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Fraiz GM, Bonifácio DB, Lacerda UV, Cardoso RR, Corich V, Giacomini A, Martino HSD, Echeverría SE, Barros FARD, Milagro FI, Bressan J. Green Tea Kombucha Impacts Inflammation and Salivary Microbiota in Individuals with Excess Body Weight: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2024; 16:3186. [PMID: 39339787 PMCID: PMC11435194 DOI: 10.3390/nu16183186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 09/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea kombucha (GTK) is a fermented beverage with promising health benefits, but few studies proved its impact on human health. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of GTK on weight loss, inflammation, and salivary microbiota in individuals with excess body weight. METHODS This is a randomized controlled clinical trial that lasted 10 weeks with two groups of individuals with excess body weight: control (CG; n = 29; caloric restriction) and kombucha (KG; n = 30; caloric restriction + 200 mL GTK). Body composition, anthropometry, saliva, and blood collection were performed in the beginning and end of the intervention. Plasma interleukins were determined by flow cytometry. Salivary microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. RESULTS Both groups decreased weight, BMI, and body fat (p < 0.001) after the intervention, but there were no differences between groups. The KG reduced lipid accumulation product (LAP) (p = 0.029). Both groups decreased IL-1β and IL-8, but IL-6 increased in the CG (p = 0.023) compared to the kombucha group. Alpha and beta diversity of salivary microbiota increased in the KG. Moreover, the KG presented lower Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio (p = 0.028), and BMI was positively associated with the Bacillota phylum. CONCLUSIONS GTK did not enhance weight loss, but it decreased the LAP. GTK helped in the inflammatory profile and induced positive changes in oral microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Macedo Fraiz
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dandara Baia Bonifácio
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Viviana Corich
- Department of Agronomy, Food Natural Resources, and Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Giacomini
- Department of Agronomy, Food Natural Resources, and Environment (DAFNAE), Università degli Studi di Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Esteban Echeverría
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Fermín I Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josefina Bressan
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, Brazil
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Moreno E, Ciordia S, Fátima SM, Jiménez D, Martínez-Sanz J, Vizcarra P, Ron R, Sánchez-Conde M, Bargiela R, Sanchez-Carrillo S, Moreno S, Corrales F, Ferrer M, Serrano-Villar S. Proteomic snapshot of saliva samples predicts new pathways implicated in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:37. [PMID: 38778280 PMCID: PMC11112864 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-024-09482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the microbiome's human pathways and active members that can affect SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and pathogenesis in the salivary proteome is very scarce. Here, we studied a unique collection of samples harvested from April to June 2020 from unvaccinated patients. METHODS We compared 10 infected and hospitalized patients with severe (n = 5) and moderate (n = 5) coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with 10 uninfected individuals, including non-COVID-19 but susceptible individuals (n = 5) and non-COVID-19 and nonsusceptible healthcare workers with repeated high-risk exposures (n = 5). RESULTS By performing high-throughput proteomic profiling in saliva samples, we detected 226 unique differentially expressed (DE) human proteins between groups (q-value ≤ 0.05) out of 3376 unambiguously identified proteins (false discovery rate ≤ 1%). Major differences were observed between the non-COVID-19 and nonsusceptible groups. Bioinformatics analysis of DE proteins revealed human proteomic signatures related to inflammatory responses, central cellular processes, and antiviral activity associated with the saliva of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients (p-value ≤ 0.0004). Discriminatory biomarker signatures from human saliva include cystatins, protective molecules present in the oral cavity, calprotectins, involved in cell cycle progression, and histones, related to nucleosome functions. The expression levels of two human proteins related to protein transport in the cytoplasm, DYNC1 (p-value, 0.0021) and MAPRE1 (p-value, 0.047), correlated with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plasma activity. Finally, the proteomes of microorganisms present in the saliva samples showed 4 main microbial functional features related to ribosome functioning that were overrepresented in the infected group. CONCLUSION Our study explores potential candidates involved in pathways implicated in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, although further studies in larger cohorts will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Milhano Fátima
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Jiménez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Sanz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Vizcarra
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Ron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Sánchez-Conde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bargiela
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Sergio Sanchez-Carrillo
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28801, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Corrales
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Carretera de Colmenar Viejo, Km 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Wei Y, Yu W, Zhang Z, Liu S, Xue J, Wu C, Gao Z, Guo S. Comparative analysis of oropharyngeal microbiota in healthcare workers post-COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1347345. [PMID: 38828262 PMCID: PMC11140064 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1347345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To date, more than 770 million individuals have become coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescents worldwide. Emerging evidence highlights the influence of COVID-19 on the oral microbiome during both acute and convalescent disease phases. Front-line healthcare workers are at an elevated risk of exposure to viral infections, and the effects of COVID-19 on their oral microbiome remain relatively unexplored. Methods Oropharyngeal swab specimens, collected one month after a negative COVID-19 test from a cohort comprising 55 healthcare workers, underwent 16S rRNA sequencing. We conducted a comparative analysis between this post-COVID-19 cohort and the pre-infection dataset from the same participants. Community composition analysis, indicator species analysis, alpha diversity assessment, beta diversity exploration, and functional prediction were evaluated. Results The Shannon and Simpson indexes of the oral microbial community declined significantly in the post-COVID-19 group when compared with the pre-infection cohort. Moreover, there was clear intergroup clustering between the two groups. In the post-COVID-19 group, the phylum Firmicutes showed a significant increase. Further, there were clear differences in relative abundance of several bacterial genera in contrast with the pre-infection group, including Streptococcus, Gemella, Granulicatella, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, and Prevotella. We identified Gemella enrichment in the post-COVID-19 group, potentially serving as a recovery period performance indicator. Functional prediction revealed lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis downregulation in the post-COVID-19 group, an outcome with host inflammatory response modulation and innate defence mechanism implications. Conclusion During the recovery phase of COVID-19, the oral microbiome diversity of front-line healthcare workers failed to fully return to its pre-infection state. Despite the negative COVID-19 test result one month later, notable disparities persisted in the composition and functional attributes of the oral microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wei
- Nursing of school, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenyi Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixia Zhang
- Nursing Department, Linfen Central Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbo Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Nursing of school, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhancheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Shanxi Medical University, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Shuming Guo
- Nursing of school, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Nursing Department, Linfen Central Hospital, Shanxi, China
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Buendia P, Fernandez K, Raley C, Rahnavard A, Crandall KA, Castro JG. Hospital antimicrobial stewardship: profiling the oral microbiome after exposure to COVID-19 and antibiotics. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1346762. [PMID: 38476940 PMCID: PMC10927822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the COVID-19 Delta variant surge, the CLAIRE cross-sectional study sampled saliva from 120 hospitalized patients, 116 of whom had a positive COVID-19 PCR test. Patients received antibiotics upon admission due to possible secondary bacterial infections, with patients at risk of sepsis receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics (BSA). Methods The saliva samples were analyzed with shotgun DNA metagenomics and respiratory RNA virome sequencing. Medical records for the period of hospitalization were obtained for all patients. Once hospitalization outcomes were known, patients were classified based on their COVID-19 disease severity and the antibiotics they received. Results Our study reveals that BSA regimens differentially impacted the human salivary microbiome and disease progression. 12 patients died and all of them received BSA. Significant associations were found between the composition of the COVID-19 saliva microbiome and BSA use, between SARS-CoV-2 genome coverage and severity of disease. We also found significant associations between the non-bacterial microbiome and severity of disease, with Candida albicans detected most frequently in critical patients. For patients who did not receive BSA before saliva sampling, our study suggests Staphylococcus aureus as a potential risk factor for sepsis. Discussion Our results indicate that the course of the infection may be explained by both monitoring antibiotic treatment and profiling a patient's salivary microbiome, establishing a compelling link between microbiome and the specific antibiotic type and timing of treatment. This approach can aid with emergency room triage and inpatient management but also requires a better understanding of and access to narrow-spectrum agents that target pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Castle Raley
- The George Washington University Genomics Core, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ali Rahnavard
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- The George Washington University Genomics Core, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jose Guillermo Castro
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Brzychczy-Sroka B, Talaga-Ćwiertnia K, Sroka-Oleksiak A, Gurgul A, Zarzecka-Francica E, Ostrowski W, Kąkol J, Drożdż K, Brzychczy-Włoch M, Zarzecka J. Standardization of the protocol for oral cavity examination and collecting of the biological samples for microbiome research using the next-generation sequencing (NGS): own experience with the COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3717. [PMID: 38355866 PMCID: PMC10867075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, publications have shown that compositions of oral microbiota differ depending on their habitats (e.g. tongue, tonsils, pharynx). The absence of set standards for the choice of the areas and conditions of material collection makes the oral microbiome one of the most difficult environments for a comparative analysis with other researchers, which is a meaningful limitation during an assessment of the potential effects of microorganisms as biomarkers in the courses of various human diseases. Therefore, standardisation of basic conditions of a dental examination and collection of material for the next generation sequencing (NGS) is worth attempting. The standardisation of the dental exam and collection of the clinical materials: saliva, swab from the tongue ridge, hard palate, palatine tonsils and oropharynx, supragingival plaque and subgingival plaque. Protocol involved the patients (n = 60), assigned to 3 groups: I-COVID-19 convalescents who received antibiotics, n = 17, II-COVID-19 convalescents, n = 23 and III-healthy individuals, n = 20. The collected biological samples were used to conduct NGS (16S rRNA). The conditions of patient preparation for collecting biological materials as well as the schedule of dental examination, were proposed. Based on the research conducted, we have indicated the dental indicators that best differentiate the group of COVID-19 patients (groups I and II) from healthy people (group III). These include the DMFT, D and BOP indices. The use of alpha and beta diversity analysis provided an overall insight into the diversity of microbial communities between specific niches and patient groups. The most different diversity between the studied group of patients (group II) and healthy people (group III) was noted in relation to the supragingival plaque. The order of activities during the dental exam as well as while collecting and securing clinical materials is particularly important to avoid technical errors and material contamination which may result in erroneous conclusions from the analyses of the results of sensitive tests such as the NGS. It has been shown that the dental indices: DMFT, D number, PI and BOP are the best prognostic parameters to assess the oral health. Based on beta diversity the most sensitive niche and susceptible to changes in the composition of the microbiota is the supragingival plaque. The procedures developed by our team can be applied as ready-to-use forms in studies conducted by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Brzychczy-Sroka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Talaga-Ćwiertnia
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Sroka-Oleksiak
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Artur Gurgul
- Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, The University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Zarzecka-Francica
- Department of Prosthodontics and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ostrowski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Kąkol
- University Hospital in Cracow, Temporary COVID Ward No. 1, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Drożdż
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Brzychczy-Włoch
- Chair of Microbiology, Department of Molecular Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Zarzecka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Ganesan SM, Peter TK, Withanage MHH, Boksa F, Zeng E, Martinez A, Dabdoub SM, Dhingra K, Hernandez-Kapila Y. COVID-19 associated oral and oropharyngeal microbiome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:603-626. [PMID: 37277934 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three years into the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there are still growing concerns with the emergence of different variants, unknown long- and short-term effects of the virus, and potential biological mechanisms underlying etiopathogenesis and increased risk for morbidity and mortality. The role of the microbiome in human physiology and the initiation and progression of several oral and systemic diseases have been actively studied in the past decade. With the proof of viral transmission, carriage, and a potential role in etiopathogenesis, saliva and the oral environment have been a focus of COVID-19 research beyond diagnostic purposes. The oral environment hosts diverse microbial communities and contributes to human oral and systemic health. Several investigations have identified disruptions in the oral microbiome in COVID-19 patients. However, all these studies are cross-sectional in nature and present heterogeneity in study design, techniques, and analysis. Therefore, in this undertaking, we (a) systematically reviewed the current literature associating COVID-19 with changes in the microbiome; (b) performed a re-analysis of publicly available data as a means to standardize the analysis, and (c) reported alterations in the microbial characteristics in COVID-19 patients compared to negative controls. Overall, we identified that COVID-19 is associated with oral microbial dysbiosis with significant reduction in diversity. However, alterations in specific bacterial members differed across the study. Re-analysis from our pipeline shed light on Neisseria as the potential key microbial member associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukirth M Ganesan
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tabitha K Peter
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Miyuraj H H Withanage
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Frank Boksa
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa, USA
| | - Erliang Zeng
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - April Martinez
- Division of Periodontology, University of California at San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shareef M Dabdoub
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kunaal Dhingra
- Periodontology Division, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yvonne Hernandez-Kapila
- Section of Biosystems and Function Periodontics, University of California at Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Mir TUG, Manhas S, Khurshid Wani A, Akhtar N, Shukla S, Prakash A. Alterations in microbiome of COVID-19 patients and its impact on forensic investigations. Sci Justice 2024; 64:81-94. [PMID: 38182316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The human microbiome is vital for maintaining human health and has garnered substantial attention in recent years, particularly in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Studies have underscored significant alterations in the microbiome of COVID-19 patients across various body niches, including the gut, respiratory tract, oral cavity, skin, and vagina. These changes manifest as shifts in microbiota composition, characterized by an increase in opportunistic pathogens and a decrease in beneficial commensal bacteria. Such microbiome transformations may play a pivotal role in influencing the course and severity of COVID-19, potentially contributing to the inflammatory response. This ongoing relationship between COVID-19 and the human microbiome serves as a compelling subject of research, underscoring the necessity for further investigations into the underlying mechanisms and their implications for patient health. Additionally, these alterations in the microbiome may have significant ramifications for forensic investigations, given the microbiome's potential in establishing individual characteristics. Consequently, changes in the microbiome could introduce a level of complexity into forensic determinations. As research progresses, a more profound understanding of the human microbiome within the context of COVID-19 may offer valuable insights into disease prevention, treatment strategies, and its potential applications in forensic science. Consequently, this paper aims to provide an overarching review of microbiome alterations due to COVID-19 and the associated impact on forensic applications, bridging the gap between the altered microbiome of COVID-19 patients and the challenges forensic investigations may encounter when analyzing this microbiome as a forensic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ul Gani Mir
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India; State Forensic Science Laboratory, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190001, India.
| | - Sakshi Manhas
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Shukla
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Ajit Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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8
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Bezinelli LM, Corrêa L, Beyerstedt S, Franco ML, Rangel ÉB, Benítez CG, Hamerschlak N, Pinho JR, Heller D, Eduardo FP. Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva after rinsing with mouthwashes containing cetylpyridinium chloride: a randomized clinical study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15080. [PMID: 38130922 PMCID: PMC10734404 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Symptomatic patients with COVID-19 typically have a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load in their saliva. Procedures to reduce the viral load in their oral cavity are important for mitigating the viral transmission. Methods This randomized clinical trial investigated the impact of two mouthwashes (0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride plus 0.28% zinc lactate (CPC+Zn) (n = 32), and 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) (n = 31)) on the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva when compared to the distilled water negative control (n = 32). Saliva was collected before (T0) and after (5 min, T1; 30 min, T2; and 60 min, T3) the intervention. Viral load in saliva was measured by qRT-PCR assays. The data in both groups was normalized for T0 and Negative Control, resulting in fold change values. Results CPC+Zn oral solution reduced the viral load in saliva by 6.34-fold at T1, 3.6-fold at T2 and 1.9-fold at T3. Rinsing with the CPC mouthwash reduced the viral load in saliva by 2.5-fold at T1, 1.9-fold at T2 and 2.0-fold at T3. Conclusion CPC+Zn mouthwash or with the CPC mouthwash reduced the viral load in saliva of COVID-19 patients immediately after rinsing. These reductions extended up to 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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Armstrong AJS, Horton DB, Andrews T, Greenberg P, Roy J, Gennaro ML, Carson JL, Panettieri RA, Barrett ES, Blaser MJ. Saliva microbiome in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection in a prospective cohort of healthy US adults. EBioMedicine 2023; 94:104731. [PMID: 37487417 PMCID: PMC10382861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection vary in severity, potentially influenced by the resident human microbiota. There is limited consensus on conserved microbiome changes in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with many studies focusing on severely ill individuals. This study aimed to assess the variation in the upper respiratory tract microbiome using saliva specimens in a cohort of individuals with primarily mild to moderate disease. METHODS In early 2020, a cohort of 831 adults without known SARS-CoV-2 infection was followed over a six-month period to assess the occurrence and natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. From this cohort, 81 participants with a SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with 57 unexposed counterparts were selected with a total of 748 serial saliva samples were collected for analysis. Total bacterial abundance, composition, population structure, and gene function of the salivary microbiome were measured using 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. FINDINGS The salivary microbiome remained stable in unexposed individuals over the six-month study period, as evidenced by all measured metrics. Similarly, participants with mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection showed microbiome stability throughout and after their infection. However, there were significant reductions in microbiome diversity among SARS-CoV-2-positive participants with severe symptoms early after infection. Over time, the microbiome diversity in these participants showed signs of recovery. INTERPRETATION These findings demonstrate the resilience of the salivary microbiome in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mild to moderate infections did not significantly disrupt the stability of the salivary microbiome, suggesting its ability to maintain its composition and function. However, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with temporary reductions in microbiome diversity, indicating the limits of microbiome resilience in the face of severe infection. FUNDING This project was supported in part by Danone North America and grants from the National Institutes of Health, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J S Armstrong
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel B Horton
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tracy Andrews
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Patricia Greenberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jason Roy
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Department of Medicine, Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Carson
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily S Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martin J Blaser
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
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10
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Zhang D, Weng S, Xia C, Ren Y, Liu Z, Xu Y, Yang X, Wu R, Peng L, Sun L, Zhu J, Liang X, Jia Y, Wang H, Chen Q, Liu D, Chen Y, Guo H, Han X, Jin Z, Chen C, Yang X, Li Z, Huang H. Gastrointestinal symptoms of long COVID-19 related to the ectopic colonization of specific bacteria that move between the upper and lower alimentary tract and alterations in serum metabolites. BMC Med 2023; 21:264. [PMID: 37468867 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, many COVID-19 variants have emerged, causing several waves of pandemics and many infections. Long COVID-19, or long-term sequelae after recovery from COVID-19, has aroused worldwide concern because it reduces patient quality of life after rehabilitation. We aimed to characterize the functional differential profile of the oral and gut microbiomes and serum metabolites in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms associated with long COVID-19. METHODS We prospectively collected oral, fecal, and serum samples from 983 antibiotic-naïve patients with mild COVID-19 and performed a 3-month follow-up postdischarge. Forty-five fecal and saliva samples, and 25 paired serum samples were collected from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms of long COVID-19 at follow-up and from healthy controls, respectively. Eight fecal and saliva samples were collected without gastrointestinal symptoms of long COVID-19 at follow-up. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing of fecal samples and 2bRAD-M sequencing of saliva samples were performed on these paired samples. Two published COVID-19 gut microbiota cohorts were analyzed for comparison. Paired serum samples were analyzed using widely targeted metabolomics. RESULTS Mild COVID-19 patients without gastrointestinal symptoms of long COVID-19 showed little difference in the gut and oral microbiota during hospitalization and at follow-up from healthy controls. The baseline and 3-month samples collected from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms associated with long COVID-19 showed significant differences, and ectopic colonization of the oral cavity by gut microbes including 27 common differentially abundant genera in the Proteobacteria phylum, was observed at the 3-month timepoint. Some of these bacteria, including Neisseria, Lautropia, and Agrobacterium, were highly related to differentially expressed serum metabolites with potential toxicity, such as 4-chlorophenylacetic acid, 5-sulfoxymethylfurfural, and estradiol valerate. CONCLUSIONS Our study characterized the changes in and correlations between the oral and gut microbiomes and serum metabolites in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms associated with long COVID-19. Additionally, our findings reveal that ectopically colonized bacteria from the gut to the oral cavity could exist in long COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, with a strong correlation to some potential harmful metabolites in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Siyuan Weng
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chuanchao Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuqing Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yudi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750003, Ningxia, China
| | - Ruhao Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lisi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liqi Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xuesong Liang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yin Jia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Huaizhou Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dongtian Liu
- Shanghai Foreign Language School Affiliated to Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Honglei Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhendong Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, No. 905 Hospital of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Zhaoshen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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11
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Yamazaki E, Yazawa S, Shimada T, Tamura K, Saga Y, Itamochi M, Inasaki N, Hasegawa S, Morinaga Y, Oishi K, Tani H. Activation of SARS-CoV-2 by trypsin-like proteases in the clinical specimens of patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11632. [PMID: 37468582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38757-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and/or transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2). In this study, we investigated whether proteases increased SARS-CoV-2 infectivity using pseudotyped viruses and clinical specimens from patients with COVID-19. First, we investigated how trypsin increased infectivity using the pseudotyped virus. Our findings revealed that trypsin increased infectivity after the virus was adsorbed on the cells, but no increase in infectivity was observed when the virus was treated with trypsin. We examined the effect of trypsin on SARS-CoV-2 infection in clinical specimens and found that the infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant increased 36,000-fold after trypsin treatment. By contrast, the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant increased to less than 20-fold in the clinical specimens. Finally, using five clinical specimens containing delta variants, enhancement of viral infectivity was evaluated in the presence of the culture supernatant of several anaerobic bacteria. As a result, viral infectivities of all the clinical specimens containing culture supernatants of Fusobacterium necrophorum were significantly increased from several- to tenfold. Because SARS-CoV-2 infectivity increases in the oral cavity, which may contain anaerobic bacteria, keeping the oral cavities clean may help prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yamazaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yazawa
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Takahisa Shimada
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Kosuke Tamura
- Department of Research Planning, Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saga
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Masae Itamochi
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Noriko Inasaki
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Sumiyo Hasegawa
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Morinaga
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Tani
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Imizu-Shi, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan.
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12
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Ling L, Lai CK, Lui G, Yeung ACM, Chan HC, Cheuk CHS, Cheung AN, Chang L, Chiu LCS, Zhang J, Wong WT, Hui DSC, Wong CK, Chan PKS, Chen Z. Characterization of upper airway microbiome across severity of COVID-19 during hospitalization and treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1205401. [PMID: 37469595 PMCID: PMC10352853 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1205401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal studies on upper respiratory tract microbiome in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) without potential confounders such as antimicrobial therapy are limited. The objective of this study is to assess for longitudinal changes in the upper respiratory microbiome, its association with disease severity, and potential confounders in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Serial nasopharyngeal and throat swabs (NPSTSs) were taken for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing from adults hospitalized for COVID-19. Alpha and beta diversity was assessed between different groups. Principal coordinate analysis was used to assess beta diversity between groups. Linear discriminant analysis was used to identify discriminative bacterial taxa in NPSTS taken early during hospitalization on need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. A total of 314 NPSTS samples from 197 subjects (asymptomatic = 14, mild/moderate = 106, and severe/critical = 51 patients with COVID-19; non-COVID-19 mechanically ventilated ICU patients = 11; and healthy volunteers = 15) were sequenced. Among all covariates, antibiotic treatment had the largest effect on upper airway microbiota. When samples taken after antibiotics were excluded, alpha diversity (Shannon, Simpson, richness, and evenness) was similar across severity of COVID-19, whereas beta diversity (weighted GUniFrac and Bray-Curtis distance) remained different. Thirteen bacterial genera from NPSTS taken within the first week of hospitalization were associated with a need for ICU admission (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99). Longitudinal analysis showed that the upper respiratory microbiota alpha and beta diversity was unchanged during hospitalization in the absence of antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowell Ling
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christopher K.C. Lai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grace Lui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Apple Chung Man Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hiu Ching Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung Hon Shawn Cheuk
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Adonia Nicole Cheung
- Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lok Ching Chang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lok Ching Sandra Chiu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jack Zhenhe Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Tat Wong
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David S. C. Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Tan L, Zhong MM, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhao YQ, Zhao J, Dusenge MA, Feng Y, Ye Q, Hu J, Ou-Yang ZY, Zhou YH, Guo Y, Feng YZ. Potential interaction between the oral microbiota and COVID-19: a meta-analysis and bioinformatics prediction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1193340. [PMID: 37351182 PMCID: PMC10282655 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1193340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate available evidence on the association between the human oral microbiota and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and summarize relevant data obtained during the pandemic. Methods We searched EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library for human studies published up to October 2022. The main outcomes of the study were the differences in the diversity (α and β) and composition of the oral microbiota at the phylum and genus levels between patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (CPs) and healthy controls (HCs). We used the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database, Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network (STRING) and Gene enrichment analysis (Metascape) to evaluate the expression of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) (which is the cell receptor of SARS CoV-2) in oral tissues and evaluate its correlation with viral genes or changes in the oral microbiota. Results Out of 706 studies, a meta-analysis of 9 studies revealed a significantly lower alpha diversity (Shannon index) in CPs than in HCs (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.53, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): -0.97 to -0.09). Subgroup meta-analysis revealed a significantly lower alpha diversity (Shannon index) in older than younger individuals (SMD: -0.54, 95% CI: -0.86 to -0.23/SMD: -0.52, 95% CI: -1.18 to 0.14). At the genus level, the most significant changes were in Streptococcus and Neisseria, which had abundances that were significantly higher and lower in CPs than in HCs based on data obtained from six out of eleven and five out of eleven studies, respectively. DPP4 mRNA expression in the oral salivary gland was significantly lower in elderly individuals than in young individuals. Spearman correlation analysis showed that DPP4 expression was negatively correlated with the expression of viral genes. Gene enrichment analysis showed that DPP4-associated proteins were mainly enriched in biological processes, such as regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis of viruses by host cells and bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. Conclusion The oral microbial composition in COVID-19 patients was significantly different from that in healthy individuals, especially among elderly individuals. DPP4 may be related to viral infection and dysbiosis of the oral microbiome in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meng-Mei Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Marie Aimee Dusenge
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ze-Yue Ou-Yang
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying-Hui Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Lu S, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Wang J, Li H, Lin Y, Wang D, Xian J, Zhao S, Ma J, Zhu Z, Yang S, Meng Q, Kang Y, Chen B, Li W. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed Prevotella as a potential biomarker of oropharyngeal microbiomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1161763. [PMID: 37333851 PMCID: PMC10272425 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1161763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Disease severity and prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease with other viral infections can be affected by the oropharyngeal microbiome. However, limited research had been carried out to uncover how these diseases are differentially affected by the oropharyngeal microbiome of the patient. Here, we aimed to explore the characteristics of the oropharyngeal microbiota of COVID-19 patients and compare them with those of patients with similar symptoms. Methods COVID-19 was diagnosed in patients through the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Characterization of the oropharyngeal microbiome was performed by metatranscriptomic sequencing analyses of oropharyngeal swab specimens from 144 COVID-19 patients, 100 patients infected with other viruses, and 40 healthy volunteers. Results The oropharyngeal microbiome diversity in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection was different from that of patients with other infections. Prevotella and Aspergillus could play a role in the differentiation between patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and patients with other infections. Prevotella could also influence the prognosis of COVID-19 through a mechanism that potentially involved the sphingolipid metabolism regulation pathway. Conclusion The oropharyngeal microbiome characterization was different between SARS-CoV-2 infection and infections caused by other viruses. Prevotella could act as a biomarker for COVID-19 diagnosis and of host immune response evaluation in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, the cross-talk among Prevotella, SARS-CoV-2, and sphingolipid metabolism pathways could provide a basis for the precise diagnosis, prevention, control, and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifen Lu
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongzhao Zhou
- Department of Integrated Care Management Center, Frontier Science Center of Disease Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Hu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Honghao Li
- Department of Hospital Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Lin
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Denian Wang
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinghong Xian
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengmei Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- Beijing Genomics Institution (BGI)-PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, Beijing Genomics Institution (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhu
- Beijing Genomics Institution (BGI)-PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, Beijing Genomics Institution (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengying Yang
- Department of Computer and Software, Jincheng College of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghui Meng
- Beijing Milu Ecological Research Center, Beijing Research Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Kang
- Institute of Environmental Information, Chinese Research academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bojiang Chen
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Precision Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Integrated Care Management Center, Frontier Science Center of Disease Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Zhang F, Lau RI, Liu Q, Su Q, Chan FKL, Ng SC. Gut microbiota in COVID-19: key microbial changes, potential mechanisms and clinical applications. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:323-337. [PMID: 36271144 PMCID: PMC9589856 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is involved in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The gut microbiota has important roles in viral entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, immune homeostasis, and crosstalk between the gut and lungs, the 'gut-lung axis'. Emerging preclinical and clinical studies indicate that the gut microbiota might contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis and disease outcomes; SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with altered intestinal microbiota and correlated with inflammatory and immune responses. Here, we discuss the cutting-edge evidence on the interactions between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the gut microbiota, key microbial changes in relation to COVID-19 severity and host immune dysregulations with the possible underlying mechanisms, and the conceivable consequences of the pandemic on the human microbiome and post-pandemic health. Finally, potential modulatory strategies of the gut microbiota are discussed. These insights could shed light on the development of microbiota-based interventions for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Raphaela I Lau
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Qin Liu
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Qi Su
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
- State Key Laboratory for Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong S.A.R., China.
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16
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Zafar H, Saier MH. Understanding the Relationship of the Human Bacteriome with COVID-19 Severity and Recovery. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091213. [PMID: 37174613 PMCID: PMC10177376 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged in 2019 in China and has resulted in millions of human morbidities and mortalities across the globe. Evidence has been provided that this novel virus originated in animals, mutated, and made the cross-species jump to humans. At the time of this communication, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may be on its way to an endemic form; however, the threat of the virus is more for susceptible (older and immunocompromised) people. The human body has millions of bacterial cells that influence health and disease. As a consequence, the bacteriomes in the human body substantially influence human health and disease. The bacteriomes in the body and the immune system seem to be in constant association during bacterial and viral infections. In this review, we identify various bacterial spp. In major bacteriomes (oral, nasal, lung, and gut) of the body in healthy humans and compare them with dysbiotic bacteriomes of COVID-19 patients. We try to identify key bacterial spp. That have a positive effect on the functionality of the immune system and human health. These select bacterial spp. Could be used as potential probiotics to counter or prevent COVID-19 infections. In addition, we try to identify key metabolites produced by probiotic bacterial spp. That could have potential anti-viral effects against SARS-CoV-2. These metabolites could be subject to future therapeutic trials to determine their anti-viral efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zafar
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0116, USA
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milton H Saier
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0116, USA
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17
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Wong A, Barrero Guevara LA, Goult E, Briga M, Kramer SC, Kovacevic A, Opatowski L, Domenech de Cellès M. The interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with cocirculating pathogens: Epidemiological implications and current knowledge gaps. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011167. [PMID: 36888684 PMCID: PMC9994710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective vaccines, the persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suggests that cocirculation with other pathogens and resulting multiepidemics (of, for example, COVID-19 and influenza) may become increasingly frequent. To better forecast and control the risk of such multiepidemics, it is essential to elucidate the potential interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with other pathogens; these interactions, however, remain poorly defined. Here, we aimed to review the current body of evidence about SARS-CoV-2 interactions. Our review is structured in four parts. To study pathogen interactions in a systematic and comprehensive way, we first developed a general framework to capture their major components: sign (either negative for antagonistic interactions or positive for synergistic interactions), strength (i.e., magnitude of the interaction), symmetry (describing whether the interaction depends on the order of infection of interacting pathogens), duration (describing whether the interaction is short-lived or long-lived), and mechanism (e.g., whether interaction modifies susceptibility to infection, transmissibility of infection, or severity of disease). Second, we reviewed the experimental evidence from animal models about SARS-CoV-2 interactions. Of the 14 studies identified, 11 focused on the outcomes of coinfection with nonattenuated influenza A viruses (IAVs), and 3 with other pathogens. The 11 studies on IAV used different designs and animal models (ferrets, hamsters, and mice) but generally demonstrated that coinfection increased disease severity compared with either monoinfection. By contrast, the effect of coinfection on the viral load of either virus was variable and inconsistent across studies. Third, we reviewed the epidemiological evidence about SARS-CoV-2 interactions in human populations. Although numerous studies were identified, only a few were specifically designed to infer interaction, and many were prone to multiple biases, including confounding. Nevertheless, their results suggested that influenza and pneumococcal conjugate vaccinations were associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, fourth, we formulated simple transmission models of SARS-CoV-2 cocirculation with an epidemic viral pathogen or an endemic bacterial pathogen, showing how they can naturally incorporate the proposed framework. More generally, we argue that such models, when designed with an integrative and multidisciplinary perspective, will be invaluable tools to resolve the substantial uncertainties that remain about SARS-CoV-2 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabelle Wong
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Public Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Andrea Barrero Guevara
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Public Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Goult
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Briga
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah C. Kramer
- Infectious Disease Epidemiology group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Kovacevic
- Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Anti-infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, INSERM U1018 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Lulla Opatowski
- Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Anti-infective Evasion and Pharmacoepidemiology Team, CESP, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, INSERM U1018 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
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18
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Sritong N, Sala de Medeiros M, Basing LA, Linnes JC. Promise and perils of paper-based point-of-care nucleic acid detection for endemic and pandemic pathogens. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:888-912. [PMID: 36688463 PMCID: PMC10028599 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
From HIV and influenza to emerging pathogens like COVID-19, each new infectious disease outbreak has highlighted the need for massively-scalable testing that can be performed outside centralized laboratory settings at the point-of-care (POC) in order to prevent, track, and monitor endemic and pandemic threats. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are highly sensitive and can be developed and scaled within weeks while protein-based rapid tests require months for production. Combining NAATs with paper-based detection platforms are promising due to the manufacturability, scalability, and simplicity of each of these components. Typically, paper-based NAATs consist of three sequential steps: sample collection and preparation, amplification of DNA or RNA from pathogens of interest, and detection. However, these exist within a larger ecosystem of sample collection and interpretation workflow, usability, and manufacturability which can be vastly perturbed during a pandemic emergence. This review aims to explore the challenges of paper-based NAATs covering sample-to-answer procedures along with three main types of clinical samples; blood, urine, and saliva, as well as broader operational, scale up, and regulatory aspects of device development and implementation. To fill the technological gaps in paper-based NAATs, a sample-in-result-out system that incorporates the integrated sample collection, sample preparation, and integrated internal amplification control while also balancing needs of users and manufacturability upfront in the early design process is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaporn Sritong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | | | - Laud Anthony Basing
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
| | - Jacqueline C Linnes
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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19
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Trøseid M, Holter JC, Holm K, Vestad B, Sazonova T, Granerud BK, Dyrhol-Riise AM, Holten AR, Tonby K, Kildal AB, Heggelund L, Tveita A, Bøe S, Müller KE, Jenum S, Hov JR, Ueland T. Gut microbiota composition during hospitalization is associated with 60-day mortality after severe COVID-19. Crit Care 2023; 27:69. [PMID: 36814280 PMCID: PMC9946863 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota alterations have been reported in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with reduced alpha diversity and altered microbiota composition related to respiratory failure. However, data regarding gut microbiota and mortality are scarce. METHODS Rectal swabs for gut microbiota analyses were collected within 48 h after hospital admission (baseline; n = 123) and three-month post-admission (n = 50) in a subset of patients included in the Norwegian SARS-CoV2 cohort study. Samples were analysed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Gut microbiota diversity and composition at baseline were assessed in relation to need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission during hospitalization. The primary objective was to investigate whether the ICU-related gut microbiota was associated with 60-day mortality. RESULTS Gut microbiota diversity (Shannon index) at baseline was lower in COVID-19 patients requiring ICU admission during hospitalization than in those managed in general wards. A dysbiosis index representing a balance of enriched and reduced taxa in ICU compared with ward patients, including decreased abundance of butyrate-producing microbes and enrichment of a partly oral bacterial flora, was associated with need of ICU admission independent of antibiotic use, dexamethasone use, chronic pulmonary disease, PO2/FiO2 ratio, C-reactive protein, neutrophil counts or creatinine levels (adjusted p < 0.001). The ICU-related dysbiosis index at baseline correlated with systemic inflammation and was associated with 60-day mortality in univariate analyses (Hazard ratio 3.70 [2.00-8.6], p < 0.001), as well as after separate adjustment for covariates. At the three-month follow-up, the dysbiosis index remained elevated in ICU patients compared with ward patients (adjusted p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Although our data should be regarded as exploratory due to low number of clinical end points, they suggest that gut microbiota alterations during hospitalization could be related to poor prognosis after severe COVID-19. Larger studies of gut involvement during COVID-19 in relation to long-term clinical outcome are warranted. Trial registration NCT04381819 . Retrospectively registered May 11, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Trøseid
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jan Cato Holter
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Holm
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beate Vestad
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Taisiia Sazonova
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beathe K. Granerud
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aleksander R. Holten
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Tonby
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Benjamin Kildal
- grid.412244.50000 0004 4689 5540Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital of North Norway, 9019 Tromsö, Norway ,grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsö, Norway
| | - Lars Heggelund
- grid.470118.b0000 0004 0627 3835Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 3004 Drammen, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Tveita
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.414168.e0000 0004 0627 3595Department of Internal Medicine, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 1346 Gjettum, Norway
| | - Simen Bøe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hammerfest County Hospital, Hammerfest, Norway
| | - Karl Erik Müller
- grid.470118.b0000 0004 0627 3835Department of Internal Medicine, Drammen Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, 3004 Drammen, Norway
| | - Synne Jenum
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Johannes R. Hov
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Department of Transplantation Medicine, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- grid.55325.340000 0004 0389 8485Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway ,grid.10919.300000000122595234K.G. Jebsen-Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center (TREC), UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsö, Norway
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20
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Metatranscriptomic Analysis Reveals Disordered Alterations in Oropharyngeal Microbiome during the Infection and Clearance Processes of SARS-CoV-2: A Warning for Secondary Infections. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010006. [PMID: 36671391 PMCID: PMC9856197 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate oropharyngeal microbiota alterations during the progression of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by analyzing these alterations during the infection and clearance processes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by using positive SARS-CoV-2 quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The alterations in abundance, diversity, and potential function of the oropharyngeal microbiome were identified using metatranscriptomic sequencing analyses of oropharyngeal swab specimens from 47 patients with COVID-19 (within a week after diagnosis and within two months after recovery from COVID-19) and 40 healthy individuals. As a result, in the infection process of SARS-CoV-2, compared to the healthy individuals, the relative abundances of Prevotella, Aspergillus, and Epstein-Barr virus were elevated; the alpha diversity was decreased; the beta diversity was disordered; the relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria was increased; and the relative abundance of Gram-positive bacteria was decreased. After the clearance of SARS-CoV-2, compared to the healthy individuals and patients with COVID-19, the above disordered alterations persisted in the patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and did not return to the normal level observed in the healthy individuals. Additionally, the expressions of several antibiotic resistance genes (especially multi-drug resistance, glycopeptide, and tetracycline) in the patients with COVID-19 were higher than those in the healthy individuals. After SARS-CoV-2 was cleared, the expressions of these genes in the patients who had recovered from COVID-19 were lower than those in the patients with COVID-19, and they were different from those in the healthy individuals. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence that potential secondary infections with oropharyngeal bacteria, fungi, and viruses in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 should not be ignored; this evidence also highlights the clinical significance of the oropharyngeal microbiome in the early prevention of potential secondary infections of COVID-19 and suggests that it is imperative to choose appropriate antibiotics for subsequent bacterial secondary infection in patients with COVID-19.
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21
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Jitvaropas R, Mayuramart O, Sawaswong V, Kaewsapsak P, Payungporn S. Classification of salivary bacteriome in asymptomatic COVID-19 cases based on long-read nanopore sequencing. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1937-1946. [PMID: 36082397 PMCID: PMC9742750 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221118091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic has impacted the health of almost everyone, including changes in their salivary microbiota. Since 2019, there has been an increase in the number of new COVID-19 cases in Thailand. Therefore, COVID-19 active case finding is important for early detection and epidemic control. Moreover, the dynamic changes of salivary bacteriome in asymptomatic COVID-19 cases are largely unknown. This research aimed to investigate and compare the salivary bacteriome and the co-infectious bacterial pathogens in the asymptomatic COVID-19 positive group to the negative group, based on novel nanopore sequencing. This cohort was a cross-sectional study including saliva samples collected from 82 asymptomatic participants (39 COVID-19 positive and 43 COVID-19 negative cases). All samples were sequenced for the full-length bacterial 16S rDNA. The alpha and beta diversity analyses were not significantly different between groups. The three major species in salivary bacteriome including Veillonella parvula, Streptococcus mitis, and Prevotella melaninogenica were observed in both groups. Interestingly, Lautropia mirabilis was a significantly enriched species in the saliva of the asymptomatic COVID-19-positive cases based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis. The results suggested that L. mirabilis was a co-infectious agent in the asymptomatic COVID-19 group. However, the potential role of L. mirabilis should be validated in further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungrat Jitvaropas
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 10120, Thailand
| | - Oraphan Mayuramart
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vorthon Sawaswong
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Kaewsapsak
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand,Sunchai Payungporn.
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22
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Gregorczyk-Maga I, Fiema M, Kania M, Kędzierska J, Jachowicz E, Romaniszyn D, Wójkowska-Mach J. Cultivable oral bacteriota dysbiosis in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1013559. [PMID: 36386658 PMCID: PMC9651008 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the human oral microbiota are currently investigated widely. Patients with COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting are at high risk of developing severe complications, including ventilator-associated pneumonia, thus making oral health management important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health status and assess the dysbiosis of cultivable oral bacteriota in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in an ICU with acute respiratory distress within 36 h following intubation. In this prospective cohort study, we recruited 56 adult COVID-19 patients that qualified for mechanical ventilation in the Temporary ICU for COVID-19 Patients of the University Hospital in Krakow. On admission to the ICU, oral health of patients was assessed using the modified Beck Oral Assessment Score (BOAS). Four oral habitats were sampled, namely the buccal mucosa, tongue, buccal dental surface and gingival pocket. Microorganisms were identified by MALDI/TOF mass spectrometry. The mean age of the study population was 66.5 ± 12.7 years, there were 24 (42.9%) females. All patients included in this study were intubated and ventilated in the ICU, with a corresponding high mortality rate (76.8%). On admission to ICU, 76.8% subjects scored 11–20 on the BOAS scale (median 12 [IQR 10–14]), indicating moderate or severe dysfunction of oral health. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified in the oral microbiota samples, including Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in 23.2%, 39.3%, 17.9%, and 19.6% of patients, respectively. Lactobacillus spp. were present in 57.1% subjects. The mean CFU counts of all bacteria strains in dental brushes were 9.3E+5 (1.4E+6) and in gingival pockets 7.6E+5 (1.4E+6). The highest CFU counts were observed for Enterococcus spp. and, Lactobacillus spp., although these did not differ significantly from CFU counts of Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. In this report we comprehensively characterized the oral health condition and cultivable oral bacteriota in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in an ICU with acute respiratory distress within 36 h following intubation. The oral bacteriota showed significant qualitative and quantitative dysbiosis. Hospitalization in an ICU and mechanical ventilation are important factors leading to oral dysbiosis in SARS-CoV-2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Fiema
- Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Kania
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Chair of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Michal Kania,
| | | | - Estera Jachowicz
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Romaniszyn
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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23
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Di Pierro F, Iqtadar S, Mumtaz SU, Bertuccioli A, Recchia M, Zerbinati N, Khan A. Clinical Effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Results of a Preliminary Study. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101926. [PMID: 36296202 PMCID: PMC9609702 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical and physiological considerations indicate that the oral cavity is a primary source of the lung microbiota community, and recent studies have shown that the microbiota in the lungs contributes to immunological homeostasis, potentially altering the organ’s susceptibility to viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. It has been proposed that, in the case of viral infection, lung Gram-negative bacteria could promote the cytokine cascade with a better performance than a microbiota mainly constituted by Gram-positive bacteria. Recent observations also suggest that Prevotella-rich oral microbiotas would dominate the oral cavity of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In comparison, Streptococcus-rich microbiotas would dominate the oral cavity of healthy people. To verify if the modulation of the oral microbiota could have an impact on the current coronavirus disease, we administered for 14 days a well-recognized and oral-colonizing probiotic (S. salivarius K12) to hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The preliminary results of our randomized and controlled trial seem to prove the potential role of this oral strain in improving the course of the main markers of pathology, as well as its ability to apparently reduce the death rate from COVID-19. Although in a preliminary and only circumstantial way, our results seem to confirm the hypothesis of a direct involvement of the oral microbiota in the construction of a lung microbiota whose taxonomic structure could modulate the inflammatory processes generated at the pulmonary and systemic level by a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Pierro
- Scientific & Research Department, Velleja Research, 20100 Milan, Italy
- Digestive Endoscopy, Fondazione Poliambulanza, 25133 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0523-510848; Fax: +39-0523-511894
| | - Somia Iqtadar
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sami Ullah Mumtaz
- Department of Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Alexander Bertuccioli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Martino Recchia
- Medistat, Unità di Epidemiologia Clinica e Biostatistica, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Zerbinati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Amjad Khan
- Nuffield Division of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences (NDCLS), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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24
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Callahan N, Hattar M, Barbour T, Adami GR, Kawar N. Oral microbial taxa associated with risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:886341. [PMID: 36118052 PMCID: PMC9478458 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.886341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis and objective The oral and digestive tract microbial ecosystem has sparked interest because of its impact on various systemic diseases and conditions. The oral cavity serves not only as a reservoir for many potentially virulent microbiota but also as an important entry point and portal to the human body system. This is especially significant in the transmissibility of the virulent current pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2. The oral and digestive microbiome influences the inflammatory burden and effectiveness of the immune system and serves as a marker of activity of these host processes. The host immune response plays a role in infection susceptibility, including SARS-CoV-2. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of specific salivary oral microbiome in susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods and results One hundred six subjects of known medical and dental history who consented to provide saliva samples between January 2017 and December 2019 were included in this study. Sixteen had become COVID-19 positive based on the PCR test by 3/01/2021. A comparison of oral microbiome bacteria taxa profiles based on 16S rRNA sequencing revealed differences between the two groups in this pilot study. Conclusions These bacteria taxa may be markers of increased susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the unvaccinated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Callahan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meryana Hattar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Thawab Barbour
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guy R. Adami
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Guy R. Adami
| | - Nadia Kawar
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Mizutani T, Ishizaka A, Koga M, Tsutsumi T, Yotsuyanagi H. Role of Microbiota in Viral Infections and Pathological Progression. Viruses 2022; 14:950. [PMID: 35632692 PMCID: PMC9144409 DOI: 10.3390/v14050950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are influenced by various microorganisms in the environment surrounding the target tissue, and the correlation between the type and balance of commensal microbiota is the key to establishment of the infection and pathogenicity. Some commensal microorganisms are known to resist or promote viral infection, while others are involved in pathogenicity. It is also becoming evident that the profile of the commensal microbiota under normal conditions influences the progression of viral diseases. Thus, to understand the pathogenesis underlying viral infections, it is important to elucidate the interactions among viruses, target tissues, and the surrounding environment, including the commensal microbiota, which should have different relationships with each virus. In this review, we outline the role of microorganisms in viral infections. Particularly, we focus on gaining an in-depth understanding of the correlations among viral infections, target tissues, and the surrounding environment, including the commensal microbiota and the gut virome, and discussing the impact of changes in the microbiota (dysbiosis) on the pathological progression of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Mizutani
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Aya Ishizaka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Michiko Koga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Yotsuyanagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; (A.I.); (M.K.); (T.T.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, IMSUT Hospital of Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Könönen E, Gursoy UK. Oral Prevotella Species and Their Connection to Events of Clinical Relevance in Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Tracts. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:798763. [PMID: 35069501 PMCID: PMC8770924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.798763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevotella is recognized as one of the core anaerobic genera in the oral microbiome. In addition, members of this genus belong to microbial communities of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Several novel Prevotella species, most of them of oral origin, have been described, but limited knowledge is still available of their clinical relevance. Prevotella melaninogenica is among the anaerobic commensals on oral mucosae from early months of life onward, and other early colonizing Prevotella species in the oral cavity include Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella pallens. Oral Prevotella species get constant access to the gastrointestinal tract via saliva swallowing and to lower airways via microaspiration. At these extra-oral sites, they play a role as commensals but also as potentially harmful agents on mucosal surfaces. The aim of this narrative review is to give an updated overview on the involvement of oral Prevotella species in gastrointestinal and respiratory health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Könönen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ulvi K Gursoy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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