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Tullume-Vergara PO, Caicedo KYO, Tantalean JFC, Serrano MG, Buck GA, Teixeira MMG, Shaw JJ, Alves JMP. Genomes of Endotrypanum monterogeii from Panama and Zelonia costaricensis from Brazil: Expansion of Multigene Families in Leishmaniinae Parasites That Are Close Relatives of Leishmania spp. Pathogens 2023; 12:1409. [PMID: 38133293 PMCID: PMC10747355 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Leishmaniinae subfamily of the Trypanosomatidae contains both genus Zelonia (monoxenous) and Endotrypanum (dixenous). They are amongst the nearest known relatives of Leishmania, which comprises many human pathogens widespread in the developing world. These closely related lineages are models for the genomic biology of monoxenous and dixenous parasites. Herein, we used comparative genomics to identify the orthologous groups (OGs) shared among 26 Leishmaniinae species to investigate gene family expansion/contraction and applied two phylogenomic approaches to confirm relationships within the subfamily. The Endotrypanum monterogeii and Zelonia costaricensis genomes were assembled, with sizes of 29.9 Mb and 38.0 Mb and 9.711 and 12.201 predicted protein-coding genes, respectively. The genome of E. monterogeii displayed a higher number of multicopy cell surface protein families, including glycoprotein 63 and glycoprotein 46, compared to Leishmania spp. The genome of Z. costaricensis presents expansions of BT1 and amino acid transporters and proteins containing leucine-rich repeat domains, as well as a loss of ABC-type transporters. In total, 415 and 85 lineage-specific OGs were identified in Z. costaricensis and E. monterogeii. The evolutionary relationships within the subfamily were confirmed using the supermatrix (3384 protein-coding genes) and supertree methods. Overall, this study showed new expansions of multigene families in monoxenous and dixenous parasites of the subfamily Leishmaniinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy O. Tullume-Vergara
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.T.-V.); (K.Y.O.C.); (J.F.C.T.); (M.M.G.T.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Kelly Y. O. Caicedo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.T.-V.); (K.Y.O.C.); (J.F.C.T.); (M.M.G.T.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Jose F. C. Tantalean
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.T.-V.); (K.Y.O.C.); (J.F.C.T.); (M.M.G.T.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Myrna G. Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.G.S.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Gregory A. Buck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 E Marshall St., Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.G.S.); (G.A.B.)
| | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.T.-V.); (K.Y.O.C.); (J.F.C.T.); (M.M.G.T.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Shaw
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.T.-V.); (K.Y.O.C.); (J.F.C.T.); (M.M.G.T.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Joao M. P. Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil; (P.O.T.-V.); (K.Y.O.C.); (J.F.C.T.); (M.M.G.T.); (J.J.S.)
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Carneiro LA, Lima LV, Campos MB, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Ramos PK, Laurenti MD, Silveira FT. Prevalence and incidence of canine visceral leishmaniasis and its clinical-immunological features in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2463-2474. [PMID: 37654028 PMCID: PMC10650335 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A cohort study for 2 years period analysed the prevalence, incidence and clinical-immunological features of canine Leishmania (L.) chagasi-infection in 316 mongrel dogs in a visceral leishmaniasis-endemic area in Pará State, Brazil. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Diagnosis of infection was performed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT-IgG), the leishmanin skin test (LST) and a parasite search (from the popliteal lymph node aspiration) at the beginning of the study and at 6, 12 and 24 months intervals. RESULTS IFAT/LST revealed three immune profiles of infection: (I) IFAT(+) /LST(-) (81), (II) IFAT(-) /LST(+) (17) and (III) IFAT(+) /LST(+) (13). Prevalence of profiles I, II and III were 25.6, 5.4 and 4.1%, and an overall prevalence 35.1%. Incidence of profiles I, II and III were 5.4, 0.3 and 0.0%, and an overall incidence 5.7% dogs per month. Incidence at the age ranges <1 year, ≥1 year, <7 years and ≥7 years evidenced a highest rate in the age range <1 year (6.6% dogs per month). Parasitological diagnosis was positive in 19% dogs at the prevalence (85.7% profile I), and in 11% at the incidence (100% profile I). The clinical picture of 179 infected dogs showed 145 (81%) of profile I (82% subclinical); 21 (11.7%) of profile II (100% subclinical); and 13 (7.3%) of profile III (84.6% subclinical). Conversion from subclinical to sick dogs was higher (p < 0.05) in profile I (40.2%) than in profiles II (5.8%) and III (9%). Immunological conversion showed that only 3.2% of profile I dogs (prevalence) converted to LST(+) (two at the end of the first 6 months and 1 after 24 months), while 82.3% of profile II dogs converted to IFAT(+) (11 in the first 6 months, whereas three after 12 months). A 100% death rate was observed in dogs from profile I alone. CONCLUSION These results reinforce the need of adopting preventive strategies against CVL as early as in the first semester of the dog's life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane A Carneiro
- Primates Manegement Section, National Center of Primates (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Pará State, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciana V Lima
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marliane B Campos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia K Ramos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Pathology Department, Medical School of São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Secretary of Health and Environment Surveillance, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Araujo Flores GV, Sandoval Pacheco CM, Ferreira AF, Tomokane TY, Nunes JB, Colombo FA, Sosa-Ochoa WH, Zúniga C, Silveira FT, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi isolated from skin lesions of patients affected by non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis lead to visceral lesion in hamsters. Parasitol Int 2023; 93:102723. [PMID: 36566911 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Central America, Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the course of an experimental infection in hamsters caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi isolated from patients affected by NUCL compared with a strain isolated from a patient with VL. Stationary phase parasites in culture were inoculated through subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes in hamsters. Following the post-infection times, a histopathological study, parasite load and cytokine determination in skin from the cutaneous inoculation site and viscera were performed. Animals subcutaneously infected with the different strains did not develop macroscopic lesions at the inoculation site, and the histopathological changes in the dermis were very slight. Regarding the histopathological study of the viscera, we observed the portal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, the presence of nodules in the hepatic parenchyma and the proliferation of macrophages in the spleen, which increased over the infection course. Overall, the parasite load in the liver and spleen and in the total IgG titres in the sera of infected hamster showed an increase with the time of infection, regardless of the route of inoculation. Regarding cellular immunity, we did not observe an increase or decrease in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to the healthy control, except for IL-10, which was evident in the infected animals. The data showed that strains isolated from NUCL cause visceral lesions in the hamsters regardless of the route of inoculation, and they were similar to parasites isolated from VL humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela V Araujo Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen M Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aurea F Ferreira
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, LIM50, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaise Yumie Tomokane
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wilfredo H Sosa-Ochoa
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Departamento de Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Sandoval Pacheco CM, Araujo Flores GV, Ferreira AF, da Matta VLR, de Castro Gomes CM, Sosa-Ochoa WH, Zúniga C, Silveira FT, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Role of antigen-presenting cells in non-ulcerated skin lesions caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12971. [PMID: 36695719 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In Central America, infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi causes visceral leishmaniasis and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). This work aimed to evaluate the participation of subpopulations of antigen-presenting cells in skin lesions of patients affected by NUCL through double-staining immunohistochemistry using cellular and intracellular markers. Twenty-three skin biopsies from patients affected by NUCL were used. Histological sections stained by HE were used for histopathological study. Immunohistochemical studies were performed using primary antibodies against Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and the cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-10. The histopathological lesions were characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly lymphohistiocytic, of variable intensity, with a diffuse arrangement associated with epithelioid granulomas and discreet parasitism. Double-staining immunohistochemistry showed higher participation of dendritic cells producing the proinflammatory cytokine IL-12 in relation to the other evaluated cytokines. Activation of the cellular immune response was marked by a higher density of CD8 Tc1-lymphocytes followed by CD4 Th1-lymphocytes producing mainly IFN-γ. The data obtained in the present study suggest that antigen-presenting cells play an important role in the in situ immune response through the production of proinflammatory cytokines, directing the cellular immune response preferentially to the Th1 and Tc1 types in NUCL caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela V Araujo Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aurea F Ferreira
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica, LIM50, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vânia L R da Matta
- Laboratorio de Investigação Médica, LIM50, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia M de Castro Gomes
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilfredo H Sosa-Ochoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Departamento de Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Segura GBR, Ochoa WHS, da Matta VLR, Martínez M, Tercero CR, Gonzalez RR, Pacheco CMS, Flores GVA, Silveira FT, Henriquez MMR, Laurenti MD. Can domestic dogs be considered a good reservoir of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi in an endemic area of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Honduras? Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e24. [PMID: 36995877 PMCID: PMC10041965 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are considered to be the main domestic reservoir associated with the transmission of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi to humans in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in America. However, little is known about the role of canines as a source of infection in endemic areas of nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the role of dogs as a possible reservoir of the parasite in Southern Honduras. Dogs (n = 107) living with individuals affected by NUCL were clinically examined and biological material was collected for parasitological and immunological diagnosis. Most animals showed a healthy appearance and a few presented slight weight loss (64%), alopecia (7%), onychogryphosis (5%) and skin lesions (1%). The overall seroprevalence of Leishmania infection based on the DDP ® quick test and/or in-house ELISA serological test was 41%. The presence of the parasite’s DNA was confirmed in 94% of the dogs; however, the average parasite load in the buffy coat was low at 6.09 parasites/µL, ranging between 0.221 and 50.2. The skin of seropositive dogs examined by histopathology using paraffin sections stained by hematoxylin and immunohistochemistry did not show cutaneous lesions or parasite amastigotes. Based on the absence of parasites in the skin and the low parasite load detected in the buffy coat, it seems that the dog does not represent a good source of infection for the vector in the endemic area of NUCL transmission in Southern Honduras. Other domestic and/or wild animals should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Beatriz Rodriguez Segura
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Posgrado en Salud Pública , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Wilfredo Humberto Sosa Ochoa
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Vânia Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , Hospital das Clínicas , Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-50), São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mercedes Martínez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Posgrado en Salud Pública , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Carol Rodriguez Tercero
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Raquel Romero Gonzalez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras , Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia , Tegucigalpa , Honduras
| | - Carmen M. Sandoval Pacheco
- Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas , São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gabriela V. Araujo Flores
- Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas , São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas , Laboratório de Leishmanioses , Belém , Pará , Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Pará , Núcleo de Medicina Tropical , Belém , Pará , Brazil
| | | | - Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Universidade de São Paulo , Faculdade de Medicina , Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas , São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Visceral Leishmaniasis Urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon Is Supported by Significantly Higher Infection Transmission Rates Than in Rural Area. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112188. [PMID: 36363780 PMCID: PMC9692416 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This was an open cohort prospective study (2016−2018) that analyzed the prevalence and incidence rates of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infection and the evolution of their clinical-immunological profiles in distinct urban and rural scenarios of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon. These infection profiles were based on species-specific DTH/IFAT-IgG assays and clinical evaluation of infected individuals, comprising five profiles: three asymptomatic, Asymptomatic Infection [AI], Subclinical Resistant Infection [SRI], and Indeterminate Initial Infection [III]; and two symptomatic, Subclinical Oligosymptomatic Infection [SOI] and Symptomatic Infection [SI = AVL]. The two distinct scenarios (900 km away) were the urban area of Conceição do Araguaia municipality and the rural area of Bujaru municipality in the southeast and northeast of Pará State. Human populations were chosen based on a simple convenience sampling design (5−10% in each setting), with 1723 individuals (5.3%) of the population (32,464) in the urban area and 1568 individuals (8.9%) of the population (17,596) in the rural one. A serological survey (IFAT-IgG) of canine infection was also performed in both scenarios: 195 dogs in the urban area and 381 in the rural one. Prevalence and incidence rates of human infection were higher in the urban area (20.3% and 13.6/100 person-years [py]) than in the rural setting (14.1% and 6.8/100-py). The AI profile was the most prevalent and incident in both urban (13.4% and 8.1/100-py) and rural (8.3% and 4.2/100-py) scenarios, but with higher rates in the former. An III profile case evolved to SOI profile after four weeks of incubation and another to SI (=AVL) after six. The prevalence of canine infection in an urban setting (39.2%) was also higher (p < 0.05) than that (32%) in the rural zone. AVL urbanization in Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon, has led to infection rates significantly higher than those in rural sites, requiring more intense control measures.
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