Determinants and Interactions of Oral Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota in Healthy Chinese Adults

Oral bacteriome and mycobiome of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy with different tongue coatings treated with a Chinese herbal formula

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Moshen Fuyuan Formula (MSFY) is one of the representative Chinese medicine compound for Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), that originate from Fang Ji Huang Qi decoction in the Han dynasty. IMN is usually accompanied by different tongue coatings in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and tongue microorganisms are important factors affecting the formation of the tongue coating. Recently, oral microbiomes, including bacteria and fungi, have been identified as pivotal factors that contribute to disease development. However, the regulation of oral microbiomes by MSFY has not been defined.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this work, we explore the characteristics of oral bacteria and fungi in IMN patients with different tongue coatings, and clarify the therapeutic effect of MSFY based on oral microbiome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We enrolled 24 patients with IMN, including 11 with white tongue (IMN-W) and 13 with yellow tongue (IMN-Y), and recruited an additional 10 healthy individuals. Patients with IMN were treated with the MSFY. The oral bacteriome and fungi before and after treatment were detected using full-length 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer gene sequencing.

RESULTS

The therapeutic effect of MSFY on patients with yellow tongue coating was more significant than that on patients with white tongue coating. In terms of oral bacteriome, Campylobacter bacteria were enriched in patients with yellow tongue and could be a promising biomarker for yellow coating. Enrichment of Veillonella parvula_A may partially account for the therapeutic effect of MSFY. As for oral fungi, Malassezia globosa was enhanced in patients with IMN-W and reduced in patients with IMN-Y. Notably, it was reduced by MSFY. We also found that mycobiome-bacteriome interactions were highly complex and dynamic in patients with IMN.

CONCLUSION

The regulation of the dynamic balance between oral fungi and bacteria by MSFY contributes to the treatment of IMN. This study determined the oral bacteriome and mycobiome of patients with IMN with different tongue coatings before and after MSFY treatment, which aids in promoting personalized treatment in clinical TCM and provides direction for investigating the mechanism of Chinese herbal medicines.

Moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training modulate the composition of the oral microbiota of elderly adults: Randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

We investigates the effects of 16-week high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on the composition of the oral microbiota. To the best of our knowledge, at the time of writing this paper no other scholars had described the oral metagenomic changes associated with prescribed exercise in older adults.

METHODS

Forty-three participants aged 60-74 years were randomized 1:1:1 to a control group, high-intensity interval training or moderate-intensity continuous training twice weekly for 16 weeks. Saliva samples were sequenced at baseline, week 8 and week 16 of intervention.

RESULTS

High-intensity interval training produced significant differences over time in Richness and a clear trend to decreased Simpson and Shannon diversity indices. In contrast, Simpson and Shannon indices showed an upward trend over time with moderate-intensity continuous training, which also decreased Firmicutes and increased Bacteroidetes levels. Significant differences in the abundance of pathogenic species were also observed after the participants completed the exercise interventions of either type.

CONCLUSIONS

Both types of exercise promoted subtle changes in the oral microbiota, confirming the modulatory effect of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on the oral microbiome. Clinical trial registration NCT05220670.

Temporal trends in indoor bioaerosols: implications for dental healthcare environments

Antibiotic resistance, a significant public health hazard, is predicted to cause 10 million deaths worldwide by 2050. The study aimed to identify culturable bioaerosols in the indoor air of dental units in Lahore and assess their antibiotic resistance. Air samples were collected from 10 dental unit locations at different distances, with average concentrations of fungi and bacteria falling within intermediate ranges, per the Global Index of Microbial Contamination (GIMC/m3) index. The study found higher antibiotic-resistant strains in hospital dental units, particularly during winter. The most vigorous strain, S.aureus-NAJIH18, exhibited 70% resistance to ceftazidime. The research highlights the importance of quantifying microbial pollutants for evaluating their source and complexity. It suggests proactive mitigation techniques, such as focused cleaning and air filtration, to improve indoor air quality can mitigate the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains. These insights offer hope in combating the growing public health threat of antibiotic resistance.

Oral Mycobiota: A Narrative Review

Numerous studies have proven the important role of the oral microbiota in health and disease. The dysfunctionality of the oral microbiota, known as dysbiosis, is incriminated in dental caries, periodontal disease, oral infectious diseases, oral cancer, and systemic disease. The lesser-known component of the oral microbiota, the mycobiota, is now assiduously investigated. Recent technological developments have helped foster the identification of new fungal species based on genomic research. Next-generation sequencing has expanded our knowledge about the diversity, architecture, and relationships of oral microorganisms within the oral cavity. The mycobiome structure and relationships with the bacteriome have been studied to identify a mycobiotic signature. This review aimed to emphasize the latest knowledge of the oral mycobiome.

Human immunodeficiency virus and oral microbiota: mutual influence on the establishment of a viral gingival reservoir in individuals under antiretroviral therapy

The role of the oral microbiota in the overall health and in systemic diseases has gained more importance in the recent years, mainly due to the systemic effects that are mediated by the chronic inflammation caused by oral diseases, such as periodontitis, through the microbial communities of the mouth. The chronic infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts at the tissue level (e.g. gut, genital tract, brain) to create reservoirs; the modulation of the gut microbiota by HIV infection is a good example of these interactions. The purpose of the present review is to assess the state of knowledge on the oral microbiota (microbiome, mycobiome and virome) of HIV-infected patients in comparison to that of HIV-negative individuals and to discuss the reciprocal influence of HIV infection and oral microbiota in patients with periodontitis on the potential establishment of a viral gingival reservoir. The influence of different clinical and biological parameters are reviewed including age, immune and viral status, potent antiretroviral therapies, smoking, infection of the airway and viral coinfections, all factors that can modulate the oral microbiota during HIV infection. The analysis of the literature proposed in this review indicates that the comparisons of the available studies are difficult due to their great heterogeneity. However, some important findings emerge: (i) the oral microbiota is less influenced than that of the gut during HIV infection, although some recurrent changes in the microbiome are identified in many studies; (ii) severe immunosuppression is correlated with altered microbiota and potent antiretroviral therapies correct partially these modifications; (iii) periodontitis constitutes a major factor of dysbiosis, which is exacerbated in HIV-infected patients; its pathogenesis can be described as a reciprocal reinforcement of the two conditions, where the local dysbiosis present in the periodontal pocket leads to inflammation, bacterial translocation and destruction of the supporting tissues, which in turn enhances an inflammatory environment that perpetuates the periodontitis cycle. With the objective of curing viral reservoirs of HIV-infected patients in the future years, it appears important to develop further researches aimed at defining whether the inflamed gingiva can serve of viral reservoir in HIV-infected patients with periodontitis.

Development of the early-life gut microbiome and associations with eczema in a prospective Chinese cohort

IMPORTANCE

Eczema is a major allergic disease in children, which is particularly prevalent in Chinese children during their first year of life. In this study, we showed that alterations in the infant gut microbiota precede the development of eczema in a prospective Chinese cohort. In particular, we discovered enrichments of the genera Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Finegoldia in the cases at 3 and 1 month of age, respectively, which may represent potential targets for intervention to prevent eczema. Besides, we identified a depletion of Bacteroides from 1 to 6 months of age and an enrichment of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 at 3 months in the eczema cases, patterns also observed in C-section-born infants within the same time frames, providing first evidence to support a role of the gut microbiota in previously reported associations between C-section and increased risk of eczema in infancy.

Sex-based influential factors for dental caries in patients with schizophrenia

BACKGROUND

Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder that seriously affects patients' daily lives and brings heavy psychological and economic burdens to their families and society. The oral problems of patients with schizophrenia are gradually gaining attention, among which dental caries are among the most common oral diseases. Sex differences may be related not only to the various clinical symptoms of schizophrenia but also to different oral hygiene statuses; therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to investigate sex differences related to influencing factors for dental caries in patients with schizophrenia.

METHOD

Inpatients with schizophrenia over 18 years old were included in this study, and multidimensional indicators such as demographics, symptom and cognitive impairment assessments, medications, and the caries index of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) were collected. An analysis of sex-based influential factors for dental caries in schizophrenia patients was performed.

RESULTS

Four-hundred and ninety-six patients with schizophrenia were included, with a mean age of 46.73 ± 12.23 years, of which 142 were females and 354 were males. The mean DMFT was significantly higher in males (8.81 ± 8.50) than in females (5.63 ± 6.61, p < 0.001), and the odd ratio of caries in males to females was significantly higher as well (OR = 2.305, p < 0.001). The influential factors of caries in male patients were independently associated with age and smoking status, in which current smokers were at the highest risk for developing caries, and different smoking statuses had various influencing factors for caries. The influencing factors for caries in female patients were independently associated with age, antipsychotic dose, PANSS-positive symptoms, and MMSE levels.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest sex differences exist among influential factors for caries in patients with schizophrenia. These risk factors may even be associated with and affect the treatment and prognosis of psychiatric symptoms in patients. Therefore, oral hygiene management of patients with schizophrenia should be enhanced. These differential factors provide new visions and ideas for formulating individual interventions, treatments, and care priorities.

Distinctive features of the oropharyngeal microbiome in Inuit of Nunavik and correlations of mild to moderate bronchial obstruction with dysbiosis

Inuit of Nunavik are coping with living conditions that can influence respiratory health. Our objective was to investigate associations between respiratory health in Inuit communities and their airway microbiome. Oropharyngeal samples were collected during the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Inuit Health Survey and subjected to metagenomic analyses. Participants were assigned to a bronchial obstruction group or a control group based on their clinical history and their pulmonary function, as monitored by spirometry. The Inuit microbiota composition was found to be distinct from other studied populations. Within the Inuit microbiota, differences in diversity measures tend to distinguish the two groups. Bacterial taxa found to be more abundant in the control group included candidate probiotic strains, while those enriched in the bronchial obstruction group included opportunistic pathogens. Crossing taxa affiliation method and machine learning consolidated our finding of distinct core microbiomes between the two groups. More microbial metabolic pathways were enriched in the control participants and these were often involved in vitamin and anti-inflammatory metabolism, while a link could be established between the enriched pathways in the disease group and inflammation. Overall, our results suggest a link between microbial abundance, interactions and metabolic activities and respiratory health in the Inuit population.

Oral Microbiota: A New Insight into Cancer Progression, Diagnosis and Treatment

The polymorphic microbiome has been defined as one of the "Hallmarks of Cancer". Extensive studies have now uncovered the role of oral microbiota in cancer development and progression. Bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses in the oral cavity interact dynamically with the oral microenvironment to maintain the oral micro-ecological homeostasis. This complex interaction is influenced by many factors, such as maternal transmission, personal factors and environmental factors. Dysbiosis of oral microbiota can disturbed this host-microbiota interaction, leading to systemic diseases. Numerous studies have shown the potential associations between oral microbiota and a variety of cancers. However, the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic insights are still poorly understood. In this review, we mainly focus on the following aspects: (1) the factors affect oral microbiota composition and function; (2) the interaction between microenvironment and oral microbiota; (3) the role of multi-kingdom oral microbiota in human health; (4) the potential underlying mechanisms and therapeutic benefits of oral microbiota against cancer. Finally, we aim to describe the impact of oral microbiota on cancer progression and provide novel therapeutic insights into cancer prevention and treatment by targeting oral microbiota.

The Role of Indoor Microbiome and Metabolites in Shaping Children's Nasal and Oral Microbiota: A Pilot Multi-Omic Analysis

Maintaining a diverse and well-balanced nasal and oral microbiota is vital for human health. However, the impact of indoor microbiome and metabolites on nasal and oral microbiota remains largely unknown. Fifty-six children in Shanghai were surveyed to complete a questionnaire about their personal and environmental characteristics. The indoor microbiome and metabolites from vacuumed indoor dust were profiled via shotgun metagenomics and untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The nasal and oral microbiota in children was characterized using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing from PacBio. Associations between personal/environmental characteristics and the nasal/oral microbiota were calculated using PERMANOVA and regression analyses. We identified 6247, 431, and 342 microbial species in the indoor dust, nasal, and oral cavities, respectively. The overall nasal and oral microbial composition showed significant associations with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during pregnancy and early childhood (p = 0.005 and 0.03, respectively), and the abundance of total indoor flavonoids and two mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) (p = 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03, respectively). Notably, the abundance of several flavonoids, such as baicalein, eupatilin, isoliquiritigenin, tangeritin, and hesperidin, showed positive correlations with alpha diversity and the abundance of protective microbial taxa in nasal and oral cavities (p < 0.02), suggesting their potential beneficial roles in promoting nasal/oral health. Conversely, high carbohydrate/fat food intake and ETS exposure diminished protective microorganisms while augmenting risky microorganisms in the nasal/oral cavities. Further, potential microbial transfer was observed from the indoor environment to the childhood oral cavity (Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus salivarius), which could potentially increase virulence factors related to adherence and immune modulation and vancomycin resistance genes in children. This is the first study to reveal the association between the indoor microbiome/metabolites and nasal/oral microbiota using multi-omic approaches. These findings reveal potential protective and risk factors related to the indoor microbial environment.

The role of fungi in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent tumour with high morbidity rates worldwide, and its incidence among younger populations is rising. Early diagnosis of CRC can help control the associated mortality. Fungi are common microorganisms in nature. Recent studies have shown that fungi may have a similar association with tumours as bacteria do. As an increasing number of tumour-associated fungi are discovered, this provides new ideas for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumours. The relationship between fungi and colorectal tumours has also been recently identified by scientists. Therefore, this paper describes the limitations and prospects of the application of fungi in diagnosing CRC and predicting CRC prognosis.

High affinity iron uptake by pyoverdine in Pseudomonas aeruginosa involves multiple regulators besides Fur, PvdS, and FpvI

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium which can cause serious infections among immune-depressed people including cystic fibrosis patients where it can colonize the lungs causing chronic infections. Iron is essential for P. aeruginosa and can be provided via three sources under aerobic conditions: its own siderophores pyochelin (PCH) and pyoverdine (PVD), xenosiderophores, or heme, respectively. Pyoverdine is the high affinity siderophore and its synthesis and uptake involve more than 30 genes organized in different operons. Its synthesis and uptake are triggered by iron scarcity via the Fur regulator and involves two extra cytoplasmic sigma factors (ECF), PvdS for the biosynthesis of PVD and FpvI for the uptake via the TonB-dependent FpvA outer membrane transporter and other periplasmic and inner membrane proteins. It appeared recently that the regulation of PVD biosynthesis and uptake involves other regulators, including other ECF factors, and LysR regulators. This is the case especially for the genes coding for periplasmic and inner membrane proteins involved in the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ and the transport of ferrous iron to the cytoplasm that appears to represent a crucial step in the uptake process.

The Role of the Mycobiome in Women’s Health

Although the human bacteriome and virome have gained a great deal of attention over the years, the human mycobiome has been far more neglected despite having significant value and implications in human health. In women, mycobiome profiles in breastmilk, vaginal regions, the gut, skin, and the oral cavity can provide insight into women’s health, diseases, and microbiome dysbiosis. Analyses of mycobiome composition under factors, such as health, age, diet, weight, and drug exposure (including antibiotic therapies), help to elucidate the various roles of women’s mycobiome in homeostasis, microbiome interactions (synergistic and antagonistic), and health. This review summarizes the most recent updates to mycobiome knowledge in these critical areas.

Extent of Oral-Gut Transmission of Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota in Healthy Chinese Adults

Recent studies have provided evidence on the presence of an oral-gut microbiota axis in gastrointestinal diseases; however, whether a similar axis exists in healthy individuals is still in debate. Here, we characterized the bacterial and fungal microbiomes in paired oral rinse and stool samples collected from 470 healthy Chinese adults by sequencing the 16S rRNA V3-V4 and ITS1 regions, respectively. We hypothesized that there is limited oral-gut transmission of both the bacterial and fungal microbiota in healthy Chinese adults. Our results showed that the oral and gut microbiota in healthy individuals differed in taxonomic composition, alpha and beta diversity, metabolic potential, and network properties. Bayesian analysis showed that the vast majority of subjects had negligible or low bacterial and fungal oral-to-stool contribution. Detailed examination of the prevalent amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) also revealed limited cases of sharing between the oral and stool samples within the same individuals, except a few bacterial and fungal ASVs. Association analysis showed that sharing of the potentially transmissible fungal ASVs was associated with host factors, including an older age and a higher body mass index. Our findings indicate that oral-gut transmission of both bacterial and fungal microbiota in healthy adults is limited. Detection of a large amount of shared bacterial or fungal members between the oral and gut microbiome of an individual may indicate medical conditions that warrant detailed checkup. IMPORTANCE The oral-gut microbiota axis in health is a fundamentally important and clinically relevant topic; however, our current understanding of it remains biased and incomplete. By characterizing the bacterial and fungal microbiomes in paired oral rinse and stool samples from a large cohort of healthy Chinese adults, here we provided new evidence that oral-gut microbiota transmission is limited in non-Western population and across biological domains. Our study has established an important baseline of a healthy oral-gut microbiota axis, with which other disease conditions can be compared. Besides, our findings have practical implications that detection of a large amount of shared bacterial or fungal members between the oral cavity and gut within the same individual as an indicator of potential medical conditions.

The Contribution of the Human Oral Microbiome to Oral Disease: A Review

The oral microbiome is an emerging field that has been a topic of discussion since the development of next generation sequencing and the implementation of the human microbiome project. This article reviews the current literature surrounding the oral microbiome, briefly highlighting most recent methods of microbiome characterization including cutting edge omics, databases for the microbiome, and areas with current gaps in knowledge. This article also describes reports on microorganisms contained in the oral microbiome which include viruses, archaea, fungi, and bacteria, and provides an in-depth analysis of their significant roles in tissue homeostasis. Finally, we detail key bacteria involved in oral disease, including oral cancer, and the current research surrounding their role in stimulation of inflammatory cytokines, the role of gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal disease, the creation of a network of interactions between microorganisms, the influence of the planktonic microbiome and cospecies biofilms, and the implications of antibiotic resistance. This paper provides a comprehensive literature analysis while also identifying gaps in knowledge to enable future studies to be conducted.

Candida species and oral mycobiota of patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush

Overgrowth of Candida yeasts in the oral cavity may result in the development of oral thrush in immunocompromised individuals. This study analyzed the diversity and richness of the oral mycobiota of patients clinically diagnosed with oral thrush (OT), follow-up of oral thrush patients after antifungal therapy (AT), and healthy controls (HC). Oral rinse and oral swab samples were collected from 38 OT patients, 21 AT patients, and 41 healthy individuals (HC). Pellet from the oral rinse and oral swab were used for the isolation of oral Candida yeasts on Brilliance Candida Agar followed by molecular speciation. ITS1 amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq was performed on DNA extracted from the oral rinse pellet of 16 OT, 7 AT, and 7 HC oral rinse samples. Trimmed sequence data were taxonomically grouped and analyzed using the CLC Microbial Genomics Module workflow. Candida yeasts were isolated at significantly higher rates from oral rinse and swab samples of OT (68.4%, p < 0.001) and AT (61.9%, p = 0.012) patients, as compared to HC (26.8%). Predominance of Candida albicans specifically, was noted in OT (60.5%, p < 0.001) and AT (42.9%, p = 0.006) vs. HC (9.8%), while non-albicans Candida species was dominant in HC. Analysis of oral mycobiota from OT patients showed the presence of 8 phyla, 222 genera, and 309 fungal species. Low alpha diversity (Shannon index, p = 0.006; Chao-1 biased corrected index, p = 0.01), varied beta diversity (Bray-Curtis, p = 0.01986; Jaccard, p = 0.02766; Weighted UniFrac, p = 0.00528), and increased relative abundance of C. albicans (p = 3.18E-02) was significantly associated with the oral mycobiota of OT vs. HC. This study supported that C. albicans is the main etiological agent in oral thrush and highlights the association of fungal biodiversity with the pathophysiology of oral thrush.

Oral Bacteriome and Mycobiome across Stages of Oral Carcinogenesis

Oral microbial dysbiosis contributes to the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Numerous studies have focused on variations in the oral bacterial microbiota of patients with OSCC. However, similar studies on fungal microbiota, another integral component of the oral microbiota, are scarce. Moreover, there is an evidence gap regarding the role that microecosystems play in different niches of the oral cavity at different stages of oral carcinogenesis. Here, we catalogued the microbial communities in the human oral cavity by profiling saliva, gingival plaque, and mucosal samples at different stages of oral carcinogenesis. We analyzed the oral bacteriome and mycobiome along the health-premalignancy-carcinoma sequence. Some species, including Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Acremonium exuviarum, and Aspergillus fumigatus, were enriched, whereas others, such as Streptococcus salivarius subsp. salivarius, Scapharca broughtonii, Mortierella echinula, and Morchella septimelata, were depleted in OSCC. These findings suggest that an array of signature species, including bacteria and fungi, are closely associated with oral carcinogenesis. OSCC-associated diversity differences, species distinction, and functional alterations were most remarkable in mucosal samples, not in gingival plaque or saliva samples, suggesting an urgent need to define oral carcinogenesis-associated microbial dysbiosis based on the spatial microbiome. IMPORTANCE Abundant oral microorganisms constitute a complex microecosystem within the oral environment of the host, which plays a critical role in the adjustment of various physiological and pathological states of the oral cavity. In this study, we demonstrated that variations in the "core microbiome" may be used to predict carcinogenesis. In addition, sample data collected from multiple oral sites along the health-premalignancy-carcinoma sequence increase our understanding of the microecosystems of different oral niches and their specific changes during oral carcinogenesis. This work provides insight into the roles of bacteria and fungi in OSCC and may contribute to the development of early diagnostic assays and novel treatments.

Oral microbiota in patients with oropharyngeal cancer with an emphasis on <i>Candida</i> spp

Introduction. Interactions between the 2 microbiota components – bacteria and fungi – are of interest as diagnostic and prognostic markers in selection of treatment tactics for oncological patients.

Aim. To study microbiota of the oral cavity in patients with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharyngeal area before and after surgical intervention to find biomarkers for rational selection of antifungal drugs.

Materials and methods. At the Surgical Department of Head and Neck Tumors of the N. N. Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology, three-component study was performed: investigations of spectrum of Candida spp. isolates, Candida spp. strains’ resistance to antifungals, and oral washes in primary patients before and after surgery. mALDI-Tof microflex LT (Biotyper, Bruker Daltonics, germany) was used for strain identification; Sensititre Yeast ONE, YO10 (Trek Diagnostic System, united kingdom) plates were used for determination of minimal inhibiting concentrations of anti fungals. values of minimal inhibiting concentrations were evaluated based on the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EuCAST) criteria (version 10.0).

Results. four-year observation of patients at the surgical department of head and neck tumors of the N. N. Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology showed that the most common species of Candida is C. albicans (73.5 % of cases). Candida spp. resistance to antifungals was detected only for fluconazole (9.3 % of cases) and micafungin (8.0 % of cases), mostly among C. albicans strains. In 31.8 % of primary patients, oral washes prior to surgery showed growth of Candida spp. (probably, tissue colonization). After surgical intervention, Candida spp. growth was detected in 36.4 % of cases, only 1 of which was diagnosed as invasive mycosis. In 54.5 % of cases before and in 72.7 % of cases after surgery, gram-negative rods were detected. After surgical intervention, percentage of enterobacteria and non-fermenters significantly increased: 59.1 % versus 27.3 % (p <0.05) and 63.6 % versus 27.3 % (p <0.02), respectively. prior to surgery, non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria were represented only by P. aeruginosa; after surgery, the spectrum of non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria became wider but percentage of P. aeruginosa remained high: 71.4 %. ERG11 gene was identified only in 1 strain: C. albicans. FKS1 gene also was identified only in 1 strain: C. inconspicua. virulence factor genes were detected in 57.1 % of strains.

Conclusion. Surgical intervention is associated with changes in bacterial microbiota but not fugal microbiota. presence of virulence factor genes and resistance genes in Candida spp. strains should be considered a biomarker allowing to differentiate between colonization and candida infection and can be used for rational selection of antifungal drugs in prevention and treatment of invasive candidiasis, especially in the absence of criteria for interpretation of measured minimal inhibiting concentrations of antifungals.

The oral microbiota and cardiometabolic health: A comprehensive review and emerging insights

There is mounting evidence demonstrating that oral dysbiosis causes periodontal disease and promotes the development of cardiovascular disease. The advancement of omics techniques has driven the optimization of oral microbiota species analysis and has provided a deeper understanding of oral pathogenic bacteria. A bi-directional relationship exists between the oral microbiota and the host, and oral-gut microbiota transfer is known to alter the composition of the gut microbiota and may cause local metabolic disorders. Furthermore, cardiovascular health can also be highly affected by oral microbiota functions and metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and some lipid metabolites. Studies have found that trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) may have adverse effects on cardiovascular health, whereas SCFAs, NO, and H2S have cardioprotective effects. SCFAs and H2S exert varying oral and cardiovascular effects, however reports on this specific topic remain controversial. Previous evidences are accustomed to summarizing the functions of oral microbiota in the context of periodontitis. The direct relationship between oral microbiota and cardiovascular diseases is insufficient. By systematically summarizing the methods associated with oral microbiota transplantation (OMT), this review facilitates an investigation into the causal links between oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease. The concomitant development of omics, bioinformatics, bacterial culture techniques, and microbiota transplantation techniques is required to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease occurrence.