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Uea-Anuwong T, Stephan R, Stevens MJ, Boss S, Lugsomya K, Kiu LH, Kamali M, Gröhn YT, Nekouei O, Magouras I. Isolation of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) sequence type (ST) 30 from house rats ( Rattus tanezumi) in Hong Kong. One Health 2024; 19:100861. [PMID: 39157653 PMCID: PMC11327950 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is of major public health concern due to its resistance to multiple antibiotics. This resistance has been observed in various settings, including hospitals and communities, and has been detected in both animals and humans. Although peridomestic rat species (Rattus spp.) are well described reservoirs of several human pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria, little is known about their role in MRSA epidemiology. In order to investigate whether Rattus spp. in Hong Kong are potential carriers of MRSA, 221 rats were caught from various ecological areas and nasopharyngeal samples were cultured on MRSA selective media. Genotypic characteristics of MRSA were confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Two clonal sequence type (ST) 30 MRSA isolates, harbouring mecA on staphylococcal chromosome cassette (SCC) mec type IVc, were cultured from two house rats (Rattus tanezumi) caught in two densely populated urban areas. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first detection of community-associated (CA)-MRSA strain ST30 SCCmec IVc in peridomestic rodents in Hong Kong and globally. Our finding indicates that house rats can be carriers of MRSA strains that are widely distributed in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theethawat Uea-Anuwong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc J.A. Stevens
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Boss
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Lam Hoi Kiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Maedeh Kamali
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yrjö Tapio Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Omid Nekouei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ioannis Magouras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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2
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Sun Y, Xing J, Xu S, Li Y, Zhong J, Gao H, Cheng S, Dong J, Zhang T, Lu G, Baele G, Zhang G. Demographic and zoological drivers of infectome diversity in companion cats with ascites. mSystems 2024:e0063624. [PMID: 39120143 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00636-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cats (Felidae) have become an integral part of many households. However, our understanding of the full spectrum of pathogens affecting cats (referred to as the infectome) is limited, mainly due to the inadequacy of commonly used diagnostic tools in capturing the complete diversity of potential pathogens and the prevalence of pathogen co-infections. In this study, we employed a meta-transcriptomic approach to simultaneously characterize the infectome contributing to different disease syndromes and to investigate spatial, demographic, and ecological factors influencing pathogen diversity and community composition in a cohort of 27 hospitalized cats and seven stray cats. We identified 15 species of pathogens, with Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae and Tritrichomonas foetus representing potential spillover risks. Importantly, although most cases of ascites hyperplasia were explained by coinfection with multiple pathogens, we identified the potential novel clinical outcomes of M. aubagnense infection among cats. We demonstrated that the increase in infectome diversity can be explained by a variety of predictors including age growth, temperature increase, and a higher proportion of females, with age growth presenting the strongest effect. Fine-scale analysis indicated that a higher diversity of infectomes were harbored in young cats rather than adult ones. Our results demonstrated that most feline diseases are better explained by the presence of virus-bacteria or virus-virus coinfection. This study serves as a timely endorsement for clinical diagnosis by vets to consider the cause of a disease based on a panel of cryptical co-infecting pathogens rather than on individual infectious agents. IMPORTANCE Frequent studies reported the risks of cats as an intermediate host of zoonotic pathogens (e.g., SARS-CoV-2). Cats have a physically close interaction with their owners through activities like petting, kissing, and being licked on the cheek and hands. However, there are still limited studies that systematically investigate the infectome structure of cats. In this study, we employed a meta-transcriptomics approach to characterize 15 species of pathogens in cats, with Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae first characterizing infection in diseased cats. Most feline diseases were better explained by the presence of virus-bacteria or virus-virus coinfection. The increase in infectome diversity could be influenced by a variety of predictors including age growth, temperature increase, and a higher proportion of females. A higher diversity of pathogens was harbored in young cats rather than adults. Importantly, we showed the value of linking the modern influx of meta-transcriptomics with comparative ecology and demography and of utilizing it to affirm that ecological and demographic variations impact the total infectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankuo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Xing
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sijia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhao Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Cheng
- CAU Dong Jun laboratory, Guangzhou, China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- CAU Dong Jun laboratory, Guangzhou, China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyou Zhang
- CAU Dong Jun laboratory, Guangzhou, China, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Chimelong Safari Park, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guy Baele
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Zhang L, Ma H, Tang W, Zeng J, Kulyar MF, Hu J. Changes in the Microbiome in Yak Mastitis: Insights Based on Full-Length 16S rRNA Sequencing. Vet Sci 2024; 11:335. [PMID: 39195789 PMCID: PMC11359330 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11080335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that can be caused by various factors, including biological, chemical, mechanical, or physical. Microbiological culture, DNA techniques, and high-throughput next-generation sequencing have been used to identify mastitis-causing pathogens in various animal species. However, little is known about microbiota and microbiome changes linked to yak milk mastitis. This study aimed to characterize the milk microbiota of healthy and mastitis-infected yaks using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing. The results showed that the bacterial microbiota comprises 7 phyla, 9 classes, 20 orders, 39 families, 59 genera, and 72 species. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the predominant microbial communities, with lower abundances of Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, and other minor groupings also observed. Proteobacteria dominated the clinical and subclinical mastitis groups (95.36% and 89.32%, respectively), in contrast to the healthy group (60.17%). Conversely, Firmicutes were more common in the healthy group (39.7%) than in the subclinical and clinical mastitis groups (10.49% and 2.92%, respectively). The predominant organisms found in the healthy group were Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactococcus piscium, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, and Lactococcus raffinolactis. Low abundances of Staphylococcus aureus species were found in both subclinical and clinical mastitis groups, with Moraxella osloensis and Psychrobacter cibarius dominating the subclinical mastitis group and Pseudomonas fluorescens dominating the clinical mastitis group. An alpha diversity study revealed that the healthy group had a higher microbial diversity than the clinical and subclinical mastitis groups. According to beta-diversity analysis, the principal coordinate analysis identified that mastitis-infected samples significantly differed from healthy ones. The milk microbiota of healthy yaks is more varied, and specific prominent taxa within various groups can act as marker microorganisms for mastitis risk. The genera Leuconostoc and Lactococcus are promising candidates for creating probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Hongcai Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (H.M.); (W.T.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (H.M.); (W.T.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiangyong Zeng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Xizang Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850009, China; (H.M.); (W.T.); (J.Z.)
| | - Md. F. Kulyar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
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Ebani VV. Staphylococci, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Humans: What Are Their Relations? Pathogens 2024; 13:607. [PMID: 39057833 PMCID: PMC11279482 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Reptiles and amphibians are largely present in many environments, including domestic areas when they are kept as pet animals. They often harbor zoonotic pathogens, which can pose a serious risk of infection for humans, mainly immunocompromised individuals, the elderly, children, and pregnant women. Several studies have been carried out to verify the role of cold-blooded animals in the epidemiology of some bacteria, mainly Salmonella, whereas scarce attention has been focused on these animals as a source of staphylococci. These bacteria are often antimicrobial-resistant and they act as opportunistic pathogens, which can cause relevant infections in humans and animals, both domestic and wild. Asymptomatic reptiles and amphibians often harbor staphylococcal strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp.; however, these bacteria have been associated with clinical conditions that usually appear in animals under stress conditions. In all cases, greater attention should also be focused on staphylococci in cold-blooded animals due to their implications in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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5
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Fernandez JE, Egli A, Overesch G, Perreten V. Time-calibrated phylogenetic and chromosomal mobilome analyses of Staphylococcus aureus CC398 reveal geographical and host-related evolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5526. [PMID: 38951499 PMCID: PMC11217367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
An international collection of Staphylococcus aureus of clonal complex (CC) 398 from diverse hosts spanning all continents and a 30 year-period is studied based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. The collection consists of publicly available genomic data from 2994 strains and 134 recently sequenced Swiss methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) CC398 strains. A time-calibrated phylogeny reveals the presence of distinct phylogroups present in Asia, North and South America and Europe. European MRSA diverged from methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) at the beginning of the 1950s. Two major European phylogroups (EP4 and EP5), which diverged approximately 1974, are the main drivers of MRSA CC398 spread in Europe. Within EP5, an emergent MRSA lineage spreading among the European horse population (EP5-Leq) diverged approximately 1996 from the pig lineage (EP5-Lpg), and also contains human-related strains. EP5-Leq is characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) IVa and spa type t011 (CC398-IVa-t011), and EP5-Lpg by CC398-SCCmecVc-t011. The lineage-specific antibiotic resistance and virulence gene patterns are mostly mediated by the acquisition of mobile genetic elements like SCCmec, S. aureus Genomic Islands (SaGIs), prophages and transposons. Different combinations of virulence factors are present on S. aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs), and novel antimicrobial resistance gene containing elements are associated with certain lineages expanding in Europe. This WGS-based analysis reveals the actual evolutionary trajectory and epidemiological trend of the international MRSA CC398 population considering host, temporal, geographical and molecular factors. It provides a baseline for global WGS-based One-Health studies of adaptive evolution of MRSA CC398 as well as for local outbreak investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Eduardo Fernandez
- Division of Molecular Bacterial Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Egli
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gudrun Overesch
- Center for Zoonoses, Animal Bacterial Diseases and Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Perreten
- Division of Molecular Bacterial Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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6
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Barber MF, Fitzgerald JR. Mechanisms of host adaptation by bacterial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae019. [PMID: 39003250 PMCID: PMC11308195 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new infectious diseases poses a major threat to humans, animals, and broader ecosystems. Defining factors that govern the ability of pathogens to adapt to new host species is therefore a crucial research imperative. Pathogenic bacteria are of particular concern, given dwindling treatment options amid the continued expansion of antimicrobial resistance. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in the understanding of bacterial host species adaptation, with an emphasis on pathogens of humans and related mammals. We focus particularly on molecular mechanisms underlying key steps of bacterial host adaptation including colonization, nutrient acquisition, and immune evasion, as well as suggest key areas for future investigation. By developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms of host adaptation in pathogenic bacteria, we may uncover new strategies to target these microbes for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in humans, animals, and the broader environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Barber
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
| | - J Ross Fitzgerald
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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7
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Narula K, Rajpal S, Bhakta S, Kulanthaivel S, Mishra P. Rationally designed protein A surface molecularly imprinted magnetic nanoparticles for the capture and detection of Staphylococcus aureus. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5699-5710. [PMID: 38757517 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00392f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a commensal organism found on the human skin, is commonly associated with nosocomial infections and exhibits virulence mediated by toxins and resistance to antibiotics. The global threat of antibiotic resistance has necessitated antimicrobial stewardship to improve the safe and appropriate use of antimicrobials; hence, there is an urgent demand for the advanced, cost-effective, and rapid detection of specific bacteria. In this regard, we aimed to selectively detect S. aureus using surface molecularly imprinted magnetic nanoparticles templated with a well-known biomarker protein A, specific to S. aureus. Herein, a highly selective surface molecularly imprinted polymeric thin layer was created on ∼250 nm magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) through the immobilization of protein A to aldehyde functionalized MNPs, followed by monomer polymerization and template washing. This study employs the rational selection of monomers based on their computationally predicted binding affinity to protein A at multiple surface residues. The resulting MIPs from rationally selected monomer combinations demonstrated an imprinting factor as high as ∼5. Selectivity studies revealed MIPs with four-fold higher binding capacity (BC) to protein A than other non-target proteins, such as lysozyme and serum albumin. In addition, it showed significant binding to S. aureus, whereas negligible binding to other non-specific Gram-negative, i.e. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and Gram-positive, i.e. Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), bacteria. This MIP was employed for the capture and specific detection of fluorescently labeled S. aureus. Quantitative detection was performed using a conventional plate counting technique in a linear detection range of 101-107 bacterial cells. Remarkably, the MIPs also exhibited approximately 100% cell recovery from milk samples spiked with S. aureus (106 CFU mL-1), underscoring its potential as a robust tool for sensitive and accurate bacterial detection in dairy products. The developed MIP exhibiting high affinity and selective binding to protein A finds its potential applications in the magnetic capture and selective detection of protein A as well as S. aureus infections and contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Narula
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Soumya Rajpal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Snehasis Bhakta
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar College, West Bengal, India
| | - Senthilguru Kulanthaivel
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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8
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Wilson TK, Zishiri OT, El Zowalaty ME. Molecular detection of virulence genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wild pigeons ( Columba domestica livia) in KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. One Health 2024; 18:100656. [PMID: 38179313 PMCID: PMC10765103 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to determine virulence determinants among S. aureus isolated from wild pigeons and houseflies around hospital areas in the Greater Durban area, South Africa. Following enrichment and bacterial growth, DNA extraction using the boiling method was performed. Overall, 57 out of 252 samples (22.6%) were positive for S. aureus. Six known virulence genes were tested, where five known virulence determinants were positive and none of the S. aureus isolates were positive to coagulase (coa) gene. The highest prevalence rates were found in the genes encoding haemolysins, with the hla and hld genes having 8 (14%) and 9 (15.8%) positive isolates respectively. The sea, LukS/F-PV, and spa genes had 5 (8.8%), 4 (7%), and 2 (3.5%) positive isolates respectively. These results demonstrated the detection of pathogenic S. aureus from hospital environment in Durban, South Africa which may account for the emergence staphylococcal infections. The findings of the present study highlights the significant role of wild pigeons and houseflies as potenital infectious disease vectors in a One Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor K. Wilson
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Oliver T. Zishiri
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Groups, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Titouche Y, Akkou M, Campaña-Burguet A, González-Azcona C, Djaoui Y, Mechoub D, Fatihi A, Bouchez P, Bouhier L, Houali K, Nia Y, Torres C, Hennekinne JA. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Nasal Samples of Healthy Dairy Goats in Algeria. Pathogens 2024; 13:408. [PMID: 38787260 PMCID: PMC11124369 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of S. aureus isolates from the nasal swabs of goats. A total of 232 nasal samples (one per animal) were collected from goats on 13 farms located in two regions of Algeria and were analyzed for the presence of S. aureus. The detection of virulence factors was carried out using PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility of the recovered isolates was assessed using the disc diffusion method. The biofilm formation ability was assessed by the Congo red agar method and a microtiter plate assay, and the molecular characterization of isolates was carried out by spa-typing, and for selected isolates also by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Overall, 36 out of 232 nasal swabs (15.5%) contained S. aureus, and 62 isolates were recovered. Regarding the virulence factors, at least one staphylococcal enterotoxin gene was detected in 30 (48.4%) isolates. The gene tst encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin was detected in fifteen isolates (24.2%), but none of the isolates harbored the gene of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (lukF/S-PV). Nine different spa-types were identified, including the detection of a new one (t21230). The recovered isolates were assigned to three clonal complexes, with CC5 (51.8%) being the most common lineage. Two isolates were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and belonged to ST5 (CC5) and to spa-types t450 and t688. Moreover, 27 (43.5%) of the S. aureus isolates were found to be slime producers in Congo red agar, and all of the recovered isolates could produce biofilms in the microtiter plate assay. Our study showed that the nares of healthy goats could be a reservoir of toxigenic and antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus isolates, including MRSA, which could have implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacine Titouche
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (Y.D.); (D.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Madjid Akkou
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Saad Dahlab Blida 1, Blida 09000, Algeria;
| | - Allelen Campaña-Burguet
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.C.-B.); (C.G.-A.); (C.T.)
| | - Carmen González-Azcona
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.C.-B.); (C.G.-A.); (C.T.)
| | - Yasmina Djaoui
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (Y.D.); (D.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Donia Mechoub
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (Y.D.); (D.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Abdelhak Fatihi
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Pascal Bouchez
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Laurence Bouhier
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Karim Houali
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology (LABAB), University Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi Ouzou 15000, Algeria; (Y.D.); (D.M.); (K.H.)
| | - Yacine Nia
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (A.C.-B.); (C.G.-A.); (C.T.)
| | - Jacques-Antoine Hennekinne
- University Paris Est, Anses, Laboratory for Food Safety, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; (A.F.); (P.B.); (L.B.); (Y.N.); (J.-A.H.)
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10
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Aslam J, Ali HM, Hussain S, Ahmad MZ, Siddique AB, Shahid M, Shahzad MI, Fatima H, Tariq S, Sadiq F, Aslam M, Farooq U, Zia S, Aljaluod RS, Alarjani KM. Effectiveness of cephalosporins in hydrolysis and inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms. J Vet Sci 2024; 25:e47. [PMID: 38834515 PMCID: PMC11156599 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.23258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli contribute to global health challenges by forming biofilms, a key virulence element implicated in the pathogenesis of several infections. OBJECTIVE The study examined the efficacy of various generations of cephalosporins against biofilms developed by pathogenic S. aureus and E. coli. METHODS The development of biofilms by both bacteria was assessed using petri-plate and microplate methods. Biofilm hydrolysis and inhibition were tested using first to fourth generations of cephalosporins, and the effects were analyzed by crystal violet staining and phase contrast microscopy. RESULTS Both bacterial strains exhibited well-developed biofilms in petri-plate and microplate assays. Cefradine (first generation) showed 76.78% hydrolysis of S. aureus biofilm, while significant hydrolysis (59.86%) of E. coli biofilm was observed by cefipime (fourth generation). Similarly, cefuroxime, cefadroxil, cefepime, and cefradine caused 78.8%, 71.63%, 70.63%, and 70.51% inhibition of the S. aureus biofilms, respectively. In the case of E. coli, maximum biofilm inhibition (66.47%) was again shown by cefepime. All generations of cephalosporins were more effective against S. aureus than E. coli, which was confirmed by phase contrast microscopy. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cephalosporins exhibit dual capabilities of hydrolyzing and inhibiting S. aureus and E. coli biofilms. First-generation cephalosporins exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against S. aureus, while the third and fourth generations significantly inhibited E. coli biofilms. This study highlights the importance of tailored antibiotic strategies based on the biofilm characteristics of specific bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaria Aslam
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ali
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Shujaat Hussain
- PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | | | - Abu Baker Siddique
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Mirza Imran Shahzad
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hina Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Tariq
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Maria Aslam
- Department of Computer Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Saadiya Zia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rawa Saad Aljaluod
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Tyagi S, Singh RK, Kumar A. Lipophilic bioactive compounds from thermophilic cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. HNBGU-004: Implications for countering VRSA resistance. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29754. [PMID: 38681559 PMCID: PMC11046194 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Extremophiles thrive in extreme conditions, showcasing rich and unexplored diversity. This resilience hints at the existence of novel biochemical pathways and unique bioactive compounds. In contrast, the issue of drug resistance and excessive misuse of antibiotics in various settings, such as healthcare, agriculture, and veterinary medicine, has contributed to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant microorganisms. In the present research, Leptolyngbya sp. HNBGU-004, was obtained from an extreme location, a hot water spring in the Garhwal Himalayan region of India. The lipophilic fraction derived from Leptolyngbya sp. HNBGU-004 exhibited significant inhibitory effects against vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), displaying a bactericidal concentration of 0.5 mg mL-1. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the lipophilic extract unveiled the major constituents. Leptolyngbya sp. HNBGU-004 holds significant promise as a primary source of potent anti-vancomycin-resistant S. aureus components. These findings emphasize the importance of Leptolyngbya sp. HNBGU-004 as a foundational source for use as both a synergistic and alternative agent against VRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Tyagi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, IIMT University, Meerut, UP, 250001, India
| | - Rahul Kunwar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, IIMT University, Meerut, UP, 250001, India
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Sapugahawatte DN, Godakumara K, Mäesaar M, Ekanayake G, Midekessa GB, Prasadani M, Kodithuwakku S, Roasto M, Andronowska A, Fazeli A. Harnessing Nature's Defence: The Antimicrobial Efficacy of Pasteurised Cattle Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4759. [PMID: 38731976 PMCID: PMC11083917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) challenges conventional antibiotics, prompting the search for alternatives. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from pasteurised cattle milk offer promise, due to their unique properties. This study investigates their efficacy against five pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, aiming to combat AMR and to develop new therapies. EVs were characterised and tested using various methods. Co-culture experiments with S. aureus showed significant growth inhibition, with colony-forming units decreasing from 2.4 × 105 CFU/mL (single dose) to 7.4 × 104 CFU/mL (triple doses) after 12 h. Milk EVs extended lag time (6 to 9 h) and increased generation time (2.8 to 4.8 h) dose-dependently, compared to controls. In conclusion, milk EVs exhibit dose-dependent inhibition against S. aureus, prolonging lag and generation times. Despite limitations, this suggests their potential in addressing AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulmini Nanayakkara Sapugahawatte
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (D.N.S.); (K.G.); (G.E.); (G.B.M.); (M.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Kasun Godakumara
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (D.N.S.); (K.G.); (G.E.); (G.B.M.); (M.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Mihkel Mäesaar
- Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (M.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Gayandi Ekanayake
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (D.N.S.); (K.G.); (G.E.); (G.B.M.); (M.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Getnet Balcha Midekessa
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (D.N.S.); (K.G.); (G.E.); (G.B.M.); (M.P.); (S.K.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 14b, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Madhusha Prasadani
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (D.N.S.); (K.G.); (G.E.); (G.B.M.); (M.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Suranga Kodithuwakku
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (D.N.S.); (K.G.); (G.E.); (G.B.M.); (M.P.); (S.K.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Mati Roasto
- Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (M.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Aneta Andronowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Juliana Tuwima St. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (D.N.S.); (K.G.); (G.E.); (G.B.M.); (M.P.); (S.K.)
- Chair of Veterinary Biomedicine and Food Hygiene, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 56/3, 51006 Tartu, Estonia; (M.M.); (M.R.)
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Level 4, Jessop Wing, Tree Root Walk, Sheffield S10 2SF, UK
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Sabino YNV, de Araújo Domingues KC, O'Connor PM, Marques PH, Santos EH, Tótola MR, Abreu LM, de Queiroz MV, Cotter PD, Mantovani HC. Bacillus velezensis iturins inhibit the hemolytic activity of Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9469. [PMID: 38658583 PMCID: PMC11043418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus has a major economic impact on the dairy sector. With the crucial need for new therapies, anti-virulence strategies have gained attention as alternatives to antibiotics. Here we aimed to identify novel compounds that inhibit the production/activity of hemolysins, a virulence factor of S. aureus associated with mastitis severity. We screened Bacillus strains obtained from diverse sources for compounds showing anti-hemolytic activity. Our results demonstrate that lipopeptides produced by Bacillus spp. completely prevented the hemolytic activity of S. aureus at certain concentrations. Following purification, both iturins, fengycins, and surfactins were able to reduce hemolysis caused by S. aureus, with iturins showing the highest anti-hemolytic activity (up to 76% reduction). The lipopeptides showed an effect at the post-translational level. Molecular docking simulations demonstrated that these compounds can bind to hemolysin, possibly interfering with enzyme action. Lastly, molecular dynamics analysis indicated general stability of important residues for hemolysin activity as well as the presence of hydrogen bonds between iturins and these residues, with longevous interactions. Our data reveals, for the first time, an anti-hemolytic activity of lipopeptides and highlights the potential application of iturins as an anti-virulence therapy to control bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro Henrique Marques
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Horta Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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Xue P, Peng Y, Wang R, Wu Q, Chen Q, Yan C, Chen W, Xu J. Advances, challenges, and opportunities for food safety analysis in the isothermal nucleic acid amplification/CRISPR-Cas12a era. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38659323 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2343413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Global food safety stands out as a prominent public concern, affecting populations worldwide. The recurrent challenge of food safety incidents reveals the need for a robust inspection framework. In recent years, the integration of isothermal nucleic acid amplification with CRISPR-Cas12a techniques has emerged as a promising tool for molecular detection of food hazards, presenting next generation of biosensing for food safety detection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of research on the synergistic application of isothermal nucleic acid amplification and CRISPR-Cas12a technology in the field of food safety. This innovative combination not only enriches the analytical tools, but also improving assay performance such as sensitivity and specificity, addressing the limitations of traditional methods. The review summarized various detection methodologies by the integration of isothermal nucleic acid amplification and CRISPR-Cas12a technology for diverse food safety concerns, including pathogenic bacterium, viruses, mycotoxins, food adulteration, and genetically modified foods. Each section elucidates the specific strategies employed and highlights the advantages conferred. Furthermore, the paper discussed the challenges faced by this technology in the context of food safety, offering insightful discussions on potential solutions and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Peng
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Renjing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, P. R. China
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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15
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Deddefo A, Mamo G, Asfaw M, Edao A, Hiko A, Fufa D, Jafer M, Sombo M, Amenu K. Occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and resistance genes of Staphylococcus aureus in milk and milk products in the Arsi highlands of Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:127. [PMID: 38627609 PMCID: PMC11020821 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, milk production and handling practices often lack proper hygiene measures, leading to the potential contamination of milk and milk products with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), including methicillin-resistant strains, posing significant public health concerns. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and presence of resistance genes in S. aureus strains isolated from milk and milk products. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Arsi highlands, Oromia, Ethiopia from March 2022 to February 2023. A total of 503 milk and milk product samples were collected, comprising 259 raw milk, 219 cottage cheese, and 25 traditional yogurt samples. S. aureus isolation and coagulase-positive staphylococci enumeration were performed using Baird-Parker agar supplemented with tellurite and egg yolk. S. aureus was further characterized based on colony morphology, Gram stain, mannitol fermentation, catalase test, and coagulase test. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, while the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed for confirming the presence of S. aureus and detecting antimicrobial resistance genes. RESULTS S. aureus was detected in 24.9% of the milk and milk products, with the highest occurrence in raw milk (40.9%), followed by yogurt (20%), and cottage cheese (6.4%). The geometric mean for coagulase-positive staphylococci counts in raw milk, yogurt, and cottage cheese was 4.6, 3.8, and 3.2 log10 CFU/mL, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance analysis revealed high levels of resistance to ampicillin (89.7%) and penicillin G (87.2%), with 71.8% of the isolates demonstrating multidrug resistance. Of the 16 S. aureus isolates analyzed using PCR, all were found to carry the nuc gene, with the mecA and blaZ genes detected in 50% of these isolates each. CONCLUSION This study revealed the widespread distribution of S. aureus in milk and milk products in the Arsi highlands of Ethiopia. The isolates displayed high resistance to ampicillin and penicillin, with a concerning level of multidrug resistance. The detection of the mecA and blaZ genes in selected isolates is of particular concern, highlighting a potential public health hazard and posing a challenge to effective antimicrobial treatment. These findings highlight the urgent need to enhance hygiene standards in milk and milk product handling and promote the rational use of antimicrobial drugs. Provision of adequate training for all individuals involved in the dairy sector can help minimize contamination. These measures are crucial in addressing the threats posed by S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, and ensuring the safety of milk and its products for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiot Deddefo
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box 193, Asella, Ethiopia.
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Gezahegne Mamo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Minda Asfaw
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box 193, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Edao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Adem Hiko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Fufa
- Asella Regional Veterinary Laboratory, P.O. Box 212, Asella, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Jafer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Haramaya, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Institute, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Amenu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Animal and Human Health Programme, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Khasapane NG, Nkhebenyane J, Mnisi Z, Kwenda S, Thekisoe O. Comprehensive whole genome analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1376620. [PMID: 38650877 PMCID: PMC11033518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1376620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus species are the primary cause of mastitis in dairy cows across the world. Staphylococcus aureus has recently become a pathogen that is zoonotic and multidrug resistant. This study aimed to sequence whole genomes of 38 S. aureus isolates from 55 subclinical mastitis dairy cows of 7 small-scale farmers in the Free State Province, South Africa and document and their antimicrobial and virulence genes. The 38 isolates were grouped by the in silico multi-locus sequencing types (MLST) into seven sequence types (STs), that is (ST 97, 352, 152, 243) and three new STs (ST8495, ST8500, and ST8501). Thirty-three S. aureus isolates were divided into 7 core single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) clusters. Among the 9 distinct spa-types that were detected, Spa-types t2883 accounted for the majority of isolates at 12 (31.57%), followed by t416 with 11 (28.94%) and t2844 with 5 (13.15%). The data also revealed the identification of four (4) plasmids, with Rep_N (rep20) accounting for the majority of isolates with 17 (44.73%), followed by Inc18 (repUS5) with 2 (5.26%). These isolates included 11 distinct antimicrobial resistance genes and 23 genes linked to bacterial virulence. Surprisingly, no methicillin resistance associated genes were detected in these isolates. Genome data of the current study will contribute to understanding epidemiology S. aureus genotypes and ultimately aid in developing treatment and control plans to stop the spread of mastitis in the Free State province and South Africa as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntelekwane George Khasapane
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jane Nkhebenyane
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Zamantungwa Mnisi
- Clinvet International, Study Operations, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Stanford Kwenda
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Kassa HY, Belete MA, Yihunie FB, Bayu A, Demlie TB, Tassew H. Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Bovine Bulk Milk and Farm Workers in Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems in Northwestern Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2024; 15:71-80. [PMID: 38496263 PMCID: PMC10942014 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s454193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen responsible for causing various human and animal infections and is well known for its ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bulk milk and dairy farms in northwestern Ethiopia and to determine their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods We collected 50 bulk milk samples from 50 dairy farms and 50 hand swabs from dairy milkers. The cefoxitin disk diffusion test and PCR-based assays were used to identify MRSA isolates. In addition, cefoxitin-resistant isolates were tested for susceptibility to other antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results The results showed that MRSA was detected in 8 samples: 6 from bulk milk samples (12%) and 2 from hand swabs (4%). All MRSA isolates exhibited a high resistance rate to penicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline (75%), ciprofloxacin (25%), chloramphenicol (25%), erythromycin (25%), gentamycin (12.5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (12.5%). Moreover, 72% of the isolates showed resistance to three or more antibiotic classes and were classified as multidrug-resistant. Conclusion This study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant MRSA in bulk milk and dairy farms in northwestern Ethiopia. These findings highlight the potential risk of transmission of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans and the need for improved antibiotic stewardship in the dairy sector using the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haregua Yesigat Kassa
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Mequanint Addisu Belete
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Azeb Bayu
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tiliksew Bialfew Demlie
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Tassew
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Guo YN, He KR, Liang SS, Mou RW, Lu MH, He YM, Tang LP. The effect and mechanism of volatile oil emulsion from leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels on Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1376819. [PMID: 38525077 PMCID: PMC10957740 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1376819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a suitable dosage form of volatile oil from wampee leaves and to explore its antibacterial mechanism in vitro. The chemical composition of the volatile oil from wampee leaves was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Different microemulsion ratios were tested and their stabilities were investigated to determine the optimal ratio. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the wampee leaves volatile oil emulsion (WVOE) against Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were determined using double-dilution and plate-counting methods, respectively. Morphological changes in these two bacteria were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Death, ultrastructural morphology, and biofilm formation were also assessed for S. aureus. Finally, we established an S. aureus-infected Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell model to evaluate the protective effects of the volatile oil emulsion and the associated mechanisms. The volatile oil extracted from wampee leaves contained 37 compounds, of which 96.49% were aromatic hydrocarbons, terpenoids, and their oxygen-containing derivatives. The emulsion was most stable at 1:1 in the oil phase and 1:9 in the water phase. WVOE had poor antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, but the MIC and MBC against S. aureus were 312.5 and 2,500 μg/mL, respectively. S. aureus survival rates were 84.6%, 14.5%, and 12.8% in the 1/2, 1, and 4 × MIC groups, respectively, compared with 97.2% in the control group. S. typhimurium survival was not affected by WVOE treatment. WVOE administration induced cavity formation and abnormal binary fission, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation in S. aureus cells. The WVOE notably reduced the number of S. aureus and inhibited TLR4, NLRP3, NF-κB, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α gene expression in S. aureus-infected LLC cells. The WVOE had a significant inhibitory effect on S. aureus and altered its cell membrane permeability. Moreover, it alleviated inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway in S. aureus-infected LLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Na Guo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ke-Ren He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shao-Shan Liang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Rui-Wei Mou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Meng-Han Lu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yong-Ming He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Lu-Ping Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Zarazaga M, Simón C, Höfle U, Sieber RN, Latorre-Fernández J, Stegger M, Torres C. Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus aureus strains from wild birds and pig farms elucidates levels of mobilomes, antibiotic pressure and host adaptation. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:142-150. [PMID: 38128728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study characterized the resistome, mobilome and phylogenomic relatedness of Staphylococcus aureus strains previously obtained from healthy nestling storks (HNS), pigs (HP) and pig farmers (HPF) to analyse possible transmission pathways of S. aureus with implications for the spread of antimicrobial resistance. METHODS The genomic contents of 52 S. aureus strains obtained from the nasal cavity of HNS, HP and HPF in Spain were sequenced using the Illumina NextSeq platform to characterize their resistome, virulome and mobile genetic elements. The relatedness of strains was assessed by core-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). RESULTS The frequencies of multidrug-resistance phenotype and transposons were significantly lower in strains from HNS than in those from HP and HPF (P < 0.005). However, the presence of human immune evasion cluster genes in S. aureus strains from HNS was significantly higher than in those from HP and HPF (P < 0.005). Interestingly, the frequencies of plasmids and phages were not significantly associated with the host (P > 0.05). The phylogenetic analysis identified a cluster of all the MSSA-CC398 strains carrying φSa3 and ermT on rep13 separately from the two MRSA-CC398 strains (carrying ermT on repUS18). Highly related MRSA-CC398 strains were detected in some pigs and related farmers (<10 SNPs). CONCLUSION This study confirms high-level antibiotic selection in S. aureus in HP and HPF in comparison to HNS. Furthermore, our findings highlight the continuous transmission of MRSA-CC398 in the pig-to-human interface and MSSA-CC398 with human adaptation markers in HNS. Molecular surveillance of S. aureus using the One Health model is required to establish appropriate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- Spanish Wildlife Research Institute IREC (CSIC‑UCLM‑JCCM), SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) Research Group, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Raphael N Sieber
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Latorre-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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20
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Lin C, Feng Y, Xie X, Zhang H, Wu J, Zhu Y, Yu J, Feng J, Su W, Lai S, Zhang A. Antimicrobial resistance characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of pleuromutilin-resistant Enterococcus isolates from different environmental samples along a laying hen production chain. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:195-205. [PMID: 37980008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in the laying hen production industry has become a serious public health problem. The antimicrobial resistance and phylogenetic relationships of the common conditional pathogen Enterococcus along the laying hen production chain have not been systematically clarified. 105 Enterococcus isolates were obtained from 115 environmental samples (air, dust, feces, flies, sewage, and soil) collected along the laying hen production chain (breeding chicken, chick, young chicken, and commercial laying hen). These Enterococcus isolates exhibited resistance to some clinically relevant antibiotics, such as tetracycline (92.4%), streptomycin (92.4%), and erythromycin (91.4%), and all strains had multidrug resistance phenotypes. Whole genome sequencing characterized 29 acquired antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that conferred resistance to 11 classes of antibiotics in 51 pleuromutilin-resistant Enterococcus isolates, and lsa(E), which mediates resistance to pleuromutilins, always co-occurred with lnu(B). Alignments with the Mobile Genetic Elements database identified four transposons (Tn554, Tn558, Tn6261, and Tn6674) with several ARGs (erm(A), ant(9)-la, fex(A), and optrA) that mediated resistance to many clinically important antibiotics. Moreover, we identified two new transposons that carried ARGs in the Tn554 family designated as Tn7508 and Tn7492. A complementary approach based on conventional multi-locus sequence typing and whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism analysis showed that phylogenetically related pleuromutilin-resistant Enterococcus isolates were widely distributed in various environments on different production farms. Our results indicate that environmental contamination by antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus requires greater attention, and they highlight the risk of pleuromutilin-resistant Enterococcus and ARGs disseminating along the laying hen production chain, thereby warranting effective disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lin
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuxuan Feng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xianjun Xie
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Haoyu Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yixiao Zhu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jingyi Feng
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wen Su
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shanming Lai
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Anyun Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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21
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Ribeiro Júnior JC, Rodrigues EM, Dias BP, da Silva EPR, Alexandrino B, Lobo CMO, Tamanini R, Alfieri AA. Toxigenic characterization, spoilage potential, and antimicrobial susceptibility of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species isolated from Minas Frescal cheese. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1386-1396. [PMID: 37944805 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) species from 21 samples of clandestine Minas Frescal cheese, investigate the potential for deterioration in psychrotrophic and mesophilic conditions, verify the toxigenic potential of Staphylococcus aureus, and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of toxigenic S. aureus. Species determination was performed based on the detection of β-hemolysis in 5% ovine blood agar; fermentation of mannitol, maltose, and trehalose sugars; and production of acetoin. After species determination, DNA extraction and analysis was performed for S. aureus colonies for genes encoding staphylococcal toxins (eta, etb, tst, sea, seb, sec, sed, and see) using 2 multiplex PCR assays. Isolates identified as toxigenic S. aureus were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, sulfazotrim, trimethoprim, streptomycin, cefoxitin, vancomycin and enrofloxacin. Elevated CPS counts were observed with an average of >6 log cfu/g. Of the 355 isolates, 177 (49.86%) were identified as S. aureus. Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus delphini, and Staphylococcus coagulans were identified in 3 (0.84%), 2 (0.56%), 2 (0.56%), and 1 (0.28%) isolates, respectively. Of the total number of S. aureus, 25 (52.08%) were positive for the gene that encodes for toxic shock toxin (TSST-1). Another 16 (33.33%) were positive for the sea gene, and 4 isolates (8.33%) were positive for see and one isolate each was positive for seb (2.08%), sec (2.08%), and etb (2.08%) genes. All isolates demonstrated lipolytic activity under mesophilic and psychrotrophic conditions. S. intermedius and S. hyicus had the most prominent proteolytic potential. Multidrug resistance was observed in most of the potentially toxigenic isolates, with clindamycin having the lowest efficiency (40%), whereas the aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin) had the highest effectiveness demonstrating inhibition in all evaluated isolates. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected. Minas Frescal cheeses, marketed in the north of Tocantins in the Brazilian Amazon region, do not comply with legal quality standards and pose a public health risk due to the enterotoxigenic potential of multiresistant isolates, in addition to low shelf life of the samples given the high spoilage potential of this microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Ribeiro Júnior
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970.
| | - E M Rodrigues
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - B P Dias
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - E P R da Silva
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - B Alexandrino
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - C M O Lobo
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North of Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil 77.804-970
| | - R Tamanini
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Food Animal Products Inspection Laboratory, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil 86.057-970
| | - A A Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology for the Dairy Production Chain (INCT - Leite), Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil 86.057-970
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22
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Loncaric I, Keinprecht H, Irimaso E, Cabal-Rosel A, Stessl B, Ntakirutimana C, Marek L, Fischer OW, Szostak MP, Oberrauch C, Wittek T, Müller E, Desvars-Larrive A, Feßler AT, Braun SD, Schwarz S, Ehling-Schulz M, Monecke S, Ehricht R, Ruppitsch W, Grunert T, Spergser J. Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nares of ruminants. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad304. [PMID: 38159931 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the diversity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal swabs of ruminants in Rwanda. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 454 nasal swabs from 203 cows, 170 goats, and 81 sheep were examined for the presence of S. aureus, and 30 S. aureus isolates were detected and characterized pheno- and genotypically. Resistance to penicillin and/or tetracycline was observed. The isolates were assigned to eight different spa types (t21057 (novel), t10103, t18853, t20842, t318, t355, t458, and t9432) belonging to six clonal complexes (CCs) (CC152, CC30, CC3591, CC3666, CC522, and CC97). Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes (lukF-PV/lukS-PV), the bovine leukocidin genes (lukM/lukF-P83), and the human and bovine variants of the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene tst-1 variants were detected. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the nares of ruminants in Rwanda are colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus, including lineages that are also carried by humans, underscoring the zoonotic risk, especially for livestock keepers. These results highlight the crucial importance of hygiene measures when handling livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Loncaric
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Helga Keinprecht
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
- New Vision Veterinary Hospital (NVVH) Northern Province, Musanze district, Rwaza sector, Rwanda
| | - Emmanuel Irimaso
- School of Veterinary Medicine-CAVM, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare Campus, P.O. Box 210, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Adriana Cabal-Rosel
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | | | - Lydia Marek
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
- New Vision Veterinary Hospital (NVVH) Northern Province, Musanze district, Rwaza sector, Rwanda
| | - Otto W Fischer
- New Vision Veterinary Hospital (NVVH) Northern Province, Musanze district, Rwaza sector, Rwanda
| | - Michael P Szostak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Celine Oberrauch
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Clinical Unit of Ruminant Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Elke Müller
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Amelie Desvars-Larrive
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Vienna 1080, Austria
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Sascha D Braun
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14163, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena 07743, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinik Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena 07745, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena 07743, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tom Grunert
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
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23
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da Silva JD, Melo LDR, Santos SB, Kropinski AM, Xisto MF, Dias RS, da Silva Paes I, Vieira MS, Soares JJF, Porcellato D, da Silva Duarte V, de Paula SO. Genomic and proteomic characterization of vB_SauM-UFV_DC4, a novel Staphylococcus jumbo phage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:7231-7250. [PMID: 37741937 PMCID: PMC10638138 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most relevant mastitis pathogens in dairy cattle, and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes presents a significant health issue in both veterinary and human fields. Among the different strategies to tackle S. aureus infection in livestock, bacteriophages have been thoroughly investigated in the last decades; however, few specimens of the so-called jumbo phages capable of infecting S. aureus have been described. Herein, we report the biological, genomic, and structural proteomic features of the jumbo phage vB_SauM-UFV_DC4 (DC4). DC4 exhibited a remarkable killing activity against S. aureus isolated from the veterinary environment and stability at alkaline conditions (pH 4 to 12). The complete genome of DC4 is 263,185 bp (GC content: 25%), encodes 263 predicted CDSs (80% without an assigned function), 1 tRNA (Phe-tRNA), multisubunit RNA polymerase, and an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. Moreover, comparative analysis revealed that DC4 can be considered a new viral species belonging to a new genus DC4 and showed a similar set of lytic proteins and depolymerase activity with closely related jumbo phages. The characterization of a new S. aureus jumbo phage increases our understanding of the diversity of this group and provides insights into the biotechnological potential of these viruses. KEY POINTS: • vB_SauM-UFV_DC4 is a new viral species belonging to a new genus within the class Caudoviricetes. • vB_SauM-UFV_DC4 carries a set of RNA polymerase subunits and an RNA-directed DNA polymerase. • vB_SauM-UFV_DC4 and closely related jumbo phages showed a similar set of lytic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Duarte da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Luís D R Melo
- Centre of Biological Engineering - CEB, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvio B Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering - CEB, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andrew M Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mariana Fonseca Xisto
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Sousa Dias
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela da Silva Paes
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcella Silva Vieira
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - José Júnior Ferreira Soares
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Davide Porcellato
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vinícius da Silva Duarte
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Sérgio Oliveira de Paula
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
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Angoshtari R, Scribner KT, Marsh TL. The impact of primary colonizers on the community composition of river biofilm. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288040. [PMID: 37956125 PMCID: PMC10642824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a strategy for minimizing microbial infections in fish hatcheries, we have investigated how putatively probiotic bacterial populations influence biofilm formation. All surfaces that are exposed to the aquatic milieu develop a microbial community through the selective assembly of microbial populations into a surface-adhering biofilm. In the investigations reported herein, we describe laboratory experiments designed to determine how initial colonization of a surface by nonpathogenic isolates from sturgeon eggs influence the subsequent assembly of populations from a pelagic river community, into the existing biofilm. All eight of the tested strains altered the assembly of river biofilm in a strain-specific manner. Previously formed isolate biofilm was challenged with natural river populations and after 24 hours, two strains and two-isolate combinations proved highly resistant to invasion, comprising at least 80% of the biofilm community, four isolates were intermediate in resistance, accounting for at least 45% of the biofilm community and two isolates were reduced to 4% of the biofilm community. Founding biofilms of Serratia sp, and combinations of Brevundimonas sp.-Hydrogenophaga sp. and Brevundimonas sp.-Acidovorax sp. specifically blocked populations of Aeromonas and Flavobacterium, potential fish pathogens, from colonizing the biofilm. In addition, all isolate biofilms were effective at blocking invading populations of Arcobacter. Several strains, notably Deinococcus sp., recruited specific low-abundance river populations into the top 25 most abundant populations within biofilm. The experiments suggest that relatively simple measures can be used to control the assembly of biofilm on the eggs surface and perhaps offer protection from pathogens. In addition, the methodology provides a relatively rapid way to detect potentially strong ecological interactions between bacterial populations in the formation of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Angoshtari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Kim T. Scribner
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Terence L. Marsh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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25
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Paterson NM, Al-Zubieri H, Ragona J, Kohler KM, Tirado J, Geisbrecht BV, Barber MF. Dynamic Evolution of Bacterial Ligand Recognition by Formyl Peptide Receptors. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad175. [PMID: 37776517 PMCID: PMC10566242 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of invasive pathogens is critical for host immune defense. Cell surface receptors play a key role in the recognition of diverse microbe-associated molecules, triggering leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis, release of antimicrobial compounds, and cytokine production. The intense evolutionary forces acting on innate immune receptor genes have contributed to their rapid diversification across plants and animals. However, the functional consequences of immune receptor divergence are often unclear. Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) comprise a family of animal G protein-coupled receptors which are activated in response to a variety of ligands including formylated bacterial peptides, pathogen virulence factors, and host-derived antimicrobial peptides. FPR activation in turn promotes inflammatory signaling and leukocyte migration to sites of infection. Here we investigate patterns of gene loss, diversification, and ligand recognition among FPRs in primates and carnivores. We find that FPR1, which plays a critical role in innate immune defense in humans, has been lost in New World primates. Amino acid variation in FPR1 and FPR2 among primates and carnivores is consistent with a history of repeated positive selection acting on extracellular domains involved in ligand recognition. To assess the consequences of FPR divergence on bacterial ligand interactions, we measured binding between primate FPRs and the FPR agonist Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B, as well as S. aureus FLIPr-like, an FPR inhibitor. We found that few rapidly evolving sites in primate FPRs are sufficient to modulate recognition of bacterial proteins, demonstrating how natural selection may serve to tune FPR activation in response to diverse microbial ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Paterson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hussein Al-Zubieri
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Joseph Ragona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kristin M Kohler
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Juan Tirado
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Matthew F Barber
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
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Smelikova E, Drevinek P, Nyc O, Brajerova M, Tkadlec J, Krutova M. To screen or not to screen medical students for carriage of multidrug-resistant pathogens? J Hosp Infect 2023; 140:15-23. [PMID: 37478913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The carriage of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in medical students has not been studied extensively, despite the fact that they are in contact with patients and exposed to a hospital environment. AIM To investigate the intestinal and nasal carriage of MDR pathogens among medical students and its association with their lifestyle and demographic data. METHODS In 2021, first- and final-year medical students were invited to the study. Two rectal swabs were used for detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-, tigecycline- or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Nasal swab was used for Staphylococcus aureus culture. S. aureus isolates were characterized by spa typing; Gram-negative resistant isolates and meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were subjected to whole-genome short and/or long sequencing. FINDINGS From 178 students, 80 (44.9%) showed nasal carriage of S. aureus; two isolates were MRSA. In rectal swabs, seven ESBL-producing strains were detected. Sixteen students were colonized by colistin-resistant bacteria, three isolates carried the mcr-1 gene (1.7%). The mcr-9 (10.7%, 19/178) and mcr-10 (2.2%, 4/178) genes were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, but only two colistin-susceptible mcr-10-positive isolates were cultured. The S. aureus nasal carriage was negatively associated with antibiotic and probiotic consumption. S. aureus and colistin-resistant bacteria were detected more frequently among students in contact with livestock. CONCLUSION Medical students can be colonized by (multi)drug-resistant bacteria with no difference between first- and final-year students. The participation of students in self-screening increases their awareness of possible colonization by resistant strains and their potential transmission due to poor hand hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Smelikova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Drevinek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Nyc
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Brajerova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Tkadlec
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Krutova
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2(nd) Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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de Alcântara LP, Santana JA, Clark Xavier RG, Tinoco HP, Coelho CM, Dos Santos DO, Santos RL, Nogueira de Carvalho MP, Silveira Silva RO. ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPP. ISOLATED FROM FELIDS AND CANIDS IN BELO HORIZONTE ZOO, BRAZIL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:584-592. [PMID: 37817625 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Staphylococcus spp. has become a major concern among humans and animals due to increasing antimicrobial resistance and frequent reports of infection. Despite the importance of animals as reservoirs for staphylococci, little is known about the epidemiology of Staphylococcus spp. in most nondomestic species, including canids and felids. This study evaluated the frequency, distribution, and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of staphylococcal species isolated from captive felids and canids from Belo Horizonte Zoo, Brazil. Rectal, oral, and nasal swabs from apparently healthy maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus, n= 7), a lion (Panthera leo, n = 1), jaguars (Panthera onca, n = 3), and one swab of a cougar (Puma concolor) with an ear infection were streaked onto mannitol salt agar. Colonies identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, polymerase chain reaction for the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG), and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains were subjected to multilocus sequence typing. Staphylococcus species were isolated from 24 of the 34 samples (70.6%). Among the isolated strains, S. pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus felis were the most frequent species (41.7 and 25%, respectively). Five novel sequence types were identified among the S. pseudintermedius isolates. Resistance to tetracycline (7/24, 29.2%) or penicillin (6/23, 26.1%) was significantly higher than the other antimicrobial agents tested (P < 0.05). One isolate, Staphylococcus nepalensis, was positive for mecA and resistant to five antimicrobials, and was thus classified as multidrug-resistant. The present work suggests that maned wolves are natural hosts of SIG and also reports the isolation of S. felis in sick and healthy, captive, nondomestic carnivores. The isolated staphylococci were susceptible to most classes of antimicrobials tested. However, the multidrug-resistance capability of an S. nepalensis strain reinforces the hypothesis that felids and canids act as reservoirs of pathogens with antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordana Almeida Santana
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901
| | | | - Herlandes Penha Tinoco
- Municipal Parks and Zoobotanic Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31365-450
| | - Carlyle Mendes Coelho
- Municipal Parks and Zoobotanic Foundation of Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31365-450
| | | | - Renato Lima Santos
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil, 31270-901
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Cheung GYC, Otto M. Virulence Mechanisms of Staphylococcal Animal Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14587. [PMID: 37834035 PMCID: PMC10572719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are major causes of infections in mammals. Mammals are colonized by diverse staphylococcal species, often with moderate to strong host specificity, and colonization is a common source of infection. Staphylococcal infections of animals not only are of major importance for animal well-being but have considerable economic consequences, such as in the case of staphylococcal mastitis, which costs billions of dollars annually. Furthermore, pet animals can be temporary carriers of strains infectious to humans. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance is a great concern in livestock infections, as there is considerable antibiotic overuse, and resistant strains can be transferred to humans. With the number of working antibiotics continuously becoming smaller due to the concomitant spread of resistant strains, alternative approaches, such as anti-virulence, are increasingly being investigated to treat staphylococcal infections. For this, understanding the virulence mechanisms of animal staphylococcal pathogens is crucial. While many virulence factors have similar functions in humans as animals, there are increasingly frequent reports of host-specific virulence factors and mechanisms. Furthermore, we are only beginning to understand virulence mechanisms in animal-specific staphylococcal pathogens. This review gives an overview of animal infections caused by staphylococci and our knowledge about the virulence mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
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Souza SSR, Smith JT, Bruce SA, Gibson R, Martin IW, Andam CP. Multi-host infection and phylogenetically diverse lineages shape the recombination and gene pool dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:235. [PMID: 37626313 PMCID: PMC10463932 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus can infect and adapt to multiple host species. However, our understanding of the genetic and evolutionary drivers of its generalist lifestyle remains inadequate. This is particularly important when considering local populations of S. aureus, where close physical proximity between bacterial lineages and between host species may facilitate frequent and repeated interactions between them. Here, we aim to elucidate the genomic differences between human- and animal-derived S. aureus from 437 isolates sampled from disease cases in the northeast region of the United States. RESULTS Multi-locus sequence typing revealed the existence of 75 previously recognized sequence types (ST). Our population genomic analyses revealed heterogeneity in the accessory genome content of three dominant S. aureus lineages (ST5, ST8, ST30). Genes related to antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and plasmid types were differentially distributed among isolates according to host (human versus non-human) and among the three major STs. Across the entire population, we identified a total of 1,912 recombination events that occurred in 765 genes. The frequency and impact of homologous recombination were comparable between human- and animal-derived isolates. Low-frequency STs were major donors of recombined DNA, regardless of the identity of their host. The most frequently recombined genes (clfB, aroA, sraP) function in host infection and virulence, which were also frequently shared between the rare lineages. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results show that frequent but variable patterns of recombination among co-circulating S. aureus lineages, including the low-frequency lineages, that traverse host barriers shape the structure of local gene pool and the reservoir of host-associated genetic variants. Our study provides important insights to the genetic and evolutionary factors that contribute to the ability of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease in multiple host species. Our study highlights the importance of continuous surveillance of S. aureus circulating in different ecological host niches and the need to systematically sample from them. These findings will inform development of effective measures to control S. aureus colonization, infection, and transmission across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S R Souza
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Joshua T Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Spencer A Bruce
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Robert Gibson
- New Hampshire Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Isabella W Martin
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
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Nocera FP, Pizzano F, Masullo A, Cortese L, De Martino L. Antimicrobial Resistant Staphylococcus Species Colonization in Dogs, Their Owners, and Veterinary Staff of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Naples, Italy. Pathogens 2023; 12:1016. [PMID: 37623976 PMCID: PMC10457731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify Staphylococcus species isolated from nasal swabs of both healthy and diseased dogs, and those of human origin, obtained from nasal swabs of both owners and veterinary staff. Firstly, pet owners were requested to complete a questionnaire relating to the care and relationship with their pets, whose results mainly showed a statistically significant higher frequency of hand washing in diseased dogs' owners than in healthy dogs' owners. Canine nasal swabs were obtained from 43 diseased dogs and 28 healthy dogs, while human nasal swabs were collected from the respective dogs' owners (71 samples) and veterinary staff (34 samples). The isolation and identification of Staphylococcus spp. were followed by disk diffusion method to define the antimicrobial resistance profiles against 18 different molecules. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the most frequent isolated strain in both diseased (33.3%) and healthy (46.1%) dogs. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most frequent isolated bacterium in diseased dogs' owners (66.6%), while in nasal samples of healthy dogs' owners, the same frequency of isolation (38.4%) was observed for both Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. All the isolated strains showed good susceptibility levels to the tested antimicrobials; however, the carriage of oxacillin-resistant strains was significantly higher in diseased dogs than in healthy ones (71% and 7.7%, respectively). Only in three cases the presence of the same bacterial species with similar antimicrobial resistance profiles in dogs and their owners was detected, suggesting the potential bacterial transmission. In conclusion, this study suggests potential transmission risk of staphylococci from dogs to humans or vice versa, and highlights that the clinical relevance of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius transmission from dog to human should not be underestimated, as well as the role of Staphylococcus aureus from human to dog transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pizzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Masullo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Cortese
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Trościańczyk A, Nowakiewicz A, Kasela M, Malm A, Tracz AM, Hahaj-Siembida A, Osińska M, Gula S, Jankowiak I. Multi-Host Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus-Epidemiology, Drug Resistance and Occurrence in Humans and Animals in Poland. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1137. [PMID: 37508233 PMCID: PMC10376275 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a drug resistant pathogen with zoonotic potential commonly isolated from humans and animals. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of drug resistance, resistance genes, sequence types (STs), and genotypes of S. aureus isolated from humans, livestock, and wildlife in eastern Poland. A high percentage of isolates resistant to penicillin (63%), erythromycin (39%), clindamycin (37%), tetracycline (31%), and methicillin (MRSA-19%), an intermediate resistant to vancomycin (VISA-13%), and a multidrug resistant (MDR-39%) was obtained. Multilocus sequence typing analysis showed the presence of 35 different STs (with dominance ST 15, ST 45, ST 7, and ST 582 in human, and ST 398 and ST 8139 in porcine and cattle isolates, respectively), including 9 new ones that had never been reported before (ST 8133-8141). Identical genotypic patterns were detected among porcine and cattle isolates as well as from humans and cattle. A high percentage of MDR, MRSA, and VISA in humans and livestock combined with the presence of the same genotypes among S. aureus isolated from human and cattle indicates the circulation of strains common in the region and their zoonotic potential. There is a need to develop new strategies to counteract this phenomenon according to the One Health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Trościańczyk
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Kasela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Magdalena Tracz
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Hahaj-Siembida
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcelina Osińska
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Szczepan Gula
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Igor Jankowiak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Congdon ST, Guaglione JA, Ricketts OMA, Murphy KV, Anderson MG, Trowbridge DA, Al-Abduladheem Y, Phillips AM, Beausoleil AM, Stanley AJ, Becker TJ, Silver AC. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus associated with a college-aged cohort: life-style factors that contribute to nasal carriage. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1195758. [PMID: 37441241 PMCID: PMC10333693 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1195758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic human pathogen that can frequently be found at various body locations, such as the upper respiratory tract, nostrils, skin, and perineum. S. aureus is responsible for causing a variety of conditions, which range from minor skin infections and food poisoning to life-threatening sepsis and endocarditis. Furthermore, S. aureus has developed resistance to numerous antimicrobial agents, which has made treatment of S. aureus infections difficult. In the present study, we examined lifestyle factors that could increase the likelihood of S. aureus carriage, the overall prevalence of S. aureus, as well as assessed the antibiotic resistance profiles of the S. aureus isolates among a population of college students. Five hundred nasal samples were collected and analyzed via selective growth media, coagulase and protein A testing, as well as polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. One hundred four out of the 500 samples collected (21%) were identified as containing S. aureus. The S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin (74%), azithromycin (34%), cefoxitin (5%), ciprofloxacin (5%), tetracycline (4%), and trimethoprim (1%), but sensitive to gentamicin and rifampin. Lastly, we identified several lifestyle factors (i.e., pet exposure, time spent at the university recreational facility, musical instrument usage, and tobacco usage) positively correlated with S. aureus nasal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Congdon
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - John A. Guaglione
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | | | - Kyle V. Murphy
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Megan G. Anderson
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Darby A. Trowbridge
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | | | | | | | - Alexus J. Stanley
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Timothy J. Becker
- Department of Computing Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
| | - Adam C. Silver
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States
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Alsolami A, ALGhasab NS, Alharbi MSM, Bashir AI, Saleem M, Syed Khaja AS, Aldakheel DF, Rakha E, Alshammari JA, Taha TE, Melibari Z, Alharbi YH, Almutlag AA, Said KB. Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitals: Age-Specificity and Potential Zoonotic-Zooanthroponotic Transmission Dynamics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2089. [PMID: 37370983 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) lineages are a devastating clinical and public health issue. Data on local lineage profiles are limited. We report on the frequency of community-acquired and hospital-acquired cases (CA-MRSA, HA-MRSA). We studied 147 isolates from King Khalid tertiary care hospitals (KKH), each from a case in a patient and including 33 patients at the Maternity and Children's Hospital (MCH). Of the 147 isolates, 87 males (59%) and 60 females (41%) were in KKH. The overwhelming majority (80%; n = 119/147) were CA-MRSA in KKH. Intriguingly, despite significant differences between males (70%) and females (53%), lineage-acquisition remained age-specific around 58-60 years in both genders. However, while CA-MRSA dominated early in life (0-20, 70% MCH), it increased with age in KKH adults; 21-50 (28%), >50 (59%) until the overall 80% (n = 144/180). Major specimens included skin-wounds, surgeries (70.3%), blood (13.5%), sputum (8.8%), very rarely urine (4.1%), and nasal (3.4%), albeit most patients showed severe enteritis and necrotizing pneumonia. Antibiograms showed high beta lactam resistances, including amoxicillin-clavulanate (83%), oxacillin (84%), cefoxitin FOX (100%), penicillin and ampicillin (~100%), as well as high resistance (82%) to carbapenem. Fortunately, high susceptibility was seen to non-beta lactams and, to a lesser extent, gentamicin, erythromycin, and fusidic acid; 33%, 34%, and 38%, respectively, in KKH. A similar pattern was seen in MCH except for a low resistance pattern to gentamicin CN, clindamycin CD, erythromycin E, and tobramycin TOB; 34%, 31%, 39%, and 41%, respectively, except for fusidic acid. These findings have significant clinical implications for MRSA patient management strategies. Clinical- and lineage-profiles imply host-selection and zoonotic-zooanthroponotic transmission dynamics. Future molecular typing, sequencing, and characterization of dominant clone(s) is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alsolami
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Saad ALGhasab
- Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S M Alharbi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhafiz I Bashir
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saleem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Dakheel F Aldakheel
- Medical Coordination Unit, Ha'il General Hospital, Ha'il 55428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Rakha
- Departments of Microbiology, King Khalid Hospital, Ha'il 55421, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jabar Aziz Alshammari
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taha E Taha
- Department of Epidemiology, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ziyad Melibari
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaseer H Alharbi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Almutlag
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamaleldin B Said
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Genomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel-By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Magoch M, McEwen AG, Napolitano V, Władyka B, Dubin G. Crystal Structure of Staphopain C from Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114407. [PMID: 37298883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common opportunistic pathogen of humans and livestock that causes a wide variety of infections. The success of S. aureus as a pathogen depends on the production of an array of virulence factors including cysteine proteases (staphopains)-major secreted proteases of certain strains of the bacterium. Here, we report the three-dimensional structure of staphopain C (ScpA2) of S. aureus, which shows the typical papain-like fold and uncovers a detailed molecular description of the active site. Because the protein is involved in the pathogenesis of a chicken disease, our work provides the foundation for inhibitor design and potential antimicrobial strategies against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Magoch
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Alastair G McEwen
- CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, IGBMC UMR 7104-UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Valeria Napolitano
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Benedykt Władyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Ebani VV. Bacterial Infections in Sea Turtles. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050333. [PMID: 37235416 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea turtles are important for the maintenance of marine and beach ecosystems, but they are seriously endangered due to factors mainly related to human activities and climate change such as pollution, temperature increase, and predation. Infectious and parasitic diseases may contribute to reducing the number of sea turtles. Bacteria are widespread in marine environments and, depending on the species, may act as primary or opportunistic pathogens. Most of them are able to infect other animal species, including humans, in which they can cause mild or severe diseases. Therefore, direct or indirect contact of humans with sea turtles, their products, and environment where they live represent a One Health threat. Chlamydiae, Mycobacteria, and Salmonellae are known zoonotic agents able to cause mild or severe diseases in sea turtles, other animals, and humans. However, other bacteria that are potentially zoonotic, including those that are antimicrobially resistant, are involved in different pathologies of marine turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Saidenberg ABS, Latorre-Fernández J, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Comparative review of the nasal carriage and genetic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in healthy livestock: Insight into zoonotic and anthroponotic clones. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 109:105408. [PMID: 36773670 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Given the central role of livestock in understanding the genomic epidemiology of S. aureus, the present study systematically reviewed and synthesized data on the nasal S. aureus carriage, resistance patterns to critical antimicrobial agents, virulence factors and genetic lineages among healthy livestock. Bibliographical databases were searched for published studies from May 2003 to May 2022 on nasal S. aureus carriage, their phenotypic and genetic characteristics among healthy pigs (A), sheep and goats (B), cattle (C), poultry (D), camels (E) and buffaloes (F). Special focus was given to the prevalence of nasal MRSA, MRSA-CC398, MRSA-CC9, mecC-MRSA, MSSA-CC398, and resistance to linezolid (LZDR), chloramphenicol (CLOR) and tetracycline (TETR) in S. aureus isolates. Of the 5492 studies identified, 146 comprised groups A(83)/B(18)/C(33)/D(4)/E(5)/F(3), and were found eligible. The overall pooled nasal prevalence of MRSA in healthy livestock was 13.8% (95% CI: 13.5-14.1) among a pooled 48,154 livestock population. Specifically, the pooled prevalence in groups A to F were: 16.0% (95% CI: 15.6-16.4), 3.7% (95% CI: 2.9-4.6), 13.6% (95% CI: 12.8-14.4), 5.8% (95% CI: 5.1-6.5), 7.1% (95% CI: 6.1-10.7), and 2.8% (95% CI: 1.5-4.8), respectively. These values varied considerably by continent. Varied pooled prevalences of CC398 lineage with respect to MRSA isolates were obtained, with the highest from pigs and cattle (>70%). Moreover, other classical animal-adapted MRSA as well as MSSA-CC398-t1928 were reported. TETR-MSSA was lowest in cattle (18.9%) and highest in pigs (80.7%). LZDR-S. aureus was reported in 8 studies (mediated by optrA and cfr), mainly in pigs (n = 4), while CLOR-S. aureus was reported in 32 studies. The virulence genes luk-S/F-PV, tst, etd, sea, see were sparsely reported, and only in non-CC398-MRSA lineages. Certain S. aureus clones and critical AMR appeared to have predominance in some livestock, as in the case of pigs that are high nasal carriers of MRSA-CC398 and -CC9, and MSSA-CC398. These findings highlight the need for adequate prevention against the transmission of zoonotic S. aureus lineages to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Lozano
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Andre Becker Simoes Saidenberg
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Food Safety and Zoonoses, Institute for Veterinary and Companion Animal Science, Københavns Universitet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Javier Latorre-Fernández
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Myriam Zarazaga
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OneHealth-UR Research Group, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain.
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Bertelloni F, Cagnoli G, Bresciani F, Scotti B, Lazzerini L, Marcucci M, Colombani G, Ebani VV. Antimicrobial Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Carried by House Flies ( Musca domestica) Captured in Swine and Poultry Farms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040636. [PMID: 37106998 PMCID: PMC10135123 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
House flies (Musca domestica) are very diffuse insects attracted by biological materials. They are abundantly present in farm environments and can frequently come in contact with animals, feed, manure, waste, surfaces, and fomites; consequently, these insects could be contaminated, carry, and disperse several microorganisms. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of antimicrobial-resistant staphylococci in house flies collected in poultry and swine farms. Thirty-five traps were placed in twenty-two farms; from each trap, 3 different kinds of samples were tested: attractant material present in the traps, the body surface of house flies and the body content of house flies. Staphylococci were detected in 72.72% of farms, 65.71% of traps and 43.81% of samples. Only coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were isolated, and 49 isolates were subjected to an antimicrobial susceptibility test. Most of the isolates were resistant to amikacin (65.31%), ampicillin (46.94%), rifampicin (44.90%), tetracycline (40.82%) and cefoxitin (40.82%). Minimum Inhibitory concentration assay allowed to confirm 11/49 (22.45%) staphylococci as methicillin-resistant; 4 of them (36.36%) carried the mecA gene. Furthermore, 53.06% of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR). Higher levels of resistance and multidrug resistance were detected in CoNS isolated from flies collected in poultry farms than in swine farms. Therefore, house flies could carry MDR and methicillin-resistant staphylococci, representing a possible source of infection for animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Cagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Flavio Bresciani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Bruno Scotti
- Sede Sicurezza Alimentare e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Zona Versilia, Azienda Usl Toscana Nord Ovest, Via Martiri di S. Anna 12, 55045 Pietrasanta, Italy
| | - Luca Lazzerini
- Sede Sicurezza Alimentare e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Zona Versilia, Azienda Usl Toscana Nord Ovest, Via Martiri di S. Anna 12, 55045 Pietrasanta, Italy
| | - Marco Marcucci
- Sede Sicurezza Alimentare e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Zona Valle del Serchio, Azienda Usl Toscana Nord Ovest, Via IV Novembre 10, 55027 Gallicano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colombani
- Sede Sicurezza Alimentare e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Zona Valle del Serchio, Azienda Usl Toscana Nord Ovest, Via IV Novembre 10, 55027 Gallicano, Italy
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Schurig S, Kobialka R, Wende A, Ashfaq Khan MA, Lübcke P, Eger E, Schaufler K, Daugschies A, Truyen U, Abd El Wahed A. Rapid Reverse Purification DNA Extraction Approaches to Identify Microbial Pathogens in Wastewater. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030813. [PMID: 36985386 PMCID: PMC10056086 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater monitoring became a promising solution in the early detection of outbreaks. Despite the achievements in the identification of pathogens in wastewater using real-time PCR, there is still a lack of reliable rapid nucleic acid extraction protocols. Therefore, in this study, samples were subjected to alkali, proteinase K and/or bead-beating followed by reverse purification magnetic beads-based separation. Wastewater samples spiked with S. aureus, E. coli and C. parvum were used as examples for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and protozoa, respectively. All results were compared with a spin column technology as a reference method. Proteinase K with bead beating (vortexing with 0.1 mm glass beads for three minutes) was particularly successful for bacterial DNA extraction (three- to five-fold increase). The most useful extraction protocol for protozoa was pre-treatment with proteinase K (eight-fold increase). The selected methods were sensitive as far as detecting one bacterial cell per reaction for S. aureus, ten bacterial cells for E. coli and two oocysts for C. parvum. The extraction reagents are cold chain independent and no centrifuge or other large laboratory equipment is required to perform DNA extraction. A controlled validation trial is needed to test the effectiveness at field levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schurig
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Xpedite Diagnostics GmbH, 80687 Munich, Germany
| | - Rea Kobialka
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andy Wende
- Xpedite Diagnostics GmbH, 80687 Munich, Germany
| | - Md Anik Ashfaq Khan
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Phillip Lübcke
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elias Eger
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute of Parasitology, Centre for Infectious Disease, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Martínez-Seijas C, Mascarós P, Lizana V, Martí-Marco A, Arnau-Bonachera A, Chillida-Martínez E, Cardells J, Selva L, Viana D, Corpa JM. Genomic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus in Wildlife. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061064. [PMID: 36978605 PMCID: PMC10044652 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic multi-host pathogen that threatens both human and animal health. Animals can act as a reservoir of S. aureus for humans, but very little is known about wild animals’ epidemiological role. Therefore, in this study, we performed a genomic characterization of S. aureus isolates from wildlife, hunters, and their auxiliary hunting animals of Eastern Spain. Of 20 different species, 242 wild animals were examined, of which 28.1% were S. aureus carriers. The common genet, the Iberian ibex, and the European hedgehog were the species with the highest S. aureus carriage. We identified 30 different sequence types (STs), including lineages associated with wild animals such as ST49 and ST581, multispecies lineages such as ST130, ST398, and ST425, and lineages commonly isolated from humans, including ST1 and ST5. The hunters and the single positive ferret shared ST5, ST398, or ST425 with wild animals. In wildlife isolates, the highest resistance levels were found for penicillin (32.8%). For virulence factors, 26.2% of them carried superantigens, while 14.8% harbored the immune evasion cluster (IEC), which indicates probable human origin. Our findings suggest that wild animals are a reservoir of clinically relevant genes and lineages that could have the potential to be transmitted to humans. These data support the notion that wildlife surveillance is necessary to better understand the epidemiology of S. aureus as a pathogen that circulates among humans, animals, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martínez-Seijas
- Biomedical Research Institute, PASAPTA-Pathology Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Mascarós
- Biomedical Research Institute, PASAPTA-Pathology Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Martí-Marco
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Arnau-Bonachera
- Biomedical Research Institute, PASAPTA-Pathology Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Chillida-Martínez
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Cardells
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Edifici V, Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Selva
- Biomedical Research Institute, PASAPTA-Pathology Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - David Viana
- Biomedical Research Institute, PASAPTA-Pathology Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (J.M.C.); Tel.: +34-961-369-000 (D.V. & J.M.C.)
| | - Juan M. Corpa
- Biomedical Research Institute, PASAPTA-Pathology Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (J.M.C.); Tel.: +34-961-369-000 (D.V. & J.M.C.)
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Lima A, Carolina Barbosa Caetano A, Hurtado Castillo R, Gonçalves Dos Santos R, Lucas Neres Rodrigues D, de Jesus Sousa T, Kato RB, Vinicius Canário Viana M, Cybelle Pinto Gomide A, Figueira Aburjaile F, Tiwari S, Jaiswal A, Gala-García A, Seyffert N, Luiz de Paula Castro T, Brenig B, Matiuzzi da Costa M, Maria Seles Dorneles E, Le Loir Y, Azevedo V. Comparative genomic analysis of ovine and other host associated isolates of Staphylococcus aureus exhibit the important role of mobile genetic elements and virulence factors in host adaptation. Gene 2023; 855:147131. [PMID: 36539044 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the main etiological agent of mastitis in small ruminants worldwide. This disease has a difficult cure and possible relapse, leading to significant economic losses in production, milk quality and livestock. This study performed comparative genomic analyses between 73 S. aureus genomes from different hosts (human, bovine, pig and others). This work isolated and sequenced 12 of these genomes from ovine. This study contributes to the knowledge of genomic specialization and the role of specific genes in establishing infection in ovine mastitis-associated S. aureus. The genomes of S. aureus isolated from sheep maintained a higher representation when grouped with clonal complexes 130 and 133. The genomes showed high genetic similarity, the species pan-genome consisting of 4200 genes (central = 2008, accessory = 1559 and unique = 634). Among these, 277 unique genes were related to the genomes isolated from sheep, with 39.6 % as hypothetical proteins, 6.4 % as phages, 6.4 % as toxins, 2.9 % as transporters, and 44.7 % as related to other proteins. Furthermore, at the pathogen level, they showed 80 genes associated with virulence factors and 19 with antibiotic resistance shared in almost all isolates. Although S. aureus isolated from ovine showed susceptibility to antimicrobials in vitro, ten genes were predicted to be associated with antibiotic inactivation and efflux pump, suggesting resistance to gentamicin and penicillin. This work may contribute to identifying genes acquired by horizontal transfer and their role in host adaptation, virulence, bacterial resistance, and characterization of strains affecting ovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Hurtado Castillo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Lucas Neres Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago de Jesus Sousa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Anne Cybelle Pinto Gomide
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavia Figueira Aburjaile
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sandeep Tiwari
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia, Instituto De Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.; Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Instituto De Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Arun Jaiswal
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alfonso Gala-García
- Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Núbia Seyffert
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia, Instituto De Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Thiago Luiz de Paula Castro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia, Instituto De Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Göttingen, Burckhardtweg 2, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Animal, Campus Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yves Le Loir
- Institut National de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Paris, France
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Haag AF, Liljeroos L, Donato P, Pozzi C, Brignoli T, Bottomley MJ, Bagnoli F, Delany I. In Vivo Gene Expression Profiling of Staphylococcus aureus during Infection Informs Design of Stemless Leukocidins LukE and -D as Detoxified Vaccine Candidates. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0257422. [PMID: 36688711 PMCID: PMC9927290 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important bacterial pathogen that has become resistant to treatment with most routinely used antibiotics. Alternative strategies, such as vaccination and phage therapy, are therefore actively being investigated to prevent or combat staphylococcal infections. Vaccination requires that vaccine targets are expressed at sufficient quantities during infection so that they can be targeted by the host's immune system. While our knowledge of in vitro expression levels of putative vaccine candidates is comprehensive, crucial in vivo expression data are scarce and promising vaccine candidates during in vitro assessment often prove ineffective in preventing S. aureus infection. Here, we show how a newly developed high-throughput quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay monitoring the expression of 84 staphylococcal genes encoding mostly virulence factors can inform the selection and design of effective vaccine candidates against staphylococcal infections. We show that this assay can accurately quantify mRNA expression levels of these genes in several host organs relying only on very limited amounts of bacterial mRNA in each sample. We selected two highly expressed genes, lukE and lukD, encoding pore-forming leukotoxins, to inform the design of detoxified recombinant proteins and showed that immunization with recombinant genetically detoxified LukED antigens conferred protection against staphylococcal skin infection in mice. Consequently, knowledge of in vivo-expressed virulence determinants can be successfully deployed to identify and select promising candidates for optimized design of effective vaccine antigens against S. aureus. Notably, this approach should be broadly applicable to numerous other pathogens. IMPORTANCE Vaccination is an attractive strategy for preventing bacterial infections in an age of increased antimicrobial resistance. However, vaccine development frequently suffers significant setbacks when candidate antigens that show promising results in in vitro experimentation fail to protect from disease. An alluring strategy is to focus resources on developing bacterial virulence factors that are expressed during disease establishment or maintenance and are critical for bacterial in-host survival as vaccine targets. While expression profiles of many virulence factors have been characterized in detail in vitro, our knowledge of their in vivo expression profiles is still scarce. Here, using a high-throughput qRT-PCR approach, we identified two highly expressed leukotoxins in a murine infection model and showed that genetically detoxified derivatives of these elicited a protective immune response in a murine skin infection model. Therefore, in vivo gene expression can inform the selection of promising candidates for the design of effective vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas F. Haag
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Tarcisio Brignoli
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Abdullahi IN, Lozano C, Simon C, Latorre-Fernandez J, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Nasal staphylococci community of healthy pigs and pig-farmers in Aragon (Spain). Predominance and within-host resistome diversity in MRSA-CC398 and MSSA-CC9 lineages. One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
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Howden BP, Giulieri SG, Wong Fok Lung T, Baines SL, Sharkey LK, Lee JYH, Hachani A, Monk IR, Stinear TP. Staphylococcus aureus host interactions and adaptation. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:380-395. [PMID: 36707725 PMCID: PMC9882747 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are common, causing high mortality, compounded by the propensity of the bacterium to develop drug resistance. S. aureus is an excellent case study of the potential for a bacterium to be commensal, colonizing, latent or disease-causing; these states defined by the interplay between S. aureus and host. This interplay is multidimensional and evolving, exemplified by the spread of S. aureus between humans and other animal reservoirs and the lack of success in vaccine development. In this Review, we examine recent advances in understanding the S. aureus-host interactions that lead to infections. We revisit the primary role of neutrophils in controlling infection, summarizing the discovery of new immune evasion molecules and the discovery of new functions ascribed to well-known virulence factors. We explore the intriguing intersection of bacterial and host metabolism, where crosstalk in both directions can influence immune responses and infection outcomes. This Review also assesses the surprising genomic plasticity of S. aureus, its dualism as a multi-mammalian species commensal and opportunistic pathogen and our developing understanding of the roles of other bacteria in shaping S. aureus colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Howden
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Pathogen Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.410678.c0000 0000 9374 3516Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria Australia ,grid.416153.40000 0004 0624 1200Microbiology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Stefano G. Giulieri
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.416153.40000 0004 0624 1200Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Tania Wong Fok Lung
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Paediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Sarah L. Baines
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Liam K. Sharkey
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Jean Y. H. Lee
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.419789.a0000 0000 9295 3933Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Ian R. Monk
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Pathogen Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
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Jenkins CL, Bean HD. Current Limitations of Staph Infection Diagnostics, and the Role for VOCs in Achieving Culture-Independent Detection. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020181. [PMID: 36839453 PMCID: PMC9963134 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are broadly adaptable and their ability to grow in unique environments has been widely established, but the most common and clinically relevant staphylococcal niche is the skin and mucous membranes of mammals and birds. S. aureus causes severe infections in mammalian tissues and organs, with high morbidities, mortalities, and treatment costs. S. epidermidis is an important human commensal but is also capable of deadly infections. Gold-standard diagnostic methods for staph infections currently rely upon retrieval and characterization of the infectious agent through various culture-based methods. Yet, obtaining a viable bacterial sample for in vitro identification of infection etiology remains a significant barrier in clinical diagnostics. The development of volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles for the detection and identification of pathogens is an area of intensive research, with significant efforts toward establishing breath tests for infections. This review describes the limitations of existing infection diagnostics, reviews the principles and advantages of VOC-based diagnostics, summarizes the analytical tools for VOC discovery and clinical detection, and highlights examples of how VOC biomarkers have been applied to diagnosing human and animal staph infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Jenkins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Heather D. Bean
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Correspondence:
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Staphylococcus aureus in Horses in Nigeria: Occurrence, Antimicrobial, Methicillin and Heavy Metal Resistance and Virulence Potentials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020242. [PMID: 36830153 PMCID: PMC9952373 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a total of 360 nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 systematic randomly-selected horses slaughtered for meat at Obollo-Afor, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria and antimicrobial, methicillin and heavy metal resistance profile and virulence potentials of the isolates established. Baird-Parker agar with egg yolk tellurite was used for S. aureus isolation. S. aureus isolates were confirmed biochemically and serologically using a specific S. aureus Staphytect Plus™ latex agglutination test kit. The antimicrobial resistance profile, methicillin, vancomycin and inducible clindamycin resistance, and β-lactamase production of the isolates were determined with disc diffusion. Tolerance to Copper, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc was assessed using the agar dilution method and virulence potentials were determined using phenotypic methods. Forty-three (23.9%) of the 180 horses harbored S. aureus. Some 71 S. aureus were recovered from the 360 samples. Two (2.8%) of the 71 S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 69 (97.2%) were methicillin-susceptible. MRSA was recovered from 2 (1.1%) of the 180 horses. Some 9.4% of the isolates were multiple drug-resistant (MDR). The mean multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) for the isolates was 0.24. Heavy metal resistance rate of the isolates ranged between 35.4-70.4%. The isolates, including the MRSA strains, displayed virulence potentials as clumping factor and catalase, gelatinase, caseinase, heamolysin, and biofilm was at the rate of 100%, 53.5%, 43.7%, 18.3% and 23.9%, respectively. This study showed that a considerable percentage of horses slaughtered in Obollo-Afor Southeastern Nigeria are potential reservoirs of virulent multiple drug- and heavy metal-resistant S. aureus, including MRSA, that could spread to humans and the environment.
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Shoaib M, Aqib AI, Muzammil I, Majeed N, Bhutta ZA, Kulyar MFEA, Fatima M, Zaheer CNF, Muneer A, Murtaza M, Kashif M, Shafqat F, Pu W. MRSA compendium of epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention within one health framework. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1067284. [PMID: 36704547 PMCID: PMC9871788 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1067284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as commensal as well as opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. Methicillin resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major pathogen in hospitals, community and veterinary settings that compromises the public health and livestock production. MRSA basically emerged from MSSA after acquiring SCCmec element through gene transfer containing mecA gene responsible for encoding PBP-2α. This protein renders the MRSA resistant to most of the β-lactam antibiotics. Due to the continuous increasing prevalence and transmission of MRSA in hospitals, community and veterinary settings posing a major threat to public health. Furthermore, high pathogenicity of MRSA due to a number of virulence factors produced by S. aureus along with antibiotic resistance help to breach the immunity of host and responsible for causing severe infections in humans and animals. The clinical manifestations of MRSA consist of skin and soft tissues infection to bacteremia, septicemia, toxic shock, and scalded skin syndrome. Moreover, due to the increasing resistance of MRSA to number of antibiotics, there is need to approach alternatives ways to overcome economic as well as human losses. This review is going to discuss various aspects of MRSA starting from emergence, transmission, epidemiology, pathophysiology, disease patterns in hosts, novel treatment, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Muzammil
- Department of Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Majeed
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mahreen Fatima
- Faculty of Biosciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Afshan Muneer
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Furqan Shafqat
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Wanxia Pu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Mostafa Abdalhamed A, Zeedan GSG, Ahmed Arafa A, Shafeek Ibrahim E, Sedky D, Abdel nabey Hafez A. Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis in Ruminants and Studying the Effect of Novel Green Synthetized Nanoparticles as One of the Alternative Treatments. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:6309984. [PMID: 36457891 PMCID: PMC9708356 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6309984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an important disease in dairy animals worldwide. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common causes of clinical and subclinical intramammary infections. In the current study, we isolated bacteria from 150 mastitic milk samples. Multiplex PCR was used to detect the methicillin resistance genes in S. aureus to detect the occurrence of MRSA isolates. Green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of Artemisia herb Alba (A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs). The antibacterial efficacy of these nanoparticles was evaluated (in vitro and in vivo) against collected MRSA isolates using the disc diffusion method and SPF rats. Out of 150 mastitic milk samples, the frequency of S. aureus was 38 (25.3%), that of E. coli was 45 (30%), that of Klebsiella spp. Was 7 (4.7%), and that of Streptococcus spp. Was 11 (7.3%). Among 38 positive isolates of S. aureus, MRSA was 16 (42.1%) by antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) and 14 (38.8%) by multiplex PCR. The MRSA isolates were shown to have 100% resistance to penicillin and methicillin, 87.5% resistance to gentamicin, 50% resistance to cefoxitin and amoxicillin, and 75% resistance to ampicillin and ampicillin/sublactam with low resistance against erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and levofloxacin by AST, respectively. A. herb Alba TiO2 NP formation was observed by changing the colour from white to dark green. The UV spectrum revealed absorbance peaks at 240-250 nm, and their sizes ranged from 42-66 nm and 11 to 45 nm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A. herb Alba TiO2 NP suspensions were evaluated against MRSA, with the highest zone of inhibition (43 ± 0.45 mm) at a concentration of 40 μg/ml. Hematological parameters and histological examination after oral administration of 20 mg/kg of A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs indicated that A. herb Alba TiO2 NPs can be used as a new antimicrobial against resistant bacteria (MRSA) with consideration of the dose and methods of synthesis of plant-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amany Ahmed Arafa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Eman Shafeek Ibrahim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Doaa Sedky
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Amani Abdel nabey Hafez
- Department of Animal Health, Division of Animal and Poultry Production, Desert Research Center, Matariya, Cairo, P. O. Box 11562, Egypt
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Pennone V, Prieto M, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Cobo-Diaz JF. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Analysis of Publicly Available Staphylococcus aureus Genomes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1632. [PMID: 36421276 PMCID: PMC9686812 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that can cause severe illness and express resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. It is part of the ESKAPE organisms and it has been included by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of USA in the list of serious threats to humans. Many antimicrobial mechanisms have been identified, and, in particular, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) can be determined by whole genome sequencing. Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) can determine the spread of these ARGs between strains and species and can be identified with bioinformatic analyses. The scope of this work was to analyse publicly available genomes of S. aureus to characterise the occurrence of ARGs present in chromosomes and plasmids in relation to their geographical distribution, isolation sources, clonal complexes, and changes over time. The results showed that from a total of 29,679 S. aureus genomes, 24,765 chromosomes containing 73 different ARGs, and 21,006 plasmidic contigs containing 47 different ARGs were identified. The most abundant ARG in chromosomes was mecA (84%), while blaZ was the most abundant in plasmidic contigs (30%), although it was also abundant in chromosomes (42%). A total of 13 clonal complexes were assigned and differences in ARGs and CC distribution were highlighted among continents. Temporal changes during the past 20 years (from 2001 to 2020) showed that, in plasmids, MRSA and macrolide resistance occurrence decreased, while the occurrence of ARGs associated with aminoglycosides resistance increased. Despite the lack of metadata information in around half of the genomes analysed, the results obtained enable an in-depth analysis of the distribution of ARGs and MGEs throughout different categories to be undertaken through the design and implementation of a relatively simple pipeline, which can be also applied in future works with other pathogens, for surveillance and screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Pennone
- Department of Food and Drug, Università degli Studi di Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - José F. Cobo-Diaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
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Influence of Staphylococcus aureus Strain Background on Sa3int Phage Life Cycle Switches. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112471. [PMID: 36366569 PMCID: PMC9694928 DOI: 10.3390/v14112471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonizes the nasal cavity of mammals, but it is also a leading cause of life-threatening infections. Most human nasal isolates carry Sa3 phages, which integrate into the bacterial hlb gene encoding a sphingomyelinase. The virulence factor-encoding genes carried by the Sa3-phages are highly human-specific, and most animal strains are Sa3 negative. Thus, both insertion and excision of the prophage could potentially confer a fitness advantage to S. aureus. Here, we analyzed the phage life cycle of two Sa3 phages, Φ13 and ΦN315, in different phage-cured S. aureus strains. Based on phage transfer experiments, strains could be classified into low (8325-4, SH1000, and USA300c) and high (MW2c and Newman-c) transfer strains. High-transfer strains promoted the replication of phages, whereas phage adsorption, integration, excision, or recA transcription was not significantly different between strains. RNASeq analyses of replication-deficient lysogens revealed no strain-specific differences in the CI/Mor regulatory switch. However, lytic genes were significantly upregulated in the high transfer strain MW2c Φ13 compared to strain 8325-4 Φ13. By transcriptional start site prediction, new promoter regions within the lytic modules were identified, which are likely targeted by specific host factors. Such host-phage interaction probably accounts for the strain-specific differences in phage replication and transfer frequency. Thus, the genetic makeup of the host strains may determine the rate of phage mobilization, a feature that might impact the speed at which certain strains can achieve host adaptation.
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Pumipuntu N, Chamnandee T, Saengthong K, Pathomthanasarn S, Tanee T, Kyes P, Thamsenanupap P, Karaket A, Roberts MC, Kyes RC. Investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus argenteus from wild long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:2693-2698. [PMID: 36590126 PMCID: PMC9798064 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2693-2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In the past, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in both humans and animals has increased across Thailand. Staphylococcus argenteus has been associated with infections among humans, exotic pets, and livestock. Both species have been identified in non-human primate species from geographically diverse locations but not from non-human primates in Thailand. This study aimed to determine the presence of MRSA/methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and S. argenteus isolates collected from buccal swab samples in Macaca fascicularis at Kosumpee Forest Park (KFP), Maha Sarakham, Northeast Thailand. Materials and Methods Aseptic buccal swab samples were collected from 30 free-ranging macaques in November 2018. All isolates were tested using multiple biochemical tests and S. aureus latex slide agglutination test. Presumptive S. aureus isolates were tested for the presence of the mecA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The isolates were phenotypically determined to be resistant to a β-lactam antibiotic using the disk diffusion method with a 30 mg cefoxitin disk. The isolates were analyzed by PCR for the non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene to distinguish S. argenteus from S. aureus. Results Fifteen macaques (50%) were colonized with S. aureus and 21 isolates were characterized. Three of the macaques carried both the MRSA and MSSA isolate. One animal carried both MRSA and S. argenteus isolate, and one animal carried only S. argenteus. The NRPS gene analysis confirmed that 2 isolates (9.52%) were S. argenteus and 19 isolates (90.48%) were S. aureus [five MSSA and 14 MRSA]. Conclusion This study is the first to identify MRSA/MSSA and S. argenteus in wild free-ranging M. fascicularis from Thailand at the KFP in Maha Sarakham. This study is also the first report on the occurrence of S. argenteus carriage in M. fascicularis from Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natapol Pumipuntu
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,Corresponding author: Natapol Pumipuntu, e-mail: Co-authors: TC: , KS: , SP: , TT: , PK: , PT: , AK: , MCR: , RCK:
| | - Thanyaphorn Chamnandee
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Saengthong
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Suvit Pathomthanasarn
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Tanee
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Pensri Kyes
- Department of Psychology, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Penkhae Thamsenanupap
- One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand,Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Apichat Karaket
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marilyn C. Roberts
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Randall C. Kyes
- Departments of Psychology, Global Health, and Anthropology, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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