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Chen Q, Li Y, Lu T, Luo J, Yang L, Zhou Z, Tian Z, Tan S, Liu Q. miR-373 promotes invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via activating ERK/MAPK pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:124. [PMID: 38167930 PMCID: PMC10762131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationship between miR-373 and the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Additionally, it aims to predict the potential cellular signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms in which miR-373 may be involved and provides a theoretical basis and experimental evidence for the clinical application of miR-373 as a potential biomarker, molecular target, and prognostic indicator in colorectal cancer. Real-time quantitative PCR is used to analyze the expression of miR-373 in human colorectal cancer cell lines and normal human colonic epithelial cells. Further validation of the differential expression of miR-373 in colorectal cancer cell lines is being performed. Biological functions such as cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis are being detected by MTT, CCK-8, transwell, cell cycle analysis, and flow cytometry experiments to verify the changes in the biological behavior of colon cancer cells after overexpression and interference of miR-373 in SW-480 cells and to explore the effects of miR-373 on cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Proteomic analysis is being conducted on proteins extracted from miR-373 overexpressing SW480 cells, and mass spectrometry is used for protein identification. GO, KEGG, and enrichment analysis are being employed to analyze the significantly differentially expressed proteins. The expression levels of pathway-related proteins are being verified using Western blot. Overexpression of miR-373 increased the invasive and metastatic ability of SW-480 cells; knockdown of miR-373 decreased the invasive and metastatic ability of SW-480 cells. However, there was no statistically significant effect on cell proliferation and apoptosis in SW-480 cells. Proteomic analysis identified 78 differentially expressed proteins based on fold change (FC) > 1.2 and P < 0.05. Annotation of differentially changed proteins revealed that the MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and FAK signaling pathway may play crucial roles in the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer. Western blot analysis showed that overexpression of miR-373 significantly increased the levels of p-ERK1/2 in SW480 cells. miR-373 may activate the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway to promote the invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tailiang Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihui Luo
- Department of comprehensive Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410005, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of General Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, No. 61 Jiefang West Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Wang R, Wang S, Li Z, Luo Y, Zhao Y, Han Q, Rong XZ, Guo YX, Liu Y. PLEKHH2 binds β-arrestin1 through its FERM domain, activates FAK/PI3K/AKT phosphorylation, and promotes the malignant phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:858. [PMID: 36209201 PMCID: PMC9547923 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PLEKHH2 is an important FERM domain containing-protein. However, the role of PLEKHH2 in human solid tumors has not been reported yet. We report that PLEKHH2 showed enhanced cytoplasmic expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Its overexpression was positively correlated with high TNM stage, low differentiation, lymphatic node metastasis, and poor prognosis. In A549 and H1299 cells, high expression of PLEKHH2 significantly promoted cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and increased the expression of proliferation- and invasion-related proteins. It also enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK and promoted the activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation analyses were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying PLEKHH2-mediated regulation of proliferation and invasion in lung cancer cells. Upon transfection of full length PLEKHH2 or its FERM domain, we observed enhanced binding of PLEKHH2 to β-arrestin1, whereas FAK- β-arrestin1 binding was diminished and this led to an increase in FAK phosphorylation. PLEKHH2-mutant plasmids without the FERM domain could not effectively promote its binding to β-arrestin1, activation of FAK phosphorylation, PI3K/AKT activation, or the malignant phenotype. Our findings suggested that PLEKHH2 is an important oncogene in NSCLC. PLEKHH2 binding to β-arrestin1 through the FERM domain competitively inhibits β-arrestin1 binding to FAK, which causes the dissociation of FAK from the FAK-β-arrestin1 complex. Furthermore, the dissociation of FAK promotes its autophosphorylation, activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and subsequently promotes lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. These results provide evidence for the potential use of PLEKHH2 inhibition as an anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Si Wang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Medical Microbiology and Human Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Luo
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Han
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Zhu Rong
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Yao-Xing Guo
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.412636.40000 0004 1757 9485Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 P. R. China
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3
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FAK in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031726. [PMID: 35163650 PMCID: PMC8836199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. FAK regulates diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signaling, cell cycle progression, cell survival, cell motility, angiogenesis, and the establishment of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Mounting evidence has indicated that targeting FAK, either alone or in combination with other agents, may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for various cancers. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying FAK-mediated signaling networks during tumor development. We also summarize the recent progress of FAK-targeted small-molecule compounds for anticancer activity from preclinical and clinical evidence.
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Hou S, Wang J, Li W, Hao X, Hang Q. Roles of Integrins in Gastrointestinal Cancer Metastasis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:708779. [PMID: 34869579 PMCID: PMC8634653 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.708779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are a large family of heterodimeric transmembrane receptors which mediate cell adhesion and transmit signals to the cell interior. The mechanistic roles of integrins have long been an enigma in cancer, given its complexity in regulating different cellular behaviors. Recently, however, increasing research is providing new insights into its function and the underlying mechanisms, which collectively include the influences of altered integrin expression on the aberrant signaling pathways and cancer progression. Many studies have also demonstrated the potentiality of integrins as therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. In this review, we have summarized these recent reports and put a particular emphasis on the dysregulated expression of integrins and how they regulate related signaling pathways to facilitate the metastatic progression of gastrointestinal cancer, including gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC), which will address the crucial roles of integrins in gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin Hao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qinglei Hang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Pollan SG, Teng PC, Jan YJ, Livingstone J, Huang C, Kim M, Mariscal J, Rodriguez M, Chen JF, You S, DiVizio D, Boutros PC, Chan KS, Rasorenova O, Cress A, Spassov D, Moasser M, Posadas EM, Freedland SJ, Freeman MR, Zheng JJ, Knudsen BS. Loss of CDCP1 triggers FAK activation in detached prostate cancer cells. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2021; 9:350-366. [PMID: 34541033 PMCID: PMC8446766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A major metastasis suppressing mechanism is the rapid apoptotic death of cancer cells upon detachment from extracellular matrix, a process called anoikis. Focal adhesion kinase (PTK2/FAK) is a key enzyme involved in evasion of anoikis. We show that loss of the Cub-domain containing protein-1 (CDCP1), paradoxically stimulates FAK activation in the detached state of prostate cancer cells. In CDCP1low DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells, detachment-activation of FAK occurs through local production of PI(4,5)P2. PI(4,5)P2 is generated by the PIP5K1c-201 splicing isoform of PIP5K1c, which contains a unique SRC phosphorylation site. In the detached state, reduced expression of CDCP1 and an alternative CDCP1-independent SRC activation mechanism triggers PIP5K1c-pY644 phosphorylation by SRC. This causes a switch of Talin binding from β1-integrin to PIP5K1c-pY644 and leads to activation of PIP5K1c-FAK. Reduced CDCP1 expression also inactivates CDK5, a negative regulator of PIP5K1c. Furthermore, immersion of prostate cancer cells in 10% human plasma or fetal bovine serum is required for activation of PIP5K1c-FAK. The PIP5K1c induced detachment-activation of FAK in preclinical models sensitizes CDCP1low prostate cancer cells to FAK inhibitors. In patients, CDCP1High versus CDCP1low circulating tumor cells differ in expression of AR-v7, ONECUT2 and HOXB13 oncogenes and TMPRSS2 and display intra-patient heterogeneity of FAK-pY397 expression. Taken together, CDCP1low and CDCP1high detached prostate cancer cells activate distinct cytoplasmic kinase complexes and targetable transcription factors, which has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara G Pollan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Pai-Chi Teng
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yu Jen Jan
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julie Livingstone
- Department of Informatics and Biocomputing, Ontario Institute for Cancer ResearchToronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Cai Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky789 South Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Javier Mariscal
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Maria Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jie-Fu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Dolores DiVizio
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Department of Human Genetics and Urology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith Syson Chan
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Olga Rasorenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California IrvineIrvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Anne Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine1501 N, Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Danislav Spassov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mark Moasser
- Department of Medicine, University of California San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Edwin M Posadas
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jie J Zheng
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California Los AngelesCHS BH-973B, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Beatrice S Knudsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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6
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Rashmi, More SK, Wang Q, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Porter JE, Basson MD. ZINC40099027 activates human focal adhesion kinase by accelerating the enzymatic activity of the FAK kinase domain. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00737. [PMID: 33715263 PMCID: PMC7955952 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates gastrointestinal epithelial restitution and healing. ZINC40099027 (Zn27) activates cellular FAK and promotes intestinal epithelial wound closure in vitro and in mice. However, whether Zn27 activates FAK directly or indirectly remains unknown. We evaluated Zn27 potential modulation of the key phosphatases, PTP-PEST, PTP1B, and SHP2, that inactivate FAK, and performed in vitro kinase assays with purified FAK to assess direct Zn27-FAK interaction. In human Caco-2 cells, Zn27-stimulated FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation despite PTP-PEST inhibition and did not affect PTP1B-FAK interaction or SHP2 activity. Conversely, in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that Zn27 directly activates both full-length 125 kDa FAK and its 35 kDa kinase domain. The ATP-competitive FAK inhibitor PF573228 reduced basal and ZN27-stimulated FAK phosphorylation in Caco-2 cells, but Zn27 increased FAK phosphorylation even in cells treated with PF573228. Increasing PF573228 concentrations completely prevented activation of 35 kDa FAK in vitro by a normally effective Zn27 concentration. Conversely, increasing Zn27 concentrations dose-dependently activated kinase activity and overcame PF573228 inhibition of FAK, suggesting the direct interactions of Zn27 with FAK may be competitive. Zn27 increased the maximal activity (Vmax ) of FAK. The apparent Km of the substrate also increased under laboratory conditions less relevant to intracellular ATP concentrations. These results suggest that Zn27 is highly potent and enhances FAK activity via allosteric interaction with the FAK kinase domain to increase the Vmax of FAK for ATP. Understanding Zn27 enhancement of FAK activity will be important to redesign and develop a clinical drug that can promote mucosal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Shyam K More
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - James E Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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7
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Manipulation of Focal Adhesion Signaling by Pathogenic Microbes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031358. [PMID: 33572997 PMCID: PMC7866387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesions (FAs) serve as dynamic signaling hubs within the cell. They connect intracellular actin to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and respond to environmental cues. In doing so, these structures facilitate important processes such as cell-ECM adhesion and migration. Pathogenic microbes often modify the host cell actin cytoskeleton in their pursuit of an ideal replicative niche or during invasion to facilitate uptake. As actin-interfacing structures, FA dynamics are also intimately tied to actin cytoskeletal organization. Indeed, exploitation of FAs is another avenue by which pathogenic microbes ensure their uptake, survival and dissemination. This is often achieved through the secretion of effector proteins which target specific protein components within the FA. Molecular mimicry of the leucine-aspartic acid (LD) motif or vinculin-binding domains (VBDs) commonly found within FA proteins is a common microbial strategy. Other effectors may induce post-translational modifications to FA proteins through the regulation of phosphorylation sites or proteolytic cleavage. In this review, we present an overview of the regulatory mechanisms governing host cell FAs, and provide examples of how pathogenic microbes have evolved to co-opt them to their own advantage. Recent technological advances pose exciting opportunities for delving deeper into the mechanistic details by which pathogenic microbes modify FAs.
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Alexander RA, Lot I, Saha K, Abadie G, Lambert M, Decosta E, Kobayashi H, Beautrait A, Borrull A, Asnacios A, Bouvier M, Scott MGH, Marullo S, Enslen H. Beta-arrestins operate an on/off control switch for focal adhesion kinase activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5259-5279. [PMID: 32040695 PMCID: PMC11104786 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates key biological processes downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in normal and cancer cells, but the modes of kinase activation by these receptors remain unclear. We report that after GPCR stimulation, FAK activation is controlled by a sequence of events depending on the scaffolding proteins β-arrestins and G proteins. Depletion of β-arrestins results in a marked increase in FAK autophosphorylation and focal adhesion number. We demonstrate that β-arrestins interact directly with FAK and inhibit its autophosphorylation in resting cells. Both FAK-β-arrestin interaction and FAK inhibition require the FERM domain of FAK. Following the stimulation of the angiotensin receptor AT1AR and subsequent translocation of the FAK-β-arrestin complex to the plasma membrane, β-arrestin interaction with the adaptor AP-2 releases inactive FAK from the inhibitory complex, allowing its activation by receptor-stimulated G proteins and activation of downstream FAK effectors. Release and activation of FAK in response to angiotensin are prevented by an AP-2-binding deficient β-arrestin and by a specific inhibitor of β-arrestin/AP-2 interaction; this inhibitor also prevents FAK activation in response to vasopressin. This previously unrecognized mechanism of FAK regulation involving a dual role of β-arrestins, which inhibit FAK in resting cells while driving its activation at the plasma membrane by GPCR-stimulated G proteins, opens new potential therapeutic perspectives in cancers with up-regulated FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revu Ann Alexander
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Isaure Lot
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Kusumika Saha
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Abadie
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Mireille Lambert
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Eleonore Decosta
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry and the Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandre Beautrait
- Department of Biochemistry and the Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Aurélie Borrull
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, CNRS UMR 7057, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and the Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mark G H Scott
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Marullo
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Enslen
- Institut Cochin, Inserm U 1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014, Paris, France.
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9
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FAK Signaling in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228422. [PMID: 33182556 PMCID: PMC7697003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of children and adolescents. The fusion-positive (FP)-RMS variant expressing chimeric oncoproteins such as PAX3-FOXO1 and PAX7-FOXO1 is at high risk. The fusion negative subgroup, FN-RMS, has a good prognosis when non-metastatic. Despite a multimodal therapeutic approach, FP-RMS and metastatic FN-RMS often show a dismal prognosis with 5-year survival of less than 30%. Therefore, novel targets need to be discovered to develop therapies that halt tumor progression, reducing long-term side effects in young patients. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates focal contacts at the cellular edges. It plays a role in cell motility, survival, and proliferation in response to integrin and growth factor receptors’ activation. FAK is often dysregulated in cancer, being upregulated and/or overactivated in several adult and pediatric tumor types. In RMS, both in vitro and preclinical studies point to a role of FAK in tumor cell motility/invasion and proliferation, which is inhibited by FAK inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the data on FAK expression and modulation in RMS. Moreover, we give an overview of the approaches to inhibit FAK in both preclinical and clinical cancer settings.
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10
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Acebrón I, Righetto RD, Schoenherr C, de Buhr S, Redondo P, Culley J, Rodríguez CF, Daday C, Biyani N, Llorca O, Byron A, Chami M, Gräter F, Boskovic J, Frame MC, Stahlberg H, Lietha D. Structural basis of Focal Adhesion Kinase activation on lipid membranes. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104743. [PMID: 32779739 PMCID: PMC7527928 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key component of the membrane proximal signaling layer in focal adhesion complexes, regulating important cellular processes, including cell migration, proliferation, and survival. In the cytosol, FAK adopts an autoinhibited state but is activated upon recruitment into focal adhesions, yet how this occurs or what induces structural changes is unknown. Here, we employ cryo-electron microscopy to reveal how FAK associates with lipid membranes and how membrane interactions unlock FAK autoinhibition to promote activation. Intriguingly, initial binding of FAK to the membrane causes steric clashes that release the kinase domain from autoinhibition, allowing it to undergo a large conformational change and interact itself with the membrane in an orientation that places the active site toward the membrane. In this conformation, the autophosphorylation site is exposed and multiple interfaces align to promote FAK oligomerization on the membrane. We show that interfaces responsible for initial dimerization and membrane attachment are essential for FAK autophosphorylation and resulting cellular activity including cancer cell invasion, while stable FAK oligomerization appears to be needed for optimal cancer cell proliferation in an anchorage-independent manner. Together, our data provide structural details of a key membrane bound state of FAK that is primed for efficient autophosphorylation and activation, hence revealing the critical event in integrin mediated FAK activation and signaling at focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Acebrón
- Structural Biology ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research CentreMadridSpain
| | - Ricardo D Righetto
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalyticsBiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christina Schoenherr
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Svenja de Buhr
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical StudiesHeidelbergGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Pilar Redondo
- Structural Biology ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research CentreMadridSpain
| | - Jayne Culley
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Carlos F Rodríguez
- Structural Biology ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research CentreMadridSpain
| | - Csaba Daday
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical StudiesHeidelbergGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nikhil Biyani
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalyticsBiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Oscar Llorca
- Structural Biology ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research CentreMadridSpain
| | - Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Mohamed Chami
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalyticsBiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical StudiesHeidelbergGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Jasminka Boskovic
- Structural Biology ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research CentreMadridSpain
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh CentreInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Henning Stahlberg
- Center for Cellular Imaging and NanoAnalyticsBiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Lietha
- Structural Biology ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research CentreMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasSpanish National Research Council (CSIC)MadridSpain
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11
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Brod F, Fässler R. A FAK conundrum is solved: activation and organization of focal adhesion kinase at the plasma membrane. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106234. [PMID: 32865270 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a central mediator of cell adhesion, acting both as a scaffold and as catalytically active kinase. Acebrón et al (2020) use cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to visualize the dramatic structural changes that occur upon FAK recruitment to the plasma membrane, which releases FAK autoinhibition and induces its oligomerization. Since activity control via autoinhibition and protein clustering are features also utilized by other focal adhesion (FA) proteins, they have moved center stage in the endeavor to understand the complex process of cell adhesion regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brod
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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12
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Murphy JM, Jeong K, Lim STS. FAK Family Kinases in Vascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103630. [PMID: 32455571 PMCID: PMC7279255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In various vascular diseases, extracellular matrix (ECM) and integrin expression are frequently altered, leading to focal adhesion kinase (FAK) or proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) activation. In addition to the major roles of FAK and Pyk2 in regulating adhesion dynamics via integrins, recent studies have shown a new role for nuclear FAK in gene regulation in various vascular cells. In particular, FAK primarily localizes within the nuclei of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of healthy arteries. However, vessel injury increased FAK localization back to adhesions and elevated FAK activity, leading to VSMC hyperplasia. The study suggested that abnormal FAK or Pyk2 activation in vascular cells may cause pathology in vascular diseases. Here we will review several studies of FAK and Pyk2 associated with integrin signaling in vascular diseases including restenosis, atherosclerosis, heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, aneurysm, and thrombosis. Despite the importance of FAK family kinases in vascular diseases, comprehensive reviews are scarce. Therefore, we summarized animal models involving FAK family kinases in vascular diseases.
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13
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Salgado-Lucio ML, Ramírez-Ramírez D, Jorge-Cruz CY, Roa-Espitia AL, Hernández-González EO. FAK regulates actin polymerization during sperm capacitation via the ERK2/GEF-H1/RhoA signaling pathway. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs239186. [PMID: 32107290 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin polymerization is a crucial process during sperm capacitation. We have recently described the participation of FAK during actin polymerization in guinea pig spermatozoa. However, the mechanism by which FAK mediates these processes is unknown. Our previous data have shown that MAPK1 (hereafter referred to as ERK2) is activated during the first minutes of capacitation, and inhibition of ERK2 blocked actin polymerization and the acrosome reaction. In this current study, we found that FAK is involved in ERK2 activation - as FAK was phosphorylated at tyrosine residue 925 and bound to Grb2 - and that inhibition of FAK results in a significant decrease of ERK2 activation. We also confirmed the presence of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 (ARHGEF2, hereafter referred to as GEF-H1), which is able to associate with RhoA during capacitation. RhoA activation and its participation in actin polymerization were also analyzed. Inhibition of FAK or ERK1/2 impeded GEF-H1 phosphorylation, RhoA activation, and the association between GEF-H1 and RhoA. Finally, we observed the presence of fibronectin on the sperm surface, its role in sperm-sperm interaction as well as participation of β-integrin in the activation of ERK2. Our results show that the signaling pathway downstream of fibronectin, via integrin, FAK, Grb2, MEK1/2, ERK2, GEF-H1 and RhoA regulates the actin polymerization associated with spermatozoa capacitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Salgado-Lucio
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CDMX 07360, México
| | - Danelia Ramírez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CDMX 07360, México
| | - Coral Y Jorge-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CDMX 07360, México
| | - Ana L Roa-Espitia
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CDMX 07360, México
| | - Enrique O Hernández-González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CDMX 07360, México
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14
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Melo TG, Coutinho EA, Pereira MCS. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan triggers focal adhesion kinase signaling during Trypanosoma cruzi invasion. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020. [PMCID: PMC7849177 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is capable of triggering different signaling pathways that modulate its internalisation in mammalian cells. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase protein, has been demonstrated as a mechanism of T. cruzi invasion in cardiomyocytes. Since the involved cell surface receptors are not yet known, we evaluated whether heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), a molecule involved in T. cruzi recognition and in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways, are able to trigger the FAK signaling pathway during T. cruzi invasion. METHODS To investigate the role of HSPG in the regulation of the FAK signaling pathway during trypomastigote entry, we performed heparan sulfate (HS) depletion from the cardiomyocyte surface by treatment with heparinase I or p-nitrophenyl-β-D-xylopyranoside (p-n-xyloside), which abolishes glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachment to the proteoglycan core protein. Wild-type (CHO-k1) and GAG-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-745) were also used as an approach to evaluate the participation of the HSPG-FAK signaling pathway. FAK activation (FAK Tyr397) and spatial distribution were analysed by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. FINDINGS HS depletion from the cardiomyocyte surface inhibited FAK activation by T. cruzi. Cardiomyocyte treatment with heparinase I or p-n-xyloside resulted in 34% and 28% FAK phosphorylation level decreases, respectively. The experiments with the CHO cells corroborated the role of HSPG as a FAK activation mediator. T. cruzi infection did not stimulate FAK phosphorylation in CHO-745 cells, leading to a 36% reduction in parasite invasion. FAK inhibition due to the PF573228 treatment also impaired T. cruzi entry in CHO-k1 cells. MAIN CONCLUSION Jointly, our data demonstrate that HSPG is a key molecule in the FAK signaling pathway activation, regulating T. cruzi entry.
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15
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Khan RB, Goult BT. Adhesions Assemble!-Autoinhibition as a Major Regulatory Mechanism of Integrin-Mediated Adhesion. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:144. [PMID: 31921890 PMCID: PMC6927945 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of cell-cell and cell-extracellular adhesion enabled cells to interact in a coherent manner, forming larger structures and giving rise to the development of tissues, organs and complex multicellular life forms. The development of such organisms required tight regulation of dynamic adhesive structures by signaling pathways that coordinate cell attachment. Integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix provides cells with support, survival signals and context-dependent cues that enable cells to run different cellular programs. One mysterious aspect of the process is how hundreds of proteins assemble seemingly spontaneously onto the activated integrin. An emerging concept is that adhesion assembly is regulated by autoinhibition of key proteins, a highly dynamic event that is modulated by a variety of signaling events. By enabling precise control of the activation state of proteins, autoinhibition enables localization of inactive proteins and the formation of pre-complexes. In response to the correct signals, these proteins become active and interact with other proteins, ultimately leading to development of cell-matrix junctions. Autoinhibition of key components of such adhesion complexes—including core components integrin, talin, vinculin, and FAK and important peripheral regulators such as RIAM, Src, and DLC1—leads to a view that the majority of proteins involved in complex assembly might be regulated by intramolecular interactions. Autoinhibition is relieved via multiple different signals including post-translation modification and proteolysis. More recently, mechanical forces have been shown to stabilize and increase the lifetimes of active conformations, identifying autoinhibition as a means of encoding mechanosensitivity. The complexity and scope for nuanced adhesion dynamics facilitated via autoinhibition provides numerous points of regulation. In this review, we discuss what is known about this mode of regulation and how it leads to rapid and tightly controlled assembly and disassembly of cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejina B Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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16
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Loving HS, Underbakke ES. Conformational Dynamics of FERM-Mediated Autoinhibition in Pyk2 Tyrosine Kinase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3767-3776. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S. Loving
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric S. Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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17
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Shen B, Vardy K, Hughes P, Tasdogan A, Zhao Z, Yue R, Crane GM, Morrison SJ. Integrin alpha11 is an Osteolectin receptor and is required for the maintenance of adult skeletal bone mass. eLife 2019; 8:42274. [PMID: 30632962 PMCID: PMC6349404 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously discovered a new osteogenic growth factor that is required to maintain adult skeletal bone mass, Osteolectin/Clec11a. Osteolectin acts on Leptin Receptor+ (LepR+) skeletal stem cells and other osteogenic progenitors in bone marrow to promote their differentiation into osteoblasts. Here we identify a receptor for Osteolectin, integrin α11, which is expressed by LepR+ cells and osteoblasts. α11β1 integrin binds Osteolectin with nanomolar affinity and is required for the osteogenic response to Osteolectin. Deletion of Itga11 (which encodes α11) from mouse and human bone marrow stromal cells impaired osteogenic differentiation and blocked their response to Osteolectin. Like Osteolectin deficient mice, Lepr-cre; Itga11fl/fl mice appeared grossly normal but exhibited reduced osteogenesis and accelerated bone loss during adulthood. Osteolectin binding to α11β1 promoted Wnt pathway activation, which was necessary for the osteogenic response to Osteolectin. This reveals a new mechanism for maintenance of adult bone mass: Wnt pathway activation by Osteolectin/α11β1 signaling. Throughout our lives, our bones undergo constant remodeling. Cells called osteoclasts break down old bone and cells called osteoblasts lay down new. Normally, the two cell types work in balance but if the rate of breakdown outpaces new bone formation the skeleton can become weak. This weakness leads to a condition called osteoporosis, in which people suffer from fragile bones. Osteoporosis is hard to reverse, in part because our ability to encourage new bone to form is limited. In 2016, researchers discovered a protein called osteolectin, which promotes new bone formation during adulthood by helping skeletal stem cells transform into bone cells. But so far, it has been unclear how osteolectin achieves this. To investigate this further, Shen et al. – including some researchers involved in the 2016 study – marked osteolectin with a molecular tag and tested what it bound on the surface of mouse and human bone marrow cells. The experiments revealed that osteolectin binds to a specific receptor protein called α11 integrin, which can only be found on skeletal stem cells and the osteoblasts they give rise to. Once osteolectin binds to the receptor, it activates a signaling pathway that induces the stem cells to develop into osteoblasts. Mice that lacked either osteolectin or α11 integrin produced less bone and lost bone tissue faster as adults. Osteolectin could potentially be useful in the treatment of osteoporosis or broken bones. Since only skeletal stem cells and osteoblasts cells produce α11 integrin, osteolectin would specifically target these cells without affecting cells that do not form bones. A next step will be to assess how well osteolectin compares to existing treatments for fragile bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shen
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kristy Vardy
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Payton Hughes
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Alpaslan Tasdogan
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Rui Yue
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Genevieve M Crane
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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18
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Targeting Focal Adhesion Kinase Using Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090278. [PMID: 30134553 PMCID: PMC6162372 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in many human cancers. FAK transmits signals to a wide range of targets through both kinase-dependant and independent mechanism thereby playing essential roles in cell survival, proliferation, migration and invasion. In the past years, small molecules that inhibit FAK kinase function have been developed and show reduced cancer progression and metastasis in several preclinical models. Clinical trials have been conducted and these molecules display limited adverse effect in patients. FAK contain multiple functional domains and thus exhibit both important scaffolding functions. In this review, we describe the major FAK interactions relevant in cancer signalling and discuss how such knowledge provide rational for the development of Protein-Protein Interactions (PPI) inhibitors.
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19
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Boyer NP, Gupton SL. Revisiting Netrin-1: One Who Guides (Axons). Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:221. [PMID: 30108487 PMCID: PMC6080411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper patterning of the nervous system requires that developing axons find appropriate postsynaptic partners; this entails microns to meters of extension through an extracellular milieu exhibiting a wide range of mechanical and chemical properties. Thus, the elaborate networks of fiber tracts and non-fasciculated axons evident in mature organisms are formed via complex pathfinding. The macroscopic structures of axon projections are highly stereotyped across members of the same species, indicating precise mechanisms guide their formation. The developing axon exhibits directionally biased growth toward or away from external guidance cues. One of the most studied guidance cues is netrin-1, however, its presentation in vivo remains debated. Guidance cues can be secreted to form soluble or chemotactic gradients or presented bound to cells or the extracellular matrix to form haptotactic gradients. The growth cone, a highly specialized dynamic structure at the end of the extending axon, detects these guidance cues via transmembrane receptors, such as the netrin-1 receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and UNC5. These receptors orchestrate remodeling of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane through both chemical and mechanotransductive pathways, which result in traction forces generated by the cytoskeleton against the extracellular environment and translocation of the growth cone. Through intracellular signaling responses, netrin-1 can trigger either attraction or repulsion of the axon. Here we review the mechanisms by which the classical guidance cue netrin-1 regulates intracellular effectors to respond to the extracellular environment in the context of axon guidance during development of the central nervous system and discuss recent findings that demonstrate the critical importance of mechanical forces in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Boyer
- Neurobiology Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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20
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Maziveyi M, Alahari SK. Cell matrix adhesions in cancer: The proteins that form the glue. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48471-48487. [PMID: 28476046 PMCID: PMC5564663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purposes of Integrin-mediated cell contacts are to interpret bi-directional signals between the extracellular environment and intracellular proteins, as well as, anchor the cell to a matrix. Many cell adhesion molecules have been discovered with a wide spectrum of responsibilities, including recruiting, activating, elongating, and maintaining. This review will perlustrate some of the key incidences that precede focal adhesion formation. Tyrosine phosphorylation is a key signaling initiation event that leads to the recruitment of multiple proteins to focal adhesion sites. Recruitment and concentration of proteins such as Paxillin and Vinculin to Integrin clutches is necessary for focal adhesion development. The assembled networks are responsible for transmitting signals back and forth from the extracellular matrix (ECM) to Actin and its binding proteins. Cancer cells exhibit highly altered focal adhesion dynamics. This review will highlight some key discoveries in cancer cell adhesion, as well as, identify current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazvita Maziveyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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21
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Thiagarajan PS, Sinyuk M, Turaga SM, Mulkearns-Hubert EE, Hale JS, Rao V, Demelash A, Saygin C, China A, Alban TJ, Hitomi M, Torre-Healy LA, Alvarado AG, Jarrar A, Wiechert A, Adorno-Cruz V, Fox PL, Calhoun BC, Guan JL, Liu H, Reizes O, Lathia JD. Cx26 drives self-renewal in triple-negative breast cancer via interaction with NANOG and focal adhesion kinase. Nat Commun 2018; 9:578. [PMID: 29422613 PMCID: PMC5805730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors adapt their phenotypes during growth and in response to therapies through dynamic changes in cellular processes. Connexin proteins enable such dynamic changes during development, and their dysregulation leads to disease states. The gap junction communication channels formed by connexins have been reported to exhibit tumor-suppressive functions, including in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, we find that connexin 26 (Cx26) is elevated in self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs) and is necessary and sufficient for their maintenance. Cx26 promotes CSC self-renewal by forming a signaling complex with the pluripotency transcription factor NANOG and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), resulting in NANOG stabilization and FAK activation. This FAK/NANOG-containing complex is not formed in mammary epithelial or luminal breast cancer cells. These findings challenge the paradigm that connexins are tumor suppressors in TNBC and reveal a unique function for Cx26 in regulating the core self-renewal signaling that controls CSC maintenance. Connexin proteins are usually considered as tumor suppressors. Here, the authors show that connexin 26 (Cx26) regulates the self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells via a ternary complex with FAK and NANOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveena S Thiagarajan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA.,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Maksim Sinyuk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Soumya M Turaga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Erin E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - James S Hale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Vinay Rao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Abeba Demelash
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Caner Saygin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Arnab China
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Tyler J Alban
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA.,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Masahiro Hitomi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA.,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Luke A Torre-Healy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Alvaro G Alvarado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Awad Jarrar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Andrew Wiechert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA
| | - Valery Adorno-Cruz
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Paul L Fox
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA.,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | | | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Huiping Liu
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ofer Reizes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA. .,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44915, USA. .,Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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22
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Zhou B, Wang GZ, Wen ZS, Zhou YC, Huang YC, Chen Y, Zhou GB. Somatic Mutations and Splicing Variants of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 110:4565750. [PMID: 29087503 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Cancer Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Chun Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun-Chao Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Shen C, Sun L, Zhu N, Qi F. Kindlin-1 contributes to EGF-induced re-epithelialization in skin wound healing. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:949-959. [PMID: 28290610 PMCID: PMC5360437 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The commercial use of epidermal growth factor (EGF) is extensive and has been shown to be effective for skin wound healing in clinical practice. There is evidence to indicate that the topical administration of EGF significantly accelerates re-epithelialization by promoting keratinocyte mitogenesis and migration following acute injury; however, the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. Thus, in this study, we focused on Kindlin-1, a four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM)-domain-containing adaptor protein, and report its contribution to EGF-induced re-epithelialization in skin wound healing. In tissue samples, the expression of Kindlin-1 was induced upon EGF treatment compared to that in the natural healing group. In immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), we further proved that Kindlin-1 was necessary for mediating EGF-induced activation signals, including integrin β1 activation, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and actin re-organization, which finally led to enhanced cell proliferation and migration. These results indicate that Kindlin-1 is essential in EGF-induced re-epithelialization in skin wound healing and provide additional rationale for the clinical application of EGF in the treatment of acute wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Shen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ningwen Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Fazhi Qi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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24
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Antoniades I, Stylianou P, Christodoulou N, Skourides PA. Addressing the Functional Determinants of FAK during Ciliogenesis in Multiciliated Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:488-504. [PMID: 27895123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.767111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as an important regulator of ciliogenesis in multiciliated cells. FAK and other focal adhesion (FA) proteins associate with the basal bodies and their striated rootlets and form complexes named ciliary adhesions (CAs). CAs display similarities with FAs but are established in an integrin independent fashion and are responsible for anchoring basal bodies to the actin cytoskeleton during ciliogenesis as well as in mature multiciliated cells. FAK down-regulation leads to aberrant ciliogenesis due to impaired association between the basal bodies and the actin cytoskeleton, suggesting that FAK is an important regulator of the CA complex. However, the mechanism through which FAK functions in the complex is not clear, and in this study we examined the role of this protein in both ciliogenesis and ciliary function. We show that localization of FAK at CAs depends on interactions taking place at the amino-terminal (FERM) and carboxyl-terminal (FAT) domains and that both domains are required for proper ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Furthermore, we show that an interaction with another CA protein, paxillin, is essential for correct localization of FAK in multiciliated cells. This interaction is indispensable for both ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Finally, we provide evidence that despite the fact that FAK is in the active, open conformation at CAs, its kinase activity is dispensable for ciliogenesis and ciliary function revealing that FAK plays a scaffolding role in multiciliated cells. Overall these data show that the role of FAK at CAs displays similarities but also important differences compared with its role at FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniades
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Panayiota Stylianou
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Neophytos Christodoulou
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Paris A Skourides
- From the Laboratory of Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, 1 University Avenue, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
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25
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Cardoso AC, Pereira AHM, Ambrosio ALB, Consonni SR, Rocha de Oliveira R, Bajgelman MC, Dias SMG, Franchini KG. FAK Forms a Complex with MEF2 to Couple Biomechanical Signaling to Transcription in Cardiomyocytes. Structure 2016; 24:1301-1310. [PMID: 27427476 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has emerged as a mediator of mechanotransduction in cardiomyocytes, regulating gene expression during hypertrophic remodeling. However, how FAK signaling is relayed onward to the nucleus is unclear. Here, we show that FAK interacts with and regulates myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), a master cardiac transcriptional regulator. In cardiomyocytes exposed to biomechanical stimulation, FAK accumulates in the nucleus, binds to and upregulates the transcriptional activity of MEF2 through an interaction with the FAK focal adhesion targeting (FAT) domain. In the crystal structure (2.9 Å resolution), FAT binds to a stably folded groove in the MEF2 dimer, known to interact with regulatory cofactors. FAK cooperates with MEF2 to enhance the expression of Jun in cardiomyocytes, an important component of hypertrophic response to mechanical stress. These findings underscore a connection between the mechanotransduction involving FAK and transcriptional regulation by MEF2, with potential relevance to the pathogenesis of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Campos Cardoso
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Ana Helena Macedo Pereira
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Andre Luis Berteli Ambrosio
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Silvio Roberto Consonni
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Renata Rocha de Oliveira
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Marcio Chain Bajgelman
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Sandra Martha Gomes Dias
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil
| | - Kleber Gomes Franchini
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-971, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13081-970, Brazil.
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26
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Powell KL, Stevens V, Upton DH, McCracken SA, Simpson AM, Cheng Y, Tasevski V, Morris JM, Ashton AW. Role for the thromboxane A2 receptor β-isoform in the pathogenesis of intrauterine growth restriction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28811. [PMID: 27363493 PMCID: PMC4929481 DOI: 10.1038/srep28811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a pathology of pregnancy that results in failure of the fetus to reach its genetically determined growth potential. In developed nations the most common cause of IUGR is impaired placentation resulting from poor trophoblast function, which reduces blood flow to the fetoplacental unit, promotes hypoxia and enhances production of bioactive lipids (TXA2 and isoprostanes) which act through the thromboxane receptor (TP). TP activation has been implicated as a pathogenic factor in pregnancy complications, including IUGR; however, the role of TP isoforms during pregnancy is poorly defined. We have determined that expression of the human-specific isoform of TP (TPβ) is increased in placentae from IUGR pregnancies, compared to healthy pregnancies. Overexpression of TPα enhanced trophoblast proliferation and syncytialisation. Conversely, TPβ attenuated these functions and inhibited migration. Expression of the TPβ transgene in mice resulted in growth restricted pups and placentae with poor syncytialisation and diminished growth characteristics. Together our data indicate that expression of TPα mediates normal placentation; however, TPβ impairs placentation, and promotes the development of IUGR, and represents an underappreciated pathogenic factor in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Powell
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Pathology North, NSW Health Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Veronica Stevens
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Dannielle H Upton
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sharon A McCracken
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ann M Simpson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.,Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Yan Cheng
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Vitomir Tasevski
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Pathology North, NSW Health Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Morris
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Division of Perinatal Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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27
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Tai YL, Lai IR, Peng YJ, Ding ST, Shen TL. Activation of focal adhesion kinase through an interaction with β4 integrin contributes to tumorigenicity of colon cancer. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1826-37. [PMID: 27178753 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High expression of either β4 integrin or focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has been reported in human colon cancer. However, it remains unclear how β4 integrin together with FAK contributes to the tumorigenicity of colon cancer. Here, we demonstrate that the co-overexpression of β4 integrin and FAK positively correlates with advanced stages of human colon cancer. Activated β4 integrin interacts with FAK and subsequently induces FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397. Furthermore, ablation of the β4 integrin/FAK complex and/or FAK activation impair colon cancer cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenicity. Our data indicate that the β4 integrin/FAK complex and subsequent FAK activation are essential regulators during the tumorigenicity of colon cancer, and we suggest an alternative strategy for colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Tai
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Rue Lai
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Peng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Long Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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28
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Thiyagarajan V, Lin SH, Chang YC, Weng CF. Identification of novel FAK and S6K1 dual inhibitors from natural compounds via ADMET screening and molecular docking. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 80:52-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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29
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and plays an important role in diverse cellular events downstream of the integrin-family of receptors, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. Here, we have identified a novel role for Src kinase in priming Pyk2 phosphorylation and subsequent activation upon cell attachment on the integrin-ligand fibronectin. By using complementary methods, we show that Src activity is indispensable for the initial Pyk2 phosphorylation on the Y402 site observed in response to cell attachment. In contrast, the initial fibronectin-induced autophosphorylation of FAK in the homologous Y397 site occurs in a Src-independent manner. We demonstrate that the SH2-domain of Src is required for Src binding to Pyk2 and for Pyk2 phosphorylation at sites Y402 and Y579. Moreover, Y402 phosphorylation is a prerequisite for the subsequent Y579 phosphorylation. While this initial phosphorylation of Pyk2 by Src is independent of Pyk2 kinase activity, subsequent autophosphorylation of Pyk2 in trans is required for full Pyk2 phosphorylation and activation. Collectively, our studies reveal a novel function of Src in priming Pyk2 (but not FAK) phosphorylation and subsequent activation downstream of integrins, and shed light on the signaling events that regulate the function of Pyk2.
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30
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Swaminathan V, Fischer RS, Waterman CM. The FAK-Arp2/3 interaction promotes leading edge advance and haptosensing by coupling nascent adhesions to lamellipodia actin. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1085-100. [PMID: 26842895 PMCID: PMC4814217 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an important regulator of focal adhesion dynamics during cell migration. Distinct functions of FAK—kinase activation and Arp2/3 binding—enable cells to mechanosense or haptotax during spreading and migration. Cell migration is initiated in response to biochemical or physical cues in the environment that promote actin-mediated lamellipodial protrusion followed by the formation of nascent integrin adhesions (NAs) within the protrusion to drive leading edge advance. Although FAK is known to be required for cell migration through effects on focal adhesions, its role in NA formation and lamellipodial dynamics is unclear. Live-cell microscopy of FAK−/− cells with expression of phosphorylation deficient or a FERM-domain mutant deficient in Arp2/3 binding revealed a requirement for FAK in promoting the dense formation, transient stabilization, and timely turnover of NA within lamellipodia to couple actin-driven protrusion to adhesion and advance of the leading edge. Phosphorylation on Y397 of FAK promotes dense NA formation but is dispensable for transient NA stabilization and leading edge advance. In contrast, transient NA stabilization and advance of the cell edge requires FAK–Arp2/3 interaction, which promotes Arp2/3 localization to NA and reduces FAK activity. Haptosensing of extracellular matrix (ECM) concentration during migration requires the interaction between FAK and Arp2/3, whereas FAK phosphorylation modulates mechanosensing of ECM stiffness during spreading. Taken together, our results show that mechanistically separable functions of FAK in NA are required for cells to distinguish distinct properties of their environment during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Swaminathan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8019
| | - R S Fischer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8019
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8019
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31
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32
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Zhou J, Aponte-Santamaría C, Sturm S, Bullerjahn JT, Bronowska A, Gräter F. Mechanism of Focal Adhesion Kinase Mechanosensing. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004593. [PMID: 26544178 PMCID: PMC4636223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensing at focal adhesions regulates vital cellular processes. Here, we present results from molecular dynamics (MD) and mechano-biochemical network simulations that suggest a direct role of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) as a mechano-sensor. Tensile forces, propagating from the membrane through the PIP2 binding site of the FERM domain and from the cytoskeleton-anchored FAT domain, activate FAK by unlocking its central phosphorylation site (Tyr576/577) from the autoinhibitory FERM domain. Varying loading rates, pulling directions, and membrane PIP2 concentrations corroborate the specific opening of the FERM-kinase domain interface, due to its remarkably lower mechanical stability compared to the individual alpha-helical domains and the PIP2-FERM link. Analyzing downstream signaling networks provides further evidence for an intrinsic mechano-signaling role of FAK in broadcasting force signals through Ras to the nucleus. This distinguishes FAK from hitherto identified focal adhesion mechano-responsive molecules, allowing a new interpretation of cell stretching experiments. Focal adhesions integrate external mechanical signals into biochemical circuits allowing cellular mechanosensing. Although the zoo of mechanosensing proteins at focal adhesions is steadily growing, force-induced enzymatic mechanisms, as those uncovered for autoinhibited kinases in muscle, remain to be identified for focal adhesion downstream signaling. Here, we provide evidence that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) can act as a direct mechano-enzyme at focal adhesions, using molecular dynamics simulations and kinetic modelling. We show that anchorage of FAK to the membrane via PIP-2 is critical for this mechanical activation. Our results suggest similar mechanisms to be at play for other membrane-bound autoinhibited kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Sturm
- Leipzig University, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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33
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Graham ZA, Gallagher PM, Cardozo CP. Focal adhesion kinase and its role in skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:305-15. [PMID: 26142360 PMCID: PMC4659753 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to respond to different physical stresses. Loading muscle through exercise, either anaerobic or aerobic, can lead to increases in muscle size and function while, conversely, the absence of muscle loading stimulates rapid decreases in size and function. A principal mediator of this load-induced change is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream non-receptor tyrosine kinase that translates the cytoskeletal stress and strain signals transmitted across the cytoplasmic membrane by integrins to activate multiple anti-apoptotic and cell growth pathways. Changes in FAK expression and phosphorylation have been found to correlate to specific developmental states in myoblast differentiation, muscle fiber formation and muscle size in response to loading and unloading. With the capability to regulate costamere formation, hypertrophy and glucose metabolism, FAK is a molecule with diverse functions that are important in regulating muscle cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Graham
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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34
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Keegan BMT, Beveridge TJR, Pezor JJ, Xiao R, Sexton T, Childers SR, Howlett AC. Chronic baclofen desensitizes GABA(B)-mediated G-protein activation and stimulates phosphorylation of kinases in mesocorticolimbic rat brain. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:492-502. [PMID: 25724082 PMCID: PMC4537290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The GABAB receptor is a therapeutic target for CNS and neuropathic disorders; however, few preclinical studies have explored effects of chronic stimulation. This study evaluated acute and chronic baclofen treatments on GABAB-activated G-proteins and signaling protein phosphorylation as indicators of GABAB signaling capacity. Brain sections from rats acutely administered baclofen (5 mg/kg, i.p.) showed no significant differences from controls in GABAB-stimulated GTPγS binding in any brain region, but displayed significantly greater phosphorylation/activation of focal adhesion kinase (pFAK(Tyr397)) in mesocorticolimbic regions (caudate putamen, cortex, hippocampus, thalamus) and elevated phosphorylated/activated glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (pGSK3β(Tyr216)) in the prefrontal cortex, cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, septum, and globus pallidus. In rats administered chronic baclofen (5 mg/kg, t.i.d. for five days), GABAB-stimulated GTPγS binding was significantly diminished in the prefrontal cortex, septum, amygdala, and parabrachial nucleus compared to controls. This effect was specific to GABAB receptors: there was no effect of chronic baclofen treatment on adenosine A1-stimulated GTPγS binding in any region. Chronically-treated rats also exhibited increases in pFAK(Tyr397) and pGSK3β(Tyr216) compared to controls, and displayed wide-spread elevations in phosphorylated dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32 (pDARPP-32(Thr34)) compared to acutely-treated or control rats. We postulate that those neuroadaptive effects of GABAB stimulation mediated by G-proteins and their sequelae correlate with tolerance to several of baclofen's effects, whereas sustained signaling via kinase cascades points to cross-talk between GABAB receptors and alternative mechanisms that are resistant to desensitization. Both desensitized and sustained signaling pathways should be considered in the development of pharmacotherapies targeting the GABA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M T Keegan
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Thomas J R Beveridge
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Pezor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ruoyu Xiao
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tammy Sexton
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Steven R Childers
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Allyn C Howlett
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction Treatment, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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35
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Feng J, Mertz B. Novel Phosphotidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Binding Sites on Focal Adhesion Kinase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132833. [PMID: 26186725 PMCID: PMC4505859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase that is ubiquitously expressed, recruited to focal adhesions, and engages in a variety of cellular signaling pathways. Diverse cellular responses, such as cell migration, proliferation, and survival, are regulated by FAK. Prior to activation, FAK adopts an autoinhibited conformation in which the FERM domain binds the kinase domain, blocking access to the activation loop and substrate binding site. Activation of FAK occurs through conformational change, and acidic phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) are known to facilitate this process. PIP2 binding alters the autoinhibited conformation of the FERM and kinase domains and subsequently exposes the activation loop to phosphorylation. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of PIP2 binding and its role in FAK activation remain unclear. In this study, we conducted coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the binding of FAK to PIP2. Our simulations identified novel areas of basic residues in the kinase domain of FAK that potentially undergo transient binding to PIP2 through electrostatic attractions. Our investigation provides a molecular picture of PIP2-initiated FAK activation and introduces promising new pathways for future studies of FAK regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Blake Mertz
- The C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Emerging roles of focal adhesion kinase in cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:690690. [PMID: 25918719 PMCID: PMC4396139 DOI: 10.1155/2015/690690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that enables activation by growth factor receptors or integrins in various types of human cancers. The kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions of FAK modulate the authentic signaling and fundamental functions not only in cancer cells but also in tumor microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression and metastasis. The overexpression and activation of FAK are usually investigated in primary or metastatic cancers and correlated with the poor clinical outcome, highlighting FAK as a potential prognostic marker and anticancer target. Small molecule inhibitors targeting FAK kinase activity or FAK-scaffolding functions impair cancer development in preclinical or clinical trials. In this review, we give an overview for FAK signaling in cancer cells as well as tumor microenvironment that provides new strategies for the invention of cancer development and malignancy.
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McGinnis LK, Kinsey WH. Role of focal adhesion kinase in oocyte-follicle communication. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:90-102. [PMID: 25536210 PMCID: PMC4324459 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germ cells require communication with associated somatic cells for normal gametogenesis, as exemplified by an oocyte that interacts with granulosa cells via paracrine factors as well as gap junctions located at sites of contact between these two cell types. The objective of the present study was to define the mechanisms by which cell-cell contact with the oocyte is controlled and to determine the extent that the oocyte actively participates in this association. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), a focal adhesion kinase, was found to be activated at sites of contact between the oocyte and trans-zonal cell processes from the surrounding granulosa cells. In order to determine the functional significance of oocyte-derived PTK2 signaling in oocyte-follicle communication, an oocyte-specific Ptk2 knockout was produced through a breeding strategy pairing a floxed Ptk2-CAT-eGFP mouse with the Zp3-Cre line. Since Ptk2-null mice never develop to birth, this represents the first opportunity to define the role of PTK2 in oocyte-follicle communication. Ablation of Ptk2 within the developing oocyte resulted in lower fertility with reduced numbers of pups, lower rates of blastocyst formation, and reduced cell numbers per blastocyst. Follicles containing Ptk2-null oocytes exhibited reduced oocyte diameter, reduced numbers of connexin 37 and 43 foci at the oocyte surface, and impaired dye coupling between oocyte and granulosa cells. These findings are consistent with a model in which PTK2 plays a critical role in establishing or maintaining oocyte-granulosa cell contacts that are essential for gap junction-mediated communication between granulosa cells and the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda K. McGinnis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS USA
| | - William H. Kinsey
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, KS USA
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Hermann I, Räth S, Ziesemer S, Volksdorf T, Dress RJ, Gutjahr M, Müller C, Beule AG, Hildebrandt JP. Staphylococcus aureusHemolysin A Disrupts Cell–Matrix Adhesions in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:14-24. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0082oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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39
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Bugide S, David D, Nair A, Kannan N, Samanthapudi VSK, Prabhakar J, Manavathi B. Hematopoietic PBX-interacting protein (HPIP) is over expressed in breast infiltrative ductal carcinoma and regulates cell adhesion and migration through modulation of focal adhesion dynamics. Oncogene 2014; 34:4601-12. [PMID: 25486428 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The scaffolding protein, hematopoietic PBX-interacting protein (HPIP/PBXIP1), regulates cell migration necessary for cancer cell dissemination. However, the mechanism that governs this process remains unknown. We show here that HPIP expression is associated with stages of breast cancer where cell dissemination results in poor patient outcome. Our investigation finds a novel association of HPIP with focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulating FA dynamics. Interestingly, this interaction that led to activation of FAK protein was mediated by the C-terminal domain of HPIP and not the typical integrin-binding motif. Further, short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of FAK expression significantly reduced HPIP-induced cell migration indicating participation of FAK pathway. Live-cell time-lapse imaging and biochemical analysis further established the role of HPIP in microtubule-induced FA disassembly. We also found that HPIP-mediated MAPK activation led to phosphorylation and subsequent activation of calpain2, and the activated calpain2 in turn proteolyses FA protein, talin. Interestingly, HPIP is also proteolysed by calpain2 in breast cancer cells. The proteolysis of HPIP and talin by calpain2, and the activation of calapin2 by HPIP-mediated MAPK phosphorylation, is a novel regulatory axis to modulate the cell migration signal. Together, we have determined HPIP as a novel activator of FAK and a new substrate of calpain2. These molecular interactions between HPIP and FAK, and HPIP and calpain2 regulate cell adhesion and migration through modulation of FA dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bugide
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - D David
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - A Nair
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - N Kannan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - V S K Samanthapudi
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - J Prabhakar
- Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - B Manavathi
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Yoon H, Dehart JP, Murphy JM, Lim STS. Understanding the roles of FAK in cancer: inhibitors, genetic models, and new insights. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 63:114-28. [PMID: 25380750 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414561498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a protein tyrosine kinase that regulates cellular adhesion, motility, proliferation and survival in various types of cells. Interestingly, FAK is activated and/or overexpressed in advanced cancers, and promotes cancer progression and metastasis. For this reason, FAK became a potential therapeutic target in cancer, and small molecule FAK inhibitors have been developed and are being tested in clinical phase trials. These inhibitors have demonstrated to be effective by inducing tumor cell apoptosis in addition to reducing metastasis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, several genetic FAK mouse models have made advancements in understanding the specific role of FAK both in tumors and in the tumor environment. In this review, we discuss FAK inhibitors as well as genetic mouse models to provide mechanistic insights into FAK signaling and its potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Joshua P Dehart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - James M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ssang-Taek Steve Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several advanced-stage solid cancers. FAK promotes tumour progression and metastasis through effects on cancer cells, as well as stromal cells of the tumour microenvironment. The kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of FAK control cell movement, invasion, survival, gene expression and cancer stem cell self-renewal. Small molecule FAK inhibitors decrease tumour growth and metastasis in several preclinical models and have initial clinical activity in patients with limited adverse events. In this Review, we discuss FAK signalling effects on both tumour and stromal cell biology that provide rationale and support for future therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Sulzmaier
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Address correspondence to: David D. Schlaepfer, Ph.D., University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., MC0803, La Jolla, CA 92093,
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Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate triggers activation of focal adhesion kinase by inducing clustering and conformational changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3177-86. [PMID: 25049397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317022111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) with key roles in integrating growth and cell matrix adhesion signals, and FAK is a major driver of invasion and metastasis in cancer. Cell adhesion via integrin receptors is well known to trigger FAK signaling, and many of the players involved are known; however, mechanistically, FAK activation is not understood. Here, using a multidisciplinary approach, including biochemical, biophysical, structural, computational, and cell biology approaches, we provide a detailed view of a multistep activation mechanism of FAK initiated by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. Interestingly, the mechanism differs from canonical NRTK activation and is tailored to the dual catalytic and scaffolding function of FAK. We find PI(4,5)P2 induces clustering of FAK on the lipid bilayer by binding a basic region in the regulatory 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin homology (FERM) domain. In these clusters, PI(4,5)P2 induces a partially open FAK conformation where the autophosphorylation site is exposed, facilitating efficient autophosphorylation and subsequent Src recruitment. However, PI(4,5)P2 does not release autoinhibitory interactions; rather, Src phosphorylation of the activation loop in FAK results in release of the FERM/kinase tether and full catalytic activation. We propose that PI(4,5)P2 and its generation in focal adhesions by the enzyme phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type Iγ are important in linking integrin signaling to FAK activation.
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Antoniades I, Stylianou P, Skourides PA. Making the connection: ciliary adhesion complexes anchor basal bodies to the actin cytoskeleton. Dev Cell 2014; 28:70-80. [PMID: 24434137 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cilia have been associated with diverse developmental and physiological processes, and defects in cilia underlie a number of genetic conditions. Several lines of evidence support a critical role of the actin cytoskeleton in ciliogenesis and ciliary function. Here, we show that well-characterized focal adhesion (FA) proteins, including FAK, Paxillin, and Vinculin, associate with the basal bodies of multiciliated cells and form complexes (CAs) that interact with the actin cytoskeleton. FAK downregulation leads to ciliogenesis defects similar to those observed when the actin cytoskeleton is disrupted, including defects in basal body migration, docking, and spacing, suggesting that CAs link basal bodies to the actin cytoskeleton. The important role of FA proteins in ciliogenesis leads us to propose that evolutionarily FA proteins, many of which are found in primitive flagellated unicellular eukaryotes, may have originally evolved to perform functions at flagella and were later co-opted for use in cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniades
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Panayiota Stylianou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Paris A Skourides
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus.
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44
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Mierke CT. The role of focal adhesion kinase in the regulation of cellular mechanical properties. Phys Biol 2013; 10:065005. [PMID: 24304934 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/6/065005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of mechanical properties is necessary for cell invasion into connective tissue or intra- and extravasation through the endothelium of blood or lymph vessels. Cell invasion is important for the regulation of many healthy processes such as immune response reactions and wound healing. In addition, cell invasion plays a role in disease-related processes such as tumor metastasis and autoimmune responses. Until now the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in regulating mechanical properties of cells and its impact on cell invasion efficiency is still not well known. Thus, this review focuses on mechanical properties regulated by FAK in comparison to the mechano-regulating protein vinculin. Moreover, it points out the connection between cancer cell invasion and metastasis and FAK by showing that FAK regulates cellular mechanical properties required for cellular motility. Furthermore, it sheds light on the indirect interaction of FAK with vinculin by binding to paxillin, which then impairs the binding of paxillin to vinculin. In addition, this review emphasizes whether FAK fulfills regulatory functions similar to vinculin. In particular, it discusses the differences and the similarities between FAK and vinculin in regulating the biomechanical properties of cells. Finally, this paper highlights that both focal adhesion proteins, vinculin and FAK, synergize their functions to regulate the mechanical properties of cells such as stiffness and contractile forces. Subsequently, these mechanical properties determine cellular invasiveness into tissues and provide a source sink for future drug developments to inhibit excessive cell invasion and hence, metastases formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tanja Mierke
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Institute of Experimental Physics I, Biological Physics Division, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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45
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Hsieh YH, van der Heyde H, Oh ES, Guan JL, Chang PL. Osteopontin mediates tumorigenic transformation of a preneoplastic murine cell line by suppressing anoikis: An Arg-Gly-Asp-dependent-focal adhesion kinase-caspase-8 axis. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:379-92. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Hsieh
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, 1720 2nd Avenue South; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
| | | | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences and Center for Cell Signaling Research, Department of Life Sciences; Ewha Woman's University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Pi-Ling Chang
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, 1720 2nd Avenue South; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
- Department of Dermatology, 1720 2nd Avenue South; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Avenue South; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham Alabama
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Grb2 promotes integrin-induced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) autophosphorylation and directs the phosphorylation of protein tyrosine phosphatase α by the Src-FAK kinase complex. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 34:348-61. [PMID: 24248601 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00825-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin-activated Src-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) kinase complex phosphorylates PTPα at Tyr789, initiating PTPα-mediated signaling that promotes cell migration. Recruitment of the BCAR3-Cas complex by PTPα-phospho-Tyr789 at focal adhesions is one mechanism of PTPα signaling. The adaptor protein Grb2 is also recruited by PTPα-phospho-Tyr789, although the role of the PTPα-Grb2 complex in integrin signaling is unknown. We show that silencing Grb2 expression in fibroblasts abolishes PTPα-Tyr789 phosphorylation and that this is due to two unexpected actions of Grb2. First, Grb2 promotes integrin-induced autophosphorylation of FAK-Tyr397. This is impaired in Grb2-depleted cells and prohibits FAK activation and formation of the Src-FAK complex. Grb2-depleted cells contain less paxillin, and paxillin overexpression rescues FAK-Tyr397 phosphorylation, suggesting that the FAK-activating action of Grb2 involves paxillin. A second distinct role for Grb2 in PTPα-Tyr789 phosphorylation involves Grb2-mediated coupling of Src-FAK and PTPα. This requires two phosphosites, FAK-Tyr925 and PTPα-Tyr789, for Grb2-Src homology 2 (SH2) binding. We propose that a Grb2 dimer links FAK and PTPα, and this positions active Src-FAK in proximity with other, perhaps integrin-clustered, molecules of PTPα to enable maximal PTPα-Tyr789 phosphorylation. These findings identify Grb2 as a new FAK activator and reveal its essential role in coordinating PTPα tyrosine phosphorylation to enable downstream integrin signaling and migration.
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Choi CH, Webb BA, Chimenti MS, Jacobson MP, Barber DL. pH sensing by FAK-His58 regulates focal adhesion remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:849-59. [PMID: 24043700 PMCID: PMC3776353 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201302131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) dynamics regulates diverse cellular processes, including remodeling of focal adhesions. We now report that focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key regulator of focal adhesion remodeling, is a pH sensor responding to physiological changes in pH. The initial step in FAK activation is autophosphorylation of Tyr397, which increased with higher pHi. We used a genetically encoded biosensor to show increased pH at focal adhesions as they mature during cell spreading. We also show that cells with reduced pHi had attenuated FAK-pY397 as well as defective cell spreading and focal adhesions. Mutagenesis studies indicated FAK-His58 is critical for pH sensing and molecular dynamics simulations suggested a model in which His58 deprotonation drives conformational changes that may modulate accessibility of Tyr397 for autophosphorylation. Expression of FAK-H58A in fibroblasts was sufficient to restore defective autophosphorylation and cell spreading at low pHi. These data are relevant to understanding cancer metastasis, which is dependent on increased pHi and FAK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Dwane S, Durack E, O'Connor R, Kiely PA. RACK1 promotes neurite outgrowth by scaffolding AGAP2 to FAK. Cell Signal 2013; 26:9-18. [PMID: 24056044 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RACK1 binds proteins in a constitutive or transient manner and supports signal transmission by engaging in diverse and distinct signalling pathways. The emerging theme is that RACK1 functions as a signalling switch, recruiting proteins to form distinct molecular complexes. In focal adhesions, RACK1 is required for the regulation of FAK activity and for integrating a wide array of cellular signalling events including the integration of growth factor and adhesion signalling pathways. FAK is required for cell adhesion and migration and has a well-established role in neurite outgrowth and in the developing nervous system. However, the mechanism by which FAK activity is regulated in neurons remains unknown. Using neuronal cell lines, we determined that differentiation of these cells promotes an interaction between the scaffolding protein RACK1 and FAK. Disruption of the RACK1/FAK interaction leads to decreased neurite outgrowth suggesting a role for the interaction in neurite extension. We hypothesised that RACK1 recruits proteins to FAK, to regulate FAK activity in neuronal cells. To address this, we immunoprecipitated RACK1 from rat hippocampus and searched for interacting proteins by mass spectrometry. We identified AGAP2 as a novel RACK1-interacting protein. Having confirmed the RACK1-AGAP2 interaction biochemically, we show RACK1-AGAP2 to localise together in the growth cone of differentiated cells, and confirm that these proteins are in complex with FAK. This complex is disrupted when RACK1 expression is suppressed using siRNA or when mutants of RACK1 that do not interact with FAK are expressed in cells. Similarly, suppression of AGAP2 using siRNA leads to increased phosphorylation of FAK and increased cell adhesion resulting in decreased neurite outgrowth. Our results suggest that RACK1 scaffolds AGAP2 to FAK to regulate FAK activity and cell adhesion during the differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Dwane
- Department of Life Sciences and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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Petridou NI, Stylianou P, Skourides PA. A dominant-negative provides new insights into FAK regulation and function in early embryonic morphogenesis. Development 2013; 140:4266-76. [PMID: 24048589 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
FAK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in a wide variety of biological processes and crucial for embryonic development. In this manuscript, we report the generation of a new FAK dominant negative (FF), composed of the C terminus (FRNK) and the FERM domain of the protein. FF, unlike FRNK and FERM, mimics the localization of active FAK in the embryo, demonstrating that both domains are necessary to target FAK to its complexes in vivo. We show that the FERM domain has a role in the recruitment of FAK on focal adhesions and controls the dynamics of the protein on these complexes. Expression of FF blocks focal adhesion turnover and, unlike FRNK, acts as a dominant negative in vivo. FF expression in Xenopus results in an overall phenotype remarkably similar to the FAK knockout in mice, including loss of mesodermal tissues. Expression of FF in the animal cap revealed a previously unidentified role of FAK in early morphogenesis and specifically epiboly. We show that a fibronectin-derived signal transduced by FAK governs polarity and cell intercalation. Finally, failure of epiboly results in severe gastrulation problems that can be rescued by either mechanical or pharmacological relief of tension within the animal cap, demonstrating that epiboly is permissive for gastrulation. Overall, this work introduces a powerful new tool for the study of FAK, uncovers new roles for FAK in morphogenesis and reveals new mechanisms through which the FERM domain regulates the localization and dynamics of FAK.
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50
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Dalton GD, Peterson LJ, Howlett AC. CB₁ cannabinoid receptors promote maximal FAK catalytic activity by stimulating cooperative signaling between receptor tyrosine kinases and integrins in neuronal cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1665-77. [PMID: 23571270 PMCID: PMC4165595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation (Tyr-P) of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates FAK activation. Phosphorylated FAK Tyr 397 binds Src family kinases (Src), which in turn directly phosphorylate FAK Tyr 576/577 to produce maximal FAK enzymatic activity. CB₁ cannabinoid receptors (CB₁) are abundantly expressed in the nervous system and influence FAK activation by presently unknown mechanisms. The current investigation determined that CB₁-stimulated maximal FAK catalytic activity is mediated by Gi/o proteins in N18TG2 neuronal cells, and that G12/13 regulation of Rac1 and RhoA occurs concomitantly. Immunoblotting analyses using antibodies against FAK phospho-Tyr 397 and phospho-Tyr 576/577 demonstrated that the time-course of CB₁-stimulated FAK 576/577 Tyr-P occurred in three phases: Phase I (0-2 min) maximal Tyr-P, Phase II (5-20 min) rapid decline in Tyr-P, and Phase III (>20 min) plateau in Tyr-P at submaximal levels. In contrast, FAK 397 Tyr-P was monophasic and significantly lower in magnitude. FAK 397 Tyr-P and Phase I FAK 576/577 Tyr-P involved protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B and Shp1/Shp2)-mediated Src activation, Protein Kinase A (PKA) inhibition, and integrin activation. Phase I maximal FAK 576/577 Tyr-P also required cooperative signaling between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. The integrin antagonist RGDS peptide, Flk-1 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) antagonist SU5416, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist AG 1478 blocked Phase I FAK 576/577 Tyr-P. CB₁ agonists failed to stimulate FAK Tyr-P in the absence of integrin activation upon suspension in serum-free culture media. In contrast, cells grown on the integrin ligands fibronectin and laminin displayed increased FAK 576/577 Tyr-P that was augmented by CB₁ agonists and blocked by the Src inhibitor PP2 and Flk-1 VEGFR antagonist SU5416. Taken together, these studies have identified a complex integrative pathway utilized by CB₁ to stimulate maximal FAK 576/577 Tyr-P in neuronal cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzoxazines/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Fibronectins/pharmacology
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Integrins/genetics
- Integrins/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Laminin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Morpholines/pharmacology
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Neurons/cytology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Pertussis Toxin/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Time Factors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
- src-Family Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- src-Family Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Dalton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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