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Nieto-Caballero VE, Reijneveld JF, Ruvalcaba A, Innocenzi G, Abeydeera N, Asgari S, Lopez K, Iwany SK, Luo Y, Nathan A, Fernandez-Salinas D, Chiñas M, Huang CC, Zhang Z, León SR, Calderon RI, Lecca L, Budzik JM, Murray M, Van Rhijn I, Raychaudhuri S, Moody DB, Suliman S, Gutierrez-Arcelus M. History of tuberculosis disease is associated with genetic regulatory variation in Peruvians. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011313. [PMID: 38870230 PMCID: PMC11208071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A quarter of humanity is estimated to have been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with a 5-10% risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease. Variability in responses to Mtb infection could be due to host or pathogen heterogeneity. Here, we focused on host genetic variation in a Peruvian population and its associations with gene regulation in monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We recruited former household contacts of TB patients who previously progressed to TB (cases, n = 63) or did not progress to TB (controls, n = 63). Transcriptomic profiling of monocyte-derived DCs and macrophages measured the impact of genetic variants on gene expression by identifying expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). We identified 330 and 257 eQTL genes in DCs and macrophages (False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05), respectively. Four genes in DCs showed interaction between eQTL variants and TB progression status. The top eQTL interaction for a protein-coding gene was with FAH, the gene encoding fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, which mediates the last step in mammalian tyrosine catabolism. FAH expression was associated with genetic regulatory variation in cases but not controls. Using public transcriptomic and epigenomic data of Mtb-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells, we found that Mtb infection results in FAH downregulation and DNA methylation changes in the locus. Overall, this study demonstrates effects of genetic variation on gene expression levels that are dependent on history of infectious disease and highlights a candidate pathogenic mechanism through pathogen-response genes. Furthermore, our results point to tyrosine metabolism and related candidate TB progression pathways for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E. Nieto-Caballero
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Undergraduate Program in Genomic Sciences, Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelos, Mexico
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josephine F. Reijneveld
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Angel Ruvalcaba
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Innocenzi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nalin Abeydeera
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Samira Asgari
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kattya Lopez
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Sarah K. Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Luo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aparna Nathan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniela Fernandez-Salinas
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcos Chiñas
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chuan-Chin Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zibiao Zhang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Segundo R. León
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
- Medical Technology School and Global Health Research Institute, San Juan Bautista Private University, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Jonathan M. Budzik
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Megan Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sara Suliman
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Arcelus
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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2
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Aldakheel FM, Syed R, Ahmed M, Xu T. Modulation of lncRNA NEAT1 overturns the macrophages based immune response in M. tuberculosis infected patients via miR-373 regulation. J Appl Genet 2024; 65:321-329. [PMID: 37993738 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of studies which explore and clarify the interactions that occur between host macrophage and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with regard to microRNA such as LNCNEAT1 and miR-373. The current study determines the mechanisms involved in the control of M. tuberculosis infection by macrophage using LNCNEAT1 and miR-373. The researchers collected different samples from healthy individuals, pulmonary TB patients, and samples like hMDMs cells and H37Rv infected MTB to determine the concentrations of inflammatory factors. The impact of NEAT1 and miR-373 upon macrophages was analyzed in NEAT1-specific siRNA (si-NEAT1), NEAT1 over-expression vector (pcDNA3.1-NEAT1), miR-373 mimic, miR-373 inhibitor (anti-miR-373), and negative control, and macrophages infected with H37Ra. The results inferred that among pulmonary TB patients, NEAT1 got heavily expressed while the expression level of miR-373 was poor. The number of inflammatory factors with pulmonary TB was notably higher. This got further amplified in macrophages after being infected with H37Ra, while no such observations found for miR-373. During post-transfection, low concentration of inflammatory factors was observed while the cells in si-NEAT1 group got proliferated in low volume compared to both pcDNA3.1-NEAT1 group and NEAT1 negative control group. However, the capability of apoptosis was higher compared to the other two groups (p < 0.05). There was an increase observed in inflammatory factors as well as proliferation in anti-miR-373 group compared to miR-373 mimics and miR-373-negative control group while a significant decline was observed in apoptosis. LNCNEAT1 aggravated the number of inflammatory factors in macrophages that got infected with MTB while on the other end, it mitigated both phagocytosis as well as the cellular immunity of macrophages. In addition to this, it enhanced the proliferation of infected cells and inhibited apoptosis via targeted regulation of miR-373, thus resulting in the development of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad M Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musthaq Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health, Fergana, Uzbekistan
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, 730050, Gansu, China.
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Guo X, Zhang Z, Chen Q, Wang L, Xu X, Wei Z, Zhang Y, Chen K, Wang Z, Lu X, Liang Q. Whole Genome Sequencing Highlights the Pathogenic Profile in Nocardia Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:26. [PMID: 38502137 PMCID: PMC10959193 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nocardia keratitis is a serious and sight-threatening condition. This study aims to reveal the virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profile of Nocardia strains using whole genome sequencing. Methods Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 23 cornea-derived Nocardia strains. Together with genomic data from the respiratory tract and the environment, 141 genomes were then utilized for phylogenetic and pan-genome analyses, followed by virulence and antibiotic resistance analysis. The correlations between virulence genes and pathogenicity were experimentally validated, including the characteristics of Nocardia colonies and clinical and histopathological evaluations of Nocardia keratitis mice models. Results Whole-genome sequencing of 141 Nocardia strains revealed a mean of 220 virulence genes contributed to bacterial pathogenesis. The mce gene family analysis led to the categorization of strains from the cornea into groups A, B, and C. The colonies of group C had the largest diameter, height, and fastest growth rate. The size of corneal ulcers and the clinical scores showed a significant increase in mouse models induced by group C. The relative expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (CD4, IFN-γ, IL-6Rα, and TNF-α) in the lesion area exhibited an increasing trend from group A to group C. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spanned nine distinct drug classes, four resistance mechanisms, and seven primary antimicrobial resistance gene families. Conclusions Whole genome sequencing highlights the pathogenic role of mce gene family in Nocardia keratitis. Its distribution pattern may contribute to the distinct characteristics of the growth of Nocardia colonies and the clinical severity of the mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Guo
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiankun Chen
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leying Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xizhan Xu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wei
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Lu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingfeng Liang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhao D, Song YH, Li D, Zhang R, Xu JB, Shi K, Li JM, Leng X, Zong Y, Zeng FL, Gong QL, Du R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3435c regulates inflammatory cytokines and promotes the intracellular survival of recombinant Mycobacteria. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106974. [PMID: 37355194 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacterium that is parasitic in macrophages and show high adaptation to the host's immune response. It can also trigger a complex immune response in the host. This relies on proteins encoded by a series of M. tuberculosis-encoded virulence genes. We found that the M. tuberculosis Rv3435c gene is highly conserved among pathogenic mycobacteria, and might be a virulence gene. To explore the gene function of Rv3435c, we used Mycobacterium smegmatis to construct a recombinant mycobacterium expressing Rv3435c heterologously. The results that Rv3435c is a cell wall-related protein that changes bacterial and colony morphology, inhibits the growth rate of recombinant mycobacteria, and enhances their resistance to various stresses. We also found that the fatty acid levels of the recombinant strain changed. Simultaneously, Rv3435c can inhibit the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors and host cell apoptosis, and enhance the survival of recombinant bacteria in macrophages. Experimental data indicated that Rv3435c might play an important role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Ginseng and Antler Products Testing Center of the Ministry of Agricultural PRC, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hao Song
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Biao Xu
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Li Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China; Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, P.R. China.
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5
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Suliman S, Nieto-Caballero VE, Asgari S, Lopez K, Iwany SK, Luo Y, Nathan A, Fernandez-Salinas D, Chiñas M, Huang CC, Zhang Z, León SR, Calderon RI, Lecca L, Murray M, Van Rhijn I, Raychaudhuri S, Moody DB, Gutierrez-Arcelus M. History of tuberculosis disease is associated with genetic regulatory variation in Peruvians. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.06.20.23291558. [PMID: 37425785 PMCID: PMC10327177 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.20.23291558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
A quarter of humanity is estimated to be latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with a 5-10% risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease. Variability in responses to Mtb infection could be due to host or pathogen heterogeneity. Here, we focused on host genetic variation in a Peruvian population and its associations with gene regulation in monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). We recruited former household contacts of TB patients who previously progressed to TB (cases, n=63) or did not progress to TB (controls, n=63). Transcriptomic profiling of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages measured the impact of genetic variants on gene expression by identifying expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). We identified 330 and 257 eQTL genes in DCs and macrophages (False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05), respectively. Five genes in DCs showed interaction between eQTL variants and TB progression status. The top eQTL interaction for a protein-coding gene was with FAH, the gene encoding fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase, which mediates the last step in mammalian tyrosine catabolism. FAH expression was associated with genetic regulatory variation in cases but not controls. Using public transcriptomic and epigenomic data of Mtb-infected monocyte-derived dendritic cells, we found that Mtb infection results in FAH downregulation and DNA methylation changes in the locus. Overall, this study demonstrates effects of genetic variation on gene expression levels that are dependent on history of infectious disease and highlights a candidate pathogenic mechanism through pathogen-response genes. Furthermore, our results point to tyrosine metabolism and related candidate TB progression pathways for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Victor E. Nieto-Caballero
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Undergraduate Program in Genomic Sciences, Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Morelos 62210, Mexico
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samira Asgari
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kattya Lopez
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
| | - Sarah K. Iwany
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yang Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aparna Nathan
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniela Fernandez-Salinas
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcos Chiñas
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chuan-Chin Huang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zibiao Zhang
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Segundo R León
- Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru
- Medical Technology School and Global Health Research Institute, San Juan Bautista Private University, Lima, Perú
| | | | | | - Megan Murray
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, and Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Gutierrez-Arcelus
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Lanni F, Wijnant GJ, Xie M, Osiecki P, Dartois V, Sarathy JP. Adaptation to the intracellular environment of primary human macrophages influences drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 139:102318. [PMID: 36889104 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As a facultative intracellular pathogen, M. tuberculosis (Mtb) is highly adapted to evading antibacterial mechanisms in phagocytic cells. Both the macrophage and pathogen experience transcriptional and metabolic changes from the onset of phagocytosis. To account for this interaction in the assessment of intracellular drug susceptibility, we allowed a 3-day preadaptation phase post-macrophage infection prior to drug treatment. We found that intracellular Mtb in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) presents dramatic alterations in susceptibility to isoniazid, sutezolid, rifampicin and rifapentine when compared to axenic culture. Infected MDM gradually accumulate lipid bodies, adopting a characteristic appearance reminiscent of foamy macrophages in granulomas. Furthermore, TB granulomas in vivo develop hypoxic cores with decreasing oxygen tension gradients across their radii. Accordingly, we evaluated the effects of hypoxia on preadapted intracellular Mtb in our MDM model. We observed that hypoxia induced greater lipid body formation and no additional shifts in drug tolerance, suggesting that the adaptation of intracellular Mtb to baseline host cell conditions under normoxia dominates changes to intracellular drug susceptibility. Using unbound plasma concentrations in patients as surrogates for free drug concentrations in lung interstitial fluid, we estimate that intramacrophage Mtb in granulomas are exposed to bacteriostatic concentrations of most study drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Lanni
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ, 07110, United States
| | - Gert-Jan Wijnant
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ, 07110, United States
| | - Min Xie
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ, 07110, United States
| | - Paulina Osiecki
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ, 07110, United States
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ, 07110, United States; Hackensack School of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, 123, Metro Boulevard, Nutley, NJ, 07110, United States
| | - Jansy P Sarathy
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ, 07110, United States.
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7
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Lee YJ, Kim JK, Jung CH, Kim YJ, Jung EJ, Lee SH, Choi HR, Son YS, Shim SM, Jeon SM, Choe JH, Lee SH, Whang J, Sohn KC, Hur GM, Kim HT, Yeom J, Jo EK, Kwon YT. Chemical modulation of SQSTM1/p62-mediated xenophagy that targets a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. Autophagy 2022; 18:2926-2945. [PMID: 35316156 PMCID: PMC9673928 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2054240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-degron pathway is a proteolytic system in which the N-terminal degrons (N-degrons) of proteins, such as arginine (Nt-Arg), induce the degradation of proteins and subcellular organelles via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) or macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome system (hereafter autophagy). Here, we developed the chemical mimics of the N-degron Nt-Arg as a pharmaceutical means to induce targeted degradation of intracellular bacteria via autophagy, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus pyogenes as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Upon binding the ZZ domain of the autophagic cargo receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), these chemicals induced the biogenesis and recruitment of autophagic membranes to intracellular bacteria via SQSTM1, leading to lysosomal degradation. The antimicrobial efficacy was independent of rapamycin-modulated core autophagic pathways and synergistic with the reduced production of inflammatory cytokines. In mice, these drugs exhibited antimicrobial efficacy for S. Typhimurium, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and Mtb as well as multidrug-resistant Mtb and inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines. This dual mode of action in xenophagy and inflammation significantly protected mice from inflammatory lesions in the lungs and other tissues caused by all the tested bacterial strains. Our results suggest that the N-degron pathway provides a therapeutic target in host-directed therapeutics for a broad range of drug-resistant intracellular pathogens.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related gene; BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CFUs: colony-forming units; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; IL1B/IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IL6: interleukin 6; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN: optineurin; PB1: Phox and Bem1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; S. Typhimurium: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UBA: ubiquitin-associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jee Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chan Hoon Jung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui Jung Jung
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Rim Choi
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Shim
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Jeon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Choe
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jake Whang
- Korea Mycobacterium Resource Center (KMRC) & Basic Research Section, The Korean Institute of Tuberculosis (KIT), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- Chemistry R&D Center, AUTOTAC Bio Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinki Yeom
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea,CONTACT Eun-Kyeong Jo Department of Microbiology, and Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon35015, Korea
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Chemistry R&D Center, AUTOTAC Bio Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea,SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Yong Tae Kwon Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul110-799, Korea
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8
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Theriault ME, Pisu D, Wilburn KM, Lê-Bury G, MacNamara CW, Michael Petrassi H, Love M, Rock JM, VanderVen BC, Russell DG. Iron limitation in M. tuberculosis has broad impact on central carbon metabolism. Commun Biol 2022; 5:685. [PMID: 35810253 PMCID: PMC9271047 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the cause of the human pulmonary disease tuberculosis (TB), contributes to approximately 1.5 million deaths every year. Prior work has established that lipids are actively catabolized by Mtb in vivo and fulfill major roles in Mtb physiology and pathogenesis. We conducted a high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors of Mtb survival in its host macrophage. One of the hit compounds identified in this screen, sAEL057, demonstrates highest activity on Mtb growth in conditions where cholesterol was the primary carbon source. Transcriptional and functional data indicate that sAEL057 limits Mtb’s access to iron by acting as an iron chelator. Furthermore, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of iron acquisition results in dysregulation of cholesterol catabolism, revealing a previously unappreciated linkage between these pathways. Characterization of sAEL057’s mode of action argues that Mtb’s metabolic regulation reveals vulnerabilities in those pathways that impact central carbon metabolism. An inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) survival acts as an iron chelator, demonstrating that iron deprivation alters Mtb cholesterol and central carbon metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique E Theriault
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Davide Pisu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kaley M Wilburn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Lê-Bury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Case W MacNamara
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - H Michael Petrassi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Love
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Rock
- Department of Host-Pathogen Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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9
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Chemical Exploration of a Highly Selective Scaffold with Activity against Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0116122. [PMID: 35612308 PMCID: PMC9241686 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01161-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a phenylthiourea series with activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a high-throughput, high-content assay. We conducted a catalog structure-activity relationship study with a collection of 35 analogs. We identified several thiourea derivatives with excellent potency against intracellular bacteria and good selectivity over eukaryotic cells. Compounds had much lower activity against extracellular bacteria, which was not increased by using cholesterol as the sole carbon source. Compounds were equally active against strains with mutations in QcrB or MmpL3, thereby excluding common, promiscuous targets as the mode of action. The phenylthiourea series represents a good starting point for further exploration to develop novel antitubercular agents. IMPORTANCEMycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the highest number of deaths from a bacterial pathogen, with >1.5 million in 2020. M. tuberculosis is a sophisticated pathogen that can replicate inside immune cells. There is an urgent need for new drugs to combat M. tuberculosis and to shorten therapy from 6 to 24 months. We have identified a series of molecules that inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis inside macrophages; we tested a number of derivatives to link structural features to biological activity. The compounds are likely to have novel mechanism of action and so could be developed as new agents for drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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10
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Li Y, Sun L, Liu J, Xu G, Hu Y, Qin A. Down-regulation of GAS5 has diagnostic value for tuberculosis and regulates the inflammatory response in mycobacterium tuberculosis infected THP-1 cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 132:102141. [PMID: 34808575 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2021.102141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) growth arrest-special transcript 5 (GAS5) in the serum of tuberculosis (TB) patients and discuss the mechanism of GAS5 in TB by establishing an in-vitro TB cell model. METHODS Serum expressions of GAS5 and miR-18a-5p were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The effects of GAS5 on macrophage cell viability and the inflammatory response after MTB infection were assessed by CCK-8 and ELISA. Luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to delve into the potential target gene of GAS5. RESULTS The expression of GAS5 in TB patients was down-regulated, while miR-18a-5p was up-regulated, and the serum inflammatory factors were negatively correlated with the expression level of GAS5. MTB infection induced significant upregulation on the cell viability and inflammatory response but the acceleration effect could be rescued by GAS5-overexpression. Meanwhile, miR-18a-5p was recognized as the target gene of GAS5. CONCLUSION This study indicated that the expression level of GAS5 in the serum of TB patients was decreased, while in the cells infected with MTB, the down-regulated GAS5 might develop a role in facilitating the cell vitality and the inflammatory response by adsorbing miR-18a-5p in the form of molecular sponge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223001, China
| | - Guoying Xu
- School of Medical Technology, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Jiangsu, 223007, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Clinical Laboratory and Pathology Center, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China.
| | - Andong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223001, China.
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11
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Pajuelo D, Tak U, Zhang L, Danilchanka O, Tischler AD, Niederweis M. Toxin secretion and trafficking by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6592. [PMID: 34782620 PMCID: PMC8593097 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in macrophages. TNT is the C-terminal domain of the outer membrane protein CpnT and gains access to the cytosol to kill macrophages infected with Mtb. However, molecular mechanisms of TNT secretion and trafficking are largely unknown. A comprehensive analysis of the five type VII secretion systems of Mtb revealed that the ESX-4 system is required for export of CpnT and surface accessibility of TNT. Furthermore, the ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems are required for permeabilization of the phagosomal membrane in addition to the ESX-1 system. Thus, these three ESX systems need to act in concert to enable trafficking of TNT into the cytosol of Mtb-infected macrophages. These discoveries establish new molecular roles for the two previously uncharacterized type VII secretion systems ESX-2 and ESX-4 and reveal an intricate link between toxin secretion and phagosomal permeabilization by Mtb. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) is the major cytotoxicity factor of M. tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb possesses five type VII secretion systems (ESX). Pajuelo et al. show that the ESX-4 system is required for TNT secretion and that ESX-2 and ESX-4 systems work in concert with ESX-1 to permeabilize the phagosomal membrane and enable trafficking of TNT into the cytoplasm of macrophages infected with Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pajuelo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Uday Tak
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,University of Colorado Boulder, Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building B255, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Anna D Tischler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 609 Bevill Biomedical Research Building, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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12
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Tanner L, Mashabela GT, Omollo CC, de Wet TJ, Parkinson CJ, Warner DF, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. Intracellular Accumulation of Novel and Clinically Used TB Drugs Potentiates Intracellular Synergy. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0043421. [PMID: 34585951 PMCID: PMC8557888 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00434-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic repertoire for tuberculosis (TB) remains limited despite the existence of many TB drugs that are highly active in in vitro models and possess clinical utility. Underlying the lack of efficacy in vivo is the inability of TB drugs to penetrate microenvironments inhabited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including host alveolar macrophages. Here, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1 previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. We also investigated the extent of permeation into uninfected and M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophage-like Tamm-Horsfall protein 1 (THP-1) cells directly and by comparing to results obtained in vitro in synergy assays. Our data indicate that PhX1 (4,750 ± 127.2 ng/ml) penetrates more effectively into THP-1 cells than do the clinically used anti-TB agents, rifampin (3,050 ± 62.9 ng/ml), moxifloxacin (3,374 ± 48.7 ng/ml), bedaquiline (4,410 ± 190.9 ng/ml), and linezolid (770 ± 14.1 ng/ml). Compound efficacy in infected cells correlated with intracellular accumulation, reinforcing the perceived importance of intracellular penetration as a key drug property. Moreover, we detected synergies deriving from redox-stimulatory combinations of PhX1 or clofazimine with the novel prenylated amino-artemisinin WHN296. Finally, we used compound synergies to elucidate the relationship between compound intracellular accumulation and efficacy, with PhX1/WHN296 synergy levels shown to predict drug efficacy. Collectively, our data support the utility of the applied assays in identifying in vitro active compounds with the potential for clinical development. IMPORTANCE This study addresses the development of novel therapeutic compounds for the eventual treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis continues to progress, with cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) resistance to first-line medications increasing. We assess new combinations of drugs with both oxidant and redox properties coupled with a third partner drug, with the focus here being on the potentiation of M. tuberculosis-active combinations of compounds in the intracellular macrophage environment. Thus, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1, previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro, to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. In addition, the extent of permeation into human macrophage-like THP-1 cells and H37Rv-infected THP-1 cells was measured via mass spectrometry and compared to in vitro two-dimensional synergy and subsequent intracellular efficacy. Collectively, our data indicate that development of new drugs will be facilitated using the methods described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gabriel T. Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles C. Omollo
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Digby F. Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Boom WH, Schaible UE, Achkar JM. The knowns and unknowns of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:136222. [PMID: 33529162 DOI: 10.1172/jci136222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for thousands of years. While tuberculosis (TB), one of the deadliest infectious diseases, is caused by uncontrolled Mtb infection, over 90% of presumed infected individuals remain asymptomatic and contain Mtb in a latent TB infection (LTBI) without ever developing disease, and some may clear the infection. A small number of heavily Mtb-exposed individuals appear to resist developing traditional LTBI. Because Mtb has mechanisms for intracellular survival and immune evasion, successful control involves all of the arms of the immune system. Here, we focus on immune responses to Mtb in humans and nonhuman primates and discuss new concepts and outline major knowledge gaps in our understanding of LTBI, ranging from the earliest events of exposure and infection to success or failure of Mtb control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Pathology, and.,Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Division of Cellular Microbiology, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline M Achkar
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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14
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can invade different cells with distinct persistence fates because cells are equipped with different host restriction factors. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we infected THP1 and Raw264.7 macrophages cell lines, A549 epithelial cell line, and hBMEC and bEnd.3 endothelial cell lines with M. tuberculosis and demonstrated that M. tuberculosis significantly inhibited lysosome acidification in THP1, hBMEC, A549, and Raw264.7 cells, while, in bEnd.3 cells, M. tuberculosis was mainly delivered into acidified phagolysosomes and auto-lysosomes. The systematic gene profile analysis of different cells and intracellular M. tuberculosis showed that the phagosome autophagy-pathway-related genes itgb3 and atg3 were highly expressed in bEnd.3 cells. Knockdown of these genes significantly increased the number of viable intracellular M. tuberculosis bacilli by altering phagosomal trafficking in bEnd.3 cells. Treatment with itgb3 agonist significantly decreased M. tuberculosis survival in vivo. These findings could facilitate the identification of anti-M. tuberculosis host genes and guide M. tuberculosis-resistant livestock breeding. IMPORTANCE As an intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis could avoid host cell immune clearance using multiple strategies for its long-term survival. Understanding these processes could facilitate the development of new approaches to restrict intracellular M. tuberculosis survival. Here, we characterized the detailed molecular events occurring during intracellular trafficking of M. tuberculosis in macrophage, epithelial, and endothelial cell lines and found that ITGB3 facilitates M. tuberculosis clearance in endothelial cells through altering phagosomal trafficking. Meanwhile, the treatment with ITGB3 agonist could reduce bacterial load in vivo. Our results identified new anti-M. tuberculosis restriction factors and illuminated a new anti-M. tuberculosis defense mechanism.
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15
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de Lima JB, da Silva Fonseca LP, Xavier LP, de Matos Macchi B, Cassoli JS, da Silva EO, da Silva Valadares RB, do Nascimento JLM, Santos AV, de Sena CBC. Culture of Mycobacterium smegmatis in Different Carbon Sources to Induce In Vitro Cholesterol Consumption Leads to Alterations in the Host Cells after Infection: A Macrophage Proteomics Analysis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060662. [PMID: 34071265 PMCID: PMC8230116 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During tuberculosis, Mycobacterium uses host macrophage cholesterol as a carbon and energy source. To mimic these conditions, Mycobacterium smegmatis can be cultured in minimal medium (MM) to induce cholesterol consumption in vitro. During cultivation, M. smegmatis consumes MM cholesterol and changes the accumulation of cell wall compounds, such as PIMs, LM, and LAM, which plays an important role in its pathogenicity. These changes lead to cell surface hydrophobicity modifications and H2O2 susceptibility. Furthermore, when M. smegmatis infects J774A.1 macrophages, it induces granuloma-like structure formation. The present study aims to assess macrophage molecular disturbances caused by M. smegmatis after cholesterol consumption, using proteomics analyses. Proteins that showed changes in expression levels were analyzed in silico using OmicsBox and String analysis to investigate the canonical pathways and functional networks involved in infection. Our results demonstrate that, after cholesterol consumption, M. smegmatis can induce deregulation of protein expression in macrophages. Many of these proteins are related to cytoskeleton remodeling, immune response, the ubiquitination pathway, mRNA processing, and immunometabolism. The identification of these proteins sheds light on the biochemical pathways involved in the mechanisms of action of mycobacteria infection, and may suggest novel protein targets for the development of new and improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Batista de Lima
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (J.B.d.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformations, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (L.P.X.); (A.V.S.)
| | | | - Luciana Pereira Xavier
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformations, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (L.P.X.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Barbarella de Matos Macchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.d.M.M.); (J.L.M.d.N.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva Cassoli
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
| | - Edilene Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (J.B.d.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - José Luiz Martins do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (B.d.M.M.); (J.L.M.d.N.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Agenor Valadares Santos
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Enzymes and Biotransformations, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (L.P.X.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Chubert Bernardo Castro de Sena
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (J.B.d.L.); (E.O.d.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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16
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Subhash N, Sundaramurthy V. Advances in host-based screening for compounds with intracellular anti-mycobacterial activity. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13337. [PMID: 33813790 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens interact with host systems in intimate ways to sustain a pathogenic lifestyle. Consequently, these interactions can potentially be targets of host-directed interventions against infectious diseases. In case of tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), while effective anti-tubercular compounds are available, the long treatment duration and emerging drug resistance necessitate identification of new class of molecules with anti-TB activity, as well as new treatment strategies. A significant part of the effort in finding new anti-TB drugs is focused on bacterial targets in bacterial systems. However, the host environment plays a major role in pathogenesis mechanisms and must be considered actively in these efforts. On the one hand, the bacterial origin targets must be relevant and accessible in the host, while on the other hand, new host origin targets required for the bacterial survival can be targeted. Such targets are good candidates for host-directed therapeutics, a strategy gaining traction as an adjunct in TB treatment. In this review, we will summarise the screening platforms used to identify compounds with anti-tubercular activities inside different host environments and outline recent technical advances in these platforms. Finally, while the examples given are specific to mycobacteria, the methods and principles outlined are broadly applicable to most intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Subhash
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India.,SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
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17
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TCR-like domain antibody against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) heat shock protein antigen presented by HLA-A*11 and HLA-A*24. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:305-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Foss CA, Kulik L, Ordonez AA, Jain SK, Michael Holers V, Thurman JM, Pomper MG. SPECT/CT Imaging of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection with [ 125I]anti-C3d mAb. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:473-481. [PMID: 29998399 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of chronic bacterial infection requires methods to detect and localize sites of infection accurately. Complement C3 activation fragments are generated and covalently bound to selective bacterial pathogens during the immune response and can serve as biomarkers of ongoing bacterial infection. We have developed several probes for detecting tissue-bound C3 deposits, including a monoclonal antibody (mAb 3d29) that recognizes the tissue-bound terminal processing fragments iC3b and C3d but does not recognize native circulating C3 or tissue-bound C3b. PROCEDURES To determine whether mAb 3d29 could be used to detect chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection non-invasively, aerosol-infected female C3HeB/FeJ mice were injected with [125I]3d29 mAb and either imaged using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging at 24 and 48 h after radiotracer injection or being subjected to biodistribution analysis. RESULTS Discrete lesions were detected by SPECT/CT imaging in the lungs and spleens of infected mice, consistent with the location of granulomas in the infected animals as detected by CT. Low-level signal was seen in the spleens of uninfected mice and no signal was seen in the lungs of healthy mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that 3d29 in the lungs of infected mice co-localized with aggregates of macrophages (detected with anti-CD68 antibodies). 3d29 was detected in the cytoplasm of macrophages, consistent with the location of internalized M. tuberculosis. 3d29 was also present within alveolar epithelial cells, indicating that it detected M. tuberculosis phagocytosed by other CD68-positive cells. Healthy controls showed very little retention of fluorescent or radiolabeled antibody across tissues. Radiolabeled 3d29 compared with radiolabeled isotype control showed a 3.5:1 ratio of increased uptake in infected lungs, indicating specific uptake by 3d29. CONCLUSION 3d29 can be used to detect and localize areas of infection with M. tuberculosis non-invasively by 24 h after radiotracer injection and with high contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Foss
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St. CRB2 493, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA. .,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans St. CRB2 493, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA.,Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA
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19
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Dupont M, Souriant S, Balboa L, Vu Manh TP, Pingris K, Rousset S, Cougoule C, Rombouts Y, Poincloux R, Ben Neji M, Allers C, Kaushal D, Kuroda MJ, Benet S, Martinez-Picado J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Sasiain MDC, Maridonneau-Parini I, Neyrolles O, Vérollet C, Lugo-Villarino G. Tuberculosis-associated IFN-I induces Siglec-1 on tunneling nanotubes and favors HIV-1 spread in macrophages. eLife 2020; 9:52535. [PMID: 32223897 PMCID: PMC7173963 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While tuberculosis (TB) is a risk factor in HIV-1-infected individuals, the mechanisms by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) worsens HIV-1 pathogenesis remain scarce. We showed that HIV-1 infection is exacerbated in macrophages exposed to TB-associated microenvironments due to tunneling nanotube (TNT) formation. To identify molecular factors associated with TNT function, we performed a transcriptomic analysis in these macrophages, and revealed the up-regulation of Siglec-1 receptor. Siglec-1 expression depends on Mtb-induced production of type I interferon (IFN-I). In co-infected non-human primates, Siglec-1 is highly expressed by alveolar macrophages, whose abundance correlates with pathology and activation of IFN-I/STAT1 pathway. Siglec-1 localizes mainly on microtubule-containing TNT that are long and carry HIV-1 cargo. Siglec-1 depletion decreases TNT length, diminishes HIV-1 capture and cell-to-cell transfer, and abrogates the exacerbation of HIV-1 infection induced by Mtb. Altogether, we uncover a deleterious role for Siglec-1 in TB-HIV-1 co-infection and open new avenues to understand TNT biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeva Dupont
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France
| | - Shanti Souriant
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France
| | - Luciana Balboa
- International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France.,Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Karine Pingris
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Stella Rousset
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France
| | - Yoann Rombouts
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Poincloux
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Myriam Ben Neji
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carolina Allers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, Covington, United States
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, Covington, United States
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, Covington, United States
| | - Susana Benet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Department of Retrovirology, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Department of Retrovirology, Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Department of Retrovirology, Badalona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Sasiain
- International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France.,Institute of Experimental Medicine-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Vérollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France
| | - Geanncarlo Lugo-Villarino
- Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,International associated laboratory (LIA) CNRS 'IM-TB/HIV', Toulouse, France
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20
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Bussi C, Gutierrez MG. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of host cells in space and time. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:341-361. [PMID: 30916769 PMCID: PMC6606852 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases with over a billion deaths in the past 200 years (Paulson 2013). TB causes more deaths worldwide than any other single infectious agent, with 10.4 million new cases and close to 1.7 million deaths in 2017. The obstacles that make TB hard to treat and eradicate are intrinsically linked to the intracellular lifestyle of Mtb. Mtb needs to replicate within human cells to disseminate to other individuals and cause disease. However, we still do not completely understand how Mtb manages to survive within eukaryotic cells and why some cells are able to eradicate this lethal pathogen. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of the complex host cell-pathogen interactions in TB and review the cellular mechanisms operating at the interface between Mtb and the human host cell, highlighting the technical and methodological challenges to investigating the cell biology of human host cell-Mtb interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Bussi
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Maximiliano G Gutierrez
- Host-pathogen interactions in tuberculosis laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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21
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Personalized Approach as a Basis for the Future Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (Literature Review). ACTA BIOMEDICA SCIENTIFICA 2019. [DOI: 10.29413/abs.2019-4.3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of tuberculosis remains one of actual problems of public health despite of introduction of public health safety programs. Early, rapid and accurate identification of M. tuberculosis and determination of drug susceptibility are essential for treatment and management of this disease. Delay in delivering results prolongs potentially inappropriate antituberculosis therapy, contributing to emergence of drug resistance, reducing treatment options and increasing treatment duration and associated costs, resulting in increased mortality and morbidity. Faster, more comprehensive diagnostics will enable earlier use of the most appropriate drug regimen, thus improving patient outcomes and reducing overall healthcare costs. The treatment of infection based on the using of massive antimicrobial therapy with analysis of bacterial strains resistance to first line drugs (FLD) isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), ethambutol (EMB) and streptomycin (SM). However, the public health practitioners pay no attention to functional activity of human immune system genes. The interaction of bacterial genomes and immune system genes plays the major role in infection progress. There is growing evidence that, together with human and environmental factors, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strain diversity contributes to the variable outcome of infection and disease in human TB. We suppose that the future of diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis lies in the field of personal medicine with comprehensive analysis of host and pathogen genes.
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22
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Wu J, Mu R, Sun M, Zhao N, Pan M, Li H, Dong Y, Sun Z, Bai J, Hu M, Nathan CF, Javid B, Liu G. Derivatives of Natural Product Agrimophol as Disruptors of Intrabacterial pH Homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1087-1104. [PMID: 31016962 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the rational medicinal chemistry of a natural product, agrimophol (1), as a new disruptor of intrabacterial pH (pHIB) homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Through the systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationship of 1, scaffold-hopping of the diphenylmethane scaffold, pharmacophore displacement strategies, and studies of the structure-metabolism relationship, a new derivative 5a was achieved. Compound 5a showed 100-fold increased potency in the ability to reduce pHIB to pH 6.0 and similarly improved mycobactericidal activity compared with 1 against both Mycobacterium bovis-BCG and Mtb. Compound 5a possessed improved metabolic stability in human liver microsomes and hepatocytes, lower cytotoxicity, higher selectivity index, and similar pKa value to natural 1. This study introduces a novel scaffold to an old drug, resulting in improved mycobactericidal activity through decreasing pHIB, and may contribute to the critical search for new agents to overcome drug resistance and persistence in the treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Ran Mu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mingna Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Miaomiao Pan
- Centre for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongshuang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yi Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhaogang Sun
- National Tuberculosis Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Key Laboratory in Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Tuberculosis & Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 9 Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Minwan Hu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1 Xian Nong Tan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Carl F. Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Babak Javid
- Centre for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Renhuan Building, Rm 311, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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23
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Mashabela GT, de Wet TJ, Warner DF. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Metabolism. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0067-2019. [PMID: 31350832 PMCID: PMC10957194 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0067-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB), a disease which continues to overwhelm health systems in endemic regions despite the existence of effective combination chemotherapy and the widespread use of a neonatal anti-TB vaccine. For a professional pathogen, M. tuberculosis retains a surprisingly large proportion of the metabolic repertoire found in nonpathogenic mycobacteria with very different lifestyles. Moreover, evidence that additional functions were acquired during the early evolution of the M. tuberculosis complex suggests the organism has adapted (and augmented) the metabolic pathways of its environmental ancestor to persistence and propagation within its obligate human host. A better understanding of M. tuberculosis pathogenicity, however, requires the elucidation of metabolic functions under disease-relevant conditions, a challenge complicated by limited knowledge of the microenvironments occupied and nutrients accessed by bacilli during host infection, as well as the reliance in experimental mycobacteriology on a restricted number of experimental models with variable relevance to clinical disease. Here, we consider M. tuberculosis metabolism within the framework of an intimate host-pathogen coevolution. Focusing on recent advances in our understanding of mycobacterial metabolic function, we highlight unusual adaptations or departures from the better-characterized model intracellular pathogens. We also discuss the impact of these mycobacterial "innovations" on the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to existing and experimental anti-TB drugs, as well as strategies for targeting metabolic pathways. Finally, we offer some perspectives on the key gaps in the current knowledge of fundamental mycobacterial metabolism and the lessons which might be learned from other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel T Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Current address: Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Timothy J de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Digby F Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has evolved to become the single greatest cause of death from an infectious agent. The pathogen spends most of its infection cycle in its human host within a phagocyte. The bacterium has evolved to block the normal maturation and acidification of its phagosome and resides in a vacuole contiguous with the early endosomal network. Cytokine-mediated activation of the host cell can overcome this blockage, and an array of antimicrobial responses can limit its survival. The survival of M. tuberculosis in its host cell is fueled predominantly by fatty acids and cholesterol. The ability of M. tuberculosis to degrade sterols is an unusual metabolic characteristic that was likely retained from a saprophytic ancestor. Recent results with fluorescent M. tuberculosis reporter strains demonstrate that bacterial survival differs with the host macrophage population. Tissue-resident alveolar macrophages, which are biased towards an alternatively activated, M2-like phenotype, are more permissive to bacterial growth than monocyte-derived, inflammatory, M1-like interstitial macrophages. The differential growth of the bacterium in these different phagocyte populations appears to be linked to host cell metabolism.
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25
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Tak U, Vlach J, Garza-Garcia A, William D, Danilchanka O, de Carvalho LPS, Saad JS, Niederweis M. The tuberculosis necrotizing toxin is an NAD + and NADP + glycohydrolase with distinct enzymatic properties. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3024-3036. [PMID: 30593509 PMCID: PMC6398120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon host infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretes the tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) into the cytosol of infected macrophages, leading to host cell death by necroptosis. TNT hydrolyzes NAD+ in the absence of any exogenous cofactor, thus classifying it as a β-NAD+ glycohydrolase. However, TNT lacks sequence similarity with other NAD+ hydrolyzing enzymes and lacks the essential motifs involved in NAD+ binding and hydrolysis by these enzymes. In this study, we used NMR to examine the enzymatic activity of TNT and found that TNT hydrolyzes NADP+ as fast as NAD+ but does not cleave the corresponding reduced dinucleotides. This activity of TNT was not inhibited by ADP-ribose or nicotinamide, indicating low affinity of TNT for these reaction products. A selection assay for nontoxic TNT variants in Escherichia coli identified four of six residues in the predicted NAD+-binding pocket and four glycine residues that form a cradle directly below the NAD+-binding site, a conserved feature in the TNT protein family. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues near the predicted NAD+-binding site revealed that Phe727, Arg757, and Arg780 are essential for NAD+ hydrolysis by TNT. These results identify the NAD+-binding site of TNT. Our findings also show that TNT is an NAD+ glycohydrolase with properties distinct from those of other bacterial glycohydrolases. Because many of these residues are conserved within the TNT family, our findings provide insights into understanding the function of the >300 TNT homologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Tak
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | - Jiri Vlach
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | | | - Doreen William
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | | | - Jamil S Saad
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
| | - Michael Niederweis
- From the Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35205 and
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26
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Olive AJ, Sassetti CM. Tolerating the Unwelcome Guest; How the Host Withstands Persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2094. [PMID: 30258448 PMCID: PMC6143787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the host response to infections has historically focused on “resistance” mechanisms that directly control pathogen replication. However, both pathogen effectors and antimicrobial immune pathways have the capacity to damage host tissue, and the ability to tolerate these insults can also be critical for host survival. These “tolerance” mechanisms may be equally as important as resistance to prevent disease in the context of a persistent infection, such as tuberculosis, when resistance mechanisms are ineffective and the pathogen persists in the tissue for long periods. Host tolerance encompasses a wide range of strategies, many of which involve regulation of the inflammatory response. Here we will examine general strategies used by macrophages and T cells to promote tolerance in the context of tuberculosis, and focus on pathways, such as regulation of inflammasome activation, that are emerging as common mediators of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Olive
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Christopher M Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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27
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Rameshwaram NR, Singh P, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Lipid metabolism and intracellular bacterial virulence: key to next-generation therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1301-1328. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is thought to play a key role in the pathogenicity of several intracellular bacteria. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids from the host cell to release free fatty acids which are used as an energy source and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelope and also to modulate host immune responses. In this review, we discussed the role of lipid metabolism and lipolytic enzymes in the life cycle and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular bacteria. The lipolytic enzymes appear to be potential candidates for developing novel therapeutics by targeting lipid metabolism for controlling M. tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria. [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
| | - Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
- Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. 576 104
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, India. 500 007
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
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28
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MacGilvary NJ, Tan S. Fluorescent Mycobacterium tuberculosis reporters: illuminating host-pathogen interactions. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4919729. [PMID: 29718182 PMCID: PMC6086090 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is intrinsically linked to its intimate and enduring interaction with its host, and understanding Mtb-host interactions at a molecular level is critical to attempts to decrease the significant burden of tuberculosis disease. The marked heterogeneity that exists in lesion progression and outcome during Mtb infection necessitates the development of methods that enable in situ analyses of Mtb biology and host response within the spatial context of tissue structure. Fluorescent reporter Mtb strains have thus come to the forefront as an approach with broad utility for the study of the Mtb-host interface, enabling visualization of the bacteria during infection, and contributing to the discovery of several facets such as non-uniformity in microenvironments and Mtb physiology in vivo, and their relation to the host immune response or therapeutic intervention. We review here the different types of fluorescent reporters and ways in which they have been utilized in Mtb studies, and expand on how they may further be exploited in combination with novel imaging and other methodologies to illuminate key aspects of Mtb-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Abstract
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Current tuberculosis
(TB) drug development efforts are not sufficient
to end the global TB epidemic. Recent efforts have focused on the
development of whole-cell screening assays because biochemical, target-based
inhibitor screens during the last two decades have not delivered new
TB drugs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative
agent of TB, encounters diverse microenvironments and can be found
in a variety of metabolic states in the human host. Due to the complexity
and heterogeneity of Mtb infection, no single model can fully recapitulate
the in vivo conditions in which Mtb is found in TB patients, and there
is no single “standard” screening condition to generate
hit compounds for TB drug development. However, current screening
assays have become more sophisticated as researchers attempt to mirror
the complexity of TB disease in the laboratory. In this review, we
describe efforts using surrogates and engineered strains of Mtb to
focus screens on specific targets. We explain model culture systems
ranging from carbon starvation to hypoxia, and combinations thereof,
designed to represent the microenvironment which Mtb encounters in
the human body. We outline ongoing efforts to model Mtb infection
in the lung granuloma. We assess these different models, their ability
to generate hit compounds, and needs for further TB drug development,
to provide direction for future TB drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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Huang L, Russell DG. Protective immunity against tuberculosis: what does it look like and how do we find it? Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 48:44-50. [PMID: 28826036 PMCID: PMC5697896 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An absence of immune correlates of protection is a barrier to vaccine development. The immune mechanisms behind tuberculosis progression are not understood. Fluorescent Mtb reporter strains identify permissive and controller host cells. Bacterial burden can be impacted by the magnitude of host cell population. Bacterial reporter strains offer new insights into host immune mechanisms.
Progress towards the development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis is hampered by the lack of correlative readouts of immune protection, coupled with our limited understanding of the immune mechanisms that determine disease progression versus containment. In this article we discuss the value of microbial readouts of bacterial fitness to probe the host immune environments and determine those host cell subsets that promote or control bacterial growth. Ultimately, we feel that these bacterial reporters will prove to be key in understanding the immune mechanisms underpinning disease outcome, and that this knowledge is critical to any program developing vaccines or immune-modulatory therapeutics as a means of controlling tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - David G Russell
- Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States.
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