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Lenhart-Pendergrass PM, Malcolm KC, Wheeler E, Rysavy NM, Poch K, Caceres S, Calhoun KM, Martiniano SL, Nick JA. Deficient Complement Opsonization Impairs Mycobacterium avium Killing by Neutrophils in Cystic Fibrosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0327922. [PMID: 36651756 PMCID: PMC9927418 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03279-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), including Mycobacterium avium, are clinically important pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF). The innate immune response to M. avium remains incompletely understood. We evaluated the role of complement opsonization in neutrophil-mediated killing of M. avium. Killing assays were performed using neutrophils from healthy donors (HDs) and persons with CF (pwCF). Clinical isolates of M. avium were opsonized with plasma from HDs or pwCF, which was intact or heat-treated to inactivate complement. HD neutrophils had killing activity against M. avium opsonized with intact HD plasma and killing was significantly reduced when M. avium was opsonized with heat-inactivated HD plasma. When opsonized with HD plasma, CF neutrophils had killing activity against M. avium that was not different than HD neutrophils. When opsonized with intact plasma from pwCF, HD neutrophil killing of M. avium was significantly reduced. Opsonization of M. avium with C3-depleted serum or IgM-depleted plasma resulted in significantly reduced killing. Plasma C3 levels were elevated in pwCF with NTM infection compared to pwCF without NTM infection. These studies demonstrate that human neutrophils efficiently kill M. avium when opsonized in the presence of plasma factors from HD that include C3 and IgM. Killing efficiency is significantly lower when the bacteria are opsonized with plasma from pwCF. This indicates a novel role for opsonization in neutrophil killing of M. avium and a deficiency in complement opsonization as a mechanism of impaired M. avium killing in CF. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium avium is a member of a group of bacterial species termed nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that cause lung disease in certain populations, including persons with cystic fibrosis (CF). NTM infections are challenging to diagnose and can be even more difficult to treat. This study investigated how the immune system responds to M. avium infection in CF. We found that neutrophils, the most abundant immune cell in the lungs in CF, can effectively kill M. avium in individuals both with and without CF. Another component of the immune response called the complement system is also required for this process. Levels of complement proteins are altered in persons with CF who have a history of NTM compared to those without a history of NTM infection. These results add to our understanding of how the immune system responds to M. avium, which can help pave the way toward better diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth C. Malcolm
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Wheeler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Noel M. Rysavy
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Katie Poch
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Silvia Caceres
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Kara M. Calhoun
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stacey L. Martiniano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jerry A. Nick
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Faustini SE, Jossi SE, Perez‐Toledo M, Shields AM, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Newby ML, Cook A, Willcox CR, Salim M, Goodall M, Heaney JL, Marcial‐Juarez E, Morley GL, Torlinska B, Wraith DC, Veenith TV, Harding S, Jolles S, Ponsford MJ, Plant T, Huissoon A, O'Shea MK, Willcox BE, Drayson MT, Crispin M, Cunningham AF, Richter AG. Development of a high-sensitivity ELISA detecting IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in serum and saliva. Immunology 2021; 164:135-147. [PMID: 33932228 PMCID: PMC8242512 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting antibody responses during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential in determining the seroepidemiology of the virus and the potential role of antibody in disease. Scalable, sensitive and specific serological assays are essential to this process. The detection of antibody in hospitalized patients with severe disease has proven relatively straightforward; detecting responses in subjects with mild disease and asymptomatic infections has proven less reliable. We hypothesized that the suboptimal sensitivity of antibody assays and the compartmentalization of the antibody response may contribute to this effect. We systematically developed an ELISA, optimizing different antigens and amplification steps, in serum and saliva from non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. Using trimeric spike glycoprotein, rather than nucleocapsid, enabled detection of responses in individuals with low antibody responses. IgG1 and IgG3 predominate to both antigens, but more anti-spike IgG1 than IgG3 was detectable. All antigens were effective for detecting responses in hospitalized patients. Anti-spike IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses were readily detectable in saliva from a minority of RT-PCR confirmed, non-hospitalized symptomatic individuals, and these were mostly subjects who had the highest levels of anti-spike serum antibodies. Therefore, detecting antibody responses in both saliva and serum can contribute to determining virus exposure and understanding immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian E. Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sian E. Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Adrian M. Shields
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Department of BiochemistryOxford Glycobiology InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Maddy L. Newby
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Carrie R. Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Mahboob Salim
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Jennifer L. Heaney
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | | | - Barbara Torlinska
- Institute of Applied Health ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - David C. Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Tonny V. Veenith
- Department of Critical Care MedicineUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS TrustBirminghamUK
| | | | | | | | - Tim Plant
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Aarnoud Huissoon
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirminghamUK
| | - Matthew K. O'Shea
- Institute of Microbiology and InfectionUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Benjamin E. Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Mark T. Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Adam F. Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Alex G. Richter
- Institute of Immunology and ImmunotherapyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Keyt BA, Baliga R, Sinclair AM, Carroll SF, Peterson MS. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Use of IgM Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E53. [PMID: 33066119 PMCID: PMC7709107 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are pentameric or hexameric macro-immunoglobulins and have been highly conserved during evolution. IgMs are initially expressed during B cell ontogeny and are the first antibodies secreted following exposure to foreign antigens. The IgM multimer has either 10 (pentamer) or 12 (hexamer) antigen binding domains consisting of paired µ heavy chains with four constant domains, each with a single variable domain, paired with a corresponding light chain. Although the antigen binding affinities of natural IgM antibodies are typically lower than IgG, their polyvalency allows for high avidity binding and efficient engagement of complement to induce complement-dependent cell lysis. The high avidity of IgM antibodies renders them particularly efficient at binding antigens present at low levels, and non-protein antigens, for example, carbohydrates or lipids present on microbial surfaces. Pentameric IgM antibodies also contain a joining (J) chain that stabilizes the pentameric structure and enables binding to several receptors. One such receptor, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), is responsible for transcytosis from the vasculature to the mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Several naturally occurring IgM antibodies have been explored as therapeutics in clinical trials, and a new class of molecules, engineered IgM antibodies with enhanced binding and/or additional functional properties are being evaluated in humans. Here, we review the considerable progress that has been made regarding the understanding of biology, structure, function, manufacturing, and therapeutic potential of IgM antibodies since their discovery more than 80 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Keyt
- IGM Biosciences Inc, 325 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; (R.B.); (A.M.S.); (S.F.C.); (M.S.P.)
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Faustini SE, Jossi SE, Perez-Toledo M, Shields AM, Allen JD, Watanabe Y, Newby ML, Cook A, Willcox CR, Salim M, Goodall M, Heaney JL, Marcial-Juarez E, Morley GL, Torlinska B, Wraith DC, Veenith TV, Harding S, Jolles S, Ponsford MJ, Plant T, Huissoon A, O'Shea MK, Willcox BE, Drayson MT, Crispin M, Cunningham AF, Richter AG. Detection of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in both serum and saliva enhances detection of infection. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.06.16.20133025. [PMID: 32588002 PMCID: PMC7310662 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.16.20133025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting antibody responses during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential in determining the seroepidemiology of the virus and the potential role of antibody in disease. Scalable, sensitive and specific serological assays are essential to this process. The detection of antibody in hospitalized patients with severe disease has proven straightforward; detecting responses in subjects with mild disease and asymptomatic infections has proven less reliable. We hypothesized that the suboptimal sensitivity of antibody assays and the compartmentalization of the antibody response may contribute to this effect. METHODS We systemically developed an ELISA assay, optimising different antigens and amplification steps, in serum and saliva from symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. RESULTS Using trimeric spike glycoprotein, rather than nucleocapsid enabled detection of responses in individuals with low antibody responses. IgG1 and IgG3 predominate to both antigens, but more anti-spike IgG1 than IgG3 was detectable. All antigens were effective for detecting responses in hospitalized patients. Anti-spike, but not nucleocapsid, IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses were readily detectable in saliva from non-hospitalized symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Antibody responses in saliva and serum were largely independent of each other and symptom reporting. CONCLUSIONS Detecting antibody responses in both saliva and serum is optimal for determining virus exposure and understanding immune responses after SARS-CoV-2 infection. FUNDING This work was funded by the University of Birmingham, the National Institute for Health Research (UK), the NIH National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the University of Southampton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian E Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Sian E Jossi
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Marisol Perez-Toledo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Adrian M Shields
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Yasunori Watanabe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Maddy L Newby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Alex Cook
- Binding Site Group Ltd, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mahboob Salim
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Jennifer L Heaney
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Edith Marcial-Juarez
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Gabriella L Morley
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Barbara Torlinska
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Tonny V Veenith
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Tim Plant
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Aarnoud Huissoon
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
- Department of Immunology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mark T Drayson
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
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Characterization and Protective Activity of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 Capsular Polysaccharide Obtained Using a Glycoconjugate. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030139. [PMID: 31500262 PMCID: PMC6789524 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an encapsulated bacterium and an important swine pathogen. Opsonizing antibody responses targeting capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) are protective against extracellular pathogens. To elucidate the protective activity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against S. suis serotype 2 CPS, mice were immunized with a serotype 2 CPS-glycoconjugate and three hybridomas were isolated; of which, two were murine IgMs and the other a murine IgG1. Whereas the IgMs (mAbs 9E7 and 13C8) showed different reactivity levels with S. suis serotypes 1, 1/2, 2 and 14, the IgG1 (mAb 16H11) was shown to be serotype 2-specific. All mAbs targeted the sialylated chain of the CPSs. Using an opsonophagocytosis assay, the IgMs were opsonizing towards the S. suis serotypes to which they cross-react, while the IgG1 failed to induce bacterial elimination. In a model of mouse passive immunization followed by a lethal challenge with S. suis serotype 2, the IgG1 and IgM cross-reacting only with serotype 14 (mAb 13C8) failed to protect, while the IgM cross-reacting with serotypes 1, 1/2, and 14 (mAb 9E7) was shown to be protective by limiting bacteremia. These new mAbs show promise as new S. suis diagnostic tools, as well as potential for therapeutic applications.
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