
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mukul K Mittal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Brand
- Developmental Dynamics, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alain P Gobert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lori A Coburn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) genes encode transmembrane proteins, which are abundantly expressed in striated muscle cells. Hallmarks of the POPDC proteins are the presence of three transmembrane domains and the Popeye domain, which makes up a large part of the cytoplasmic portion of the protein and functions as a cAMP-binding domain. Interestingly, despite the prediction of structural similarity between the Popeye domain and other cAMP binding domains, at the protein sequence level they strongly differ from each other suggesting an independent evolutionary origin of POPDC proteins. Loss-of-function experiments in zebrafish and mouse established an important role of POPDC proteins for cardiac conduction and heart rate adaptation after stress. Loss-of function mutations in patients have been associated with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy and AV-block. These data suggest an important role of these proteins in the maintenance of structure and function of striated muscle cells.
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19
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Brand T, Schindler R. New kids on the block: The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) protein family acting as a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle. Cell Signal 2017; 40:156-165. [PMID: 28939104 PMCID: PMC6562197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling pathway constitutes an ancient signal transduction pathway present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Previously, it was thought that in eukaryotes three effector proteins mediate cAMP signalling, namely protein kinase A (PKA), exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) and the cyclic-nucleotide gated channels. However, recently a novel family of cAMP effector proteins emerged and was termed the Popeye domain containing (POPDC) family, which consists of three members POPDC1, POPDC2 and POPDC3. POPDC proteins are transmembrane proteins, which are abundantly present in striated and smooth muscle cells. POPDC proteins bind cAMP with high affinity comparable to PKA. Presently, their biochemical activity is poorly understood. However, mutational analysis in animal models as well as the disease phenotype observed in patients carrying missense mutations suggests that POPDC proteins are acting by modulating membrane trafficking of interacting proteins. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge about this gene family and also outline the apparent gaps in our understanding of their role in cAMP signalling and beyond. Popeye domain containing (POPDC) proteins are novel class of cAMP effector proteins. POPDC proteins control membrane trafficking of interacting proteins. POPDC proteins play a role in cardiac pacemaking and atrioventricular conduction. Mutations of POPDC genes are causing muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brand
- Developmental Dynamics, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
| | - Roland Schindler
- Developmental Dynamics, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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20
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Parang B, Kaz AM, Barrett CW, Short SP, Ning W, Keating CE, Mittal MK, Naik RD, Washington MK, Revetta FL, Smith JJ, Chen X, Wilson KT, Brand T, Bader DM, Tansey WP, Chen R, Brentnall TA, Grady WM, Williams CS. BVES regulates c-Myc stability via PP2A and suppresses colitis-induced tumourigenesis. Gut 2017; 66:852-862. [PMID: 28389570 PMCID: PMC5385850 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES) is a tight junction-associated protein that regulates epithelial-mesenchymal states and is underexpressed in epithelial malignancy. However, the functional impact of BVES loss on tumourigenesis is unknown. Here we define the in vivo role of BVES in colitis-associated cancer (CAC), its cellular function and its relevance to patients with IBD. DESIGN We determined BVES promoter methylation status using an Infinium HumanMethylation450 array screen of patients with UC with and without CAC. We also measured BVES mRNA levels in a tissue microarray consisting of normal colons and CAC samples. Bves-/- and wild-type mice (controls) were administered azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce tumour formation. Last, we used a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify BVES interactors and performed mechanistic studies in multiple cell lines to define how BVES reduces c-Myc levels. RESULTS BVES mRNA was reduced in tumours from patients with CAC via promoter hypermethylation. Importantly, BVES promoter hypermethylation was concurrently present in distant non-malignant-appearing mucosa. As seen in human patients, Bves was underexpressed in experimental inflammatory carcinogenesis, and Bves-/- mice had increased tumour multiplicity and degree of dysplasia after AOM/DSS administration. Molecular analysis of Bves-/- tumours revealed Wnt activation and increased c-Myc levels. Mechanistically, we identified a new signalling pathway whereby BVES interacts with PR61α, a protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit, to mediate c-Myc destruction. CONCLUSION Loss of BVES promotes inflammatory tumourigenesis through dysregulation of Wnt signalling and the oncogene c-Myc. BVES promoter methylation status may serve as a CAC biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobak Parang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Andrew M. Kaz
- Research and Development Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Caitlyn W. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Sarah P. Short
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Wei Ning
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Cody E. Keating
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Mukul K. Mittal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Rishi D. Naik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Mary K. Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Frank L. Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Xi Chen
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas Brand
- Department of Developmental Dynamics, Imperial College of London
| | - David M. Bader
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - William P. Tansey
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Ru Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Teresa A. Brentnall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - William M. Grady
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Christopher S. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN
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Kliminski V, Uziel O, Kessler-Icekson G. Popdc1/Bves Functions in the Preservation of Cardiomyocyte Viability While Affecting Rac1 Activity and Bnip3 Expression. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:1505-1517. [PMID: 27886395 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Popeye domain containing1, also called Bves (Popdc1/Bves), is a transmembrane protein that functions in muscle regeneration, heart rate regulation, hypoxia tolerance, and ischemia preconditioning. The expression of Popdc1/Bves is elevated in cardiomyocytes maintained in serum free defined medium. We hypothesized that Popdc1/Bves is important for cardiomyocyte survival under the stress of serum deprivation and investigated the mechanisms involved. A deficit in Popdc1/Bves, achieved by siRNA-mediated gene silencing, results in cardiomyocyte injury and death, upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein3 (Bnip3), as well as reduction in Rac1-GTPase activity and in Akt phosphorylation. Combined Popdc1/Bves and Bnip3 silencing attenuated cell injury and prevented Bnip3 upregulation induced by the silencing of Popdc1/Bves alone. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated an increased binding of the transcription factor FoxO3 to the Bnip3 promoter although augmentation of FoxO3 in the nuclei was not detected. By contrast, the transcription factor NFκB was excluded from the nuclei of Popdc1/Bves deficient cardiomyocytes and exhibited decreased binding to the Bnip3 promoter. The data indicates that Popdc1/Bves plays a role in the preservation of cardiomyocyte viability under serum deficiency through the alteration of Rac1 activity and the regulation of Bnip3 expression by FoxO3 and NFκB transcription factors pointing to Popdc1/Bves as a potential target to enhance heart protection. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1505-1517, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Kliminski
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Rabin Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Uziel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Rabin Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gania Kessler-Icekson
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Rabin Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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22
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Schindler RF, Scotton C, French V, Ferlini A, Brand T. The Popeye Domain Containing Genes and their Function in Striated Muscle. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3. [PMID: 27347491 PMCID: PMC4918794 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Popeye domain containing (POPDC) genes encode a novel class of cAMP effector proteins, which are abundantly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle. Here, we will review their role in striated muscle as deduced from work in cell and animal models and the recent analysis of patients carrying a missense mutation in POPDC1. Evidence suggests that POPDC proteins control membrane trafficking of interacting proteins. Furthermore, we will discuss the current catalogue of established protein-protein interactions. In recent years, the number of POPDC-interacting proteins has been rising and currently includes ion channels (TREK-1), sarcolemma-associated proteins serving functions in mechanical stability (dystrophin), compartmentalization (caveolin 3), scaffolding (ZO-1), trafficking (NDRG4, VAMP2/3) and repair (dysferlin) or acting as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho-family GTPases (GEFT). Recent evidence suggests that POPDC proteins might also control the cellular level of the nuclear proto-oncoprotein c-Myc. These data suggest that this family of cAMP-binding proteins probably serves multiple roles in striated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fr Schindler
- Developmental Dynamics, Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hill End Road, Harefield, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Scotton
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vanessa French
- Developmental Dynamics, Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hill End Road, Harefield, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Thomas Brand
- Developmental Dynamics, Harefield Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hill End Road, Harefield, UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
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23
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Reddy VK, Short SP, Barrett CW, Mittal MK, Keating CE, Thompson JJ, Harris EI, Revetta F, Bader DM, Brand T, Washington MK, Williams CS. BVES Regulates Intestinal Stem Cell Programs and Intestinal Crypt Viability after Radiation. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1626-36. [PMID: 26891025 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES/Popdc1) is a junctional-associated transmembrane protein that is underexpressed in a number of malignancies and regulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. We previously identified a role for BVES in regulation of the Wnt pathway, a modulator of intestinal stem cell programs, but its role in small intestinal (SI) biology remains unexplored. We hypothesized that BVES influences intestinal stem cell programs and is critical to SI homeostasis after radiation injury. At baseline, Bves(-/-) mice demonstrated increased crypt height, as well as elevated proliferation and expression of the stem cell marker Lgr5 compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Intercross with Lgr5-EGFP reporter mice confirmed expansion of the stem cell compartment in Bves(-/-) mice. To examine stem cell function after BVES deletion, we used ex vivo 3D-enteroid cultures. Bves(-/-) enteroids demonstrated increased stemness compared to WT, when examining parameters such as plating efficiency, stem spheroid formation, and retention of peripheral cystic structures. Furthermore, we observed increased proliferation, expression of crypt-base columnar "CBC" and "+4" stem cell markers, amplified Wnt signaling, and responsiveness to Wnt activation in the Bves(-/-) enteroids. Bves expression was downregulated after radiation in WT mice. Moreover, after radiation, Bves(-/-) mice demonstrated significantly greater SI crypt viability, proliferation, and amplified Wnt signaling in comparison to WT mice. Bves(-/-) mice also demonstrated elevations in Lgr5 and Ascl2 expression, and putative damage-responsive stem cell populations marked by Bmi1 and TERT. Therefore, BVES is a key regulator of intestinal stem cell programs and mucosal homeostasis. Stem Cells 2016;34:1626-1636.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishruth K Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sarah P Short
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Caitlyn W Barrett
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mukul K Mittal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joshua J Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Harris
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Frank Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David M Bader
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thomas Brand
- Developmental Dynamics, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, U.K
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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24
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Schindler RFR, Brand T. The Popeye domain containing protein family--A novel class of cAMP effectors with important functions in multiple tissues. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 120:28-36. [PMID: 26772438 PMCID: PMC4821176 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Popeye domain containing (Popdc) proteins are a unique family, which combine several different properties and functions in a surprisingly complex fashion. They are expressed in multiple tissues and cell types, present in several subcellular compartments, interact with different classes of proteins, and are associated with a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Moreover, Popdc proteins bind the second messenger cAMP with high affinity and it is thought that they act as a novel class of cAMP effector proteins. Here, we will review the most important findings about the Popdc family, which accumulated since its discovery about 15 years ago. We will be focussing on Popdc protein interaction and function in striated muscle tissue. However, as a full picture only emerges if all aspects are taken into account, we will also describe what is currently known about the role of Popdc proteins in epithelial cells and in various types of cancer, and discuss these findings with regard to their relevance for cardiac and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland F R Schindler
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Brand
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College London, United Kingdom.
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25
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Schindler RFR, Scotton C, Zhang J, Passarelli C, Ortiz-Bonnin B, Simrick S, Schwerte T, Poon KL, Fang M, Rinné S, Froese A, Nikolaev VO, Grunert C, Müller T, Tasca G, Sarathchandra P, Drago F, Dallapiccola B, Rapezzi C, Arbustini E, Di Raimo FR, Neri M, Selvatici R, Gualandi F, Fattori F, Pietrangelo A, Li W, Jiang H, Xu X, Bertini E, Decher N, Wang J, Brand T, Ferlini A. POPDC1(S201F) causes muscular dystrophy and arrhythmia by affecting protein trafficking. J Clin Invest 2015; 126:239-53. [PMID: 26642364 DOI: 10.1172/jci79562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The Popeye domain-containing 1 (POPDC1) gene encodes a plasma membrane-localized cAMP-binding protein that is abundantly expressed in striated muscle. In animal models, POPDC1 is an essential regulator of structure and function of cardiac and skeletal muscle; however, POPDC1 mutations have not been associated with human cardiac and muscular diseases. Here, we have described a homozygous missense variant (c.602C>T, p.S201F) in POPDC1, identified by whole-exome sequencing, in a family of 4 with cardiac arrhythmia and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). This allele was absent in known databases and segregated with the pathological phenotype in this family. We did not find the allele in a further screen of 104 patients with a similar phenotype, suggesting this mutation to be family specific. Compared with WT protein, POPDC1(S201F) displayed a 50% reduction in cAMP affinity, and in skeletal muscle from patients, both POPDC1(S201F) and WT POPDC2 displayed impaired membrane trafficking. Forced expression of POPDC1(S201F) in a murine cardiac muscle cell line (HL-1) increased hyperpolarization and upstroke velocity of the action potential. In zebrafish, expression of the homologous mutation (popdc1(S191F)) caused heart and skeletal muscle phenotypes that resembled those observed in patients. Our study therefore identifies POPDC1 as a disease gene causing a very rare autosomal recessive cardiac arrhythmia and LGMD, expanding the genetic causes of this heterogeneous group of inherited rare diseases.
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Abstract
Popdc (Popeye-domain-containing) genes encode membrane-bound proteins and are abundantly present in cardiac myocytes and in skeletal muscle fibres. Functional analysis of Popdc1 (Bves) and Popdc2 in mice and of popdc2 in zebrafish revealed an overlapping role for proper electrical conduction in the heart and maintaining structural integrity of skeletal muscle. Popdc proteins mediate cAMP signalling and modulate the biological activity of interacting proteins. The two-pore channel TREK-1 interacts with all three Popdc proteins. In Xenopus oocytes, the presence of Popdc proteins causes an enhanced membrane transport leading to an increase in TREK-1 current, which is blocked when cAMP levels are increased. Another important Popdc-interacting protein is caveolin 3, and the loss of Popdc1 affects caveolar size. Thus a family of membrane-bound cAMP-binding proteins has been identified, which modulate the subcellular localization of effector proteins involved in organizing signalling complexes and assuring proper membrane physiology of cardiac myocytes.
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27
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Abstract
3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger, which plays an important role in the heart. It is generated in response to activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Initially, it was thought that protein kinase A (PKA) exclusively mediates cAMP-induced cellular responses such as an increase in cardiac contractility, relaxation, and heart rate. With the identification of the exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) and hyperpolarizing cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels as cAMP effector proteins it became clear that a protein network is involved in cAMP signaling. The Popeye domain containing (Popdc) genes encode yet another family of cAMP-binding proteins, which are prominently expressed in the heart. Loss-of-function mutations in mice are associated with cardiac arrhythmia and impaired skeletal muscle regeneration. Interestingly, the cardiac phenotype, which is present in both, Popdc1 and Popdc2 null mutants, is characterized by a stress-induced sinus bradycardia, suggesting that Popdc proteins participate in cAMP signaling in the sinuatrial node. The identification of the two-pore channel TREK-1 and Caveolin 3 as Popdc-interacting proteins represents a first step into understanding the mechanisms of heart rate modulation triggered by Popdc proteins.
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28
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Schindler RF, Poon KL, Simrick S, Brand T. The Popeye domain containing genes: essential elements in heart rate control. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2013; 2:308-19. [PMID: 24282731 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2012.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Popeye domain containing (Popdc) gene family displays preferential expression in skeletal muscle and heart. Only recently a significant gain in the understanding of the function of Popdc genes in the heart has been obtained. The Popdc genes encode membrane proteins harboring an evolutionary conserved Popeye domain, which functions as a binding domain for cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Popdc proteins interact with the two-pore channel TREK-1 and enhance its current. This protein interaction is modulated by cAMP. Null mutations of members of the Popdc gene family in zebrafish and mouse are associated with severe cardiac arrhythmia phenotypes. While in zebrafish an atrioventricular block was prevalent, in mouse a stress-induced sinus bradycardia was observed, which was due to the presence of sinus pauses. Moreover, the phenotype develops in an age-dependent manner, being absent in the young animal and becoming increasingly severe, as the animals grow older. This phenotype is reminiscent of the sick sinus syndrome (SSS), which affects mostly the elderly and is characterized by the poor ability of the cardiac pacemaker to adapt the heart rate to the physiological demand. While being a prevalent disease, which is responsible for a large fraction of pacemaker implantations in Western countries, SSS is poorly understood at the molecular level. It is therefore expected that the study of the molecular basis of the stress-induced bradycardia in Popdc mice will shed new light on the etiology of pacemaker disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland F Schindler
- Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, United Kingdom
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29
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Benesh EC, Miller PM, Pfaltzgraff ER, Grega-Larson NE, Hager HA, Sung BH, Qu X, Baldwin HS, Weaver AM, Bader DM. Bves and NDRG4 regulate directional epicardial cell migration through autocrine extracellular matrix deposition. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:3496-510. [PMID: 24048452 PMCID: PMC3826988 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-07-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bves and NDRG4 proteins interact to regulate directional cell movement by mediating cell surface fusion of internalized fibronectin for resecretion. This provides the first evidence of Bves/NDRG4 protein function within subcellular trafficking pathways and explains how the Bves complex diversely influences development, cancer, and repair. Directional cell movement is universally required for tissue morphogenesis. Although it is known that cell/matrix interactions are essential for directional movement in heart development, the mechanisms governing these interactions require elucidation. Here we demonstrate that a novel protein/protein interaction between blood vessel epicardial substance (Bves) and N-myc downstream regulated gene 4 (NDRG4) is critical for regulation of epicardial cell directional movement, as disruption of this interaction randomizes migratory patterns. Our studies show that Bves/NDRG4 interaction is required for trafficking of internalized fibronectin through the “autocrine extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition” fibronectin recycling pathway. Of importance, we demonstrate that Bves/NDRG4-mediated fibronectin recycling is indeed essential for epicardial cell directional movement, thus linking these two cell processes. Finally, total internal reflectance fluorescence microscopy shows that Bves/NDRG4 interaction is required for fusion of recycling endosomes with the basal cell surface, providing a molecular mechanism of motility substrate delivery that regulates cell directional movement. This is the first evidence of a molecular function for Bves and NDRG4 proteins within broader subcellular trafficking paradigms. These data identify novel regulators of a critical vesicle-docking step required for autocrine ECM deposition and explain how Bves facilitates cell-microenvironment interactions in the regulation of epicardial cell–directed movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Benesh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
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30
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Alcalay Y, Hochhauser E, Kliminski V, Dick J, Zahalka MA, Parnes D, Schlesinger H, Abassi Z, Shainberg A, Schindler RFR, Brand T, Kessler-Icekson G. Popeye domain containing 1 (Popdc1/Bves) is a caveolae-associated protein involved in ischemia tolerance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71100. [PMID: 24066022 PMCID: PMC3774711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Popeye domain containing1 (Popdc1), also named Bves, is an evolutionary conserved membrane protein. Despite its high expression level in the heart little is known about its membrane localization and cardiac functions. The study examined the hypothesis that Popdc1 might be associated with the caveolae and play a role in myocardial ischemia tolerance. To address these issues, we analyzed hearts and cardiomyocytes of wild type and Popdc1-null mice. Immunoconfocal microscopy revealed co-localization of Popdc1 with caveolin3 in the sarcolemma, intercalated discs and T-tubules and with costameric vinculin. Popdc1 was co-immunoprecipitated with caveolin3 from cardiomyocytes and from transfected COS7 cells and was co-sedimented with caveolin3 in equilibrium density gradients. Caveolae disruption by methyl-β-cyclodextrin or by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) abolished the cellular co-localization of Popdc1 with caveolin3 and modified their density co-sedimentation. The caveolin3-rich fractions of Popdc1-null hearts redistributed to fractions of lower buoyant density. Electron microscopy showed a statistically significant 70% reduction in caveolae number and a 12% increase in the average diameter of the remaining caveolae in the mutant hearts. In accordance with these changes, Popdc1-null cardiomyocytes displayed impaired [Ca+2]i transients, increased vulnerability to oxidative stress and no pharmacologic preconditioning. In addition, induction of I/R injury to Langendorff-perfused hearts indicated a significantly lower functional recovery in the mutant compared with wild type hearts while their infarct size was larger. No improvement in functional recovery was observed in Popdc1-null hearts following ischemic preconditioning. The results indicate that Popdc1 is a caveolae-associated protein important for the preservation of caveolae structural and functional integrity and for heart protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Alcalay
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Edith Hochhauser
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Vitaly Kliminski
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Julia Dick
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Muayad A. Zahalka
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Doris Parnes
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadassa Schlesinger
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Asher Shainberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Thomas Brand
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gania Kessler-Icekson
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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31
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Simrick S, Schindler RF, Poon KL, Brand T. Popeye domain-containing proteins and stress-mediated modulation of cardiac pacemaking. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2013; 23:257-63. [PMID: 23562093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An intricate network of ion channels and pumps are involved in generating a diastolic pacemaker potential, which is transmitted to the working myocardium with the help of the cardiac conduction system. The principles of cardiac pacemaking are reasonably well understood, however, the mechanism by which the heart increases its beating frequency in response to adrenergic stimulation has not been fully worked out. The Popeye domain-containing (Popdc) genes encode plasma membrane-localized proteins that are able to bind cAMP with high affinity; mice with null mutations in Popdc1 or 2 have a stress-induced pacemaker dysfunction. The phenotype in both mutants develops in an age-dependent manner and thus may model pacemaker dysfunction in man, as well as provide novel mechanistic insights into the process of pacemaker adaptation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subreena Simrick
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Harefield UB9 6JH, United Kingdom
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32
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Wu M, Li Y, He X, Shao X, Yang F, Zhao M, Wu C, Zhang C, Zhou L. Mutational and functional analysis of the BVES gene coding region in Chinese patients with non-syndromic tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:899-903. [PMID: 23403794 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a common congenital heart defect (CHD). However, the genetic causes are largely unknown. Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES) is postulated to play a role in embryonic development, and we previously found that the expression of BVES is upregulation in patients with congenital septal defect and that BVES participates in cardiocyte differentiation. We hypothesized that BVES is a candidate gene of TOF. In the present study, the entire coding sequence and splice junctions of BVES were sequenced in 114 unrelated patients with TOF and 400 unrelated healthy individuals used as controls. The functional effects of the exon mutant BVES were characterized in contrast to its wild-type counterpart using a luciferase reporter assay system. Four novel BVES mutations (c.166T>C, c.909C>T, c.540-80C>T, c.958+30A>G) were identified in patients with TOF but not in the 400 controls. Functional analysis indicated that the c.166T>C mutation of BVES was associated with an increased transcriptional activity. This finding suggests that BVES as a novel TOF gene may provide further insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
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33
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Tejera P, Meyer NJ, Chen F, Feng R, Zhao Y, O'Mahony DS, Li L, Sheu CC, Zhai R, Wang Z, Su L, Bajwa E, Ahasic AM, Clardy PF, Gong MN, Frank AJ, Lanken PN, Thompson BT, Christie JD, Wurfel MM, O'Keefe GE, Christiani DC. Distinct and replicable genetic risk factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome of pulmonary or extrapulmonary origin. J Med Genet 2012; 49:671-80. [PMID: 23048207 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of genetics in the development of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from direct or indirect lung injury has not been specifically investigated. The aim of this study was to identify genetic variants contributing to ALI/ARDS from pulmonary or extrapulmonary causes. METHODS We conducted a multistage genetic association study. We first performed a large-scale genotyping (50K ITMAT-Broad_CARe Chip) in 1717 critically ill Caucasian patients with either pulmonary or extrapulmonary injury, to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the development of ARDS from direct or indirect insults to the lung. Identified SNPs (p≤0.0005) were validated in two separated populations (Stage II), with trauma (Population I; n=765) and pneumonia/pulmonary sepsis (Population II; n=838), as causes for ALI/ARDS. Genetic variants replicating their association with trauma related-ALI in Stage II were validated in a second trauma-associated ALI population (n=224, Stage III). RESULTS In Stage I, non-overlapping SNPs were significantly associated with ARDS from direct/indirect lung injury, respectively. The association between rs1190286 (POPDC3) and reduced risk of ARDS from pulmonary injury was validated in Stage II (p<0.003). SNP rs324420 (FAAH) was consistently associated with increased risk of ARDS from extrapulmonary causes in two independent ALI-trauma populations (p<0.006, Stage II; p<0.05, Stage III). Meta-analysis confirmed these associations. CONCLUSIONS Different genetic variants may influence ARDS susceptibility depending on direct versus indirect insults. Functional SNPs in POPDC3 and FAAH genes may be driving the association with direct and indirect ALI/ARDS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tejera
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wu YC, Liu CY, Chen YH, Chen RF, Huang CJ, Wang IJ. Blood vessel epicardial substance (Bves) regulates epidermal tight junction integrity through atypical protein kinase C. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:39887-97. [PMID: 23019331 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.372078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bves is widely observed in the cell junction of the skin, epicardium, intestine, and cornea of both developmental embryos and mature adults. However, it is not clear how Bves confers its role in intercellular adhesion. Here, we identified the zebrafish bves (zBves) and found that the epidermal barrier function could be disrupted after knockdown of Bves, and these zBves morphants were sensitive to osmotic stress. A loss of zBves would affect the partitioning defective protein (PAR) junctional complex identified by the rescue experiment with tjp-2/ZO-2 or the PAR complex (par-3, par-6, and prkci/atypical (a)PKC) mRNAs, in which the survival rate of embryos increased 11, 24, 25, and 28%, respectively, after injection with junctional components; the tjp-2 and aPKC mRNA-rescued embryos also had 24 and 45% decreases in the defective rate. Immunofluorescent studies demonstrated that the aggregation of aPKC around the cell junctions had disintegrated in zBves morphants. However, the expression and assembly of zBves were not influenced by aPKC-MO. These results indicate that a loss of zBves affects the proteins involved in the pathway of the PAR junctional complex, especially aPKC, and both aPKC and Bves are indispensable to claudin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Wu
- Institute of Zoology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan
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35
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Froese A, Breher SS, Waldeyer C, Schindler RFR, Nikolaev VO, Rinné S, Wischmeyer E, Schlueter J, Becher J, Simrick S, Vauti F, Kuhtz J, Meister P, Kreissl S, Torlopp A, Liebig SK, Laakmann S, Müller TD, Neumann J, Stieber J, Ludwig A, Maier SK, Decher N, Arnold HH, Kirchhof P, Fabritz L, Brand T. Popeye domain containing proteins are essential for stress-mediated modulation of cardiac pacemaking in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1119-30. [PMID: 22354168 DOI: 10.1172/jci59410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac pacemaker cells create rhythmic pulses that control heart rate; pacemaker dysfunction is a prevalent disorder in the elderly, but little is known about the underlying molecular causes. Popeye domain containing (Popdc) genes encode membrane proteins with high expression levels in cardiac myocytes and specifically in the cardiac pacemaking and conduction system. Here, we report the phenotypic analysis of mice deficient in Popdc1 or Popdc2. ECG analysis revealed severe sinus node dysfunction when freely roaming mutant animals were subjected to physical or mental stress. In both mutants, bradyarrhythmia developed in an age-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that the conserved Popeye domain functioned as a high-affinity cAMP-binding site. Popdc proteins interacted with the potassium channel TREK-1, which led to increased cell surface expression and enhanced current density, both of which were negatively modulated by cAMP. These data indicate that Popdc proteins have an important regulatory function in heart rate dynamics that is mediated, at least in part, through cAMP binding. Mice with mutant Popdc1 and Popdc2 alleles are therefore useful models for the dissection of the mechanisms causing pacemaker dysfunction and could aid in the development of strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Froese
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Gruzdev A, Nguyen M, Kovarova M, Koller BH. PGE2 through the EP4 receptor controls smooth muscle gene expression patterns in the ductus arteriosus critical for remodeling at birth. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2012; 97:109-19. [PMID: 22342504 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The ductus arteriosus (DA) is a fetal shunt that directs right ventricular outflow away from pulmonary circulation and into the aorta. Critical roles for prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and the EP4 receptor (EP4) have been established in maintaining both the patency of the vessel in utero and in its closure at birth. Here we have generated mice in which loss of EP4 expression is limited to either the smooth muscle (SMC) or endothelial cells and demonstrated that SMC, but not endothelial cell expression of EP4 is required for DA closure. The genome wide expression analysis of full term wild type and EP4(-/-) DA indicates that PGE(2)/EP4 signaling modulates expression of a number of unique pathways, including those involved in SMC proliferation, cell migration, and vascular tone. Together this supports a mechanism by which maturation and increased contractility of the vessel is coupled to the potent smooth muscle dilatory actions of PGE(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Artiom Gruzdev
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA
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37
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Kirchmaier BC, Poon KL, Schwerte T, Huisken J, Winkler C, Jungblut B, Stainier DY, Brand T. The Popeye domain containing 2 (popdc2) gene in zebrafish is required for heart and skeletal muscle development. Dev Biol 2012; 363:438-50. [PMID: 22290329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Popeye domain containing (Popdc) genes encode a family of transmembrane proteins with an evolutionary conserved Popeye domain. These genes are abundantly expressed in striated muscle tissue, however their function is not well understood. In this study we have investigated the role of the popdc2 gene in zebrafish. Popdc2 transcripts were detected in the embryonic myocardium and transiently in the craniofacial and tail musculature. Morpholino oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of popdc2 resulted in aberrant development of skeletal muscle and heart. Muscle segments in the trunk were irregularly shaped and craniofacial muscles were severely reduced or even missing. In the heart, pericardial edema was prevalent in the morphants and heart chambers were elongated and looping was abnormal. These pathologies in muscle and heart were alleviated after reducing the morpholino concentration. However the heart still was abnormal displaying cardiac arrhythmia at later stages of development. Optical recordings of cardiac contractility revealed irregular ventricular contractions with a 2:1, or 3:1 atrial/ventricular conduction ratio, which caused a significant reduction in heart frequency. Recordings of calcium transients with high spatiotemporal resolution using a transgenic calcium indicator line (Tg(cmlc2:gCaMP)(s878)) and SPIM microscopy confirmed the presence of a severe arrhythmia phenotype. Our results identify popdc2 as a gene important for striated muscle differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. In addition it is required for the development of the cardiac conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina C Kirchmaier
- Cell- and Developmental Biology, University of Würzburg, Biocenter, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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38
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Williams CS, Zhang B, Smith JJ, Jayagopal A, Barrett CW, Pino C, Russ P, Presley SH, Peng D, Rosenblatt DO, Haselton FR, Yang JL, Washington MK, Chen X, Eschrich S, Yeatman TJ, El-Rifai W, Beauchamp RD, Chang MS. BVES regulates EMT in human corneal and colon cancer cells and is silenced via promoter methylation in human colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2011. [PMID: 21911938 DOI: 10.1172/jci44228.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype is a critical step in the metastatic progression of epithelial carcinomas. Adherens junctions (AJs) are required for suppressing this epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but less is known about the role of tight junctions (TJs) in this process. Here, we investigated the functions of blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES, also known as POPDC1 and POP1), an integral membrane protein that regulates TJ formation. BVES was found to be underexpressed in all stages of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and in adenomatous polyps, indicating its suppression occurs early in transformation. Similarly, the majority of CRC cell lines tested exhibited decreased BVES expression and promoter DNA hypermethylation, a modification associated with transcriptional silencing. Treatment with a DNA-demethylating agent restored BVES expression in CRC cell lines, indicating that methylation represses BVES expression. Reexpression of BVES in CRC cell lines promoted an epithelial phenotype, featuring decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth; impaired growth of an orthotopic xenograft; and blocked metastasis. Conversely, interfering with BVES function by expressing a dominant-negative mutant in human corneal epithelial cells induced mesenchymal features. These biological outcomes were associated with changes in AJ and TJ composition and related signaling. Therefore, BVES prevents EMT, and its epigenetic silencing may be an important step in promoting EMT programs during colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine/GI, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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39
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Williams CS, Zhang B, Smith JJ, Jayagopal A, Barrett CW, Pino C, Russ P, Presley SH, Peng D, Rosenblatt DO, Haselton FR, Yang JL, Washington MK, Chen X, Eschrich S, Yeatman TJ, El-Rifai W, Beauchamp RD, Chang MS. BVES regulates EMT in human corneal and colon cancer cells and is silenced via promoter methylation in human colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4056-69. [PMID: 21911938 DOI: 10.1172/jci44228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype is a critical step in the metastatic progression of epithelial carcinomas. Adherens junctions (AJs) are required for suppressing this epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but less is known about the role of tight junctions (TJs) in this process. Here, we investigated the functions of blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES, also known as POPDC1 and POP1), an integral membrane protein that regulates TJ formation. BVES was found to be underexpressed in all stages of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and in adenomatous polyps, indicating its suppression occurs early in transformation. Similarly, the majority of CRC cell lines tested exhibited decreased BVES expression and promoter DNA hypermethylation, a modification associated with transcriptional silencing. Treatment with a DNA-demethylating agent restored BVES expression in CRC cell lines, indicating that methylation represses BVES expression. Reexpression of BVES in CRC cell lines promoted an epithelial phenotype, featuring decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth; impaired growth of an orthotopic xenograft; and blocked metastasis. Conversely, interfering with BVES function by expressing a dominant-negative mutant in human corneal epithelial cells induced mesenchymal features. These biological outcomes were associated with changes in AJ and TJ composition and related signaling. Therefore, BVES prevents EMT, and its epigenetic silencing may be an important step in promoting EMT programs during colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine/GI, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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40
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Russ PK, Pino CJ, Williams CS, Bader DM, Haselton FR, Chang MS. Bves modulates tight junction associated signaling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14563. [PMID: 21283798 PMCID: PMC3024319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel epicardial substance (Bves) is a transmembrane adhesion protein that regulates tight junction (TJ) formation in a variety of epithelia. The role of TJs within epithelium extends beyond the mechanical properties. They have been shown to play a direct role in regulation of RhoA and ZONAB/DbpA, a y-box transcription factor. We hypothesize that Bves can modulate RhoA activation and ZONAB/DbpA activity through its regulatory effect on TJ formation. Immortalized human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells were stably transfected with Flag-tagged full length chicken Bves (w-Bves) or C-terminus truncated Bves (t-Bves). We found that stably transfected w-Bves and t-Bves were interacting with endogenous human Bves. However, interaction with t-Bves appeared to disrupt cell membrane localization of endogenous Bves and interaction with ZO-1. w-Bves cells exhibited increased TJ function reflected by increased trans-epithelial electrical resistance, while t-Bves cells lost TJ protein immunolocalization at cell-cell contacts and exhibited decreased trans-epithelial electrical resistance. In parental HCE and w-Bves cells ZONAB/DbpA and GEF-H1 were seen at cell borders in the same pattern as ZO-1. However, expression of t-Bves led to decreased membrane localization of both ZONAB/DbpA and GEF-H1. t-Bves cells had increased RhoA activity, as indicated by a significant 30% increase in FRET activity compared to parental HCE cells. ZONAB/DbpA transcriptional activity, assessed using a luciferase reporter probe, was increased in t-Bves cells. These studies demonstrate that Bves expression and localization can regulate RhoA and ZONAB/DbpA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Russ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America.
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41
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Whitehead A, Triant DA, Champlin D, Nacci D. Comparative transcriptomics implicates mechanisms of evolved pollution tolerance in a killifish population. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:5186-203. [PMID: 20874759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Wild populations of the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus resident in heavily contaminated North American Atlantic coast estuaries have recently and independently evolved dramatic, heritable, and adaptive pollution tolerance. We compared physiological and transcriptome responses to embryonic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposures between one tolerant population and a nearby sensitive population to gain insight into genomic, physiological and biochemical mechanisms of evolved tolerance in killifish, which are currently unknown. The PCB exposure concentrations at which developmental toxicity emerged, the range of developmental abnormalities exhibited, and global as well as specific gene expression patterns were profoundly different between populations. In the sensitive population, PCB exposures produced dramatic, dose-dependent toxic effects, concurrent with the alterations in the expression of many genes. For example, PCB-mediated cardiovascular system failure was associated with the altered expression of cardiomyocyte genes, consistent with sarcomere mis-assembly. In contrast, genome-wide expression was comparatively refractory to PCB induction in the tolerant population. Tolerance was associated with the global blockade of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling pathway, the key mediator of PCB toxicity, in contrast to the strong dose-dependent up-regulation of AHR pathway elements observed in the sensitive population. Altered regulation of signalling pathways that cross-talk with AHR was implicated as one candidate mechanism for the adaptive AHR signalling repression and the pollution tolerance that it affords. In addition to revealing mechanisms of PCB toxicity and tolerance, this study demonstrates the value of comparative transcriptomics to explore molecular mechanisms of stress response and evolved adaptive differences among wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Whitehead
- Department of Biological Sciences, 202 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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42
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Kim M, Jang HR, Haam K, Kang TW, Kim JH, Kim SY, Noh SM, Song KS, Cho JS, Jeong HY, Kim JC, Yoo HS, Kim YS. Frequent silencing of popeye domain-containing genes, BVES and POPDC3, is associated with promoter hypermethylation in gastric cancer. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1685-93. [PMID: 20627872 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) genes BVES, POPDC2 and POPDC3 encode proteins that regulate cell-cell adhesion and cell migration during development. Herein, we report the frequent downregulation of BVES and POPDC3 by promoter hypermethylation in gastric cancer. POPDC expression in 11 gastric cancer cell lines and 96 paired gastric tumor and normal adjacent tissues was analyzed with quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The methylation status of BVES and POPDC3 was analyzed with methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, bisulfite sequencing and pyrosequencing. Expression of BVES and POPDC3 was downregulated in 73% of the gastric cancer cell lines and in 69% (BVES) and 87% (POPDC3) of the gastric cancer tissues. The BVES and POPDC3 promoter regions were hypermethylated in the gastric cancer cell lines in which they were silenced. Combined treatment with a DNA methylation inhibitor and a histone deacetylase inhibitor strongly induced BVES and POPDC3 expression. BVES and POPDC3 were hypermethylated in 69% (BVES) and 64% (POPDC3) of the gastric cancer tissues. We knocked down POPDC3 expression with short hairpin RNAs and examined the consequences on cell migration and invasion. Knockdown of POPDC3 in SNU-216 cells caused increased cell migration and invasion. Thus, epigenetic inactivation of BVES and POPDC3 occurs frequently in gastric tumors and may promote gastric cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirang Kim
- Medical Genomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea 305-806
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43
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Identification of a novel Bves function: regulation of vesicular transport. EMBO J 2010; 29:532-45. [PMID: 20057356 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel/epicardial substance (Bves) is a transmembrane protein that influences cell adhesion and motility through unknown mechanisms. We have discovered that Bves directly interacts with VAMP3, a SNARE protein that facilitates vesicular transport and specifically recycles transferrin and beta-1-integrin. Two independent assays document that cells expressing a mutated form of Bves are severely impaired in the recycling of these molecules, a phenotype consistent with disruption of VAMP3 function. Using Morpholino knockdown in Xenopus laevis, we demonstrate that elimination of Bves function specifically inhibits transferrin receptor recycling, and results in gastrulation defects previously reported with impaired integrin-dependent cell movements. Kymographic analysis of Bves-depleted primary and cultured cells reveals severe impairment of cell spreading and adhesion on fibronectin, indicative of disruption of integrin-mediated adhesion. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Bves interacts with VAMP3 and facilitates receptor recycling both in vitro and during early development. Thus, this study establishes a newly identified role for Bves in vesicular transport and reveals a novel, broadly applied mechanism governing SNARE protein function.
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44
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Abstract
Bves was discovered in 1999 by two independent laboratories using screens to identify novel genes that were highly expressed in the developing heart (Reese et al., 1999; Andree et al., 2000). As an evolutionarily conserved transmembrane protein, Bves is postulated to play a role in cell adhesion and cell motility. In studies of Bves protein disruption, there have been multiple phenotypes, but few molecular mechanisms have been advanced to explain the underlying cause of these phenotypes. As the molecular function of Bves protein begins to be uncovered, it is now time to review the literature to examine the significance of this work and future directions of study. This review summarizes the literature on this unique protein and explores new and exciting data that support emerging themes on its molecular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Hager
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
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45
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Froese A, Brand T. Expression pattern of Popdc2 during mouse embryogenesis and in the adult. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:780-7. [PMID: 18189275 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Popdc2 gene is a member of the Popeye domain containing gene family encoding membrane proteins with prominent expression in striated and smooth muscle tissue. After introducing a LacZ reporter gene into the Popdc2 locus, expression was studied during embryonic development and postnatal life. At embryonic day (E) 7.5, expression was present in cardiac and extraembryonic mesoderm. At E10.5, expression was found in heart, somites, and mesothelial cells lining the coelom. At E12.5, expression was present in the coelomic mesothelium, pericardial and myocardial layer of the heart, skeletal muscle, bladder, gut, and umbilical vessels. Postnatal expression was found in cardiac and skeletal muscle and in the smooth muscle layer of colon, rectum, and bladder. In the stomach, Popdc2 was exclusively present in the pyloric epithelium. In conclusion, Popdc2 is expressed in various muscle and nonmuscle cell types during embryonic development and in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Froese
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Theodor-Boveri-Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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46
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Bves directly interacts with GEFT, and controls cell shape and movement through regulation of Rac1/Cdc42 activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8298-303. [PMID: 18541910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802345105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bves is an integral membrane protein with no determined function and no homology to proteins outside of the Popdc family. It is widely expressed throughout development in myriad organisms. Here, we demonstrate an interaction between Bves and guanine nucleotide exchange factor T (GEFT), a GEF for Rho-family GTPases. This interaction represents the first identification of any protein that has a direct physical interaction with any member of the Popdc family. Bves and GEFT are shown to colocalize in adult skeletal muscle. We also demonstrate that exogenous expression of Bves reduces Rac1 and Cdc42 activity levels while not affecting levels of active RhoA. Consistent with a repression of Rac1 and Cdc42 activity, we show changes in speed of cell locomotion and cell roundness also result from exogenous expression of Bves. Modulation of Rho-family GTPase signaling by Bves would be highly consistent with previously described phenotypes occurring upon disruption of Bves function in a wide variety of model systems. Therefore, we propose Bves as a novel regulator of the Rac1 and Cdc42 signaling cascades.
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47
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Identification of a novel intracellular interaction domain essential for Bves function. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2261. [PMID: 18493308 PMCID: PMC2373926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While Blood vessel epicardial substance (Bves) confers adhesive properties, the molecular mechanism of regulating this activity is unknown. No predicted functional motifs in this highly conserved integral membrane protein, other than the transmembrane domain, have been identified. Here, we report for the first time that Bves interacts with itself through an intracellular interaction domain that is essential for its intercellular adhesion activity. Glutathion-S-transferase (GST) pull-down and SPOTs analyses mapped this domain to amino acids 268-274 in the intracellular C-terminus. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that lysines 272 and 273 are essential for homodimerization and cell adhesion. Human corneal cells transfected with wild-type Bves trafficked the protein to the cell surface, assembled junction complexes and formed epithelial sheets. In contrast, cells expressing Bves mutated at these positions did not form continuous epithelial sheets or maintain junctional proteins such as ZO-1 and E-cadherin at the membrane. A dramatic reduction in transepithelial electrical resistance was also observed indicating a functional loss of tight junctions. Importantly, expression of mutated Bves in epithelial cells promoted the transformation of cells from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. This study is the first to demonstrate the essential nature of any domain within Bves for maintenance of epithelial phenotype and function.
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48
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Smith TK, Bader DM. Characterization of Bves expression during mouse development using newly generated immunoreagents. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:1701-8. [PMID: 16538658 PMCID: PMC4678624 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bves (blood vessel/epicardial substance) is a transmembrane protein postulated to play a role in cell-cell interaction/adhesion. It was independently isolated by two groups as a gene product highly enriched in the developing heart. Disagreement exists about its expression during development. Most notably, the expression of Bves in non-muscle cells is disputed. Determining the expression profile of Bves is a critical initial step preceding the characterization of protein function in development and in the adult. We have generated new monoclonal antibodies against mouse Bves and used these immunoreagents to elucidate Bves expression in development. As expected, we detect Bves in myocytes of the developing heart throughout development. In addition, skeletal and smooth muscle cells including those of the coronary system express Bves. Finally, specific, but not all, epithelial derivatives of the three germ layers are stained positively with these monoclonal antibodies. Protein expression in cultured epithelial and muscle cell lines corroborate our in vivo findings. Taken together, these results demonstrate the expression of Bves in a wide range of epithelial and muscle cells during mouse embryogenesis and indicate a broad function for this protein in development, and show that these newly generated reagents will be invaluable in further investigation of Bves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis K Smith
- The Stahlman Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, Program for Developmental Biology, and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6300, USA
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49
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Parnes D, Jacoby V, Sharabi A, Schlesinger H, Brand T, Kessler-Icekson G. The Popdc gene family in the rat: molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis in the heart and cultured cardiomyocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1769:586-92. [PMID: 17662479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three Popeye domain-containing (Popdc 1-3) family-members are known in vertebrates. Their exact function is as yet unknown although involvement in cell adhesion has been suggested. We report herein sequencing of the rat Popdc 1-3 cDNAs that show high homology to other vertebrate orthologs and are expressed primarily in the heart and skeletal muscles. Popdc2 splice variants were identified, with Popdc2C showing a distinctive age-dependent decline. In isolated cardiomyocytes, Popdc genes were negatively regulated by serum, an effect that was reversed by EGFR-kinase inhibition, suggesting an EGFR-dependent modulation of Popdc gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Parnes
- Basil and Gerald Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva 49100, Israel
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50
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Torlopp A, Breher SS, Schlüter J, Brand T. Comparative analysis of mRNA and protein expression of Popdc1 (Bves) during early development in the chick embryo. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:691-700. [PMID: 16444735 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of the Popeye gene family was based on its preferential expression in striated muscle tissue. Recently, a monoclonal antibody against chick Popdc1 (also known as Bves) became available and was used in this study to comparatively analyze the expression pattern of Popdc1 at both the protein and mRNA level during early chick embryogenesis. Using whole-mount immunohistochemistry, expression in the heart was first observed at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 10 in the presumptive left ventricular segment. Cardiac expression was confined to differentiated cardiac myocytes, and undifferentiated myocytes at the anterior and posterior pole showed little expression. After looping, the outer curvature myocardium showed prominent Popdc1 staining, whereas the inner curvature was unlabeled. Despite previous reports, Popdc1 protein was not detectable at any time point in the proepicardium, epicardium, or the smooth muscle layer of the coronary vessels. Whole-mount in situ hybridization using a full-length Popdc1 probe detected novel expression domains, which have not been described previously. Popdc1 mRNA was found in Hensen's node at HH stage 4, and by HH stage 5+, expression became asymmetric. In addition, Popdc1 mRNA was found in pharyngeal endoderm and in the notochordal plate. Subsequently, beginning at HH stage 9, Popdc1 mRNA expression was found in the cardiac mesoderm and expression was maintained in the heart in a pattern very similar to the one observed by antibody staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Torlopp
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany
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