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Li X, Ma Y, Li G, Jin G, Xu L, Li Y, Wei P, Zhang L. Leprosy: treatment, prevention, immune response and gene function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1298749. [PMID: 38440733 PMCID: PMC10909994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1298749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the leprosy cases have fallen dramatically, the incidence of leprosy has remained stable over the past years, indicating that multidrug therapy seems unable to eradicate leprosy. More seriously, the emergence of rifampicin-resistant strains also affects the effectiveness of treatment. Immunoprophylaxis was mainly carried out through vaccination with the BCG but also included vaccines such as LepVax and MiP. Meanwhile, it is well known that the infection and pathogenesis largely depend on the host's genetic background and immunity, with the onset of the disease being genetically regulated. The immune process heavily influences the clinical course of the disease. However, the impact of immune processes and genetic regulation of leprosy on pathogenesis and immunological levels is largely unknown. Therefore, we summarize the latest research progress in leprosy treatment, prevention, immunity and gene function. The comprehensive research in these areas will help elucidate the pathogenesis of leprosy and provide a basis for developing leprosy elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Chronic Infectious Disease Control Section, Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjie Jin
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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2
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Hui R, Scheib CL, D’Atanasio E, Inskip SA, Cessford C, Biagini SA, Wohns AW, Ali MQ, Griffith SJ, Solnik A, Niinemäe H, Ge XJ, Rose AK, Beneker O, O’Connell TC, Robb JE, Kivisild T. Genetic history of Cambridgeshire before and after the Black Death. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi5903. [PMID: 38232165 PMCID: PMC10793959 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The extent of the devastation of the Black Death pandemic (1346-1353) on European populations is known from documentary sources and its bacterial source illuminated by studies of ancient pathogen DNA. What has remained less understood is the effect of the pandemic on human mobility and genetic diversity at the local scale. Here, we report 275 ancient genomes, including 109 with coverage >0.1×, from later medieval and postmedieval Cambridgeshire of individuals buried before and after the Black Death. Consistent with the function of the institutions, we found a lack of close relatives among the friars and the inmates of the hospital in contrast to their abundance in general urban and rural parish communities. While we detect long-term shifts in local genetic ancestry in Cambridgeshire, we find no evidence of major changes in genetic ancestry nor higher differentiation of immune loci between cohorts living before and after the Black Death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Hui
- Alan Turing Institute, London, UK
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christiana L. Scheib
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- St John’s College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sarah A. Inskip
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Craig Cessford
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anthony W. Wohns
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics and Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Samuel J. Griffith
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helja Niinemäe
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Xiangyu Jack Ge
- Wellcome Genome Campus, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Alice K. Rose
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Archaeology, University of Durham, Durham, UK
| | - Owyn Beneker
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tamsin C. O’Connell
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John E. Robb
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Velmurugan H, Thangaraju P. Nutritional Status in Leprosy Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:e211123223670. [PMID: 37990432 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265263893231102114955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy, a chronic mycobacterial disease, is frequently accompanied by malnutrition. However, it is important to regularly assess the nutritional state of leprosy patients in a resource-poor nation like India, where undernutrition is widespread. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare the nutritional status of leprosy patients to that of normal individuals using the body mass index. METHODS The electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase were used to conduct an open literature search. From 1st January 2000 to 31st January 2023, all articles were screened using the following MeSH terms: (nutrition OR body mass index OR body weight) AND (leprosy OR lepra) to find possibly relevant articles. RESULTS This meta-analysis includes five research studies with a total of 1173 individuals (363 patients in the leprosy group and 810 patients in the non-leprosy group). The weighted mean difference (WMD) for BMI studies was -17.88 (95% CI -27.65 to -8.12), showing that there was a significant difference in BMI < 18.5 between leprosy patients and non-leprosy patients. There was a significant difference in DDS score and HFIAS score between patients with leprosy and non-leprosy. In a total of 342 leprosy patients, 206 developed deformities. CONCLUSION This research increases our understanding of nutrition and leprosy. The results found that people with leprosy are nutritionally at a distinct disadvantage when compared to non-leprosy patients. It emphasises the several ways in which diet may generate circumstances that increase the risk of leprosy.
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de Souza FG, da Silva MB, de Araújo GS, Silva CS, Pinheiro AHG, Cáceres-Durán MÁ, Santana-da-Silva MN, Pinto P, Gobbo AR, da Costa PF, Salgado CG, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â, Cavalcante GC. Whole mitogenome sequencing uncovers a relation between mitochondrial heteroplasmy and leprosy severity. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:110. [PMID: 38062538 PMCID: PMC10704783 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the mitochondria/immune system interaction has been proposed, so that variants of mitochondrial genome and levels of heteroplasmy might deregulate important metabolic processes in fighting infections, such as leprosy. METHODS We sequenced the whole mitochondrial genome to investigate variants and heteroplasmy levels, considering patients with different clinical forms of leprosy and household contacts. After sequencing, a specific pipeline was used for preparation and bioinformatics analysis to select heteroplasmic variants. RESULTS We found 116 variants in at least two of the subtypes of the case group (Borderline Tuberculoid, Borderline Lepromatous, Lepromatous), suggesting a possible clinical significance to these variants. Notably, 15 variants were exclusively found in these three clinical forms, of which five variants stand out for being missense (m.3791T > C in MT-ND1, m.5317C > A in MT-ND2, m.8545G > A in MT-ATP8, m.9044T > C in MT-ATP6 and m.15837T > C in MT-CYB). In addition, we found 26 variants shared only by leprosy poles, of which two are characterized as missense (m.4248T > C in MT-ND1 and m.8027G > A in MT-CO2). CONCLUSION We found a significant number of variants and heteroplasmy levels in the leprosy patients from our cohort, as well as six genes that may influence leprosy susceptibility, suggesting for the first time that the mitogenome might be involved with the leprosy process, distinction of clinical forms and severity. Thus, future studies are needed to help understand the genetic consequences of these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gouvea de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Moisés Batista da Silva
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Marituba, PA, 67105-290, Brazil
| | - Gilderlanio S de Araújo
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Caio S Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Andrey Henrique Gama Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Miguel Ángel Cáceres-Durán
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Angélica Rita Gobbo
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Marituba, PA, 67105-290, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Fagundes da Costa
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Marituba, PA, 67105-290, Brazil
| | - Claudio Guedes Salgado
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Marituba, PA, 67105-290, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Giovanna C Cavalcante
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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Cotti Piccinelli S, Tagliapietra M, Cavallaro T, Labella B, Risi B, Caria F, Damioli S, Poli L, Padovani A, Ferrari S, Filosto M. Leprosy Neuropathy in a Non-Endemic Area: A Clinical and Pathological Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2468. [PMID: 37760909 PMCID: PMC10525615 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of nerve involvement in leprosy is highly variable in distribution and clinical presentation. Mononeuropathies, multiple mononeuropathies, and polyneuropathies can present both in the context of a cutaneous and/or systemic picture and in the form of pure neuritic leprosy (PNL). The differential diagnosis of leprosy neuropathy remains challenging because it is a very rare condition and, especially in Western countries, is often overlooked. We report one case of the polyneuropathic form of PNL (P-PNL) and one case of multiple mononeuropathy in paucibacillary leprosy. In both cases, the diagnosis was achieved by performing a sural nerve biopsy, which showed subverted structure, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells in nerve fascicles, granulomatous abnormalities, and the presence of alcohol-acid-resistant, Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacilli inside the nerve bundles. Leprosy remains an endemic disease in many areas of the world, and globalization has led to the spread of cases in previously disease-free countries. In this perspective, our report emphasizes that the diagnostic possibility of leprosy neuropathy should always be taken into account, even in Western countries, in the differential diagnostic process of an acquired sensory polyneuropathy or multineuropathy and confirms that nerve biopsy remains a useful procedure in working up neuropathies with unknown etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.P.); (B.L.); (B.R.); (A.P.)
- NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Guusago, 25064 Brescia, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Matteo Tagliapietra
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, 37100 Verona, Italy; (M.T.); (T.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Tiziana Cavallaro
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, 37100 Verona, Italy; (M.T.); (T.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Beatrice Labella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.P.); (B.L.); (B.R.); (A.P.)
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, 25100 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Barbara Risi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.P.); (B.L.); (B.R.); (A.P.)
- NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Guusago, 25064 Brescia, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Filomena Caria
- NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Guusago, 25064 Brescia, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Simona Damioli
- NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Guusago, 25064 Brescia, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.)
| | - Loris Poli
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, 25100 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.P.); (B.L.); (B.R.); (A.P.)
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, 25100 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, 37100 Verona, Italy; (M.T.); (T.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25100 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.P.); (B.L.); (B.R.); (A.P.)
- NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Guusago, 25064 Brescia, Italy; (F.C.); (S.D.)
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6
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Negera E, Bobosha K, Aseffa A, Dockrell HM, Lockwood DNJ, Walker SL. Regulatory T cells in erythema nodosum leprosum maintain anti-inflammatory function. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010641. [PMID: 35867720 PMCID: PMC9348709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The numbers of circulating regulatory T cells (Tregs) are increased in lepromatous leprosy (LL) but reduced in erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), the inflammatory complication of LL. It is unclear whether the suppressive function of Tregs is intact in both these conditions.
Methods
A longitudinal study recruited participants at ALERT Hospital, Ethiopia. Peripheral blood samples were obtained before and after 24 weeks of prednisolone treatment for ENL and multidrug therapy (MDT) for participants with LL. We evaluated the suppressive function of Tregs in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of participants with LL and ENL by analysis of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-10 responses to Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) stimulation before and after depletion of CD25+ cells.
Results
30 LL participants with ENL and 30 LL participants without ENL were recruited. The depletion of CD25+ cells from PBMCs was associated with enhanced TNFα and IFNγ responses to M. leprae stimulation before and after 24 weeks treatment of LL with MDT and of ENL with prednisolone. The addition of autologous CD25+ cells to CD25+ depleted PBMCs abolished these responses. In both non-reactional LL and ENL groups mitogen (PHA)-induced TNFα and IFNγ responses were not affected by depletion of CD25+ cells either before or after treatment. Depleting CD25+ cells did not affect the IL-10 response to M. leprae before and after 24 weeks of MDT in participants with LL. However, depletion of CD25+ cells was associated with an enhanced IL-10 response on stimulation with M. leprae in untreated participants with ENL and reduced IL-10 responses in treated individuals with ENL. The enhanced IL-10 in untreated ENL and the reduced IL-10 response in prednisolone treated individuals with ENL was abolished by addition of autologous CD25+ cells.
Conclusion
The findings support the hypothesis that the impaired cell-mediated immune response in individuals with LL is M. leprae antigen specific and the unresponsiveness can be reversed by depleting CD25+ cells. Our results suggest that the suppressive function of Tregs in ENL is intact despite ENL being associated with reduced numbers of Tregs. The lack of difference in IL-10 response in control PBMCs and CD25+ depleted PBMCs in individuals with LL and the increased IL-10 response following the depletion of CD25+ cells in individuals with untreated ENL suggest that the mechanism of immune regulation by Tregs in leprosy appears independent of IL-10 or that other cells may be responsible for IL-10 production in leprosy. The present findings highlight mechanisms of T cell regulation in LL and ENL and provide insights into the control of peripheral immune tolerance, identifying Tregs as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edessa Negera
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Kidist Bobosha
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- World Health Organization, TDR, the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana N. J. Lockwood
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L. Walker
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Research, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Zhang R, Cao L, Chen W, Ge H, Hu X, Li Z, Wang Y, Fan W, Yong L, Yu Y, Mao Y, Zhen Q, Liu H, Zhang F, Sun L. Fine-Mapping of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Region Linked to Leprosy in Northern China. Front Genet 2022; 12:768259. [PMID: 34976012 PMCID: PMC8716717 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.768259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Leprosy is a chronic infectious skin and neurological disease, and genetic background is considered to be one of the major factors of risk. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region not only affects susceptibility to leprosy but also its development and outcome. Given the complex traits of the MHC region, variants and the potential mechanism by which HLA influences leprosy development need to be further explored. Methods: We extracted previous genome-wide association study data from the Northern Han Chinese population to perform HLA fine-mapping. Using the 1,000 Genome Project Phase 3 dataset as the reference panel, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), insertion and deletion (INDEL) and copy number variant (CNV) imputation were carried out. HLA classical alleles and amino acids in the MHC region were imputed using the HAN-MHC database. Further stepwise regression analysis was conducted to analyze independent signals of variants related to leprosy. Results: We identified four independent variants: esv3608598, rs7754498, rs3130781 and rs144388449. Among them, esv3608598 is a CNV and the first HLA CNV associated with leprosy risk. SNP annotation using RegulomeDB, HaploReg, and rVarBase showed that three SNPs are likely to affect the pathogenesis of leprosy. Conclusion: In summary, this is the first study to assess the association between HLA CNV and leprosy susceptibility in a Northern Han Chinese population. By fine mapping of the MHC region in this population, our findings provide evidence for the contribution of HLA to leprosy susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Huiyao Ge
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yirui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Wencheng Fan
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Yong
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yafen Yu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yiwen Mao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases and Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases and Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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Rupp SK, Weimer K, Goebel-Stengel M, Enck P, Zipfel S, Stengel A. Genetics, shared environment, or individual experience? A cross-sectional study of the health status following SARS-CoV-2 infection in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1048676. [PMID: 36506417 PMCID: PMC9729738 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1048676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical presentation of COVID-19 shows a remarkably broad spectrum of symptoms. Although studies with adult twins on SARS-CoV-2 infection are rare so far, the fact that there is a genetic component associated with the highly variable clinical outcomes of COVID-19 has already been highlighted in recent studies investigating potential candidate genes and polymorphisms. This is the first study of adult monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins concordantly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection to estimate variances explained by genetic, shared, and individual environmental components of both somatic and psychological symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected from 10 adult twin pairs (5 MZ, 5 DZ) in which both twins already had a SARS-CoV-2 infection. A self-designed questionnaire, the Barthel Index, and the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) were used to assess various symptoms and health status following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Intra-class correlations were calculated, and the Falconer formula was used to quantify and differentiate the percentages of genetic influences as well as common environment and personal experiences on the examined traits. In addition, potential factors influencing symptom burden were examined and discussed. RESULTS We found high estimated heritability for mental impairment after SARS-CoV-2 infection (h 2 = 1.158) and for general fatigue (h 2 = 1.258). For symptom burden, reduced activity, and reduced motivation the individual environment appears to have the strongest influence. Other fatigue symptoms are influenced by genetic effects which range between 42.8 and 69.4%. CONCLUSION Both genetics and individual environment play a role in health status after SARS-CoV-2 infection-mental status could be influenced primarily by genetic make-up, whereas for symptom burden and certain fatigue dimensions, non-shared environment could play a more critical role. Possible individual factors influencing the course of the disease were identified. However, gene-environment interactions may still be a source of differences between twins, and the search for candidate genes remains crucial on the road to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Kristina Rupp
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Weimer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miriam Goebel-Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Clinic for Internal Medicine, Helios Clinic Rottweil, Rottweil, Germany
| | - Paul Enck
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Anantharam P, Emerson LE, Bilcha KD, Fairley JK, Tesfaye AB. Undernutrition, food insecurity, and leprosy in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia: A case-control study to identify infection risk factors associated with poverty. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009456. [PMID: 34166403 PMCID: PMC8277044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia has over 3,200 new cases of leprosy diagnosed every year. Prevention remains a challenge as transmission pathways are poorly understood. Susceptibility and disease manifestations are highly dependent on individual host-immune response. Nutritional deficiencies, such as protein-energy malnutrition, have been linked to reduced cell-mediated immunity, which in the case of leprosy, could lead to a higher chance of active leprosy and thus an increased reservoir of transmissible infection. Methodology/Principal findings Between June and August 2018, recently diagnosed patients with leprosy and individuals without known contact with cases were enrolled as controls in North Gondar regional health centers. Participants answered survey questions on biometric data, demographics, socioeconomic situation, and dietary habits. Descriptive statistics, univariate, and multivariate logisitic regression examined associations between undernutrition, specifically body mass index (BMI), middle upper arm circumference (MUAC), and leprosy. Eighty-one participants (40 cases of leprosy, 41 controls) were enrolled (75% male) with an average age of 38.6 years (SD 18.3). The majority of cases were multibacillary (MB) (90%). There was a high prevalence of undernutrition with 24 (29.6%) participants underweight (BMI <18.5) and 17 (21%) having a low MUAC. On multivariate analysis, underweight was significantly associated with leprosy (aOR = 9.25, 95% CI 2.77, 30.81). Also found to be associated with leprosy was cutting the size of meals/skipping meals (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.0, 8.32) or not having enough money for food (OR = 10, 95% CI 3.44 29.06). Conclusions/Significance The results suggest a strong association between leprosy and undernutrition, while also supporting the framework that food insecurity may lead to undernutrition that then could increase susceptibility to leprosy. In conclusion, this study highlights the need to study the interplay of undernutrition, food insecurity, and the manifestations of leprosy. Understanding the effect that nutritional deficiencies, dietary habits, and undernutrition exert on leprosy transmission can improve our ability to better develop strategies and control programs to prevent this debilitating disease. While there is evidence that leprosy and undernutrition are associated, overall the literature is sparse. The authors here provide evidence for the possible role of undernutrition and low BMI on leprosy susceptibility. Additional questions about dietary habits and socioeconomic status support the framework that food insecurity may lead to undernutrition causing an increase in susceptibility to active leprosy disease. Although the study focuses on the leprosy susceptibility, as it relates to undernutrition, in North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia, the outcomes of the study may inform risks in other areas where the dual burden of undernutrition and neglected tropical diseases exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Anantharam
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa E. Emerson
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kassahun D. Bilcha
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessica K. Fairley
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Annisa B. Tesfaye
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
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10
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do Carmo RF, Neves JRL, Oliveira PRS, Vasconcelos LRS, de Souza CDF. The role of Mannose-binding lectin in leprosy: A systematic review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104945. [PMID: 34052419 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease that may present different clinical forms depending on host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an acute phase protein associated with the pathophysiology of leprosy. Some studies have shown that there is a correlation between serum levels of MBL and polymorphisms in its gene associated with susceptibility per se and to different clinical forms. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of publications in the literature that studied the association of MBL with leprosy. Databases were searched until December 2020 (PROSPERO: CRD42020158458), and additional searches were conducted scanning the reference lists of the articles. Two independent reviewers assessed the study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Finally, 10 eligible articles were included in the study. The overall results indicated that both low MBL serum levels and polymorphisms in the structural or promoter region of its gene seem to be associated as protective factors against the development of severe forms. The results suggest that MBL may play a role in the clinical progression of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Rangel Leal Neves
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the São Francisco Valley (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil
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11
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Zhang DF, Li HL, Zheng Q, Bi R, Xu M, Wang D, Zhu GP, Li YY, Yao YG. Mapping leprosy-associated coding variants of interleukin genes by targeted sequencing. Clin Genet 2021; 99:802-811. [PMID: 33646620 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous genotyping-based assays have identified non-coding variants of several interleukins (ILs) being associated with genetic susceptibility to leprosy. However, understanding of the involvement of coding variants within all IL family genes in leprosy was still limited. To obtain the full mutation spectrum of all ILs in leprosy, we performed a targeted deep sequencing of coding regions of 58 ILs genes in 798 leprosy patients (age 56.2 ± 14.4; female 31.5%) and 990 healthy controls (age 38.1 ± 14.0; female 44.3%) from Yunnan, Southwest China. mRNA expression alterations of ILs in leprosy skin lesions or in response to M. leprae treatment were estimated by using publicly available expression datasets. Two coding variants in IL27 (rs17855750, p.S59A, p = 4.02 × 10-8 , odds ratio [OR] = 1.748) and IL1RN (rs45507693, p.A106T, p = 1.45 × 10-5 , OR = 3.629) were significantly associated with leprosy risk. mRNA levels of IL27 and IL1RN were upregulated in whole blood cells after M. leprae stimulation. These data showed that IL27 and IL1RN are leprosy risk genes. Further functional study is required for characterizing the exact role of ILs in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hui-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Quanzhen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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12
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Yasmin H, Varghese PM, Bhakta S, Kishore U. Pathogenesis and Host Immune Response in Leprosy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:155-177. [PMID: 34661895 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient insidious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, where the skin and peripheral nerves undergo chronic granulomatous infections, leading to sensory and motor impairment with characteristic deformities. Susceptibility to leprosy and its disease state are determined by the manifestation of innate immune resistance mediated by cells of monocyte lineage. Due to insufficient innate resistance, granulomatous infection is established, influencing the specific cellular immunity. The clinical presentation of leprosy ranges between two stable polar forms (tuberculoid to lepromatous) and three unstable borderline forms. The tuberculoid form involves Th1 response, characterized by a well demarcated granuloma, infiltrated by CD4+ T lymphocytes, containing epitheloid and multinucleated giant cells. In the lepromatous leprosy, there is no characteristic granuloma but only unstructured accumulation of ineffective macrophages containing engulfed pathogens. Th1 response, characterised by IFN-γ and IL-2 production, activates macrophages in order to kill intracellular pathogens. Conversely, a Th2 response, characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, helps in antibody production and consequently downregulates the cell-mediated immunity induced by the Th1 response. M. lepare has a long generation time and its inability to grow in culture under laboratory conditions makes its study challenging. The nine-banded armadillo still remains the best clinical and immunological model to study host-pathogen interaction in leprosy. In this chapter, we present cellular morphology and the genomic uniqueness of M. leprae, and how the pathogen shows tropism for Schwann cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Praveen Mathews Varghese
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.,School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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13
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Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML) with diverse clinical manifestations, which are strongly correlated with the host's immune response. Skin lesions may be accompanied by peripheral neural damage, leading to sensory and motor losses, as well as deformities of the hands and feet. Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved, but the disease has been classically described along a Th1/Th2 spectrum, where the Th1 pole corresponds to the most limited presentations and the Th2 to the most disseminated ones. We discuss this dichotomy in the light of current knowledge of cytokines, Th subpopulations and regulatory T cells taking part in each leprosy presentation. Leprosy reactions are associated with an increase in inflammatory activity both in limited and disseminated presentations, leading to a worsening of previous symptoms or the development of new symptoms. Despite the efforts of many research groups around the world, there is still no adequate serological test for diagnosis in endemic areas, hindering the eradication of leprosy in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Angela Bianconcini Trindade
- Departamento de Patologia, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Imunodermatologia, Universidade de São Paulo Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Goncalves R, Christensen SM, Mosser DM. Humoral immunity in leishmaniasis - Prevention or promotion of parasite growth? Cytokine X 2020; 2:100046. [PMID: 33604564 PMCID: PMC7885864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis can present as a "spectrum" of clinical outcomes. There is evidence that these divergent clinical outcomes are attributable to genetic differences in the human host [1] as well the species of infecting parasite [2]. The spectrum of disease has largely been described by defining the polar opposites of T cell immune responses. In the mouse model, a TH1 immune response is associated with low numbers of Leishmania parasites in lesions, whereas a TH2 immune response has been associated with unrestricted parasite growth. In the present work, we revisit leishmaniasis and seek to better define the clinical spectrum as a function of divergent humoral immune responses. We describe examples in human, canine, and even some murine models of leishmaniasis that reveal a direct correlation between high anti-parasite antibody responses and unrestricted parasite growth. Therefore, we propose that the spectral nature of this disease may be due to quantitative and qualitative differences in the antibodies that are produced during disease. In human visceral leishmaniasis, a decrease in anti-parasite antibody levels may actually predict disease resolution. Thus, rather than defining this disease as a simple TH1/TH2 dichotomy, we propose that clinical leishmaniasis depends on the degree of humoral immunity, with high IgG predicting parasite persistence. These observations have obvious implications for vaccine development in leishmaniasis, and they may extend to other diseases caused by intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Goncalves
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Stephen M Christensen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
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15
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Hamim N, Mariani M, Sismulyanto S. Social Care in Improving Self-Concept of Leprosy Patients. JURNAL NERS 2020. [DOI: 10.20473/jn.v15i1.6746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTIntroduction: Many infectious diseases occur in developing countries with low socioeconomic conditions. One such is leprosy. Leprosy is common in developing countries as a result of the country's limited ability to provide adequate services, including among some health workers. Such health workers are lacking knowledge and understanding of the false beliefs of leprosy and its resulting disabilities. The purpose of this research is to formulate a social care model in improving self-concept of leprosy patients in Probolinggo District.Methods: This research used explanatory research survey method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample was 56 respondents. The variables were family support, social care and self-concept. The data were collected using a questionnaire modelled on Liandi, Richard H's concept and The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale. The data were then analyzed by Partial Least Squares (PLS) to test the hypothesis and form the empirical model.Results: The results showed social care was able to improve the self-concept of leprosy patients (T=5.800, T >1.96).Conclusion: Therefore, it is expected that nurses continuously synergize in maintaining social care conditions with the community in order to improve the self-concept of leprosy patients.
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16
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Rodrigues TF, Mantellatto AMB, Superina M, Chiarello AG. Ecosystem services provided by armadillos. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1-21. [PMID: 31448491 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of the natural ecological processes provided by organisms that benefit human well-being has significantly progressed towards the goal of making conservation a mainstream value. Identifying different services and the species that provide them is a vital first step for the management and maintenance of these so-called ecosystem services. Herein, we specifically address the armadillos, which play key functional roles in terrestrial ecosystems, including as ecosystem engineers, predators, and vectors of invertebrates and nutrients, although these roles have often been overlooked. Armadillos can control pests, disperse seeds, and be effective sentinels of potential disease outbreaks or bioindicators of environmental contaminants. They also supply important material (meat, medicines) and non-material (learning, inspiration) contributions all over the Americas. We identify key gaps in the understanding of ecosystem services provided by armadillos and areas for future research required to clarify their functional role in terrestrial ecosystems and the services they supply. Such information will produce powerful arguments for armadillo conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago F Rodrigues
- Applied Ecology Program, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline M B Mantellatto
- Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Campus Sosígenes Costa, Porto Seguro, 45810-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Mariella Superina
- Laboratorio de Medicina y Endocrinología de la Fauna Silvestre, IMBECU - CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, 5500, Argentina
| | - Adriano G Chiarello
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, SP, Brazil
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Whole blood RNA signatures in leprosy patients identify reversal reactions before clinical onset: a prospective, multicenter study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17931. [PMID: 31784594 PMCID: PMC6884598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of leprosy is challenging, particularly its inflammatory reactions, the major cause of irreversible neuropathy in leprosy. Current diagnostics cannot identify which patients are at risk of developing reactions. This study assessed blood RNA expression levels as potential biomarkers for leprosy. Prospective cohorts of newly diagnosed leprosy patients, including reactions, and healthy controls were recruited in Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia and Nepal. RNA expression in 1,090 whole blood samples was determined for 103 target genes for innate and adaptive immune profiling by dual color Reverse-Transcription Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (dcRT-MLPA) followed by cluster analysis. We identified transcriptomic biomarkers associated with leprosy disease, different leprosy phenotypes as well as high exposure to Mycobacterium leprae which respectively allow improved diagnosis and classification of leprosy patients and detection of infection. Importantly, a transcriptomic signature of risk for reversal reactions consisting of five genes (CCL2, CD8A, IL2, IL15 and MARCO) was identified based on cross-sectional comparison of RNA expression. In addition, intra-individual longitudinal analyses of leprosy patients before, during and after treatment of reversal reactions, indicated that several IFN-induced genes increased significantly at onset of reaction whereas IL15 decreased. This multi-site study, situated in four leprosy endemic areas, demonstrates the potential of host transcriptomic biomarkers as correlates of risk for leprosy. Importantly, a prospective five-gene signature for reversal reactions could predict reversal reactions at least 2 weeks before onset. Thus, transcriptomic biomarkers provide promise for early detection of these acute inflammatory episodes and thereby help prevent permanent neuropathy and disability in leprosy patients.
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18
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Chavarro-Portillo B, Soto CY, Guerrero MI. Mycobacterium leprae's evolution and environmental adaptation. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105041. [PMID: 31152726 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is an ancient disease caused by the acid-fast bacillus Mycobacterium leprae, also known as Hansen's bacillus. M. leprae is an obligate intracellular microorganism with a marked Schwann cell tropism and is the only human pathogen capable of invading the superficial peripheral nerves. The transmission mechanism of M. leprae is not fully understood; however, the nasal mucosa is accepted as main route of M. leprae entry to the human host. The complete sequencing and the comparative genome analysis show that M. leprae underwent a genome reductive evolution process, as result of lifestyle change and adaptation to different environments; some of lost genes are homologous to those of host cells. Thus, M. leprae reduced its genome size to 3.3 Mbp, contributing to obtain the lowest GC content (approximately 58%) among mycobacteria. The M. leprae genome contains 1614 open reading frames coding for functional proteins, and 1310 pseudogenes corresponding to 41% of the genome, approximately. Comparative analyses to different microorganisms showed that M. leprae possesses the highest content of pseudogenes among pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria and archaea. The pathogen adaptation into host cells, as the Schwann cells, brought about the reduction of the genome and induced multiple gene inactivation. The present review highlights the characteristics of genome's reductive evolution that M. leprae experiences in the genetic aspects compared with other pathogens. The possible mechanisms of pseudogenes formation are discussed.
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Cambri G, Mira MT. Genetic Susceptibility to Leprosy-From Classic Immune-Related Candidate Genes to Hypothesis-Free, Whole Genome Approaches. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1674. [PMID: 30079069 PMCID: PMC6062607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics plays a crucial role in controlling susceptibility to infectious diseases by modulating the interplay between humans and pathogens. This is particularly evident in leprosy, since the etiological agent, Mycobacterium leprae, displays semiclonal characteristics not compatible with the wide spectrum of disease phenotypes. Over the past decades, genetic studies have unraveled several gene variants as risk factors for leprosy per se, disease clinical forms and the occurrence of leprosy reactions. As expected, several of these genes are immune-related; yet, hypothesis-free approaches have led to genes not classically linked to immune response. The PARK2, originally described as a Parkinson's disease gene, illustrates the case: Parkin-the protein coded by PARK2-was defined as an important player regulating innate and adaptive immune responses only years after its description as a leprosy susceptibility gene. Interestingly, even with the use of powerful hypothesis-free study designs such as genome-wide association studies, most of the major gene effect controlling leprosy susceptibility remains elusive. One hypothesis to explain this "hidden heritability" is that rare variants not captured by classic association studies are of critical importance. To address this question, massively parallel sequencing of large segments of the human genome-even whole exomes/genomes-is an alternative to properly identify rare, disease-causing mutations. These mutations may then be investigated through sophisticated approaches such as cell reprogramming and genome editing applied to create in vitro models for functional leprosy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geison Cambri
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Távora Mira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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20
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Cardona-Pemberthy V, Rendón M, Beltrán JC, Soto-Ospina A, Muñoz-Gomez A, Araque-Marín P, Corredor M, Bedoya G, Cardona-Castro N. Genetic variants, structural, and functional changes of Myelin Protein Zero and Mannose-Binding Lectin 2 protein involved in immune response and its allelic transmission in families of patients with leprosy in Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 61:215-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Geluk A. Correlates of immune exacerbations in leprosy. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:111-118. [PMID: 29950273 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is still a considerable health threat in pockets of several low and middle income countries worldwide where intense transmission is witnessed, and often results in irreversible disabilities and deformities due to delayed- or misdiagnosis. Early detection of leprosy represents a substantial hurdle in present-day leprosy health care. The dearth of timely diagnosis has, however, particularly severe consequences in the case of inflammatory episodes, designated leprosy reactions, which represent the major cause of leprosy-associated irreversible neuropathy. There is currently no accurate, routine diagnostic test to reliably detect leprosy reactions, or to predict which patients will develop these immunological exacerbations. Identification of host biomarkers for leprosy reactions, particularly if correlating with early onset prior to development of clinical symptoms, will allow timely interventions that contribute to decreased morbidity. Development of a point-of-care (POC) test based on such correlates would be a definite game changer in leprosy health care. In this review, proteomic-, transcriptomic and metabolomic research strategies aiming at identification of host biomarker-based correlates of leprosy reactions are discussed, next to external factors associated with occurrence of these episodes. The vast diversity in research strategies combined with the variability in patient- and control cohorts argues for harmonisation of biomarker discovery studies with geographically overarching study sites. This will improve identification of specific correlates associated with risk of these damaging inflammatory episodes in leprosy and subsequent application to rapid field tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Geluk
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, LUMC, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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22
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Wang D, Fan Y, Malhi M, Bi R, Wu Y, Xu M, Yu XF, Long H, Li YY, Zhang DF, Yao YG. Missense Variants in HIF1A and LACC1 Contribute to Leprosy Risk in Han Chinese. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:794-805. [PMID: 29706348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and genome-wide linkage studies (GWLSs) have identified numerous risk genes affecting the susceptibility to leprosy. However, most of the reported GWAS hits are noncoding variants and account for only part of the estimated heritability for this disease. In order to identify additional risk genes and map the potentially functional variants within the GWAS loci, we performed a three-stage study combining whole-exome sequencing (WES; discovery stage), targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS; screening stage), and refined validation of risk missense variants in 1,433 individuals with leprosy and 1,625 healthy control individuals from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. We identified and validated a rare damaging variant, rs142179458 (c.1045G>A [p.Asp349Asn]) in HIF1A, as contributing to leprosy risk (p = 4.95 × 10-9, odds ratio [OR] = 2.266). We were able to show that affected individuals harboring the risk allele presented with multibacillary leprosy at an earlier age (p = 0.025). We also confirmed the association between missense variant rs3764147 (c.760A>G [p.Ile254Val]) in the GWAS hit LACC1 (formerly C13orf31) and leprosy (p = 6.11 × 10-18, OR = 1.605). By using the population attributable fraction, we have shown that HIF1A and LACC1 are the major genes with missense variants contributing to leprosy risk in our study groups. Consistently, mRNA expression levels of both HIF1A and LACC1 were upregulated in the skin lesions of individuals with leprosy and in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated cells, indicating an active role of HIF1A and LACC1 in leprosy pathogenesis.
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Liu H, Wang Z, Li Y, Yu G, Fu X, Wang C, Liu W, Yu Y, Bao F, Irwanto A, Liu J, Chu T, Andiappan AK, Maurer-Stroh S, Limviphuvadh V, Wang H, Mi Z, Sun Y, Sun L, Wang L, Wang C, You J, Li J, Foo JN, Liany H, Meah WY, Niu G, Yue Z, Zhao Q, Wang N, Yu M, Yu W, Cheng X, Khor CC, Sim KS, Aung T, Wang N, Wang D, Shi L, Ning Y, Zheng Z, Yang R, Li J, Yang J, Yan L, Shen J, Zhang G, Chen S, Liu J, Zhang F. Genome-Wide Analysis of Protein-Coding Variants in Leprosy. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2544-2551. [PMID: 28842327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the contribution of common noncoding variants to leprosy susceptibility, protein-coding variants have not been systematically investigated. We carried out a three-stage genome-wide association study of protein-coding variants in Han Chinese, of whom were 7,048 leprosy patients and 14,398 were healthy control subjects. Seven coding variants of exome-wide significance were discovered, including two rare variants: rs145562243 in NCKIPSD (P = 1.71 × 10-9, odds ratio [OR] = 4.35) and rs149308743 in CARD9 (P = 2.09 × 10-8, OR = 4.75); three low-frequency variants: rs76418789 in IL23R (P = 1.03 × 10-10, OR = 1.36), rs146466242 in FLG (P = 3.39 × 10-12, OR = 1.45), and rs55882956 in TYK2 (P = 1.04 × 10-6, OR = 1.30); and two common variants: rs780668 in SLC29A3 (P = 2.17 × 10-9, OR = 1.14) and rs181206 in IL27 (P = 1.08 × 10-7, OR = 0.83). Discovered protein-coding variants, particularly low-frequency and rare ones, showed involvement of skin barrier and endocytosis/phagocytosis/autophagy, in addition to known innate and adaptive immunity, in the pathogenesis of leprosy, highlighting the merits of protein-coding variant studies for complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore; Computational Sciences, The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Gongqi Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Xi'an Fu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Yongxiang Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fangfang Bao
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Astrid Irwanto
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Jian Liu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tongsheng Chu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Biomolecular Function Discovery Division, Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Honglei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Yonghu Sun
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Lele Sun
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Chaolong Wang
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Jiabao You
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Herty Liany
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Wee Yang Meah
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Guiye Niu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenhua Yue
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Na Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meiwen Yu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; School of Medicine and Life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiujun Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Kar Seng Sim
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Glaucoma Department, Singapore
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Ning
- Sichuan Provincial Institute of Dermatology, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongyi Zheng
- Honghe Institute of Dermatology, Honghe, Yunnan, China
| | - Rongde Yang
- Wenshan Institute of Dermatology, Wenshan, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinlan Li
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yunnan, China
| | - Liangbin Yan
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianping Shen
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Guocheng Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Shumin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; School of Medicine and Life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; National Clinical Key Project of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, China.
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25
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Andrade FA, Beltrame MH, Bini VB, Gonçalves LB, Boldt ABW, de Messias-Reason IJ. Association of a new FCN3 haplotype with high ficolin-3 levels in leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005409. [PMID: 28241035 PMCID: PMC5344521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin and peripheral nervous system, leading to a high disability rate and social stigma. Previous studies have shown a contribution of genes encoding products of the lectin pathway of complement in the modulation of the susceptibility to leprosy; however, the ficolin-3/FCN3 gene impact on leprosy is currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate if FCN3 polymorphisms (rs532781899: g.1637delC, rs28362807: g.3524_3532insTATTTGGCC and rs4494157: g.4473C>A) and ficolin-3 serum levels play a role in the susceptibility to leprosy. We genotyped up to 190 leprosy patients (being 114 (60%) lepromatous), and up to 245 controls with sequence-specific PCR. We also measured protein levels using ELISA in 61 leprosy and 73 controls. FCN3 polymorphisms were not associated with disease, but ficolin-3 levels were higher in patients with FCN3 *2B1 (CinsA) haplotype (p = 0.032). Median concentration of ficolin-3 was higher in leprosy per se (26034 ng/mL, p = 0.005) and lepromatous patients (28295 ng/mL, p = 0.016) than controls (18231 ng/mL). In addition, high ficolin-3 levels (>33362 ng/mL) were more common in leprosy per se (34.4%) and in lepromatous patients (35.5%) than controls (19.2%; p = 0.045 and p = 0.047, respectively). Our results lead us to suggest that polymorphisms in the FCN3 gene cooperate to increase ficolin-3 concentration and that it might contribute to leprosy susceptibility by favoring M. leprae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Antunes Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, HC/UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, HC/UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Valéria Bumiller Bini
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, HC/UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Iara Jose de Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, HC/UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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26
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Fonseca ABDL, Simon MDV, Cazzaniga RA, de Moura TR, de Almeida RP, Duthie MS, Reed SG, de Jesus AR. The influence of innate and adaptative immune responses on the differential clinical outcomes of leprosy. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:5. [PMID: 28162092 PMCID: PMC5292790 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. According to official reports from 121 countries across five WHO regions, there were 213 899 newly diagnosed cases in 2014. Although leprosy affects the skin and peripheral nerves, it can present across a spectrum of clinical and histopathological forms that are strongly influenced by the immune response of the infected individuals. These forms comprise the extremes of tuberculoid leprosy (TT), with a M. leprae-specific Th1, but also a Th17, response that limits M. leprae multiplication, through to lepromatous leprosy (LL), with M. leprae-specific Th2 and T regulatory responses that do not control M. leprae replication but rather allow bacterial dissemination. The interpolar borderline clinical forms present with similar, but less extreme, immune biases. Acute inflammatory episodes, known as leprosy reactions, are complications that may occur before, during or after treatment, and cause further neurological damages that can cause irreversible chronic disabilities. This review discusses the innate and adaptive immune responses, and their interactions, that are known to affect pathogenesis and influence the clinical outcome of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Barbosa de Lima Fonseca
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marise do Vale Simon
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Anselmo Cazzaniga
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rodrigues de Moura
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, CNPq, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amelia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil. .,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia, CNPq, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Singh PK, van den Berg PR, Long MD, Vreugdenhil A, Grieshober L, Ochs-Balcom HM, Wang J, Delcambre S, Heikkinen S, Carlberg C, Campbell MJ, Sucheston-Campbell LE. Integration of VDR genome wide binding and GWAS genetic variation data reveals co-occurrence of VDR and NF-κB binding that is linked to immune phenotypes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:132. [PMID: 28166722 PMCID: PMC5294817 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The nuclear hormone receptor superfamily acts as a genomic sensor of diverse signals. Their actions are often intertwined with other transcription factors. Nuclear hormone receptors are targets for many therapeutic drugs, and include the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR signaling is pleotropic, being implicated in calcaemic function, antibacterial actions, growth control, immunomodulation and anti-cancer actions. Specifically, we hypothesized that the biologically significant relationships between the VDR transcriptome and phenotype-associated biology could be discovered by integrating the known VDR transcription factor binding sites and all published trait- and disease-associated SNPs. By integrating VDR genome-wide binding data (ChIP-seq) with the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) GWAS catalog of SNPs we would see where and which target gene interactions and pathways are impacted by inherited genetic variation in VDR binding sites, indicating which of VDR’s multiple functions are most biologically significant. Results To examine how genetic variation impacts VDR function we overlapped 23,409 VDR genomic binding peaks from six VDR ChIP-seq datasets with 191,482 SNPs, derived from GWAS-significant SNPs (Lead SNPs) and their correlated variants (r2 > 0.8) from HapMap3 and the 1000 genomes project. In total, 574 SNPs (71 Lead and 503 SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with Lead SNPs) were present at VDR binding loci and associated with 211 phenotypes. For each phenotype a hypergeometric test was used to determine if SNPs were enriched at VDR binding sites. Bonferroni correction for multiple testing across the 211 phenotypes yielded 42 SNPs that were either disease- or phenotype-associated with seven predominately immune related including self-reported allergy; esophageal cancer was the only cancer phenotype. Motif analyses revealed that only two of these 42 SNPs reside within a canonical VDR binding site (DR3 motif), and that 1/3 of the 42 SNPs significantly impacted binding and gene regulation by other transcription factors, including NF-κB. This suggests a plausible link for the potential cross-talk between VDR and NF-κB. Conclusions These analyses showed that VDR peaks are enriched for SNPs associated with immune phenotypes suggesting that VDR immunomodulatory functions are amongst its most important actions. The enrichment of genetic variation in non-DR3 motifs suggests a significant role for the VDR to bind in multimeric complexes containing other transcription factors that are the primary DNA binding component. Our work provides a framework for the combination of ChIP-seq and GWAS findings to provide insight into the underlying phenotype-associated biology of a given transcription factor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3481-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | | | - Mark D Long
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Angie Vreugdenhil
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Laurie Grieshober
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Heather M Ochs-Balcom
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Sylvie Delcambre
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 536 Parks Hall, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Lara E Sucheston-Campbell
- Division of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, 604 Riffe Building, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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28
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Jindal A, Prabhu SS, Shenoi SD, Pai K, Nayak S. Conjugal leprosy: is there a need for active surveillance in endemic areas? Trop Doct 2017; 47:236-239. [PMID: 28073313 DOI: 10.1177/0049475516686541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Jindal
- 1 Junior Resident, Department of Dermatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Smitha S Prabhu
- 2 Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shrutakirthi D Shenoi
- 3 Professor, Department of Dermatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kanthilatha Pai
- 4 Professor, Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sudhir Nayak
- 5 Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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29
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Aguilar-Medina M, Escamilla-Tilch M, Frías-Castro LO, Romero-Quintana G, Estrada-García I, Estrada-Parra S, Granados J, Arambula Meraz E, Sánchez-Schmitz G, Khader SA, Rangel-Moreno J, Ramos-Payán R. HLA Alleles are Genetic Markers for Susceptibility and Resistance towards Leprosy in a Mexican Mestizo Population. Ann Hum Genet 2016; 81:35-40. [PMID: 28025823 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the use of multidrug therapy, leprosy remains endemic in some countries. The association of several human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and gene polymorphisms with leprosy has been demonstrated in many populations, but the major immune contributors associated to the spectrum of leprosy have not been defined yet. In this study, genotyping of HLA-A, -B, -DR, and -DQ alleles was performed in leprosy patients (n = 113) and control subjects (n = 117) from the region with the highest incidence for the disease in México. The odds of developing leprosy and lepromatous subtype were 2.12- and 2.74-fold higher in carriers of HLA-A*28, and 2.48- and 4.14-fold higher for leprosy and dimorphic subtype in carriers of DQB1*06. Interestingly, DQB1*07 was overrepresented in healthy individuals, compared to patients with leprosy (OR = 0.08) and the lepromatous subtype (OR = 0.06). These results suggest that HLA-A*28 is a marker for predisposition to leprosy and the lepromatous subtype and DQB1*06 to leprosy and the dimorphic subtype, while DQB1*07 might be a resistance marker in this Mestizo population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Monica Escamilla-Tilch
- Division of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Geovanni Romero-Quintana
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Science, National Polytechnic Institute, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Science, National Polytechnic Institute, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Julio Granados
- Division of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Eliakym Arambula Meraz
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Guzman Sánchez-Schmitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rosalío Ramos-Payán
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
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Common variants in the PARL and PINK1 genes increase the risk to leprosy in Han Chinese from South China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37086. [PMID: 27876828 PMCID: PMC5120299 DOI: 10.1038/srep37086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious and neurological disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an unculturable pathogen with massive genomic decay and dependence on host metabolism. We hypothesized that mitochondrial genes PARL and PINK1 would confer risk to leprosy. Thirteen tag SNPs of PARL and PINK1 were analyzed in 3620 individuals with or without leprosy from China. We also sequenced the entire exons of PARL, PINK1 and PARK2 in 80 patients with a family history of leprosy by using the next generation sequencing technology (NGS). We found that PARL SNP rs12631031 conferred a risk to leprosy (Padjusted = 0.019) and multibacillary leprosy (MB, Padjusted = 0.020) at the allelic level. rs12631031 and rs7653061 in PARL were associated with leprosy and MB (dominant model, Padjusted < 0.05) at the genotypic level. PINK1 SNP rs4704 was associated with leprosy at the genotypic level (Padjusted = 0.004). We confirmed that common variants in PARL and PINK1 were associated with leprosy in patients underwent NGS. Furthermore, PARL and PINK1 could physically interact with each other and were involved in the highly connected network formed by reported leprosy susceptibility genes. Together, our results showed that PARL and PINK1 genetic variants are associated with leprosy.
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Genetic variants of the MAVS, MITA and MFN2 genes are not associated with leprosy in Han Chinese from Southwest China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Li GD, Wang D, Zhang DF, Xiang Q, Feng JQ, Li XA, Li YY, Yao YG. Fine mapping of the GWAS loci identifies SLC35D1 and IL23R as potential risk genes for leprosy. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:322-329. [PMID: 27712858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified two new leprosy associated loci (1p31.3 [rs3762318] and 6q24.3 [rs2275606]). However, there were insufficient validations in independent populations. OBJECTIVE To validate the association and to map the potentially causal variants/genes underlying the association between the confirmed GWAS hit and leprosy. METHODS We genotyped 10 variants in the regions encompassing the two loci in 1110 Han Chinese subjects with and without leprosy, followed by expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), mRNA expression profiling, and network analysis. We further sequenced the exon region of four genes that were located in the confirmed GWAS hit region in 80 leprosy patients and 99 individuals without leprosy. RESULTS We validated the positive association of rs3762318 with multibacillary leprosy (P=7.5×10-4), whereas the association of rs2275606 could not be validated. eQTL analysis showed that both the GWAS locus rs3762318 and one surrounding positively associated SNP rs2144658 (P=1.8×10-3) significantly affected the mRNA expression of a nearby gene SLC35D1, which might be involved in metabolism. Moreover, SLC35D1 was differentially expressed in skin tissues of leprosy patients, and the differential expression pattern was consistent among leprosy subtypes. Rare damaging missense variants in IL23R were significantly enriched in leprosy patients. CONCLUSION Our results supported the positive association between the GWAS reported rs3762318 and leprosy, and SLC35D1 and IL23R might be the causal genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Qun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Jia-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Xiao-An Li
- Yuxi City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi, Yunnan 653100, China
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
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Scollard DM. Infection with Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:500-501. [PMID: 27430540 PMCID: PMC5014247 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Gaschignard J, Grant AV, Thuc NV, Orlova M, Cobat A, Huong NT, Ba NN, Thai VH, Abel L, Schurr E, Alcaïs A. Pauci- and Multibacillary Leprosy: Two Distinct, Genetically Neglected Diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004345. [PMID: 27219008 PMCID: PMC4878860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After sustained exposure to Mycobacterium leprae, only a subset of exposed individuals develops clinical leprosy. Moreover, leprosy patients show a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that extend from the paucibacillary (PB) to the multibacillary (MB) form of the disease. This "polarization" of leprosy has long been a major focus of investigation for immunologists because of the different immune response in these two forms. But while leprosy per se has been shown to be under tight human genetic control, few epidemiological or genetic studies have focused on leprosy subtypes. Using PubMed, we collected available data in English on the epidemiology of leprosy polarization and the possible role of human genetics in its pathophysiology until September 2015. At the genetic level, we assembled a list of 28 genes from the literature that are associated with leprosy subtypes or implicated in the polarization process. Our bibliographical search revealed that improved study designs are needed to identify genes associated with leprosy polarization. Future investigations should not be restricted to a subanalysis of leprosy per se studies but should instead contrast MB to PB individuals. We show the latter approach to be the most powerful design for the identification of genetic polarization determinants. Finally, we bring to light the important resource represented by the nine-banded armadillo model, a unique animal model for leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Gaschignard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Audrey Virginia Grant
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- Unité de Génétique fonctionnelle des maladies infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, EU
| | | | - Marianna Orlova
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | | | - Nguyen Ngoc Ba
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venerology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The McGill International TB Centre, Departments of Human Genetics and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM, Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU
- URC, CIC, Necker and Cochin Hospitals, Paris, France, EU
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Scollard DM, Dacso MM, Abad-Venida ML. Tuberculosis and Leprosy: Classical Granulomatous Diseases in the Twenty-First Century. Dermatol Clin 2016; 33:541-62. [PMID: 26143431 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy and tuberculosis are chronic mycobacterial infections that elicit granulomatous inflammation. Both infections are curable, but granulomatous injury to cutaneous structures, including cutaneous nerves in leprosy, may cause permanent damage. Both diseases are major global concerns: tuberculosis for its high prevalence and mortality, and leprosy for its persistent global presence and high rate of neuropathic disability. Cutaneous manifestations of both leprosy and tuberculosis are frequently subtle and challenging in dermatologic practice and often require a careful travel and social history and a high index of suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Scollard
- National Hansen's Disease Programs, 1770 Physician Park Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70816, USA.
| | - Mara M Dacso
- Center for Dermatology and Cosmetic Laser Surgery, 5026 Tennyson Parkway, Plano, TX 75024, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9069, USA
| | - Ma Luisa Abad-Venida
- Department of Dermatology, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Rizal Avenue, Manila 1008, Philippines
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Brochado MJF, Gatti MFC, Zago MA, Roselino AM. Association of the solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to leprosy in a Brazilian sample. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:101-5. [PMID: 26814595 PMCID: PMC4750449 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1/solute carrier family 11 member 1
gene (Nramp1/Slc11a1) is a gene that controls the susceptibility of
inbred mice to intracellular pathogens. Polymorphisms in the human
Slc11a1/Nramp1 gene have been associated with host susceptibility
to leprosy. This study has evaluated nine polymorphisms of the
Slc11a1/Nramp1 gene [(GT)n, 274C/T, 469+14G/C, 577-18G/A, 823C/T,
1029 C/T, 1465-85G/A, 1703G/A, and 1729+55del4] in 86 leprosy patients (67 and 19
patients had the multibacillary and the paucibacillary clinical forms of the disease,
respectively), and 239 healthy controls matched by age, gender, and ethnicity. The
frequency of allele 2 of the (GT)n polymorphism was higher in leprosy patients [p =
0.04, odds ratio (OR) = 1.49], whereas the frequency of allele 3 was higher in the
control group (p = 0.03; OR = 0.66). Patients carrying the 274T allele (p
= 0.04; OR = 1.49) and TT homozygosis (p = 0.02; OR = 2.46), such
as the 469+14C allele (p = 0.03; OR = 1.53) of the 274C/T and 469+14G/C
polymorphisms, respectively, were more frequent in the leprosy group. The leprosy and
control groups had similar frequency of the 577-18G/A, 823C/T, 1029C/T, 1465-85G/A,
1703G/A, and 1729+55del4 polymorphisms. The 274C/T polymorphism in exon 3 and the
469+14G/C polymorphism in intron 4 were associated with susceptibility to leprosy,
while the allele 2 and 3 of the (GT)n polymorphism in the promoter region were
associated with susceptibility and protection to leprosy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Franco Brochado
- Hospital Universitário, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Fernanda Chociay Gatti
- Hospital Universitário, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Marco Antônio Zago
- Hospital Universitário, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Roselino
- Hospital Universitário, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Zhang DF, Wang D, Li YY, Yao YG. Integrative analyses of leprosy susceptibility genes indicate a common autoimmune profile. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 82:18-27. [PMID: 26805555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is an ancient chronic infection in the skin and peripheral nerves caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The development of leprosy depends on genetic background and the immune status of the host. However, there is no systematic view focusing on the biological pathways, interaction networks and overall expression pattern of leprosy-related immune and genetic factors. OBJECTIVES To identify the hub genes in the center of leprosy genetic network and to provide an insight into immune and genetic factors contributing to leprosy. METHODS We retrieved all reported leprosy-related genes and performed integrative analyses covering gene expression profiling, pathway analysis, protein-protein interaction network, and evolutionary analyses. RESULTS A list of 123 differentially expressed leprosy related genes, which were enriched in activation and regulation of immune response, was obtained in our analyses. Cross-disorder analysis showed that the list of leprosy susceptibility genes was largely shared by typical autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus and arthritis, suggesting that similar pathways might be affected in leprosy and autoimmune diseases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and positive selection analyses revealed a co-evolution network of leprosy risk genes. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses showed that leprosy associated genes constituted a co-evolution network and might undergo positive selection driven by M. leprae. We suggested that leprosy may be a kind of autoimmune disease and the development of leprosy is a matter of defect or over-activation of body immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
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Kubanov AA, Karamova AE, Vorontsova AA, Kalinina PA. Experimental models of leprosy. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2015. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2015-91-6-17-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) is a chronic granulomatous bacterial disease which mainly affects skin and peripheral nervous system. Leprosy is caused by the obligate intercellular pathogen known as Mycobacterium leprae. Creating experimental models of leprosy is associated with serious problems due to biological characteristics of the pathogen. Numerous attempts to develop experimental models on different types of animals resulted in a few reproducible models on mice and nine-banded armadillos. Strains of knockout mice with genetic defects caused by site-directed mutagenesis are used as a basis for different leprosy models. Experimental models of leprosy are used for screening of anti-leprosy drugs, detection of drug resistance, studies on the pathogenesis of leprosy, production and evaluation of viability of M. leprae, developing of anti-leprosy vaccines.
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Shah JA, Berrington WR, Vary JC, Wells RD, Peterson GJ, Kunwar CB, Khadge S, Hagge DA, Hawn TR. Genetic Variation in Toll-Interacting Protein Is Associated With Leprosy Susceptibility and Cutaneous Expression of Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1189-97. [PMID: 26610735 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic disease characterized by skin and peripheral nerve pathology and immune responses that fail to control Mycobacterium leprae. Toll-interacting protein (TOLLIP) regulates Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling against mycobacteria. We analyzed messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of candidate immune genes in skin biopsy specimens from 85 individuals with leprosy. TOLLIP mRNA was highly and specifically correlated with IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra). In a case-control gene-association study with 477 cases and 1021 controls in Nepal, TOLLIP single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3793964 TT genotype was associated with increased susceptibility to leprosy (recessive, P = 1.4 × 10(-3)) and with increased skin expression of TOLLIP and IL-1Ra. Stimulation of TOLLIP-deficient monocytes with M. leprae produced significantly less IL-1Ra (P < .001), compared with control. These data suggest that M. leprae upregulates IL-1Ra by a TOLLIP-dependent mechanism. Inhibition of TOLLIP may decrease an individual's susceptibility to leprosy and offer a novel therapeutic target for IL-1-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javeed A Shah
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - James C Vary
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington Puget Sound VA Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard D Wells
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Chhatra B Kunwar
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Saraswoti Khadge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Deanna A Hagge
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Anandaban Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: Expected-and unexpected-developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 34:96-104. [PMID: 26773629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and complex segregation analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several HLA and non-HLA gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms, and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as genome-wide association studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's disease. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing-that allows, for the first time, the cost- and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome-hold the promise to reveal such variants; thus, strategies can be developed to study the functional impact of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Pinto P, Salgado C, Santos NPC, Santos S, Ribeiro-dos-Santos Â. Influence of Genetic Ancestry on INDEL Markers of NFKβ1, CASP8, PAR1, IL4 and CYP19A1 Genes in Leprosy Patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004050. [PMID: 26367014 PMCID: PMC4569399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is an insidious infectious disease caused by the obligate intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, and host genetic factors can modulate the immune response and generate distinct categories of leprosy susceptibility that are also influenced by genetic ancestry. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the possible effects of CYP19A1 [rs11575899], NFKβ1 [rs28362491], IL1α [rs3783553], CASP8 [rs3834129], UGT1A1 [rs8175347], PAR1 [rs11267092], CYP2E1 [INDEL 96pb] and IL4 [rs79071878] genes in a group of 141 leprosy patients and 180 healthy individuals. The INDELs were typed by PCR Multiplex in ABI PRISM 3130 and analyzed with GeneMapper ID v3.2. The NFKβ1, CASP8, PAR1 and IL4 INDELs were associated with leprosy susceptibility, while NFKβ1, CASP8, PAR1 and CYP19A1 were associated with the MB (Multibacilary) clinical form of leprosy. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE NFKβ1 [rs28362491], CASP8 [rs3834129], PAR1 [rs11267092] and IL4 [rs79071878] genes are potential markers for susceptibility to leprosy development, while the INDELs in NFKβ1, CASP8, PAR1 and CYP19A1 (rs11575899) are potential markers for the severe clinical form MB. Moreover, all of these markers are influenced by genetic ancestry, and European contribution increases the risk to leprosy development, in other hand an increase in African contribution generates protection against leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia - NPO, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Claudio Salgado
- Laboratório de Dermatoimunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | | | - Sidney Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia - NPO, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia - NPO, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brasil
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Cardona-Castro N, Cortés E, Beltrán C, Romero M, Badel-Mogollón JE, Bedoya G. Human Genetic Ancestral Composition Correlates with the Origin of Mycobacterium leprae Strains in a Leprosy Endemic Population. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004045. [PMID: 26360617 PMCID: PMC4567314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have suggested that leprosy originated in Africa, extended to Asia and Europe, and arrived in the Americas during European colonization and the African slave trade. Due to colonization, the contemporary Colombian population is an admixture of Native-American, European and African ancestries. Because microorganisms are known to accompany humans during migrations, patterns of human migration can be traced by examining genomic changes in associated microbes. The current study analyzed 118 leprosy cases and 116 unrelated controls from two Colombian regions endemic for leprosy (Atlantic and Andean) in order to determine possible associations of leprosy with patient ancestral background (determined using 36 ancestry informative markers), Mycobacterium leprae genotype and/or patient geographical origin. We found significant differences between ancestral genetic composition. European components were predominant in Andean populations. In contrast, African components were higher in the Atlantic region. M. leprae genotypes were then analyzed for cluster associations and compared with the ancestral composition of leprosy patients. Two M. leprae principal clusters were found: haplotypes C54 and T45. Haplotype C54 associated with African origin and was more frequent in patients from the Atlantic region with a high African component. In contrast, haplotype T45 associated with European origin and was more frequent in Andean patients with a higher European component. These results suggest that the human and M. leprae genomes have co-existed since the African and European origins of the disease, with leprosy ultimately arriving in Colombia during colonization. Distinct M. leprae strains followed European and African settlement in the country and can be detected in contemporary Colombian populations. Contemporary Colombian population is an admixture of three ancestries: Native-American, European and African. Genetic studies of human ancestry have found associations with disease, likely due to the fact that microorganisms have accompanied humans during migrations. Taking these facts into account, we studied the effect of human ancestry, Mycobacterium leprae genotype and the geographical origin of our study population, on leprosy. We found correlations between ancestral composition and M. leprae genotype: an African component is higher in the Atlantic region and a European component is higher in Andean populations (p<0.05). An interesting connection was found between the ancestral composition and two principal types of M. leprae isolates: type C54 (of African origin) was more frequent in Atlantic region populations, and type T45 (of European origin) was more frequent in the Andean region, suggesting that human and bacterial genomes have co-existed since leprosy’s origins and that leprosy has circulated with human migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Cardona-Castro
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical—Universidad CES, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| | - Edwin Cortés
- Grupo GENMOL, Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Camilo Beltrán
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical—Universidad CES, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Marcela Romero
- Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical—Universidad CES, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
| | | | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Grupo GENMOL, Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Xiang YL, Zhang DF, Wang D, Li YY, Yao YG. Common variants of OPA1 conferring genetic susceptibility to leprosy in Han Chinese from Southwest China. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 80:133-41. [PMID: 26360011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is an ancient chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Onset of leprosy was highly affected by host nutritional condition and energy production, (partially) due to genomic loss and parasitic life style of M. leprae. The optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) gene plays an essential role in mitochondria, which function in cellular energy supply and innate immunity. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential involvement of OPA1 in leprosy. METHODS We analyzed 7 common genetic variants of OPA1 in 1110 Han Chinese subjects with and without leprosy, followed by mRNA expression profiling and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. RESULTS We observed positive associations between OPA1 variants rs9838374 (Pgenotypic=0.003) and rs414237 (Pgenotypic=0.002) with lepromatous leprosy. expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis showed that the leprosy-related risk allele C of rs414237 is correlated with lower OPA1 mRNA expression level. Indeed, we identified a decrease of OPA1 mRNA expression in both with patients and cellular model of leprosy. In addition, the PPI analysis showed that OPA1 protein was actively involved in the interaction network of M. leprae induced differentially expressed genes. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that OPA1 variants confer risk of leprosy and may affect OPA1 expression, mitochondrial function and antimicrobial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Lin Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650201, China.
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Abstract
Leprosy, caused by noncultivable Mycobacterium leprae (ML), has varied manifestations, which are associated with the host immune responses. The dermal involvement is accompanied by peripheral nerve damage, which leads to sensory motor loss and deformities. Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved. The main cell to be compromised is the CD4 + T helper cell, which shows antigen specific unresponsiveness to only ML and not to other common antigens in the bacilliferous generalized lepromatous form of the disease. In contrast, the paucibacillary localized tuberculoid form shows appropriate T cell functions and poor antibody response. The dichotomy between T cell functions and antibodies are discussed against the current information on cytokines, Th subsets, and regulatory T cells. During lepromatous reactions, there is a temporary, heightened T cell immunity, even in lepromatous subjects. The dermal lesions confirm many features observed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and give additional information on local immune responses. Nerve damage involves both immune and nonimmune mechanisms. Leprosy is a model disease for understanding host immune responses to intracellular bacilli. There are challenges in diagnosing early leprosy. In spite of intensive efforts by many groups, consensus on a universal test suitable for endemic areas is awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Nath
- Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India.
| | - Chaman Saini
- Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: expected and unexpected developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33:99-107. [PMID: 25432815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and Complex Segregation Analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several leukocyte antigen complex and nonleukocyte antigen complex gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as Genome-Wide Association Studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's diseases. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing that allows, for the first time, the cost and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome, hold the promise to reveal such variants. Strategies can be developed to study the functional effect of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Association of TNF-α-308(GG), IL-10−819(TT), IL-10−1082(GG) and IL-1R1+1970(CC) genotypes with the susceptibility and progression of leprosy in North Indian population. Cytokine 2015; 73:61-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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47
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First genetic evidence of leprosy in early medieval Austria. Wien Med Wochenschr 2015; 165:126-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Vick GL, Tillman EA, Fiala KH. Leprosy in a Texan. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2015; 28:231-2. [DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2015.11929241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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49
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Juarez-Ortega M, Hernandez VG, Arce-Paredes P, Villanueva EB, Aguilar-Santelises M, Rojas-Espinosa O. Induction and treatment of anergy in murine leprosy. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 96:31-41. [PMID: 25529580 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease consisting of a spectrum of clinical, bacteriological, histopathological and immunological manifestations. Tuberculoid leprosy is frequently recognized as the benign polar form of the disease, while lepromatous leprosy is regarded as the malignant form. The different forms of leprosy depend on the genetic and immunological characteristics of the patient and on the characteristics of the leprosy bacillus. The malignant manifestations of lepromatous leprosy result from the mycobacterial-specific anergy that develops in this form of the disease. Using murine leprosy as a model of anergy in this study, we first induced the development of anergy to Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) in mice and then attempted to reverse it by the administration of dialysable leucocyte extracts (DLE) prepared from healthy (HLT), BCG-inoculated and MLM-inoculated mice. Mice inoculated with either MLM or BCG developed a robust cell-mediated immune response (CMI) that was temporary in the MLM-inoculated group and long-lasting in the BCG-inoculated group. DLE were prepared from the spleens of MLM- and BCG-inoculated mice at the peak of CMI. Independent MLM intradermally-inoculated groups were treated every other day with HLT-DLE, BCG-DLE or MLM-DLE, and the effect was documented for 98 days. DLE administered at a dose of 1.0 U (1 × 10(6) splenocytes) did not affect the evolution of leprosy, while DLE given at a dose of 0.1 U showed beneficial effects regardless of the DLE source. The dose but not the specificity of DLE was the determining factor for reversing anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Juarez-Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
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Wang D, Xu L, Lv L, Su LY, Fan Y, Zhang DF, Bi R, Yu D, Zhang W, Li XA, Li YY, Yao YG. Association of the LRRK2 genetic polymorphisms with leprosy in Han Chinese from Southwest China. Genes Immun 2014; 16:112-9. [PMID: 25521227 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious and neurological disease that is caused by infection of Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). A recent genome-wide association study indicated a suggestive association of LRRK2 genetic variant rs1873613 with leprosy in Chinese population. To validate this association and further identify potential causal variants of LRRK2 with leprosy, we genotyped 13 LRRK2 variants in 548 leprosy patients and 1078 healthy individuals from Yunnan Province and (re-)analyzed 3225 Han Chinese across China. Variants rs1427267, rs3761863, rs1873613, rs732374 and rs7298930 were significantly associated with leprosy per se and/or paucibacillary leprosy (PB). Haplotype A-G-A-C-A was significantly associated with leprosy per se (P=0.018) and PB (P=0.020). Overexpression of the protective allele (Thr2397) of rs3761863 in HEK293 cells led to a significantly increased nuclear factor of activated T-cells' activity compared with allele Met2397 after lipopolysaccharides stimulation. Allele Thr2397 could attenuate 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-induced autophagic activity in U251 cells. These data suggest that the protective effect of LRRK2 variant p.M2397T on leprosy might be mediated by increasing immune response and decreasing neurotoxicity after M. leprae loading. Our findings confirm that LRRK2 is a susceptible gene to leprosy in Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L Xu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L Lv
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L-Y Su
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y Fan
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D-F Zhang
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - R Bi
- 1] Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - D Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - W Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - X-A Li
- Yuxi City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Y-Y Li
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Y-G Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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