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Zhao P, Fan S, Zhou Y, Huang M, Gao Y, Bi H. Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Do Not Perform Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:88-98. [PMID: 38719477 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.124.002174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which regulates various physiologic and pathologic processes. Phase separation is a dynamic biophysical process in which biomacromolecules form liquid-like condensates, which have been identified as contributors to many cellular functions, such as signal transduction and transcription regulation. However, the possibility of phase separation for CAR and PPARα remains unknown. This study explored the potential phase separation of CAR and PPARα The computational analysis utilizing algorithm tools examining the intrinsically disordered regions of CAR and PPARα suggested a limited likelihood of undergoing phase separation. Experimental assays under varying conditions of hyperosmotic stress and agonist treatments confirmed the absence of phase separation for these receptors. Additionally, the optoDroplets assay, which utilizes blue light stimulation to induce condensate formation, showed that there was no condensate formation of the fusion protein of Cry2 with CAR or PPARα Furthermore, phase separation of CAR or PPARα did not occur despite reduced target expression under hyperosmotic stress. In conclusion, these findings revealed that neither the activation of CAR and PPARα nor hyperosmotic stress induces phase separation of CAR and PPARα in cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) are key regulators of various functions in the body. This study showed that CAR and PPARα do not exhibit phase separation under hyperosmotic stress or after agonist-induced activation. These findings provide new insights into the CAR and PPARα biology and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Yanying Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Min Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Yue Gao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening and Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., H.B.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.Z., S.F., Y.Z., M.H., Y.G., H.B.); and The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China (H.B.)
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Popova NM, Slepnev AA, Abalenikhina YV, Shchulkin AV, Rokunov ED, Yakusheva EN. [Quantitative assessment of breast cancer resistance protein during pregnancy in rabbits]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2023; 69:72-77. [PMID: 36857429 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20236901072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP,ABCG2) is an efflux transporter protein that transports various substrates from the cell to the extracellular space or organ cavities. The aim of this study was a complex assessment of the amount of BCRP during pregnancy in rabbits. The amount of BCRP in samples of the rabbit jejunum, liver, kidney, cerebral cortex, and placenta was determined by enzyme immunoassay, and in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells by the Western blot. To study the mechanisms involved in control of the dynamic BCRP levels during pregnancy, serum concentrations of sex hormones were investigated by radioimmunoassay and relative amounts of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) in these organs were evaluated using the Western blot method. The putative role of CAR and PXR in regulation of the BCRP level by progesterone was evaluated in vitro experiments on HepG2 cells. It was found that amount of BCRP in the jejunum of pregnant rabbits was higher than in the placenta, liver, kidneys, and cerebral cortex. An increase in the amount of BCRP in the liver of rabbits was noted on the 21st day of pregnancy and a tendency to the increase was also detected on the 28th day; in the kidney and cerebral cortex increased BCRP levels were detected on the 28th day and 14th day of pregnancy, respectively, as compared with non-pregnant females. In vitro experiments with HepG2 cells have shown that the increase in the BCRP level is determined by the activating effect of progesterone on PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Popova
- Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | - A A Slepnev
- Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
| | | | | | - E D Rokunov
- Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
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Abalenikhina YV, Shchulkin AV, Seidkuliyeva AA, Pravkin SK, Yakusheva EN. [Mechanism of regulation of the constitutive androstane receptor under conditions of modeling oxidative stress in vitro]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2022; 68:297-301. [PMID: 36005848 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20226804297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor that participates in the regulation of biotransformation of toxic substances and metabolic processes. The mechanisms of expression changes of CAR under conditions of oxidative stress (OS) have not been studied yet and this was the purpose of the study. OS was modeled by incubating Caco2 cells with hydrogen peroxide 10-100 μM for 72 h. The amount of CAR was determined by the Western blot, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was evaluated by a heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay malondialdehyde (MDA), the lipid peroxidation products (LPP) was assayed by a photometric method. Incubation of cells with 10 μM and 50 μM H2O2 led to an increase in the amount of CAR and Nrf2, while incubation with 100 μM H2O2 caused their decrease. Nrf2 inhibition did not influence the CAR content under OS conditions. 10 μM MDA increased the CAR content, 100 μM MDA had no effect, while 150 μM reduced the amount of CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S K Pravkin
- Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, Russia
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Shulpekova Y, Shirokova E, Zharkova M, Tkachenko P, Tikhonov I, Stepanov A, Sinitsyna A, Izotov A, Butkova T, Shulpekova N, Nechaev V, Damulin I, Okhlobystin A, Ivashkin V. A Recent Ten-Year Perspective: Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061983. [PMID: 35335345 PMCID: PMC8953976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are important physiological agents required for the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients. In addition, bile acids act as sensors of intestinal contents, which are determined by the change in the spectrum of bile acids during microbial transformation, as well as by gradual intestinal absorption. Entering the liver through the portal vein, bile acids regulate the activity of nuclear receptors, modify metabolic processes and the rate of formation of new bile acids from cholesterol, and also, in all likelihood, can significantly affect the detoxification of xenobiotics. Bile acids not absorbed by the liver can interact with a variety of cellular recipes in extrahepatic tissues. This provides review information on the synthesis of bile acids in various parts of the digestive tract, its regulation, and the physiological role of bile acids. Moreover, the present study describes the involvement of bile acids in micelle formation, the mechanism of intestinal absorption, and the influence of the intestinal microbiota on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Elena Shirokova
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Maria Zharkova
- Department of Hepatology University Clinical Hospital No.2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pyotr Tkachenko
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Tikhonov
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexander Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Sinitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-98-78
| | - Alexander Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Damulin
- Branch of the V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, 127994 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Okhlobystin
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
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Kim SD, Morgan L, Hargreaves E, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Antenos M, Li B, Kirby GM. Regulation of Cytochrome P450 2a5 by Artemisia capillaris and 6,7-Dimethylesculetin in Mouse Hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:730416. [PMID: 34880749 PMCID: PMC8645941 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.730416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Jaundice is a potentially fatal condition resulting from elevated serum bilirubin levels. For centuries, herbal remedies containing Artemisia capillaris Thunb. including the compound 6,7-dimethylesculetin (DE) have been used in Asia to prevent and treat jaundice in neonates. DE activates an important regulator of bilirubin metabolism, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and increases bilirubin clearance. In addition, murine cytochrome P450 2a5 (Cyp2a5) is known to be involved in the oxidative metabolism of bilirubin. Moreover, treatment of mice with phenobarbital, a known inducer of both CAR and Cyp2a5, increases expression of Cyp2a5 suggesting a potential relationship between CAR and Cyp2a5 expression. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of Artemisia capillaris and DE on the expression and regulatory control of Cyp2a5 and the potential involvement of CAR. Treatment of mouse hepatocytes in primary culture with DE (50 μM) significant increased Cyp2a5 mRNA and protein levels. In mice, Artemisia capillaris and DE treatment also increased levels of hepatic Cyp2a5 protein. Luciferase reporter assays showed that CAR increases Cyp2a5 gene transcription through a CAR response element in the Cyp2a5 gene promoter. Moreover, DE caused nuclear translocation of CAR in primary mouse hepatocytes and increased Cyp2a5 transcription in the presence of CAR. These results identify a potential CAR-mediated mechanism by which DE regulates Cyp2a5 gene expression and suggests that DE may enhance bilirubin clearance by increasing Cyp2a5 levels. Understanding this process could provide an opportunity for the development of novel therapies for neonatal and other forms of jaundice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangsoo Daniel Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Larry Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elyse Hargreaves
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Zhihui Jiang
- He'nan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Monica Antenos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ben Li
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
| | - Gordon M Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Constitutive androstane receptor induced-hepatomegaly and liver regeneration is partially via yes-associated protein activation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:727-737. [PMID: 33777678 PMCID: PMC7982502 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR3I1) belongs to nuclear receptor superfamily. It was reported that CAR agonist TCPOBOP induces hepatomegaly but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a potent regulator of organ size. The aim of this study is to explore the role of YAP in CAR activation-induced hepatomegaly and liver regeneration. TCPOBOP-induced CAR activation on hepatomegaly and liver regeneration was evaluated in wild-type (WT) mice, liver-specific YAP-deficient mice, and partial hepatectomy (PHx) mice. The results demonstrate that TCPOBOP can increase the liver-to-body weight ratio in wild-type mice and PHx mice. Hepatocytes enlargement around central vein (CV) area was observed, meanwhile hepatocytes proliferation was promoted as evidenced by the increased number of KI67+ cells around portal vein (PV) area. The protein levels of YAP and its downstream targets were upregulated in TCPOBOP-treated mice and YAP translocation can be induced by CAR activation. Co-immunoprecipitation results suggested a potential protein–protein interaction of CAR and YAP. However, CAR activation-induced hepatomegaly can still be observed in liver-specific YAP-deficient (Yap–/–) mice. In summary, CAR activation promotes hepatomegaly and liver regeneration partially by inducing YAP translocation and interaction with YAP signaling pathway, which provides new insights to further understand the physiological functions of CAR.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANKRD1, ankyrin repeat domain 1
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCNA1, cyclin A1
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CCNE1, cyclin E1
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CTNNB1, β-catenin
- CV, central vein
- CYR61, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- Constitutive androstane receptor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FOXM1, forkhead box M1
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- H&E, haematoxylin and eosin
- Hepatomegaly
- Liver enlargement
- Liver regeneration
- Nuclear receptors
- PHx, partial hepatectomy
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha
- PV, portal vein
- Partial hepatectomy
- Protein–protein interaction
- TBA, total bile acid
- TBIL, total bilirubin
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene
- TEAD, TEA domain family member
- YAP, yes-associated protein
- Yes-associated protein
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Bae SDW, Nguyen R, Qiao L, George J. Role of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in human liver cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188516. [PMID: 33529650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily (subfamily 1, group I, member 3, also known as NR1I3) that is almost exclusively expressed in the liver. CAR interacts with key signalling pathways such as those involved in drug, energy and bilirubin metabolism. In mouse models, activation of CAR leads to tumorigenesis by inducing pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic signalling. However, many previous reports have shown species differences between CAR activity in animal models and humans. Recent studies have demonstrated that the mode of action of CAR in rodent liver tumorigenesis is not applicable to humans. Despite this, many studies still continue to study the role of CAR in animal models, hence, there is a need to further explore the role of CAR in human diseases particularly cancers. While there is limited evidence for a role of CAR in human cancers, some studies have proposed a tumour-suppressive role of CAR in liver cancer. In addition, recent studies exploring CAR in human livers demonstrated a hepato-protective role for CAR in and more specifically, its ability to drive differentiation and liver regeneration. This review will discuss the role of CAR in liver cancer, with a focus on species differences and its emerging, tumour-suppressive role in liver cancer and its role in the regulation of liver cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Da Won Bae
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Romario Nguyen
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney and Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Juang SH, Hsieh MT, Hsu PL, Chen JL, Liu HK, Liang FP, Kuo SC, Chiu CY, Liu SH, Chou CH, Wu TS, Hung HY. Studies of Coumarin Derivatives for Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) Activation. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010164. [PMID: 33396516 PMCID: PMC7796031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation has found to ameliorate diabetes in animal models. However, no CAR agonists are available clinically. Therefore, a safe and effective CAR activator would be an alternative option. In this study, sixty courmarin derivatives either synthesized or purified from Artemisia capillaris were screened for CAR activation activity. Chemical modifications were on position 5,6,7,8 with mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra-substitutions. Among all the compounds subjected for in vitro CAR activation screening, 6,7-diprenoxycoumarin was the most effective and was selected for further preclinical studies. Chemical modification on the 6 position and unsaturated chains were generally beneficial. Electron-withdrawn groups as well as long unsaturated chains were hazardous to the activity. Mechanism of action studies showed that CAR activation of 6,7-diprenoxycoumarin might be through the inhibition of EGFR signaling and upregulating PP2Ac methylation. To sum up, modification mimicking natural occurring coumarins shed light on CAR studies and the established screening system provides a rapid method for the discovery and development of CAR activators. In addition, one CAR activator, scoparone, did showed anti-diabetes effect in db/db mice without elevation of insulin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Hun Juang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (S.-H.J.); (M.-T.H.); (P.-L.H.); (J.-L.C.); (F.-P.L.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Min-Tsang Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (S.-H.J.); (M.-T.H.); (P.-L.H.); (J.-L.C.); (F.-P.L.); (S.-C.K.)
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, 2 Yude Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (S.-H.J.); (M.-T.H.); (P.-L.H.); (J.-L.C.); (F.-P.L.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Ju-Ling Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (S.-H.J.); (M.-T.H.); (P.-L.H.); (J.-L.C.); (F.-P.L.); (S.-C.K.)
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (T.-S.W.)
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Fong-Pin Liang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (S.-H.J.); (M.-T.H.); (P.-L.H.); (J.-L.C.); (F.-P.L.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; (S.-H.J.); (M.-T.H.); (P.-L.H.); (J.-L.C.); (F.-P.L.); (S.-C.K.)
| | - Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (S.-H.L.)
| | - Chen-Hsi Chou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (T.-S.W.)
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (T.-S.W.)
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (C.-H.C.); (T.-S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 6803)
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Activation of the Akt pathway by a constitutive androstane receptor agonist results in β-catenin activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 879:173135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hirayama S, Fujii H. δ Opioid Receptor Inverse Agonists and their In Vivo Pharmacological Effects. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2889-2902. [PMID: 32238139 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200402115654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of δ opioid receptor inverse agonist activity induced by ICI-174,864, which was previously reported as an δ opioid receptor antagonist, opened the door for the investigation of inverse agonism/constitutive activity of the receptors. Various peptidic or non-peptidic δ opioid receptor inverse agonists have since been developed. Compared with the reports dealing with in vitro inverse agonist activities of novel compounds or known compounds as antagonists, there have been almost no publications describing the in vivo pharmacological effects induced by a δ opioid receptor inverse agonist. After the observation of anorectic effects with the δ opioid receptor antagonism was discussed in the early 2000s, the short-term memory improving effects and antitussive effects have been very recently reported as possible pharmacological effects induced by a δ opioid receptor inverse agonist. In this review, we will survey the developed δ opioid receptor inverse agonists and summarize the possible in vivo pharmacological effects by δ opioid receptor inverse agonists. Moreover, we will discuss important issues involved in the investigation of the in vivo pharmacological effects produced by a δ opioid receptor inverse agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Hirayama
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5- 9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fujii
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Medicinal Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5- 9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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Han J, Park JC, Choi BS, Kim MS, Kim HS, Hagiwara A, Park HG, Lee BY, Lee JS. The genome of the marine monogonont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis: Genome-wide expression profiles of 28 cytochrome P450 genes in response to chlorpyrifos and 2-ethyl-phenanthrene. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105230. [PMID: 31306923 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brachionus spp. (Rotifera: Monogononta) are globally distributed in aquatic environments and play important roles in the aquatic ecosystem. The marine monogonont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is considered a suitable model organism for ecology, evolution, and ecotoxicology. In this study, we assembled and characterized the B. plicatilis genome. The total length of the assembled genome was 106.9 Mb and the number of final scaffolds was 716 with an N50 value of 1.15 Mb and a GC content of 26.75%. A total of 20,154 genes were annotated after manual curation. To demonstrate the use of whole genome data, we targeted one of the main detoxifying enzyme of phase I detoxification system and identified in a total of 28 cytochrome P450 s (CYPs). Based on the phylogenetic analysis using the maximum likelihood, 28 B. plicatilis-CYPs were apparently separated into five different clans, namely, 2, 3, 4, mitochondrial (MT), and 46 clans. To better understand the CYPs-mediated xenobiotic detoxification, we measured the mRNA expression levels of 28 B. plicatilis CYPs in response to chlorpyrifos and 2-ethyl-phenanthrene. Most B. plicatilis CYPs were significantly modulated (P < 0.05) in response to chlorpyrifos and 2-ethyl-phenanthrene. In addition, xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor (XNR) response element sequences were identified in the 5 kb upstream of promoter regions of 28 CYPs from the genome of B. plicatilis, indicating that these XNR can be associated with detoxification of xenobiotics. Overall, the assembled B. plicatilis genome presented here will be a useful resource for a better understanding the molecular ecotoxicology in the view of molecular mechanisms underlying toxicological responses, particularly on xenobiotic detoxification in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Soon Choi
- Phyzen Genomics Institute, Seongnam 13558, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Su Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; Institute of Integrated Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Resource Development, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Blackwell BR, Ankley GT, Corsi SR, DeCicco LA, Houck K, Judson R, Li S, Martin M, Murphy E, Schroeder AL, Smith ET, Swintek J, Villeneuve DL. An "EAR" on Environmental Surveillance and Monitoring: A Case Study on the Use of Exposure-Activity Ratios (EARs) to Prioritize Sites, Chemicals, and Bioactivities of Concern in Great Lakes Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8713-8724. [PMID: 28671818 PMCID: PMC6132252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Current environmental monitoring approaches focus primarily on chemical occurrence. However, based on concentration alone, it can be difficult to identify which compounds may be of toxicological concern and should be prioritized for further monitoring, in-depth testing, or management. This can be problematic because toxicological characterization is lacking for many emerging contaminants. New sources of high-throughput screening (HTS) data, such as the ToxCast database, which contains information for over 9000 compounds screened through up to 1100 bioassays, are now available. Integrated analysis of chemical occurrence data with HTS data offers new opportunities to prioritize chemicals, sites, or biological effects for further investigation based on concentrations detected in the environment linked to relative potencies in pathway-based bioassays. As a case study, chemical occurrence data from a 2012 study in the Great Lakes Basin along with the ToxCast effects database were used to calculate exposure-activity ratios (EARs) as a prioritization tool. Technical considerations of data processing and use of the ToxCast database are presented and discussed. EAR prioritization identified multiple sites, biological pathways, and chemicals that warrant further investigation. Prioritized bioactivities from the EAR analysis were linked to discrete adverse outcome pathways to identify potential adverse outcomes and biomarkers for use in subsequent monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Blackwell
- US EPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
- Corresponding author: 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804; ; T: (218) 529-5078; Fax: (218) 529-5003
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US EPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
| | - Steve R. Corsi
- US Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI, USA 53562
| | - Laura A. DeCicco
- US Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI, USA 53562
| | - Keith Houck
- US EPA, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27711
| | - Richard Judson
- US EPA, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27711
| | - Shibin Li
- US EPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
- National Research Council, US EPA, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
| | - Matt Martin
- US EPA, National Center for Computational Toxicology, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA 27711
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- US EPA, Great Lakes National Program Office, 77 West Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL, USA 60604
| | - Anthony L. Schroeder
- University of Minnesota Crookston, Math, Science, and Technology Department, 2900 University Ave, Crookston, MN, USA 56716
| | - Edwin T. Smith
- US EPA, Great Lakes National Program Office, 77 West Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL, USA 60604
| | - Joe Swintek
- Badger Technical Services, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
| | - Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US EPA, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, USA 55804
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Kazantseva YA, Pustylnyak YA, Pustylnyak VO. Role of Nuclear Constitutive Androstane Receptor in Regulation of Hepatocyte Proliferation and Hepatocarcinogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:338-47. [PMID: 27293091 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in hepatocytes occurs as a body adaptation in response to a number of external influences, and its functional activity is primarily related to induction of enzymes detoxifying xenobiotics. However, special attention was recently given to CAR due to the fact that its key role becomes unveiled in various physiological and pathophysiological processes occurring in the liver: gluconeogenesis, metabolism of fatty acids and bilirubin, hormonal regulation, proliferation of hepatocytes, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Here we review the main pathways and mechanisms that elevate hepatocyte proliferative activity related to CAR and whose disturbance may be a pivotal factor in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Kazantseva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia
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Yarushkin AA, Kazantseva YA, Prokopyeva EA, Markova DN, Pustylnyak YA, Pustylnyak VO. Constitutive androstane receptor activation evokes the expression of glycolytic genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1099-105. [PMID: 27530923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activation by 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP) increases the liver-to-body weight ratio. CAR-mediated liver growth is correlated with increased expression of the pleiotropic transcription factor cMyc, which stimulates cell cycle regulatory genes and drives proliferating cells into S phase. Because glycolysis supports cell proliferation and cMyc is essential for the activation of glycolytic genes, we hypothesized that CAR-mediated up-regulation of cMyc in mouse livers might play a role in inducing the expression of glycolytic genes. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of long-term CAR activation on glycolytic genes in a mouse model not subjected to metabolic stress. We demonstrated that long-term CAR activation by TCPOBOP increases expression of cMyc, which was correlated with reduced expression of gluconeogenic genes and up-regulation of glucose transporter, glycolytic and mitochondrial pyruvate metabolising genes. These changes in gene expression after TCPOBOP treatment were strongly correlated with changes in levels of glycolytic intermediates in mouse livers. Moreover, we demonstrated a significant positive regulatory effect of TCPOBOP-activated CAR on both mRNA and protein levels of Pkm2, a master regulator of glucose metabolism and cell proliferation. Thus, our findings provide evidence to support the conclusion that CAR activation initiates a transcriptional program that facilitates the coordinated metabolic activities required for cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A Yarushkin
- The Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Timakova str., 2/12, 630117, Russia
| | - Yuliya A Kazantseva
- The Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Timakova str., 2/12, 630117, Russia
| | - Elena A Prokopyeva
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Pirogova str., 2, 630090, Russia; Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Novosibirsk, Timakova str., 2, 630117, Russia
| | - Diana N Markova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Pirogova str., 2, 630090, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir O Pustylnyak
- The Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Novosibirsk, Timakova str., 2/12, 630117, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Pirogova str., 2, 630090, Russia.
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Hirashima R, Michimae H, Takemoto H, Sasaki A, Kobayashi Y, Itoh T, Tukey RH, Fujiwara R. Induction of the UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 during the Perinatal Period Can Cause Neurodevelopmental Toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:265-74. [PMID: 27413119 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticonvulsants can increase the risk of developing neurotoxicity in infants; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated to date. Thyroxine [3,5,3',5'-l-tetraiodothyronine (T4)] plays crucial roles in the development of the central nervous system. In this study, we hypothesized that induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1)-an enzyme involved in the metabolism of T4-by anticonvulsants would reduce serum T4 levels and cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. Exposure of mice to phenytoin during both the prenatal and postnatal periods significantly induced UGT1A1 and decreased serum T4 levels on postnatal day 14. In the phenytoin-treated mice, the mRNA levels of synaptophysin and synapsin I in the hippocampus were lower than those in the control mice. The thickness of the external granule cell layer was greater in phenytoin-treated mice, indicating that induction of UGT1A1 during the perinatal period caused neurodevelopmental disorders. Exposure to phenytoin during only the postnatal period also caused these neurodevelopmental disorders. A T4 replacement attenuated the increase in thickness of the external granule cell layer, indicating that the reduced T4 was specifically associated with the phenytoin-induced neurodevelopmental disorder. In addition, these neurodevelopmental disorders were also found in the carbamazepine- and pregnenolone-16-α-carbonitrile-treated mice. Our study is the first to indicate that UGT1A1 can control neurodevelopment by regulating serum T4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Hirashima
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Hiroaki Takemoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Aya Sasaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Yoshinori Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics (R.H., A.S., T.I., R.F.), Division of Biostatistics (H.M.), and Department of Pharmacognosy (H.T., Y.K.), School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California (R.H.T.)
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Bioinformatic analysis of microRNA networks following the activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) in mouse liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2016; 1859:1228-1237. [PMID: 27080131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that functions as a xenosensor, serving to regulate xenobiotic detoxification, lipid homeostasis and energy metabolism. CAR activation is also a key contributor to the development of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. The underlying pathways affected by CAR in these processes are complex and not fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical modulators of gene expression and appear to impact many cellular pathways, including those involved in chemical detoxification and liver tumor development. In this study, we used deep sequencing approaches with an Illumina HiSeq platform to differentially profile microRNA expression patterns in livers from wild type C57BL/6J mice following CAR activation with the mouse CAR-specific ligand activator, 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5,-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP). Bioinformatic analyses and pathway evaluations were performed leading to the identification of 51 miRNAs whose expression levels were significantly altered by TCPOBOP treatment, including mmu-miR-802-5p and miR-485-3p. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the differentially expressed microRNAs revealed altered effector pathways, including those involved in liver cell growth and proliferation. A functional network among CAR targeted genes and the affected microRNAs was constructed to illustrate how CAR modulation of microRNA expression may potentially mediate its biological role in mouse hepatocyte proliferation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Rondini EA, Duniec-Dmuchowski Z, Kocarek TA. Nonsterol Isoprenoids Activate Human Constitutive Androstane Receptor in an Isoform-Selective Manner in Primary Cultured Mouse Hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:595-604. [PMID: 26798158 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory previously reported that accumulation of nonsterol isoprenoids following treatment with the squalene synthase inhibitor, squalestatin 1 (SQ1) markedly induced cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B1 mRNA and reporter activity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, which was dependent on activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). The objective of the current study was to evaluate whether isoprenoids likewise activate murine CAR (mCAR) or one or more isoforms of human CAR (hCAR) produced by alternative splicing (SPTV, hCAR2; APYLT, hCAR3). We found that SQ1 significantly induced Cyp2b10 mRNA (∼3.5-fold) in primary hepatocytes isolated from both CAR-wild-type and humanized CAR transgenic mice, whereas the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor pravastatin had no effect. In the absence of CAR, basal Cyp2b10 mRNA levels were reduced by 28-fold and the effect of SQ1 on Cyp2b10 induction was attenuated. Cotransfection with an expression plasmid for hCAR1, but not hCAR2 or hCAR3, mediated SQ1-induced CYP2B1 and CYP2B6 reporter activation in hepatocytes isolated from CAR-knockout mice. This effect was also observed following treatment with the isoprenoid trans,trans-farnesol. The direct agonist CITCO increased interaction of hCAR1, hCAR2, and hCAR3 with steroid receptor coactivator-1. However, no significant effect on coactivator recruitment was observed with SQ1, suggesting an indirect activation mechanism. Further results from an in vitro ligand binding assay demonstrated that neither farnesol nor other isoprenoids are direct ligands for hCAR1. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SQ1 activates CYP2B transcriptional responses through farnesol metabolism in an hCAR1-dependent manner. Further, this effect probably occurs through an indirect mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Rondini
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Thomas A Kocarek
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Yu L, Wang Z, Huang M, Li Y, Zeng K, Lei J, Hu H, Chen B, Lu J, Xie W, Zeng S. Evodia alkaloids suppress gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis by activating the constitutive androstane receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:1100-1111. [PMID: 26455953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a key sensor in xenobiotic detoxification and endobiotic metabolism. Increasing evidence suggests that CAR also plays a role in energy metabolism by suppressing the hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of two evodia alkaloids, rutaecarpine (Rut) and evodiamine (Evo), on gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis through their activation of the human CAR (hCAR). We found that both Rut and Evo exhibited anti-lipogenic and anti-gluconeogenic effects in the hyperlipidemic HepG2 cells. Both compounds can potently activate hCAR, and treatment of cells with hCAR antagonists reversed the anti-lipogenic and anti-gluconeogenic effects of Rut and Evo. The anti-gluconeogenic effect of Rut and Evo was due to the CAR-mediated inhibition of the recruitment of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) onto the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) gene promoters. In vivo, we showed that treatment of mice with Rut improved glucose tolerance in a CAR-dependent manner. Our results suggest that the evodia alkaloids Rut and Evo may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lushan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhangting Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minmin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kui Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinxiu Lei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Su Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Yarushkin AA, Kachaylo EM, Pustylnyak VO. The constitutive androstane receptor activator 4-[(4R,6R)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline inhibits the gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and G6Pase through the suppression of HNF4α and FOXO1 transcriptional activity. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 168:1923-32. [PMID: 23231652 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The dual role of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) as both a xenosensor and a regulator of endogenous energy metabolism (lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis) has recently gained acceptance. Here, we investigated the effects of 4-[(4R,6R)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl]-N,N-dimethylaniline (transpDMA), an effective CAR activator, on the gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) in rat livers. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of transpDMA were investigated in normal and high-fat diet-fed Wistar rats using real-time PCR, Western blotting, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays (ChIP), glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test. KEY RESULTS The expression of the gluconeogenic enzymes PEPCK and G6Pase was repressed by transpDMA treatment under fasting conditions. Long-term CAR activation by transpDMA significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels and improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet-fed rats. The metabolic benefits of CAR activation by transpDMA may have resulted from the inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenic genes. ChIP assays demonstrated that transpDMA prevented the binding of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) to insulin response sequences in the PEPCK and G6Pase gene promoters in rat livers. Moreover, transpDMA-activated CAR inhibited hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF4α) transactivation by competing with HNF4α for binding to the specific binding element (DR1-site) in the gluconeogenic gene promoters. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results provide evidence to support the conclusion that transpDMA inhibits the gluconeogenic genes PEPCK and G6Pase through suppression of HNF4α and FOXO1 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Yarushkin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SB RAMS, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Xenosensor CAR mediates down-regulation of miR-122 and up-regulation of miR-122 targets in the liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:26-32. [PMID: 26171734 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
MiR-122 is a major hepatic microRNA, accounting for more than 70% of the total liver miRNA population. It has been shown that miR-122 is associated with liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Mir-122 is an intergenic miRNA with its own promoter. Pri-miR-122 expression is regulated by liver-enriched transcription factors, mainly by HNF4α, which mediates the expression via the interaction with a specific DR1 site. It has been shown that phenobarbital-mediated activation of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), xenobiotic nuclear receptor, is associated with a decrease in miR-122 in the liver. In the present study, we investigated HNF4α-CAR cross-talk in the regulation of miR-122 levels and promitogenic signalling in mouse livers. The level of miR-122 was significantly repressed by treatment with 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP), which is an agonist of mouse CAR. ChIP assays demonstrated that TCPOBOP-activated CAR inhibited HNF4α transactivation by competing with HNF4α for binding to the DR1 site in the pri-miR-122 promoter. Such transcription factor replacement was strongly correlated with miR-122 down-regulation. Additionally, the decrease in miR-122 levels produced by CAR activation is accompanied by an increase in mRNA and cellular protein levels of E2f1 and its accumulation on the target cMyc gene promoter. The increase in accumulation of E2f1 on the target cMyc gene promoter is accompanied by an increase in cMyc levels and transcriptional activity. Thus, our results provide evidence to support the conclusion that CAR activation decreases miR-122 levels through suppression of HNF4α transcriptional activity and indirectly regulates the promitogenic protein cMyc. HNF4α-CAR cross-talk may provide new opportunities for understanding liver diseases and developing more effective therapeutic approaches to better drug treatments.
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Cherian MT, Lin W, Wu J, Chen T. CINPA1 is an inhibitor of constitutive androstane receptor that does not activate pregnane X receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 87:878-89. [PMID: 25762023 PMCID: PMC4407736 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.097782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) are xenobiotic sensors that enhance the detoxification and elimination of xenobiotics and endobiotics by modulating the expression of genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Elevated levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters, resulting from CAR activation in various cancers, promote the elimination of chemotherapeutic agents, leading to reduced therapeutic effectiveness and acquired drug resistance. CAR inhibitors, in combination with existing chemotherapeutics, could therefore be used to attenuate multidrug resistance in cancers. Interestingly, all previously reported CAR inverse-agonists are also activators of PXR, rendering them mechanistically counterproductive in tissues where both these xenobiotic receptors are present and active. We used a directed high-throughput screening approach, followed by subsequent mechanistic studies, to identify novel, potent, and specific small-molecule CAR inhibitors that do not activate PXR. We describe here one such inhibitor, CINPA1 (CAR inhibitor not PXR activator 1), capable of reducing CAR-mediated transcription with an IC50 of ∼70 nM. CINPA1 1) is a specific xenobiotic receptor inhibitor and has no cytotoxic effects up to 30 µM; 2) inhibits CAR-mediated gene expression in primary human hepatocytes, where CAR is endogenously expressed; 3) does not alter the protein levels or subcellular localization of CAR; 4) increases corepressor and reduces coactivator interaction with the CAR ligand-binding domain in mammalian two-hybrid assays; and 5) disrupts CAR binding to the promoter regions of target genes in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. CINPA1 could be used as a novel molecular tool for understanding CAR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milu T Cherian
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: nuclear hormone receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1652-75. [PMID: 24528240 PMCID: PMC3892290 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Nuclear hormone receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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23
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Kazantseva YA, Yarushkin AA, Pustylnyak VO. CAR-mediated repression of Foxo1 transcriptional activity regulates the cell cycle inhibitor p21 in mouse livers. Toxicology 2014; 321:73-9. [PMID: 24769335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP), an agonist of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), is a well-known strong primary chemical mitogen for the mouse liver. Despite extensive investigation of the role of CAR in the regulation of cell proliferation, our knowledge of the intricate mediating mechanism is incomplete. In this study, we demonstrated that long-term CAR activation by TCPOBOP increased liver-to-body weight ratio and decreased tumour suppressor Foxo1 expression and transcriptional activity, which were correlated with reduced expression of genes regulated by Foxo1, including the cell-cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a(p21), and upregulation of the cell-cycle regulator Cyclin D1. Moreover, we demonstrated the negative regulatory effect of TCPOBOP-activated CAR on the association of Foxo1 with the target Foxo1 itself and Cdkn1a(p21) promoters. Thus, we identified CAR-mediated repression of cell cycle inhibitor p21, as mediated by repression of FOXO1 expression and transcriptional activity. CAR-FOXO1 cross-talk may provide new opportunities for understanding liver diseases and developing more effective therapeutic approaches to better drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A Kazantseva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SB RAMS, Timakova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Andrei A Yarushkin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SB RAMS, Timakova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Vladimir O Pustylnyak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SB RAMS, Timakova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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24
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Xu S, Sun AQ, Suchy FJ. A novel RARα/CAR-mediated mechanism for regulation of human organic solute transporter-β gene expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G154-62. [PMID: 24264050 PMCID: PMC3920074 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00138.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The organic solute transporter-α/β (OSTα/β) is a heteromeric transporter that is essential for bile acid and sterol disposition and for the enterohepatic circulation. To better understand the mechanism underlying OST gene regulation, the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on OSTα/β gene expression were investigated. The results show a dose-dependent induction of OSTβ but not OSTα expression in both Huh7 and HepG2 cells by RA treatment. A novel functional RA receptor response element (RARE; so-called DR5) in the promoter of OSTβ gene was identified. The interaction of RARα/RXRα with the RARE was verified by electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and its functional importance by hOSTβ promoter activation in luciferase reporter assays. The studies demonstrated that the RARE is also a constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) binding site for OSTβ gene regulation. These results suggest that OSTβ is a target of both FXR-mediated (by binding to IR-1 element) and RARα- and CAR-mediated (by binding to DR5 element) gene regulation pathways. In summary, this study has uncovered a novel RARE (DR5) element in the promoter of OSTβ that binds RARα or CAR heterodimerized with RXRα and appears to function synergistically with the IR-1 element to provide maximal induction of OSTβ in response to RA. These findings demonstrate a role for RARα and CAR in controlling OSTβ expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Xu
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Univ. of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Ave., B065 Aurora, CO 80045.
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Jiang M, Xie W. Role of the constitutive androstane receptor in obesity and type 2 diabetes: a case study of the endobiotic function of a xenobiotic receptor. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:156-63. [PMID: 23330547 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.743561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Initially recognized as a xenobiotic receptor, CAR has been increasingly appreciated for its endobiotic functions in influencing glucose and lipid metabolism, whose dysregulations are implicated in the most prevalent metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Given the metabolic benefits of CAR activation, CAR may represent an attractive therapeutic target to manage obesity and type 2 diabetes. Further studies are necessary to understand the mechanisms of action of CAR in metabolic diseases and to determine the human relevance of the antidiabetic effect of CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Jiang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Kazantseva YA, Yarushkin AA, Pustylnyak VO. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane technical mixture regulates cell cycle and apoptosis genes through the activation of CAR and ERα in mouse livers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 271:137-43. [PMID: 23684557 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is a widely used organochlorine pesticide and a xenoestrogen that promotes rodent hepatomegaly and tumours. A recent study has shown significant correlation between DDT serum concentration and liver cancer incidence in humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We hypothesised that a mixture of DDT isomers could exert effects on the liver through pathways instead of classical ERs. The acute effects of a DDT mixture containing the two major isomers p,p'-DDT (85%) and o,p'-DDT (15%) on CAR and ERα receptors and their cell cycle and apoptosis target genes were studied in mouse livers. ChIP results demonstrated increased CAR and ERα recruitment to their specific target gene binding sites in response to the DDT mixture. The results of real-time RT-PCR were consistent with the ChIP data and demonstrated that the DDT was able to activate both CAR and ERα in mouse livers, leading to target gene transcriptional increases including Cyp2b10, Gadd45β, cMyc, Mdm2, Ccnd1, cFos and E2f1. Western blot analysis demonstrated increases in cell cycle progression proteins cMyc, Cyclin D1, CDK4 and E2f1 and anti-apoptosis proteins Mdm2 and Gadd45β. In addition, DDT exposure led to Rb phosphorylation. Increases in cell cycle progression and anti-apoptosis proteins were accompanied by a decrease in p53 content and its transcriptional activity. However, the DDT was unable to stimulate the β-catenin signalling pathway, which can play an important role in hepatocyte proliferation. Thus, our results indicate that DDT treatment may result in cell cycle progression and apoptosis inhibition through CAR- and ERα-mediated gene activation in mouse livers. These findings suggest that the proliferative and anti-apoptotic conditions induced by CAR and ERα activation may be important contributors to the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis as produced by DDT in rodent livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya A Kazantseva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics SB RAMS, Novosibirsk, Timakova str., 2, 630117, Russia
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Abstract
The cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a multigene family of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfonate group from the physiologic sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, to a nucleophilic substrate to generate a polar product that is more amenable to elimination from the body. As catalysts of both xenobiotic and endogenous metabolism, the SULTs are major points of contact between the external and physiological environments, and modulation of SULT-catalyzed metabolism can not only affect xenobiotic disposition, but it can also alter endogenous metabolic processes. Therefore, it is not surprising that SULT expression is regulated by numerous members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily that function as sensors of xenobiotics as well as endogenous molecules, such as fatty acids, bile acids, and oxysterols. These NRs include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, retinoid-related orphan receptors, and estrogen-related receptors. This review summarizes current information about NR regulation of SULT expression. Because species differences in SULT subfamily composition and tissue-, sex-, development-, and inducer-dependent regulation are prominent, these differences will be emphasized throughout the review. In addition, because of the central role of the SULTs in cellular physiology, the effect of NR-mediated SULT regulation on physiological and pathophysiological processes will be discussed. Gaps in current knowledge that require further investigation are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Runge-Morris
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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28
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Avoiding PXR and CAR Activation and CYP3A4 Enzyme Induction. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wallace BD, Redinbo MR. Xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors involved in drug metabolism: a structural perspective. Drug Metab Rev 2012; 45:79-100. [PMID: 23210723 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2012.740049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic compounds undergo a critical range of biotransformations performed by the phase I, II, and III drug-metabolizing enzymes. The oxidation, conjugation, and transportation of potentially harmful xenobiotic and endobiotic compounds achieved by these catalytic systems are significantly regulated, at the gene expression level, by members of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of ligand-modulated transcription factors. Activation of NRs by a variety of endo- and exogenous chemicals are elemental to induction and repression of drug-metabolism pathways. The master xenobiotic sensing NRs, the promiscuous pregnane X receptor and less-promiscuous constitutive androstane receptor are crucial to initial ligand recognition, jump-starting the metabolic process. Other receptors, including farnesoid X receptor, vitamin D receptor, hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, liver X receptor, and RAR-related orphan receptor, are not directly linked to promiscuous xenobiotic binding, but clearly play important roles in the modulation of metabolic gene expression. Crystallographic studies of the ligand-binding domains of nine NRs involved in drug metabolism provide key insights into ligand-based and constitutive activity, coregulator recruitment, and gene regulation. Structures of other, noncanonical transcription factors also shed light on secondary, but important, pathways of control. Pharmacological targeting of some of these nuclear and atypical receptors has been instituted as a means to treat metabolic and developmental disorders and provides a future avenue to be explored for other members of the xenobiotic-sensing NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bret D Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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