Extensive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a potential complication in a patient with COVID-19 disease

SARS‑CoV‑2 infection and associated risk factors for clinical cases of cerebral venous thrombosis: A case series

The present study focused on examining the association between the SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, and cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), a specific form of stroke that affects the brain's vessels and sinuses. While COVID-19 is primarily recognized for its respiratory impact, it may also affect other organs, including the brain. One notable aspect of COVID-19 is its association with coagulopathy, an abnormal condition of blood clotting. Coagulopathy may result in various complications, including neurological ones such as stroke. The study analyzed data obtained from patients admitted to a neurology department who had confirmed neurological pathologies along with COVID-19. It specifically examined the cases of three patients with neurological conditions and COVID-19, discussing their risk factors and how their conditions progressed clinically. The study concluded that COVID-19 infection increases the likelihood of stroke, particularly within the initial 10 days after infection. CVT in particular is strongly linked to COVID-19 and its underlying mechanisms involve immune systemic processes, cytokine storms, increased blood thickness, thrombogenesis, hypercoagulability and inflammation. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection may worsen the procoagulant cascade, thereby affecting the clinical condition of patients with CVT. The study underscores the importance of recognizing this uncommon but treatable consequence of COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, it highlights the uniqueness of the study in evaluating COVID-19 infection in patients with CVT from Romania and South-East Europe. The findings support the existence of neurological disorders, including clotting complications in the brain's sinuses and vessels, in individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. Several risk factors contribute to the development of CVT, such as infections, oral contraceptives, pregnancy, hematological disorders, trauma, autoimmune disorders and malignancies.

Impact of COVID-19 on interest in pediatric neurosurgery related symptoms, diseases, and treatments

BACKGROUND

More and more often, patients use online resources to increase their knowledge/confidence in conventional medicine. Thus, the evaluation of the internet search trends may offer an insight into patients' perception of the healthcare system during the pandemic, especially for medical specialties with invasive interventions such as pediatric neurosurgery.

METHODS

A total of 140 keywords representing a wide range of pediatric neurosurgery related symptoms/signs, diseases, and treatments were defined. Google Trends tool was queried for the predefined keywords within the United States from January 01, 2016, to November 17, 2020. Two periods in 2020, March 15to July 4and July 5to October 31, were compared with similar periods over the preceding four years (2016-2019). We performed analyses in three sections: symptoms/signs, diseases, and treatments.

RESULTS

Public interest has shifted from regular pediatric neurosurgery related symptoms/signs, diseases, and treatments to the ones related with neurological aspects of COVID-19 both in initial and short-term stages of the pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS

Google Trends highlights that the link between neurosurgeon/pediatric patients/caregivers needs to be further empowered by growing educational efforts.

Alice in wonderland syndrome "through the looking-glass" in a rare presentation of non-convulsive status epilepticus in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and COVID-19

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS) is a rare perceptual disorder, rarely associated with epileptic etiology. We report the case of a 23-year-old man with subacute onset of right peri-orbital headache and visual misperceptions consistent with AIWS Type B, who underwent laboratory tests, brain CT with venography, ophthalmic examination, and neurological assessment that turned out to be normal except for visuospatial difficulties and constructional apraxia. A nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV2 swab taken as screening protocol was positive. The EEG performed because of the persistence of AIWS showed a focal right temporo-occipital non-convulsive status epilepticus; a slow resolution of clinical and EEG alterations was achieved with anti-seizure medications. Brain MRI showed right cortical temporo-occipital signal abnormalities consistent with peri-ictal changes and post-contrast T1 revealed a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis, thus anticoagulant therapy was initiated. AIWS is associated with temporo-parieto-occipital carrefour abnormalities, where visual and somatosensory inputs are integrated to generate the representation of body schema. In this patient, AIWS is caused by temporo-occipital status epilepticus without anatomical and electroencephalographic involvement of the parietal region, consistent with the absence of somatosensory symptoms of the syndrome. Status epilepticus can be the presenting symptom of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) which, in this case, is possibly due to the hypercoagulable state associated with COVID-19.

Sagittal sinus thrombosis with subarachnoid haemorrhage in a patient with COVID-19 infection

A man in his late 50s was admitted with a 10-day history of right frontotemporal headache, left arm and leg weakness, and a sudden decline in visual acuity in the right eye. The patient had recent exposure to COVID-19 infection and tested positive for the same on admission. A CT scan of the head done on arrival demonstrated a subarachnoid haemorrhage in the right central sulcus with an underlying superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. No other known risk factors for central venous sinus thrombosis could be identified. The patient had a normal level of consciousness on admission clinically; however, he was in severe pain. A collective decision was made to administer anticoagulants to the patient with heparin after carefully deliberating the risk-to-benefit ratio of a superior sagittal thrombus with an associated subarachnoid haemorrhage. Our patient recovered and was discharged after 2 weeks on warfarin. We present this case to highlight the potential risks of hypercoagulable and neurotropic complications of COVID-19 infections, with special emphasis on cerebral venous thrombosis.

Varied presentations of complicated rhinosinusitis in COVID era: a rational approach to management

Aim

To study the various presentations and manifestations of complicated rhinosinusitis in COVID era- ranging from bacterial rhino sinusitis to invasive fungal rhino sinusitis.

Methods

Design-A retrospective observational study was carried out from March 2020 to May 2021. Setting-Tertiary care hospital subjects—all COVID-positive patients who had paranasal sinus involvement. Methods-Patients were evaluated based on their symptomatology profile. Fungal stains and culture were carried out for all. They underwent Magnetic resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography scan on case-to-case basis, apart from routine nasal endoscopy. All were managed both medically and surgically depending upon their diagnosis. The natural course including outcomes, was studied, documented and analyzed.

Results

Out of 496 patients presenting with sinonasal disease, 126 were COVID-positive, 16 patients had complicated rhino sinusitis, of which 4 patients had complicated rhinosinusitis with intraorbital, intracranial or combined complications. All patients were managed successfully with combined medical and surgical approach. Twelve patients had invasive mucormycosis with overall mortality rate of 37%.

Conclusion

Complicated sinusitis was encountered in COVID-positive patients either when they were being actively treated for COVID-19 or as part of post-COVID sequalae. Though rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis constituted the major disease burden in such patients but the possibility of bacterial rhino sinusitis with or without complications must also be kept in mind while evaluating such patients. We must remember every complicated rhinosinusitis in COVID-positive patient may not be mucor and manage appropriately.

[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis presenting transient ischemic attack after recovery from COVID-19 with Graves' disease and IgG4-related ophthalmic disease: a case report]

A 57-year-old man presented with headache, transient right upper extremity weakness and numbness one month after recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). His medical history included Graves' disease and IgG4-related ophthalmic disease. He had been administered prednisolone. His weakness and numbness were transient and not present on admission. Contrast-enhanced CT and MRI of the head showed thrombi in the superior sagittal sinus, right transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, and the right internal jugular vein. Digital subtraction angiography showed occlusion at the same sites and mild perfusion delay in the left frontoparietal lobe. We diagnosed the patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and treated him with anticoagulation. The thrombi partially regressed three months later, and perfusion delay became less noticeable. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is an important complication of COVID-19. Patients with predisposing factors, including Graves' disease and IgG4-related ophthalmic disease, may be at increased risk of developing cerebral venous sinus thrombosis even after recovery from COVID-19.

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Associated With Coronavirus Disease 2019: Case Report and Review of the Literature

INTRODUCTION

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with significant risk of acute thrombosis. We present a case report of a patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) associated with COVID-19 and performed a literature review of CVST associated with COVID-19 cases.

CASE REPORT

A 38-year-old woman was admitted with severe headache and acute altered mental status a week after confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. Magnetic resonance imaging brain showed diffuse venous sinus thrombosis involving the superficial and deep veins, and diffuse edema of bilateral thalami, basal ganglia and hippocampi because of venous infarction. Her neurological exam improved with anticoagulation (AC) and was subsequently discharged home. We identified 43 patients presenting with CVST associated with COVID-19 infection. 56% were male with mean age of 51.8±18.2 years old. The mean time of CVST diagnosis was 15.6±23.7 days after onset of COVID-19 symptoms. Most patients (87%) had thrombosis of multiple dural sinuses and parenchymal changes (79%). Almost 40% had deep cerebral venous system thrombosis. Laboratory findings revealed elevated mean D-dimer level (7.14/mL±12.23 mg/L) and mean fibrinogen level (4.71±1.93 g/L). Less than half of patients had prior thrombotic risk factors. Seventeen patients (52%) had good outcomes (mRS <=2). The mortality rate was 39% (13 patients).

CONCLUSION

CVST should be in the differential diagnosis when patients present with acute neurological symptoms in this COVID pandemic. The mortality rate of CVST associated with COVID-19 can be very high, therefore, early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to the outcomes of these patients.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pfizer-BioNTech Vaccination against COVID-19

In the last 3 years, COVID-19 pandemic has produced great impacts on global population in terms of health and social costs. Pneumonia represents only one of several pathologies associated to COVID-19 disease. Among these, the cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), constitutes an important cause of stroke. Here, we report a case of CVT diagnosed approximately 2 weeks after first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination, in a patient affected by COVID-19 few months earlier. He presented with headache and severe asthenia. The laboratory tests put in evidence thrombocytopenia and D-dimer elevation. A brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a computed tomography (CT) demonstrated hemorrhagic and ischemic phenomena on the right ventral thalamic nuclei, left thalamus, hippocampal and parahippocampal regions and the splenium of the corpus callosum. The study revealed a poorly opacified vein of Galeno and straight sinus. Heparin administration improved his clinical status; platelets values also arose over time.

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in a Patient With Mild Symptoms of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is mainly associated with pneumonia, several non-respiratory complications may also occur. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare but potentially fatal complication of COVID-19 infection. In order to increase awareness about such life-threatening complications to a large population of patients with otherwise mild COVID-19 infection, we present the clinical course of a 29-year-old unvaccinated female who developed CVST, with eight days of mild COVID-19 infection, that proved fatal despite adequate therapeutic measures. Clinicians should carefully consider the risk of thrombosis in patients who present with COVID-19 infection regardless of the intensity of the disease, including prophylaxis (to reduce the risk of hypercoagulable complications) and treatment beyond discharge. More data and research is needed to identify COVID-19 as an independent risk factor for thromboembolism so that future efforts can be aimed at appropriate management e.g. with prophylactic anticoagulants to avoid such complications. In case of unexplained neurological manifestations in patients with an active or recent COVID-19 infection, early investigations for cerebrovascular integrity should be done by using MRI and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)/magnetic resonance venography (MRV).

The relationship between COVID-19 infection and intracranial hemorrhage: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

In addition to the deleterious effects Covid-19 has on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, COVID-19 can also result in damage to the nervous system. This review aims to explore current literature on the association between COVID-19 and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of PubMed for literature published on COVID-19 and ICH. Ninety-four of 295 screened papers met inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

The literature addressed incidence and mortality of ICH associated with Covid-19. It also revealed cases of COVID-19 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, subdural hematomas, and hemorrhage secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis and ischemic stroke. ICH during COVID-19 infections was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for ICH appeared to be therapeutic anticoagulation, ECMO, and mechanical ventilation. Outcomes varied widely, depending on the severity of COVID-19 infection and neurologic injury.

CONCLUSION

Although treatment for severe Covid-19 infections is often aimed at addressing acute respiratory distress syndrome, vasculopathy, and coagulopathy, neurologic injury can also occur. Evidence-based treatments that improve COVID-19 mortality may also increase risk for developing ICH. Providers should be aware of potential neurologic sequelae of COVID-19, diagnostic methods to rule out other causes of ICH, and treatment regimens.

Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and neurological diseases of the central nervous system in COVID-19 patients

The devastating COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It primarily affects the lung and induces acute respiratory distress leading to a decrease in oxygen supply to the cells. This lung insufficiency caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus contributes to hypoxia which can affect the brain and other organ systems. The heightened cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients leads to an immune reaction in the vascular endothelial cells that compromise the host defenses against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in various organs. The vascular endothelial cell membrane breach allows access for SARS-CoV-2 to infect multiple tissues and organs. The neurotropism of spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 rendered by furin site insertion may increase neuronal infections. These could result in encephalitis and encephalopathy. The COVID-19 patients suffered severe lung deficiency often showed effects in the brain and neural system. The early symptoms include headache, loss of smell, mental confusion, psychiatric disorders and strokes, and rarely encephalitis, which indicated the vulnerability of the nervous system to SARS-CoV-2. Infection of the brain and peripheral nervous system can lead to the dysfunction of other organs and result in multi-organ failure. This review focuses on discussing the vulnerability of the nervous system based on the pattern of expression of the receptors for the SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms of its cell invasion. The SARS-CoV-2 elicited immune response and host immune response evasion are further discussed. Then the effects on the nervous system and its consequences on neuro-sensory functions are discussed. Finally, the emerging information on the overall genetic susceptibility seen in COVID-19 patients and its implications for therapy outlook is discussed.

A case-based systematic review on the SARS-COVID-2-associated cerebrovascular diseases and the possible virus routes of entry

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sparked a global pandemic that continues to affect various facets of human existence. Many sources reported virus-induced acute cerebrovascular disorders. Systematically, this paper reviews the case studies of COVID-19-related acute cerebrovascular diseases such as ischaemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral sinus thrombosis. We also spoke about how SARS-CoV-2 can infect the brain and trigger the aforementioned disorders. We stated that SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and BBB dysfunction could cause the observed disorders; however, further research is required to specify the mechanisms and pathogenesis of the virus.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Headache, a common prodromal symptom of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, can also be a manifestation of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), secondary to COVID-19. CVT management continues to evolve, with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) emerging as an alternative to warfarin. A 44-year-old Asian female, with no past medical history, presented to the emergency room (ER) with complaints of nonproductive cough and left-sided headache. She denied a history of COVID-19 vaccination, and SARS-CoV-2 testing (with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) was positive. Non-contrast computed tomography (CT) of the head revealed left transverse sinus hyperdensity, consistent with dense vein sign, and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) confirmed the presence of thrombus. The initial treatment included subcutaneous enoxaparin with headache resolution, and she was discharged on apixaban. Five weeks later, a non-contrast head CT showed resolution of the dense vein sign and recanalisation of left transverse sinus was seen on MRV. This report has highlighted the need for increased awareness of coagulopathy and thrombotic events, including cerebral venous thrombosis, in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Unremitting headache, in context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, should be evaluated with appropriate neurovascular imaging. Controlled studies are required to compare the safety and efficacy of DOACs with warfarin for management of cerebral venous thrombosis.

A follow-up study of patients with COVID-19 presenting with seizures

OBJECTIVE

We performed a follow-up study of patients with COVID-19 presenting with seizures.

METHODS

All consecutive patients with seizures, who were referred to Namazee Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, with a diagnosis of COVID-19, from 10 August 2020 until 20 October 2020 were included in this longitudinal study. The clinical data were collected by the admitting physician. In a follow-up phone call to the discharged patients (after eight weeks or more), we inquired their seizure outcome.

RESULTS

In total, 32 patients were studied; 28 patients were followed. Twelve patients (37.5%) presented with a single tonic-clonic seizure and nine (28.1%) had convulsive status epilepticus; one patient had functional (psychogenic) seizures. Ten patients (31.3%) had pre-existing epilepsy, eight others (25%) had pre-existing CNS problems (without epilepsy), one person (3.1%) had pre-existing functional seizures, and 13 individuals (40.1%) neither had epilepsy nor had other CNS problems. Eight patients (28.6%) reported experiencing seizure(s) after being discharged from the hospital; six of these had pre-existing epilepsy and one had pre-existing functional seizures. One patient, who had a newly developed ischemic brain infarction, reported experiencing recurrent seizures.

CONCLUSION

Seizures in patients with COVID-19 are either acute symptomatic (in about two-thirds) or an exacerbation of a pre-existing epilepsy/functional seizures (in about one-third). A thorough investigation of the underlying etiology of seizures in patients with COVID-19 is necessary. Seizure outcome in patients, who are hospitalized with COVID-19 and seizures, is generally good.

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis as an Unexpected Complication of COVID-19 Pneumonia

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is commonly associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute cardiac and renal injuries. However, thromboembolic events are also prevalent in COVID-19. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 hypercoagulability is not well known but may be linked to the cytokine storm induced by a viral infection or endothelial damage that triggers a cascade leading to hypercoagulability. Because vascular endothelium has angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-like lung tissue, COVID-19 targets lung tissue and vascular endothelium, leading to thrombosis. We present a rare case of a young patient with COVID-19 who presented with thrombosis of the cerebral venous system managed with anticoagulation. This case highlights the need for heightened awareness of this atypical but potentially treatable complication of the COVID-19 disease spectrum.

Age-Associated Neurological Complications of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The outbreak of the novel and highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in hundreds of millions of infections and millions of deaths globally. Infected individuals that progress to coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) experience upper and lower respiratory complications that range in severity and may lead to wide-spread inflammation and generalized hypoxia or hypoxemia that impacts multiple organ systems, including the central and peripheral nervous systems. Since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, multiple reports continue to emerge that detail neurological symptoms, ranging from relatively mild (e.g., impaired taste and/or smell) to severe (e.g., stroke), suggesting SARS-CoV-2 may be neurotropic and/or contribute to nervous system injury through direct and/or indirect mechanisms. To gain insight into the types of neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and their possible relationship with age, sex, COVID-19 severity, and comorbidities, we performed a systematic review of case reports and series published in 2020 - April 4, 2021 of infected patients with neurological manifestations. Meta-analyses were conducted using individual patient data from reports where these data could be extracted. Here, we report neurological injury occurs across the lifespan in the context of infection, with and without known comorbidities, and with all disease severities, including asymptomatic patients. Older individuals, however, are more susceptible to developing life-threatening COVID-19 and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), such as stroke. A mild but inverse correlation with age was seen with CNS inflammatory diseases, such as encephalitis, as well as taste and/or smell disorders. When reported, increased age was also associated with comorbid cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and lipid disorders, but not with obesity. Obesity did correlate with development of critical COVID-19. Discussion into potential pathophysiological mechanisms by which neurological symptoms arise and long-term consequences of infection to the nervous system is also provided.

Heterogeneity in Regional Damage Detected by Neuroimaging and Neuropathological Studies in Older Adults With COVID-19: A Cognitive-Neuroscience Systematic Review to Inform the Long-Term Impact of the Virus on Neurocognitive Trajectories

Background: Other than its direct impact on cardiopulmonary health, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection affects additional body systems, especially in older adults. Several studies have reported acute neurological symptoms that present at onset or develop during hospitalisation, with associated neural injuries. Whilst the acute neurological phase is widely documented, the long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection on neurocognitive functioning remain unknown. Although an evidence-based framework describing the disease chronic phase is premature, it is important to lay the foundations for future data-driven models. This systematic review aimed at summarising the literature on neuroimaging and neuropathological findings in older over-60 patients with COVID-19 following a cognitive neuroscientific perspective, to clarify the most vulnerable brain areas and speculate on the possible cognitive consequences. Methods: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant manuscripts published between 1st March 2020 and 31th December 2020. Outputs were screened and selected by two assessors. Relevant studies not detected by literature search were added manually. Results: Ninety studies, mainly single cases and case series, were included. Several neuroimaging and neuropathological findings in older patients with COVID-19 emerged from these studies, with cerebrovascular damage having a prominent role. Abnormalities (hyperintensities, hypoperfusion, inflammation, and cellular damage) were reported in most brain areas. The most consistent cross-aetiology findings were in white matter, brainstem and fronto-temporal areas. Viral DNA was detected mainly in olfactory, orbitofrontal and brainstem areas. Conclusion: Studies on COVID-19 related neural damage are rich and diverse, but limited to description of hospitalised patients with fatal outcome (i.e., in neuropathological studies) or severe symptoms (i.e., in neuroimaging studies). The damage seen in this population indicates acute and largely irreversible dysfunction to neural regions involved in major functional networks that support normal cognitive and behavioural functioning. It is still unknown whether the long-term impact of the virus will be limited to chronic evolution of acute events, whether sub-clinical pathological processes will be exacerbated or whether novel mechanisms will emerge. Based on current literature, future theoretical frameworks describing the long-term impact of COVID-19 infection on mental abilities will have to factor in major trends of aetiological and topographic heterogeneity.

Cerebral venous thrombosis in COVID-19

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Initially, novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was considered primarily a respiratory pathogen. However, with time it has behaved as a virus with the potential to cause multi-system involvement, including neurological manifestations. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) has increasingly been reported in association with coronavirus infectious disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we have shed light upon CVT and its possible mechanisms in the backdrop of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

In this review, data were collected from PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science, until March 30, 2021, using pre-specified searching strategies. The search strategy consisted of a variation of keywords of relevant medical subject headings and keywords, including "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "coronavirus", and "cerebral venous sinus thrombosis".

RESULTS

COVID-19 has a causal association with a plethora of neurological, neuropsychiatric and psychological effects. CVT has gained particular importance in this regard. The known hypercoagulable state in SARS-CoV-2 infection is thought to be the main mechanism in COVID-19 related CVT. Other plausible mechanisms may include vascular endothelial dysfunction and altered flow dynamics.

CONCLUSIONS

Although there are no specific clinical characteristics, insidious or acute onset headache, seizures, stroke-like, or encephalopathy symptoms in a patient with, or who has suffered COVID-19, should prompt the attending physician to investigate for CVT. The treatment of COVID-19 associated CVT does not differ radically from the therapy of CVT without the infection, i.e. urgent initiation of parenteral unfractionated heparin or low molecular weight heparin followed by conventional or mostly newer oral anticoagulants.

Status epilepticus and COVID-19: A systematic review

PURPOSE

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 infection-related coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) a pandemic. During the first and second waves of the pandemic spread, there have been several reports of COVID-19-associated neurological manifestations, including acute seizures and status epilepticus (SE). In this systematic review, we summarized the available data on clinical features, diagnosis, and therapy of COVID-19-related SE.

METHODS

We performed a systematic search of the literature to identify data on demographics, clinical, neurophysiological, and neuroradiological data of patients with COVID-19-related SE. We used regression models (linear or logistic) with a stepwise forward method to identify features associated with mortality or severity of SE.

RESULTS

Thirty-nine articles were included with a total of 47 cases of SE associated with COVID-19. Age, time between the acute respiratory phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection and SE onset, and hospitalization correlated with a higher SE severity as assessed by quantitative validated scales.

CONCLUSIONS

SE can be a neurological manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although a possible association between SE and COVID-19 has been reported, the exact mechanisms are still not fully understood. Systemic inflammatory syndrome due to cytokine release could play a role in COVID-19-related SE.

Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in COVID-19: A New York Metropolitan Cohort Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with hypercoagulability. We sought to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of cerebral venous thrombosis among patients hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 6 tertiary care centers in the New York City metropolitan area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study of 13,500 consecutive patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized between March 1 and May 30, 2020.

RESULTS

Of 13,500 patients with COVID-19, twelve had imaging-proved cerebral venous thrombosis with an incidence of 8.8 per 10,000 during 3 months, which is considerably higher than the reported incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis in the general population of 5 per million annually. There was a male preponderance (8 men, 4 women) and an average age of 49 years (95% CI, 36-62 years; range, 17-95 years). Only 1 patient (8%) had a history of thromboembolic disease. Neurologic symptoms secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis occurred within 24 hours of the onset of the respiratory and constitutional symptoms in 58% of cases, and 75% had venous infarction, hemorrhage, or both on brain imaging. Management consisted of anticoagulation, endovascular thrombectomy, and surgical hematoma evacuation. The mortality rate was 25%.

CONCLUSIONS

Early evidence suggests a higher-than-expected frequency of cerebral venous thrombosis among patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Cerebral venous thrombosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of neurologic syndromes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Clinical and Pathophysiologic Spectrum of Neuro-COVID

Though the lungs are predominantly affected in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, extra-pulmonary manifestations can occur. Extra-pulmonary manifestations of the central and peripheral nervous system need to be recognised as they can strongly determine the outcome. This mini-review summarises and discusses previous and recent findings about neuro-COVID. The spectrum of central nervous system disease in COVID-19 patients is much broader than so far anticipated. Peripheral nerves and the skeletal muscle are less predominantly affected. In the vast majority of the cases, there is no direct attack of the virus towards vulnerable structures, which explains why various manifestations of the nervous system manifest favourably to immune suppression or immune modulation. Overall, the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of CNS/PNS involvement in COVID-19 is wider than believed. All patients with COVID-19 should be investigated by the neurologist for primary or secondary involvement of the CNS/PNS in the infection. neuro-COVID responds favourably to immune suppressants or immune modulation.

Pathogeny of cerebral venous thrombosis in SARS-Cov-2 infection: Case reports

RATIONALE

Pathogeny of thrombosis in COVID-19 is related to interaction of SARS-Cov-2 with vascular wall through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This induces 2 pathways with immunothrombosis from activated endothelium (cytokine storm, leukocyte and platelet recruitment, and activation of coagulation extrinsic pathway), and rise of angiotensin II levels promoting inflammation. While thrombosis is widely described in COVID-19 patients admitted in intensive care unit, cerebrovascular diseases remains rare, in particular cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT).

PATIENT CONCERNS

We describe 2 cases of women admitted during the spring of 2020 for intracranial hypertension signs, in stroke units in Great-east, a French area particularly affected by COVID-19 pandemia.

DIAGNOSES

Cerebral imaging revealed extended CVT in both cases. The first case described was more serious due to right supratentorial venous infarction with hemorrhagic transformation leading to herniation. Both patients presented typical pneumonia due to SARS-Cov-2 infection, confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on a nasopharyngeal swab in only one.

INTERVENTIONS

The first patient had to undergo decompressive craniectomy, and both patients were treated with anticoagulation therapy.

OUTCOMES

Favorable outcome was observed for 1 patient. Persistent coma, due to bi thalamic infarction, remained for the other with more serious presentation.

LESSONS

CVT, as a serious complication of COVID-19, has to be searched in all patients with intracranial hypertension syndrome. Data about anticoagulation therapy to prevent such serious thrombosis in SARS-Cov-2 infection are lacking, in particular in patients with mild and moderate COVID-19.

Complicated sinusitis with sphenopalatine artery thrombosis in a COVID-19 patient: a case report

COVID-19 has been a mystery against healthcare professionals. We herein report a rare presentation of complicated sinusitis with pre-septal cellulitis and hard palatal necrosis in a COVID-19 patient. A 52-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with typical COVID manifestations where he had two successive COVID-19 positive swabs. During his admission, he developed symptoms of right orbital complications of sinusitis along with both clinical and radiological evidence of ipsilateral hard palatal necrosis. Imaging confirmed a diagnosis of right pan-sinusitis complicated with right pre-septal infection and hard palatal bony defect on the same side. Our case focuses on the possible association between these manifestations and the known thromboembolic complications of COVID-19. Ongoing management of such complicated rare cases should be through multidisciplinary team.

Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Study and Review of Literature

BACKGROUND

COVID-19 infection has been known to predispose patients to both arterial and venous thromboembolic events such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke. A few reports from the literature suggest that Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVSTs) may be a direct complication of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE

To review the clinical and radiological presentation of COVID-19 positive patients diagnosed with CVST.

METHODS

This was a multicenter, cross-sectional, retrospective study of patients diagnosed with CVST and COVID-19 reviewed from March 1, 2020 to November 8, 2020. We evaluated their clinical presentations, risk factors, clinical management, and outcome. We reviewed all published cases of CVST in patients with COVID-19 infection from January 1, 2020 to November 13, 2020.

RESULTS

There were 8 patients diagnosed with CVST and COVID-19 during the study period at 7 out of 31 participating centers. Patients in our case series were mostly female (7/8, 87.5%). Most patients presented with non-specific symptoms such as headache (50%), fever (50%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (75%). Several patients presented with focal neurologic deficits (2/8, 25%) or decreased consciousness (2/8, 25%). D-dimer and inflammatory biomarkers were significantly elevated relative to reference ranges in patients with available laboratory data. The superior sagittal and transverse sinuses were the most common sites for acute CVST formation (6/8, 75%). Median time to onset of focal neurologic deficit from initial COVID-19 diagnosis was 3 days (interquartile range 0.75-3 days). Median time from onset of COVID-19 symptoms to CVST radiologic diagnosis was 11 days (interquartile range 6-16.75 days). Mortality was low in this cohort (1/8 or 12.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians should consider the risk of acute CVST in patients positive for COVID-19, especially if neurological symptoms develop.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with COVID-19: a case series and literature review

BACKGROUND

Since the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic, several cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) have been reported in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.

METHODS

Consecutive patients with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as clinical and radiological characteristics of CVST, were reported from three teaching hospitals in the South West, North West, and the center of Iran between June and July 2020. We also searched the abstract archives until the end of August 2020 and gathered 28 reported cases. The diagnostic criteria for SARS-CoV-2 infection were determined according to SARS-CoV-2 detection in oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal samples in clinically suspected patients. Demographics, prominent COVID-19 symptoms, confirmatory tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis, the interval between the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and CVST, clinical and radiological features of CVST, therapeutic strategies, CVST outcomes, rate of hemorrhagic transformation, and mortality rate were investigated.

RESULTS

Six patients (31-62 years-old) with confirmed CVST and SARS-CoV-2 infection were admitted to our centers. Four patients had no respiratory symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Five patients developed the clinical manifestations of CVST and SARS-CoV-2 infection simultaneously. Three patients had known predisposing factors for CVST. Despite receiving CVST and SARS-CoV-2 infection treatments, four patients died. SARS-COV-2 associated CVST patients were older (49.26 vs. 37.77 years-old), had lower female/male ratio (1.42 vs. 2.19), and higher mortality rate (35.29% vs. 6.07%) than CVST not associated with COVID-19.

CONCLUSIONS

The role of SARS-CoV-2 as a "cause" versus an "additive contributor" remains to be elucidated. Practitioners should be aware of the possibility of CVST in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Direct oral anticoagulants in treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Current guidelines do not recommend direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to treat cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) despite their benefits over standard therapy. We performed a systematic review to summarise the published experience of DOAC therapy in CVT.

DATA SOURCES

MEDLINE, Embase and COCHRANE databases up to 18 November 2020.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

All published articles of patients with CVT treated with DOAC were included. Studies without follow-up information were excluded.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Two independent reviewers screened articles and extracted data. A risk of bias analysis was performed.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

Safety data included mortality, intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) or other adverse events. Efficacy data included recurrent CVT, recanalisation rates and disability by modified Rankin Scales (mRS).

RESULTS

33 studies met inclusion criteria. One randomised controlled trial, 5 observational cohorts and 27 case series or studies reported 279 patients treated with DOAC for CVT: 41% dabigatran, 47% rivaroxaban, 10% apixaban and 2% edoxaban, in addition to 315 patients treated with standard therapy. The observational cohorts showed a similar risk of death in DOAC and standard therapy arms (RR 2.12, 95% CI 0.29 to 15.59). New ICH was reported in 2 (0.7%) DOAC-treated patients and recurrent CVT occurred in 4 (1.5%). A favourable mRS between 0 and 2 was reported in 94% of DOAC-treated patients, more likely than standard therapy in observational cohorts (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.25).

CONCLUSION

The evidence for DOAC use in CVT is limited although suggests sufficient safety and efficacy despite variability in timing and dose of treatment. This systematic review highlights that further rigorous trials are needed to validate these findings and to determine optimal treatment regimens.

Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19: Causality or Coincidence?

The COVID-19 pandemic that swept the world at the beginning of 2020 is still raging. It is well established that in addition to respiratory symptoms, COVID-19 can also have neurological manifestations that may result from direct or indirect neurological damage. But are these neurological manifestations coincidental or causal? From a neurological perspective, these symptoms could be the result of neurological damage following SARS-CoV-2 infection, or they could be coincidental, from causes such as secondary systemic complications or side effects of drug treatment. The aim of this review is to raise clinician's awareness to the development of neurological impairment in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in the current normative prevention and control.

Posterior circulation stroke presenting as a new continuous cough: not always COVID-19

A 19-year-old man was admitted with a 2-week history of continuous cough along with a day history of acute onset unsteadiness and hiccups. Given the current pandemic, he was initially suspected to have COVID-19, however he tested negative on two occasions. Subsequent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)confirmed a small left acute and subacute lateral medullary infarction with chest X-ray suggesting aspiration pneumonia with right lower lobe collapse. This is a distinctive case of posterior circulation stroke presenting with a new continuous cough in this era of COVID-19 pandemic. We anticipate based on MRI findings that his persistent cough was likely due to silent aspiration from dysphagia because of the subacute medullary infarction. It is therefore imperative that healthcare workers evaluate people who present with new continuous cough thoroughly to exclude any other sinister pathology. We should also be familiar with the possible presentations of posterior circulation stroke in this pandemic era.

Cerebral venous thrombosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection predisposes patients to arterial and venous thrombosis. This study aimed to systematically review the available evidence in the literature for cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) in association with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases to identify cases of COVID-19-associated CVT. The search period spanned 1 January 2020 to 1 December 2020, and the review protocol (PROSPERO-CRD42020214327) followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Identified studies were evaluated for bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A proportion meta-analysis was performed to estimate the frequency of CVT among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

RESULTS

We identified 57 cases from 28 reports. Study quality was mostly classified as low. CVT symptoms developed after respiratory disease in 90%, and the mean interval was 13 days. CVT involved multiple sites in 67% of individuals, the deep venous system was affected in 37%, and parenchymal hemorrhage was found in 42%. Predisposing factors for CVT beyond SARS-CoV-2 infection were present in 31%. In-hospital mortality was 40%. Using data from 34,331 patients, the estimated frequency of CVT among patients hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection was 0.08% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01-0.5). In an inpatient setting, CVT accounted for 4.2% of cerebrovascular disorders in individuals with COVID-19 (cohort of 406 patients, 95% CI: 1.47-11.39).

CONCLUSIONS

Cerebral venous thrombosis in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection is a rare, although there seems to be an increased relative risk. High suspicion is necessary, because the diagnosis of this potentially life-threatening condition in COVID-19 patients can be challenging. Evidence is still scarce on the pathophysiology and potential prevention of COVID-19-associated CVT.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 infection

Background

Despite the COVID-19 infection is more frequently related to acute respiratory distress but there is an increasing evidence of a heterogeneous spectrum of multi-system involvement including the central nervous system. Thromboembolic events after COVID-19 infection have been reported mainly in the pulmonary vasculature however; thromboembolic complications of the nervous system with subsequent cerebrovascular stroke have been increasingly reported. The most common cerebrovascular complication after COVID-19 infection is ischemic stroke however there is also reported cases of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in such patients as well. In the current report we present two cases with extensive cerebral venous sinus thrombosis as a potential complication for COVID-19 infection.

Objective

Increase the awareness of neurological complications in patient with COVID-19 virus disease.

Methods

Reporting two cases with confirmed cerebral venous sinus obstruction in patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection.

Results

Two young adult males less than 30 years old have no other risk factors of hypercoagulable state apart from being COVID-19 infection victims complicated by CVST. Both of them had progressive course of deterioration in conscious level, right hemiplegia and only one seizures attack has been reported in (Case-1). Both patients in the current report died within one week of their initial symptoms in spite the aggressive medical and surgical treatment.

Conclusion

CVST is a devastating complication when associated with COVID-19 infection and early investigations for cerebrovascular integrity by using MRA, MRV whenever there are unexplained neurological manifestations in patient with COVID-19 disease.

Neuroimaging manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multinational, multicentre collaborative study

Background

The CNS manifestations of COVID-19 in children have primarily been described in case reports, which limit the ability to appreciate the full spectrum of the disease in paediatric patients. We aimed to identify enough cases that could be evaluated in aggregate to better understand the neuroimaging manifestations of COVID-19 in the paediatric population.

Methods

An international call for cases of children with encephalopathy related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and abnormal neuroimaging findings was made. Clinical history and associated plasma and cerebrospinal fluid data were requested. These data were reviewed by a central neuroradiology panel, a child neurologist, and a paediatric infectious diseases expert. The children were categorised on the basis of their time of probable exposure to SARS-CoV-2. In addition, cases were excluded when a direct link to SARS-CoV-2 infection could not be established or an established alternate diagnostic cause could be hypothesised. The accepted referral centre imaging data, from ten countries, were remotely reviewed by a central panel of five paediatric neuroradiologists and a consensus opinion obtained on the imaging findings.

Findings

38 children with neurological disease related to SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified from France (n=13), the UK (n=8), the USA (n=5), Brazil (n=4), Argentina (n=4), India (n=2), Peru (n=1), and Saudi Arabia (n=1). Recurring patterns of disease were identified, with neuroimaging abnormalities ranging from mild to severe. The most common imaging patterns were postinfectious immune-mediated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis-like changes of the brain (16 patients), myelitis (eight patients), and neural enhancement (13 patients). Cranial nerve enhancement could occur in the absence of corresponding neurological symptoms. Splenial lesions (seven patients) and myositis (four patients) were predominantly observed in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Cerebrovascular complications in children were less common than in adults. Significant pre-existing conditions were absent and most children had favourable outcomes. However, fatal atypical CNS co-infections developed in four previously healthy children infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Interpretation

Acute-phase and delayed-phase SARS-CoV-2-related CNS abnormalities are seen in children. Recurring patterns of disease and atypical neuroimaging manifestations can be found and should be recognised being as potentially due to SARS-CoV-2 infection as an underlying aetiological factor. Studies of paediatric specific cohorts are needed to better understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the CNS at presentation and on long-term follow-up in children.

Funding

American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology, University of Manchester (Manchester, UK).

Video Abstract

COVID-19 and cerebrovascular diseases: a comprehensive overview

Neurological manifestations are not uncommon during infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A clear association has been reported between cerebrovascular disease and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, whether this association is causal or incidental is still unknown. In this narrative review, we sought to present the possible pathophysiological mechanisms linking COVID-19 and cerebrovascular disease, describe the stroke syndromes and their prognosis and discuss several clinical, radiological, and laboratory characteristics that may aid in the prompt recognition of cerebrovascular disease during COVID-19. A systematic literature search was conducted, and relevant information was abstracted. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor dysregulation, uncontrollable immune reaction and inflammation, coagulopathy, COVID-19-associated cardiac injury with subsequent cardio-embolism, complications due to critical illness and prolonged hospitalization can all contribute as potential etiopathogenic mechanisms leading to diverse cerebrovascular clinical manifestations. Acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis have been described in case reports and cohorts of COVID-19 patients with a prevalence ranging between 0.5% and 5%. SARS-CoV-2-positive stroke patients have higher mortality rates, worse functional outcomes at discharge and longer duration of hospitalization as compared with SARS-CoV-2-negative stroke patients in different cohort studies. Specific demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics may be used as ‘red flags’ to alarm clinicians in recognizing COVID-19-related stroke.

COVID-19, de novo seizures, and epilepsy: a systematic review

Objective

We discuss the evidence on the occurrence of de novo seizures in patients with COVID-19, the consequences of this catastrophic disease in people with epilepsy (PWE), and the electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in patients with COVID-19.

Methods

This systematic review was prepared according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase from inception to August 15, 2020 were systematically searched. These key words were used: “COVID” AND “seizure” OR “epilepsy” OR “EEG” OR “status epilepticus” OR “electroencephalography”.

Results

We could identify 62 related manuscripts. Many studies were case reports or case series of patients with COVID-19 and seizures. PWE showed more psychological distress than healthy controls. Many cases with new-onset focal seizures, serial seizures, and status epilepticus have been reported in the literature. EEG studies have been significantly ignored and underused globally.

Conclusion

Many PWE perceived significant disruption in the quality of care to them, and some people reported increase in their seizure frequency since the onset of the pandemic. Telemedicine is a helpful technology that may improve access to the needed care for PWE in these difficult times. De novo seizures may occur in people with COVID-19 and they may happen in a variety of forms. In addition to prolonged EEG monitoring, performing a through metabolic investigation, electrocardiogram, brain imaging, and a careful review of all medications are necessary steps. The susceptibility of PWE to contracting COVID-19 should be investigated further.

Rehabilitation and COVID-19: the Cochrane Rehabilitation 2020 rapid living systematic review. Update as of August 31st, 2020

INTRODUCTION

A monthly systematic review update is carried out to maintain the currency of scientific literature on rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19 and/or describing consequences due to the disease and its treatment, as they relate to limitations in functioning of rehabilitation interest. The aim of this study was to provide an updated summary of the available evidence published in August 2020.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

An extensive search on the main medical literature databases from August 1^st, 2020 to August 31^st, 2020 was performed, according to the methodology described in the second edition of the Cochrane Rehabilitation 2020 rapid living systematic review.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

After removing duplicates, 1136 papers were identified, and 51 studies were finally included. According to OCEBM 2011 Levels of Evidence Table, they were Level 4 in most cases (76.5%) and Level 3 in the remaining (23.5%). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were not found. Thirty-two studies (62.7%) included COVID-19 patients who were assessed in the acute (20/32) or postacute phases (12/32). The other studies reported data on the impact of COVID-19 infection (7/19) or on the effect of lockdown restrictions (12/19) on subjects with pre-existing health conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

The scientific literature of August 2020 mainly focused on limitations in functioning of nervous system structure and related functions. Albeit the increased availability of data from analytical studies (both cohort and cross-sectional), there is still a lack of well-conducted Level 2 studies, to improve the knowledge on the effects of rehabilitation in COVID-19 patients.