1
|
Madronich S, Bernhard GH, Neale PJ, Heikkilä A, Andersen MPS, Andrady AL, Aucamp PJ, Bais AF, Banaszak AT, Barnes PJ, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Busquets R, Chiodo G, Häder DP, Hanson ML, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Lingham G, Lucas RM, Calderon RM, Olsen C, Ossola R, Pandey KK, Petropavlovskikh I, Revell LE, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Robson TM, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Wallington TJ, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Wilson SR, Zhu L, Neale RE. Continuing benefits of the Montreal Protocol and protection of the stratospheric ozone layer for human health and the environment. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1087-1115. [PMID: 38763938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The protection of Earth's stratospheric ozone (O3) is an ongoing process under the auspices of the universally ratified Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and adjustments. A critical part of this process is the assessment of the environmental issues related to changes in O3. The United Nations Environment Programme's Environmental Effects Assessment Panel provides annual scientific evaluations of some of the key issues arising in the recent collective knowledge base. This current update includes a comprehensive assessment of the incidence rates of skin cancer, cataract and other skin and eye diseases observed worldwide; the effects of UV radiation on tropospheric oxidants, and air and water quality; trends in breakdown products of fluorinated chemicals and recent information of their toxicity; and recent technological innovations of building materials for greater resistance to UV radiation. These issues span a wide range of topics, including both harmful and beneficial effects of exposure to UV radiation, and complex interactions with climate change. While the Montreal Protocol has succeeded in preventing large reductions in stratospheric O3, future changes may occur due to a number of natural and anthropogenic factors. Thus, frequent assessments of potential environmental impacts are essential to ensure that policies remain based on the best available scientific knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - A Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa
| | - A F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Department of Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - P J Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Busquets
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, UK
| | - G Chiodo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D-P Häder
- Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - M L Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - G Lingham
- Centre For Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Incorporating Lion's Eye Institute), University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Environmental, Sustainability and Health Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - R Mackenzie Calderon
- Cape Horn International Center, Puerto Williams, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems BASE, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Universitario Cabo de Hornos, Universidad de Magallanes, O'Higgins 310, Puerto Williams, Chile
| | - C Olsen
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - K K Pandey
- Indian Academy of Wood Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - I Petropavlovskikh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L E Revell
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L E Rhodes
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal Hospital, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - T M Robson
- UK National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside Campus, UK
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - T J Wallington
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - L Zhu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - R E Neale
- Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bikbov MM, Kazakbaeva GM, Fakhretdinova AA, Tuliakova AM, Iakupova EM, Panda-Jonas S, Gilemzianova LI, Garipova LA, Khakimov DA, Islamova LI, Jonas JB. Prevalence and associated factors of myopia in children and adolescents in Russia: the Ural Children Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol 2024; 108:593-598. [PMID: 37019624 DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2022-322945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the prevalence of myopia and the distribution of ocular axial length as surrogate for myopic refractive error in school children in a population in Russia. METHODS The Ural Children Eye Study, a school-based case-control study, was conducted in Ufa/Bashkortostan/Russia from 2019 to 2022 and included 4933 children (age: 9.7±2.6 years; range: 6.2-18.8 years). The parents underwent a detailed interview and the children an ophthalmological and general examination. RESULTS Prevalence of any myopia (≤-0.50 dioptres (D)), minor myopia (-0.50 D to -1.0 D), moderate myopia (-1.01 D to -5.99 D) and high myopia (≤-6.0D) was 2187/3737 (46.2%; 95% CI 44.8% to 48.6%), 693/4737 (14.6%; 95% CI 13.6% to 15.6%), 1430/4737 (30.2%; 95% CI 28.9% to 31.5%) and 64/4737 (1.4%; 95% CI 1.0% to 1.7%), respectively. In the children aged 17+ years, prevalence of any, minor, moderate and high myopia was 170/259 (65.6%; 95% CI 59.8% to 71.5%), 130/259 (50.2%; 95% CI 44.1% to 56.3%), 28/259 (10.8%; 95% CI 7.0% to 14.6%) and 12/259 (4.6%; 95% CI 2.1% to 7.2%), respectively. After adjusting for corneal refractive power (beta: 0.09) and lens thickness (beta: -0.08), larger myopic refractive error was associated (r2=0.19) with older age (beta: 0.33), female sex (beta: 0.04), higher prevalence of maternal (beta: 0.15) and paternal (beta: 0.12) myopia, more time spent in school, with reading books or playing with the cell phone (beta: 0.05) and less total time spent outdoors (beta: 0.05). Axial length and myopic refractive error increased by 0.12 mm (95% CI 0.11 to 0.13) and -0.18 D (95% CI 0.17 to 0.20), respectively, per year of age. CONCLUSIONS In this ethnically mixed urban school children population from Russia, prevalence of any myopia (65.6%) and high myopia (4.6%) in children aged 17+ years was higher than in adult populations in the same region and it was lower than in East Asian school children, with similar associated factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin Z, Xiao F, Cheng W. Eye exercises for myopia prevention and control: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:473-480. [PMID: 37740051 PMCID: PMC10858027 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of eye exercises in preventing and controlling myopia. METHODS We searched studies on eye exercises from nine Chinese and English databases from their inception to December 15, 2022. Using random-effect models and sensitivity/subgroup analyses, we estimated the effects of eye exercises compared to control on changes in three measures: visual acuity, refractive error (both quantified using standardized mean differences, SMDs), and protective/mitigating effects (assessed through risk ratios, RRs). RESULTS Eleven studies were included in the meta-analysis, with 921 participants. Nine studies had some concerns of bias in at least two domains, and two studies had a high risk of bias in two domains. Seven studies used visual acuity to measure myopia; visual acuity declined after eye-exercise interventions (SMD = -0.67, 95% CI -1.28 to -0.07, Z = 2.17, P = 0.03) and the effect was not better than control (SMD = -0.50, 95% CI -1.16 to 0.16, Z = 1.49, P = 0.14). Two studies used refractive error to measure myopia; the effect of eye-exercise interventions did not differ from control (SMD = -1.74, 95% CI -6.27 to 2.79, Z = 0.75, P = 0.45). Seven studies reported on protective/mitigating effects; eye exercises exhibited a greater protective/mitigating effect than control (RR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.23-0.71, Z = 3.13, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results suggest that eye exercises have limited to no efficacy in preventing or controlling myopia progression. Until robust evidence supports their efficacy, available evidence suggests retiring the eye-exercise policy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Lin
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Feng Xiao
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiye Cheng
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du Y, Meng J, He W, Lu Y, Zhu X. Challenges of refractive cataract surgery in the era of myopia epidemic: a mini-review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1128818. [PMID: 37795415 PMCID: PMC10546203 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1128818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is the leading cause of visual impairment in the world. With ever-increasing prevalence in these years, it creates an alarming global epidemic. In addition to the difficulty in seeing distant objects, myopia also increases the risk of cataract and advances its onset, greatly affecting the productivity of myopes of working age. Cataract management in myopic eyes, especially highly myopic eyes is originally more complicated than that in normal eyes, whereas the growing population of cataract with myopia, increasing popularity of corneal and lens based refractive surgery, and rising demand for spectacle independence after cataract surgery all further pose unprecedented challenges to ophthalmologists. Previous history of corneal refractive surgery and existence of implantable collamer lens will both affect the accuracy of biometry including measurement of corneal curvature and axial length before cataract surgery, which may result in larger intraocular lens (IOL) power prediction errors and a compromise in the surgical outcome especially in a refractive cataract surgery. A prudent choice of formula for cataract patients with different characteristics is essential in improving this condition. Besides, the characteristics of myopic eyes might affect the long-term stability of IOL, which is important for the maintenance of visual outcomes especially after the implantation of premium IOLs, thus a proper selection of IOL accordingly is crucial. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of the impact of myopia epidemic on treatment for cataract and to discuss new challenges that surgeons may encounter in the foreseeable future when planning refractive cataract surgery for myopic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Meng
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen He
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjia Zhu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo C, Li Y, Luo L, Lin J, Qiu K, Zhang M. Progression and incidence of myopia among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period: a prospective cohort study in Shantou, China. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074548. [PMID: 37550020 PMCID: PMC10407384 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the progression and incidence of myopia in Chinese schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period in Shantou, China. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Shantou Myopia Study, China. PARTICIPANTS 1-year follow-up data were available for 621 881 schoolchildren (301 999 females). Data on spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were collected. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcomes were myopia progression and incidence. Myopia progression is defined as a change of SER towards the negative direction in the follow-up visit. Incidence is defined as the proportion of schoolchildren who were not myopic but developed myopia in the follow-up study. Age, sex and SER at baseline were evaluated as associated factors for myopia burden, which were defined as the secondary outcomes. RESULTS Mean progression of SER was -0.35±0.97 D for the population (ranging from -0.06 D at 18 years of age to -0.46 D at 11 years of age), with a rapid myopic progression for students at the age of 10-12 years (-0.50 D in girls and -0.44 D in boys). A myopic shift greater than -0.50 D/year occurred in 256 299 eyes (41.21%). Myopic progression in refraction was associated with the 10-12 years age groups (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.39 to 1.45, p<0.001), female sex (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.10, p<0.001) and higher refractive errors at baseline (OR>1.00, p<0.001). The annual incidence of myopia among schoolchildren was 24.85%, with an incidence of 26.69% in girls and 23.02% in boys. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed an annual myopia progression of -0.35 D and an incidence of 24.85% among schoolchildren in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period. Myopia progressed rapidly at 10-12 years of age, with -0.50 D in girls and -0.44 D in boys. The incidence was higher for children aged 10-11 years and for girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Guo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuancun Li
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Li Luo
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Jianwei Lin
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Kunliang Qiu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|