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Wang Y, Shen J, Hu J, Yin H, Chen Z, Fang X, Zhang L. Investigation of the Role of Carcinoembryonic Antigen-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Diabetic Retinopathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:1024-1035. [PMID: 37023410 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2192272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become a major cause of blindness with increased prevalence of diabetic mellitus. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM1) plays a part in pathological neovascularization. This study aimed to investigate the role of CEACAM1 in the progression of DR. METHODS Aqueous and vitreous samples were collected from proliferative or non-proliferative DR and the control group. Multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassays were used to detect the levels of Cytokines. Expression of CEACAM1, VEGF, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) were detected in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs). RESULTS CEACAM1 and VEGF levels were significantly upregulated in PDR group and positively correlated with PDR progression. Expression CEACAM1 and VEGFR2 were increased in HRECs under hypoxic conditions. The HIF-1α/VEGFA/VEGFR2 pathway was blocked by CEACAM1 siRNA in vitro. CONCLUSIONS CEACAM1 might play a role in the pathology of PDR. CEACAM1 might be a therapeutic target for retinal neovasculariztion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junhui Shen
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianghua Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jiande Branch, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houfa Yin
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiqing Chen
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Eye Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Rohilla M, Rishabh, Bansal S, Garg A, Dhiman S, Dhankhar S, Saini M, Chauhan S, Alsubaie N, Batiha GES, Albezrah NKA, Singh TG. Discussing pathologic mechanisms of Diabetic retinopathy & therapeutic potentials of curcumin and β-glucogallin in the management of Diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115881. [PMID: 37989030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a form of retinal microangiopathy that occurs as a result of long-term Diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients with Diabetes mellitus typically suffer from DR as a progression of the disease that may be due to initiation and dysregulation of pathways like the polyol, hexosamine, the AGE/RAGE, and the PKC pathway, which all have negative impacts on eye health and vision. In this review, various databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Science Direct, were scoured for data relevant to the aforementioned title. The three most common therapies for DR today are retinal photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, and vitrectomy, however, there are a number of drawbacks and limits to these methods. So, it is of critical importance and profound interest to discover treatments that may successfully address the pathogenesis of DR. Curcumin and β-glucogallin are the two potent compounds of natural origin that are already being used in various nutraceutical formulations for several ailments. They have been shown potent antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and pro-vascular function benefits in animal experiments. Their parent plant species have been used for generations by practitioners of traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and prevention of various eye ailments. In this review, we will discuss about pathophysiology of Diabetic retinopathy and the therapeutic potentials of curcumin and β-glucogallin one of the principal compounds from Curcuma longa and Emblica officinalis in Diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Rohilla
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, Ram Nagar, Banur, Punjab 140601, India
| | - Rishabh
- M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Anjali Garg
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India; Swami Devi Dyal College of Pharmacy, Golpura Barwala, Panchkula, Haryana 134118, India
| | - Sachin Dhiman
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Sanchit Dhankhar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Monika Saini
- Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, Ram Nagar, Banur, Punjab 140601, India; M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Samrat Chauhan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India.
| | - Nawal Alsubaie
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt
| | - Nisreen Khalid Aref Albezrah
- Obstetric and Gynecology Department, Medicine College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401, India.
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3
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Beuse A, Deissler HL, Hollborn M, Unterlauft JD, Busch C, Rehak M. Different responses of the MIO‑M1 Mueller cell line to angiotensin II under hyperglycemic or hypoxic conditions. Biomed Rep 2023; 19:62. [PMID: 37614982 PMCID: PMC10442740 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) are expressed by various retinal tissues including Mueller glial cells. As the RAAS is hypothesized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases that threaten vision, such as diabetic macular edema or retinal vein occlusion, the possible changes induced by exposure of the human cell line MIO-M1, an established model of Mueller cells, to angiotensin II or aldosterone for 6 h under hypoxic and/or hyperglycemic conditions were investigated. The mRNA expression levels of the members of the RAAS were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and the secretion of cytokines was assessed by ELISA. Under hyperglycemic conditions, the mRNA expression levels of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin II receptors, AT1 and AT2, and the receptor of angiotensin (1-7) MAS1 were significantly higher after exposure to angiotensin II, and the expression of ACE2, AT2, and IL-6 (a marker of inflammation) was significantly increased after treatment with aldosterone; the expression of the other targets investigated remained unchanged. Significantly more IL-6 was secreted by MIO-M1 cells exposed to hyperglycemia and angiotensin. When cells were cultured in a hypoxic environment, additional treatment with aldosterone significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of ACE, but significantly more ACE2 mRNA was expressed in the presence of angiotensin II. Under hypoxic plus hyperglycemic conditions, significantly less ACE but more AT2 was expressed after treatment with angiotensin II, which also led to strongly elevated expression of IL-6. The mRNA expression levels of the angiogenic growth factor VEGF-A and secretion of the encoded protein were notably increased under hypoxic and hypoxic plus hyperglycemic conditions, irrespective of additional treatment with angiotensin II or aldosterone. These findings suggest that angiotensin II induces a pro-inflammatory response in MIO-M1 cells under hyperglycemic conditions despite activation of the counteracting ACE2/MAS1 signaling cascade. However, hypoxia results in an increased expression of angiogenic VEGF-A by these cells, which is not altered by angiotensin II or aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar Beuse
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heidrun L. Deissler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Darius Unterlauft
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Catharina Busch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matus Rehak
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Suzuki Y, Kiyosawa M. Relationship between Diabetic Nephropathy and Development of Diabetic Macular Edema in Addition to Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051502. [PMID: 37239172 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the relationship between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and systemic factors. We evaluated 261 patients (143 men, 118 women, aged 70.1 ± 10.1 years) with type 2 diabetes. All participants underwent a fundus examination, fundus photography using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and blood tests. For glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, the average and highest values in the past were used. We observed DR in 127 (70 men and 57 women) of 261 patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed a significant correlation between DR development and the duration of diabetes (OR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.50), average HbA1c level (OR = 5.57; 95% CI: 1.27, 24.4), highest HbA1c level (OR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.12, 5.38), and grade of diabetic nephropathy (DN) (OR = 6.23; 95% CI: 2.70, 14.4). Regression analyses revealed a significant correlation between the severity of DR and duration of diabetes (t = -6.66; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.39), average HbA1c level (t = 2.59; 95% CI: 0.14, 1.02), and severity of DN (t = 6.10; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.97). Logistic regression analyses revealed a significant correlation between diabetic macular edema (DME) development and DN grade (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.33, 3.69). DN grade correlates with the development of DR and DME, and decreased renal function predicts the onset of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihisa Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Health Care Organization, Mishima General Hospital, Shizuoka 411-0801, Japan
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Dos Santos FM, Ciordia S, Mesquita J, de Sousa JPC, Paradela A, Tomaz CT, Passarinha LAP. Vitreous humor proteome: unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying proliferative and neovascular vitreoretinal diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 80:22. [PMID: 36585968 PMCID: PMC11072707 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are among the leading causes of blindness. Due to the multifactorial nature of these vitreoretinal diseases, omics approaches are essential for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiologic processes underlying the evolution to a proliferative or neovascular etiology, in which patients suffer from an abrupt loss of vision. For many years, it was thought that the function of the vitreous was merely structural, supporting and protecting the surrounding ocular tissues. Proteomics studies proved that vitreous is more complex and biologically active than initially thought, and its changes reflect the physiological and pathological state of the eye. The vitreous is the scenario of a complex interplay between inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Vitreous proteome not only reflects the pathological events that occur in the retina, but the changes in the vitreous itself play a central role in the onset and progression of vitreoretinal diseases. Therefore, this review offers an overview of the studies on the vitreous proteome that could help to elucidate some of the pathological mechanisms underlying proliferative and/or neovascular vitreoretinal diseases and to find new potential pharmaceutical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Milhano Dos Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Mesquita
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Castro de Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, 2410-197, Leiria, Portugal
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Unidad de Proteomica, Calle Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cândida Teixeira Tomaz
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
- C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís António Paulino Passarinha
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
- Pharmaco-Toxicology Laboratory, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-000, Covilhã, Portugal.
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Higashide T, Hirooka K, Kometani M, Sugiyama K. Aldosterone as a Possible Contributor to Eye Diseases. Endocrinology 2022; 164:6868238. [PMID: 36461718 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone, an effector molecule of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), has been receiving more attention in the field of ophthalmology because of its possible role in the pathogenesis of various eye diseases or abnormalities; it may even become a target for their treatment. Primary aldosteronism, a typical model of a systemic aldosterone excess, may cause vision loss due to various ocular diseases, such as retinal vein occlusion, central serous chorioretinopathy, and, possibly glaucoma. RAAS components are present in various parts and types of cells present in the eye. Investigations of the local RAAS in various animal models of diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, central serous chorioretinopathy, and glaucoma have found evidence that aldosterone or mineralocorticoid receptors may exacerbate the pathology of these disorders. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the modulation of aldosterone or mineralocorticoid receptors is an effective treatment for preventing vision loss in patients with eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Higashide
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirooka
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kometani
- Department of Health Promotion and Medicine of the Future, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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Mason RH, Minaker SA, Lahaie Luna G, Bapat P, Farahvash A, Garg A, Bhambra N, Muni RH. Changes in aqueous and vitreous inflammatory cytokine levels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond) 2022:10.1038/s41433-022-02127-x. [PMID: 35672457 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, where in its most advanced form ischemic changes lead to the development of retinal neovascularization, termed proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). While the development of PDR is often associated with angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines, studies differ on which cytokines are implicated in disease pathogenesis and on the strength of these associations. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the existing body of data on intraocular cytokines as biomarkers in PDR. METHODS A comprehensive search of the literature without year limitation was conducted to January 18, 2021, which identified 341 studies assessing vitreous or aqueous cytokine levels in PDR, accounting for 10379 eyes with PDR and 6269 eyes from healthy controls. Effect sizes were calculated as standardized mean differences (SMD) of cytokine concentrations between PDR and control patients. RESULTS Concentrations (SMD, 95% confidence interval, and p-value) of aqueous IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGF, and vitreous IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, angiopoietin-2, eotaxin, erythropoietin, GM-CSF, GRO, HMGB-1, IFN-γ, IGF, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1, MMP-9, PDGF-AA, PlGF, sCD40L, SDF-1, sICAM-1, sVEGFR, TIMP, TNF-α, and VEGF were significantly higher in patients with PDR when compared to healthy nondiabetic controls. For all other cytokines no differences, failed sensitivity analyses or insufficient data were found. CONCLUSIONS This extensive list of cytokines speaks to the complexity of PDR pathogenesis, and informs future investigations into disease pathogenesis, prognosis, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Mason
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel A Minaker
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Priya Bapat
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Armin Farahvash
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anubhav Garg
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nishaant Bhambra
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajeev H Muni
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Michael's Hospital/Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- University of Toronto/Kensington Health Ophthalmology Biobank and Cytokine Laboratory, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Kumar D, Rostad CA, Jaggi P, Villacis Nunez DS, Prince C, Lu A, Hussaini L, Nguyen TH, Malik S, Ponder LA, Shenoy SPV, Anderson EJ, Briones M, Sanz I, Prahalad S, Chandrakasan S. Distinguishing immune activation and inflammatory signatures of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) versus hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1592-1606.e16. [PMID: 35304157 PMCID: PMC8923010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a potentially life-threatening sequela of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection characterized by hyperinflammation and multiorgan dysfunction. Although hyperinflammation is a prominent manifestation of MIS-C, there is limited understanding of how the inflammatory state of MIS-C differs from that of well-characterized hyperinflammatory syndromes such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the qualitative and quantitative inflammatory profile differences between patients with MIS-C, coronavirus disease 2019, and HLH. METHODS Clinical data abstraction from patient charts, T-cell immunophenotyping, and multiplex cytokine and chemokine profiling were performed for patients with MIS-C, patients with coronavirus disease 2019, and patients with HLH. RESULTS We found that both patients with MIS-C and patients with HLH showed robust T-cell activation, markers of senescence, and exhaustion along with elevated TH1 and proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10. In comparison, the amplitude of T-cell activation and the levels of cytokines/chemokines were higher in patients with HLH when compared with patients with MIS-C. Distinguishing inflammatory features of MIS-C included elevation in TH2 inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13 and cytokine mediators of angiogenesis, vascular injury, and tissue repair such as vascular endothelial growth factor A and platelet-derived growth factor. Immune activation and hypercytokinemia in MIS-C resolved at follow-up. In addition, when these immune parameters were correlated with clinical parameters, CD8+ T-cell activation correlated with cardiac dysfunction parameters such as B-type natriuretic peptide and troponin and inversely correlated with platelet count. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study characterizes unique and overlapping immunologic features that help to define the hyperinflammation associated with MIS-C versus HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Preeti Jaggi
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - D Sofia Villacis Nunez
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Chengyu Prince
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Austin Lu
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Laila Hussaini
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Thinh H Nguyen
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Sakshi Malik
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | | | - Sreekala P V Shenoy
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Michael Briones
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Sampath Prahalad
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga.
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Iyer SS, Lagrew MK, Tillit SM, Roohipourmoallai R, Korntner S. The Vitreous Ecosystem in Diabetic Retinopathy: Insight into the Patho-Mechanisms of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137142. [PMID: 34281192 PMCID: PMC8269048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world with the incidence of disease ever-increasing worldwide. The vitreous humor represents an extensive and complex interactive arena for cytokines in the diabetic eye. In recent decades, there has been significant progress in understanding this environment and its implications in disease pathophysiology. In this review, we investigate the vitreous ecosystem in diabetic retinopathy at the molecular level. Areas of concentration include: the current level of knowledge of growth factors, cytokine and chemokine mediators, and lipid-derived metabolites in the vitreous. We discuss the molecular patho-mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy based upon current vitreous research.
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10
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Diabetic nephropathy with and without retinopathy: comparison between urine and serum vascular endothelial growth factor. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-021-00958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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11
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Silva M, Peng T, Zhao X, Li S, Farhan M, Zheng W. Recent trends in drug-delivery systems for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and associated fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 173:439-460. [PMID: 33857553 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a frequent microvascular complication of diabetes and a major cause of visual impairment. In advanced stages, the abnormal neovascularization can lead to fibrosis and subsequent tractional retinal detachment and blindness. The low bioavailability of the drugs at the target site imposed by the anatomic and physiologic barriers within the eye, requires long term treatments with frequent injections that often compromise patient's compliance and increase the risk of developing more complications. In recent years, much effort has been put towards the development of new drug delivery platforms aiming to enhance their permeation, to prolong their retention time at the target site and to provide a sustained release with reduced toxicity and improved efficacy. This review provides an overview of the etiology and pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy and current treatments. It addresses the specific challenges associated to the different ocular delivery routes and provides a critical review of the most recent developments made in the drug delivery field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Silva
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Tangming Peng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Xia Zhao
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Shuai Li
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Mohd Farhan
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau.
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12
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Wu D, Kanda A, Liu Y, Noda K, Murata M, Ishida S. Involvement of Müller Glial Autoinduction of TGF-β in Diabetic Fibrovascular Proliferation Via Glial-Mesenchymal Transition. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:29. [PMID: 33369638 PMCID: PMC7774059 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.14.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Müller glial–mesenchymal transition (GMT) is reported as the fibrogenic mechanism promoted by TGF-β–SNAIL axis in Müller cells transdifferentiated into myofibroblasts. Here we show the multifaceted involvement of TGF-β in diabetic fibrovascular proliferation via Müller GMT and VEGF-A production. Methods Surgically excised fibrovascular tissues from the eyes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy were processed for immunofluorescence analyses of TGF-β downstream molecules. Human Müller glial cells were used to evaluate changes in gene and protein expression with real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA, respectively. Immunoblot analyses were performed to detect TGF-β signal activation. Results Müller glial cells in patient fibrovascular tissues were immunopositive for GMT-related molecular markers, including SNAIL and smooth muscle protein 22, together with colocalization of VEGF-A and TGF-β receptors. In vitro administration of TGF-β1/2 upregulated TGFB1 and TGFB2, both of which were suppressed by inhibitors for nuclear factor-κB, glycogen synthase kinase-3, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Of the various profibrotic cytokines, TGF-β1/2 application exclusively induced Müller glial VEGFA mRNA expression, which was decreased by pretreatment with small interfering RNA for SMAD2 and inhibitors for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Supporting these findings, TGF-β1/2 stimulation to Müller cells increased the phosphorylation of these intracellular signaling molecules, all of which were also activated in Müller glial cells in patient fibrovascular tissues. Conclusions This study underscored the significance of Müller glial autoinduction of TGF-β as a pathogenic cue to facilitate diabetic fibrovascular proliferation via TGF-β–driven GMT and VEGF-A–driven angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Murata
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Kang Q, Yang C. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Molecular mechanisms, pathogenetic role and therapeutic implications. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101799. [PMID: 33248932 PMCID: PMC7767789 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, a cytopathic outcome of excessive generation of ROS and the repression of antioxidant defense system for ROS elimination, is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including diabetes and its complications. Retinopathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes, is the primary cause of acquired blindness in diabetic patients. Oxidative stress has been verified as one critical contributor to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Oxidative stress can both contribute to and result from the metabolic abnormalities induced by hyperglycemia, mainly including the increased flux of the polyol pathway and hexosamine pathway, the hyper-activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Moreover, the repression of the antioxidant defense system by hyperglycemia-mediated epigenetic modification also leads to the imbalance between the scavenging and production of ROS. Excessive accumulation of ROS induces mitochondrial damage, cellular apoptosis, inflammation, lipid peroxidation, and structural and functional alterations in retina. Therefore, it is important to understand and elucidate the oxidative stress-related mechanisms underlying the progress of diabetic retinopathy. In addition, the abnormalities correlated with oxidative stress provide multiple potential therapeutic targets to develop safe and effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy. Here, we also summarized the main antioxidant therapeutic strategies to control this disease. Oxidative stress can both contribute to and result from hyperglycemia-induced metabolic abnormalities in retina. Genes important in regulation of ROS are epigenetically modified, increasing ROS accumulation in retina. Oxidative stress is closely associated with the pathological changes in the progress of diabetic retinopathy. Antioxidants ameliorate retinopathy through targeting multiple steps of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzheng Kang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chunxue Yang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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14
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Receptor-Associated Prorenin System in the Trabecular Meshwork of Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Neovascular Glaucoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082336. [PMID: 32707887 PMCID: PMC7465309 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor-associated prorenin system (RAPS) is associated with several pathologic conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and uveitis. Here, we show the involvement of RAPS in the trabecular meshwork (TM) from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) due to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Anterior chamber (AC) levels of prorenin significantly increased in both POAG and NVG, as did those of angiotensin II in NVG alone, compared to cataract. In surgically excised TM tissues, (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) co-localized with prorenin and angiotensinogen, respectively. In screening for various genes related to glaucoma, prorenin stimulation to human TM cells exclusively upregulated cell junction constituents connexin 43 and zona occludens 1, while downregulating an extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme tissue plasminogen activator, all of which were reversed by (P)RR blockade. In contrast, angiotensin II application upregulated a pro-angiogenic factor placental growth factor alone, which was abolished by AT1R blockade. Consistently, (P)RR and AT1R co-localized with these corresponding proteins in patient TM tissues. Oxidative stress, a known etiology for glaucoma, induced the expression of prorenin and angiotensinogen in human TM cells. These data suggest the contribution of RAPS to the molecular pathogenesis of POAG and NVG through TM tissue remodeling and AC angle angiogenesis.
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15
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Yamagata R, Nemoto W, Nakagawasai O, Takahashi K, Tan-No K. Downregulation of spinal angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is involved in neuropathic pain associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113825. [PMID: 31987854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the spinal angiotensin (Ang) system is involved in the modulation of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic neuropathic pain in mice. An important drawback of this model however is the fact that the neuropathic pain is independent of hyperglycemia and produced by the direct stimulation of peripheral nerves. Here, using the leptin deficient ob/ob mouse as a type 2 diabetic model, we examined whether the spinal Ang system was involved in naturally occuring diabetic neuropathic pain. Blood glucose levels were increased in ob/ob mice at 5-15 weeks of age. Following the hyperglycemia, persistent tactile and thermal hyperalgesia were observed at 11-14 and 9-15 weeks of age, respectively, which was ameliorated by insulin treatment. At 12 weeks of age, the expression of Ang-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 in the spinal plasma membrane fraction was decreased in ob/ob mice. Spinal ACE2 was expressed in neurons and microglia but the number of NeuN-positive neurons was decreased in ob/ob mice. In addition, the intrathecal administration of Ang (1-7) and SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, attenuated hyperalgesia in ob/ob mice. The phosphorylation of spinal p38 MAPK was also attenuated by Ang (1-7) in ob/ob mice. These inhibitory effects of Ang (1-7) were prevented by A779, a Mas receptor antagonist. In conclusion, we revealed that the Ang (1-7)-generating system is downregulated in ob/ob mice and is accompanied by a loss of ACE2-positive neurons. Furthermore, Ang (1-7) decreased the diabetic neuropathic pain through inhibition of p38 MAPK phosphorylation via spinal Mas receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Yamagata
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Wataru Nemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nakagawasai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Koichi Tan-No
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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16
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Neuroprotective Peptides in Retinal Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081146. [PMID: 31374938 PMCID: PMC6722704 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of many disorders, neuronal death plays a key role. It is now assumed that neurodegeneration is caused by multiple and somewhat converging/overlapping death mechanisms, and that neurons are sensitive to unique death styles. In this respect, major advances in the knowledge of different types, mechanisms, and roles of neurodegeneration are crucial to restore the neuronal functions involved in neuroprotection. Several novel concepts have emerged recently, suggesting that the modulation of the neuropeptide system may provide an entirely new set of pharmacological approaches. Neuropeptides and their receptors are expressed widely in mammalian retinas, where they exert neuromodulatory functions including the processing of visual information. In multiple models of retinal diseases, different peptidergic substances play neuroprotective actions. Herein, we describe the novel advances on the protective roles of neuropeptides in the retina. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which peptides affect neuronal death/survival and the vascular lesions commonly associated with retinal neurodegenerative pathologies. The goal is to highlight the therapeutic potential of neuropeptide systems as neuroprotectants in retinal diseases.
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17
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Perturbed Biochemical Pathways and Associated Oxidative Stress Lead to Vascular Dysfunctions in Diabetic Retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8458472. [PMID: 30962865 PMCID: PMC6431380 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8458472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vascular insult that accompanies the hyperglycemic state. Retinal vasculature holds a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of the retina, and any alteration to retinal vasculature affects retinal functions. The blood retinal barrier, a prerequisite to vision acuity, is most susceptible to damage during the progression of DR. This is a consequence of impaired biochemical pathways such as the polyol, advanced end glycation products (AGE), hexosamine, protein kinase C (PKC), and tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathways. Moreover, the role of histone modification and altered miRNA expression is also emerging as a major contributor. Epigenetic changes create a link between altered protein function and redox status of retinal cells, creating a state of metabolic memory. Although various biochemical pathways underlie the etiology of DR, the major insult to the retina is due to oxidative stress, a unifying factor of altered biochemical pathways. This review primarily focuses on the critical biochemical pathways altered in DR leading to vascular dysfunctions and discusses antioxidants as plausible treatment strategies.
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18
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Shimizu H, Kaneko H, Suzumura A, Takayama K, Namba R, Funahashi Y, Kataoka K, Iwase T, Hwang SJ, Ito S, Yamada K, Ueno S, Ito Y, Terasaki H. Biological Characteristics of Subsilicone Oil Fluid and Differences With Other Ocular Humors. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:28. [PMID: 30842889 PMCID: PMC6398349 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.1.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Subsilicone oil fluid (SOF) in eyes with silicone oil (SO) endotamponade possibly has a role in complications (e.g., vision loss); thus, we aimed to examine inflammatory cytokine and electrolyte levels and retinal glial cell viability in SOF. Methods We measured major inflammatory cytokine levels and electrolytes in SOF and compared them with those in vitreous fluid (VF) and anterior chamber fluid (ACF). We analyzed the correlation between inflammatory cytokines and retinal thickness in SO-filled eyes. Further, we measured the MIO-M1 cell viability in medium with SOF and compared it with that containing VF. Results We collected and examined 57 SOF, 22 ACF, and 21 VF samples from eyes with PVR, PDR, RD, and MH. Interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 levels in SOF were significantly higher than those in ACF. There was no significant difference for all cytokines between SOF and VF. Retinal thickness changes during SO endotamponade were not correlated with the presence of any inflammatory cytokines. Levels of ferrous iron, but not of potassium, showed a significant decrease in SOF compared with VF. The WST-1 assay showed that SOF-added medium induced higher MIO-M1 cell viability than VF-added medium. Conclusions We found no significant correlation between the change in the retinal thickness and cytokine levels, but SOF contains higher concentrations of cytokines and lower concentrations of ferrous iron and can be biologically distinguished from ACF and VF. Translational Relevance Novel knowledge of inflammatory cytokine levels and electrolytes in SOF provides better understanding of pathology of SO-filled eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayana Suzumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Takayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Defense Medical College, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Rina Namba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Funahashi
- Department of Urology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiang-Jyi Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Bell Research Center-Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Collaborative Research, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seina Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Ueno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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Senanayake PD, Bonilha VL, W Peterson J, Yamada Y, Karnik SS, Daneshgari F, Brosnihan KB, Hollyfield JG. Retinal angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1-7) response to hyperglycemia and an intervention with captopril. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2019; 19:1470320318789323. [PMID: 30126320 PMCID: PMC6104213 DOI: 10.1177/1470320318789323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis: Hyperglycemia decreases angiotensin-(1-7), the endogenous counter-regulator of angiotensin II in the retina. Materials and methods: The distribution and levels of retinal angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) were evaluated by confocal imaging and quantitative immunohistochemistry during the development of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Results: In the nondiabetic eye, Ang II was localized to the endfeet of Müller cells, extending into the cellular processes of the inner plexiform layer and inner nuclear layer; Ang-(1-7) showed a wider distribution, extending from the foot plates of the Müller cells to the photoreceptor layer. Eyes from diabetic animals showed a higher intensity and extent of Ang II staining compared with nondiabetic eyes, but lower intensity with a reduced distribution of Ang-(1-7) immunoreactivity. Treatment of the diabetic animals with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) captopril showed a reduced intensity of Ang II staining, whereas increased intensity and distribution were evident with Ang-(1-7) staining. Conclusions: These studies reveal that pharmacological inhibition with ACEIs may provide a specific intervention for the management of the diabetes-induced decline in retinal function, reversing the profile of the endogenous angiotensin peptides closer to the normal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preenie deS Senanayake
- 1 Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Vera L Bonilha
- 1 Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - John W Peterson
- 3 Reseach Core Services (Imaging) Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yoshiro Yamada
- 4 Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadashiva S Karnik
- 5 Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Firouz Daneshgari
- 6 Department of Urology (FD), Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
| | - K Bridget Brosnihan
- 7 Department of Surgery, Hypertension & Vascular Research, Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, USA
| | - Joe G Hollyfield
- 1 Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA.,2 Department of Ophthalmology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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20
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Kanda A, Ishida S. (Pro)renin receptor: Involvement in diabetic retinopathy and development of molecular targeted therapy. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:6-17. [PMID: 29575757 PMCID: PMC6319493 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a crucial regulator of systemic blood pressure (circulatory RAS), plays distinct roles in pathological angiogenesis and inflammation in various organs (tissue RAS), such as diabetic microvascular complications. Using ocular clinical samples and animal disease models, we elucidated molecular mechanisms in which tissue RAS excites the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A responsible for retinal inflammation and angiogenesis, the two major pathological events in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Furthermore, we showed the involvement of (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] in retinal RAS activation and its concurrent intracellular signal transduction (e.g., extracellular signal-regulated kinase); namely, the (P)RR-induced dual pathogenic bioactivity referred to as the receptor-associated prorenin system. Indeed, neovascular endothelial cells in the fibrovascular tissue collected from eyes with proliferative DR were immunoreactive for the receptor-associated prorenin system components including prorenin, (P)RR, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and VEGF-A. Protein levels of soluble (P)RR increased with its positive correlations with prorenin, renin enzymatic activity and VEGF in the vitreous of proliferative DR eyes, suggesting a close link between (P)RR and VEGF-A-driven angiogenic activity. Furthermore, we revealed an unsuspected, PAPS-independent role of (P)RR in glucose-induced oxidative stress. Recently, we developed an innovative single-strand ribonucleic acid interference molecule selectively targeting human and mouse (P)RR, and confirmed its efficacy in suppressing diabetes-induced retinal inflammation in mice. Our data using clinical samples and animal models suggested the significant implication of (P)RR in the pathogenesis of DR, and the potential usefulness of the ribonucleic acid interference molecule as a therapeutic agent to attenuate ocular inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual ScienceDepartment of OphthalmologyFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual ScienceDepartment of OphthalmologyFaculty of Medicine and Graduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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21
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Lei X, Zhou Y, Ren C, Chen X, Shang R, He J, Dou J. Typhae pollen polysaccharides ameliorate diabetic retinal injury in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 224:169-176. [PMID: 29802904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to ancient traditional Chinese medicine, Typhae Pollen (TP) is commonly used to treat fundus haemorrhage because it improves blood circulation. AIMS OF THE STUDY This study evaluated the role of the main TP component, polysaccharides (TPP), on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its possible mechanisms of inhibiting inflammation and improving blood circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS After successful establishment of a diabetic rat model, TPP was administered to diabetic rats for treatment, and the rats were sacrificed at 12 weeks. Retinal electrophysiology and ultrastructures were observed, and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were also measured. Changes in the retinal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were examined by immunofluorescence. A mouse model of acute blood stasis was then established, and the effects of TPP on haemorheology were observed. The anti-inflammatory effect of TPP was analysed based on the changes in abdominal capillary permeability and the degree of auricle swelling in the mice. RESULTS In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR rats, TPP (0.4 g/kg) treatment restored electrophysiology indexes and retinal ultrastructures, reduced serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, decreased VEGF and bFGF expression in retinal tissues, and improved haemorheology indexes. Moreover, TPP reduced abdominal capillary permeability and relieved auricle swelling in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS TPP treatment ameliorated DR by inhibiting inflammation and improving blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Lei
- Affiliated Guangren Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an 710004, PR China; Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No.4 Hospital, 21 Jiefang Road, Xi'an 710004, PR China.
| | - Yunyun Zhou
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shiji Avenue, Xi'an-Xianyang New Economic Zone, Shaanxi Province 712046, PR China.
| | - Cuicui Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an No.1 Hospital, South Street Powder Lane No.30, Xi'an 710002, PR China.
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Rongguo Shang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Jianyu He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Jianwei Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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22
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Mesquita J, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Vaz-Pereira S, Neves A, Passarinha LA, Tomaz CT. Evaluation of the growth factors VEGF-a and VEGF-B in the vitreous and serum of patients with macular and retinal vascular diseases. Growth Factors 2018; 36:48-57. [PMID: 29969324 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2018.1477140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
VEGF-A and VEGF-B are proangiogenic and key regulating factors for blood vessel growth. This study aims to compare VEGF-A and VEGF-B levels in the serum and vitreous of patients with neovascular pathology versus non-neovascular pathology. Our findings showed vitreous VEGF-A and VEGF-B levels increased in patients with neovascular disease, with higher levels of VEGF-A compared to VEGF-B (p ≤ .05). In the diabetic retinopathy (DR) group, higher vitreous VEGF-A or VEGF-B were found in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) than in non-PDR. The strong correlation between VEGF-A and VEGF-B demonstrates a simultaneous pathological increase of cytokines (p < .001), suggesting besides VEGF-A, VEGF-B is another contributor to ocular pathologies involving angiogenesis. There was no correlation between vitreous and serum VEGF-A or VEGF-B; however, a correlation between vitreous (VEGF-A or VEGF-B) and macular volume (p < .05) in DR patients was found. Targeting VEGF-A and VEGF-B in macular and retinal vascular diseases, involving neovascularization, may improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mesquita
- a CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - João Paulo Castro-de-Sousa
- b Faculty of Medical Sciences , Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, R. das Olhalvas , Leiria , Portugal
| | - Sara Vaz-Pereira
- d Department of Ophthalmology , Hospital de Santa Maria, Av. Professor Egas Moniz , Lisbon , Portugal
- e Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine , Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Arminda Neves
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, R. das Olhalvas , Leiria , Portugal
| | - Luís A Passarinha
- a CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique , Covilhã , Portugal
- b Faculty of Medical Sciences , Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Cândida T Tomaz
- a CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique , Covilhã , Portugal
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Mesquita J, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Vaz-Pereira S, Neves A, Passarinha LA, Tomaz CT. Vascular endothelial growth factors and placenta growth factor in retinal vasculopathies: Current research and future perspectives. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 39:102-115. [PMID: 29248329 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vision loss due to disease or degeneration of the eye (retina, choroid, retinal veins, or macula) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. In most cases, vision-threatening ocular diseases are accompanied by abnormal changes in the vasculature of the eye, especially the retina, and these conditions are collectively referred to as retinal vasculopathies. Impaired blood supply or hypoxia stimulates angiogenesis in the vascular and non-vascular sections of the eye, which results in neovascularization, leading to conditions such as diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration. Studies show that vascular endothelial growth factors: VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor (PlGF) are elevated in these diseases, and hence, these factors could be used as markers for disease prognosis and therapy. In this review, we discuss the function of these growth factors in normal development and disease, with focus on ocular disorders and emphasize the importance of accurately determining their levels in the vitreous and serum of patients for correct diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Mesquita
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Castro-de-Sousa
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, R. das Olhalvas, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal.
| | - Sara Vaz-Pereira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Santa Maria, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Arminda Neves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, R. das Olhalvas, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal.
| | - Luís A Passarinha
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Cândida T Tomaz
- CICS-UBI-Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Ola MS, Alhomida AS, Ferrario CM, Ahmad S. Role of Tissue Renin-angiotensin System and the Chymase/angiotensin-( 1-12) Axis in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:3104-3114. [PMID: 28403787 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170407141955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major diabetes complication and the leading cause for vision loss and blindness in the adult human population. Diabetes, being an endocrinological disorder dysregulates a number of hormonal systems including the renin angiotensin system (RAS), which thereby may damage both vascular and neuronal cells in the retina. Angiotensin II (Ang II), an active component of the RAS is increased in diabetic retina, and may play a significant role in neurovascular damage leading to the progression of DR. In this review article, we highlight the role of Ang II in the pathogenesis of retinal damage in diabetes and discuss a newly identified mechanism involving tissue chymase and angiotensin-(1-12) [Ang-(1-12)] pathways. We also discuss the therapeutic effects of potential RAS inhibitors targeting blockade of cellular Ang II formation to prevent/ protect the retinal damage. Thus, a better understanding of Ang II formation pathways in the diabetic retina will elucidate early molecular mechanism of vision loss. These concepts may provide a novel strategy for preventing and/or treating diabetic retinopathy, a leading cause of blindness worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud, University, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alhomida
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud, University, Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University Health Science, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. United States
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University Health Science, Winston-Salem, NC 27157. United States
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Byon IS, Lee DH, Jun ES, Shin MK, Park SW, Lee JE. Effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on the intraocular growth factors and their receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:896-901. [PMID: 28730079 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.06.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) on intraocular growth factors and their receptors in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: control, diabetes mellitus (DM), candesartan-treated DM, and enalapril-treated DM (each group, n=10). After the induction of DM by streptozotocin, candesartan [ARB, 5 mg/(kg·d)] and enalapril [ACEI, 10 mg/(kg·d)] were administered to rats orally for 4wk. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiotensin II (Ang II) concentrations in the vitreous were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and VEGF receptor 2 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) levels were assessed at week 4 by Western blotting. RESULTS Vitreous Ang II levels were significantly higher in the DM group and candesartan-treated DM group than in the control (P=0.04 and 0.005, respectively). Vitreous AT1R increased significantly in DM compared to the other three groups (P<0.007). Candesartan-treated DM rats showed higher vitreal AT1R concentration than the enalapril-treated DM group and control (P<0.001 and P=0.005, respectively). No difference in vitreous Ang II and AT1R concentration was found between the enalapril-treated DM group and control. VEGF and its receptor were below the minimum detection limit in all 4 groups. CONCLUSION Increased Ang II and AT1R in the hyperglycemic state indicate activated the intraocular renin-angiotensin system, which is inhibited more effectively by systemic ACEI than systemic ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik Soo Byon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Jun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea
| | | | - Sung Who Park
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea
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Holappa M, Vapaatalo H, Vaajanen A. Many Faces of Renin-angiotensin System - Focus on Eye. Open Ophthalmol J 2017; 11:122-142. [PMID: 28761566 PMCID: PMC5510558 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101711010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), that is known for its role in the regulation of blood pressure as well as in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, comprises dozens of angiotensin peptides and peptidases and at least six receptors. Six central components constitute the two main axes of the RAS cascade. Angiotensin (1-7), an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptor axis (ACE2-Ang(1-7)-MasR) counterbalances the harmful effects of the angiotensin II, angiotensin converting enzyme 1 and angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (ACE1-AngII-AT1R) Whereas systemic RAS is an important factor in blood pressure regulation, tissue-specific regulatory system, responsible for long term regional changes, that has been found in various organs. In other words, RAS is not only endocrine but also complicated autocrine system. The human eye has its own intraocular RAS that is present e.g. in the structures involved in aqueous humor dynamics. Local RAS may thus be a target in the development of new anti-glaucomatous drugs. In this review, we first describe the systemic RAS cascade and then the local ocular RAS especially in the anterior part of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Holappa
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Vapaatalo
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Vaajanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,SILK, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Balaiya S, Zhou Z, Chalam KV. Characterization of Vitreous and Aqueous Proteome in Humans With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Clinical Correlation. PROTEOMICS INSIGHTS 2017; 8:1178641816686078. [PMID: 28469465 PMCID: PMC5398322 DOI: 10.1177/1178641816686078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is associated with microvascular complications that cause biochemical changes in the human retina and alter the proteome of vitreous humor and aqueous humor (AH). Methods: Human vitreous humor and AH of PDR subjects were collected. Subjects who had surgery for epiretinal membrane or macular hole served as controls. Protein profiles were obtained and analyzed after running the samples on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Results: In vitreous humor, 16 unique proteins were noted in PDR patients, but not in controls. Those were associated mainly with coagulation, complement, and kallikrein-kinin systems. Under coagulation, fibrinogen and prothrombin proteins were more evident and may emphasize the importance of angiogenesis in the development of PDR. Vitreous proteins showed replicative presence in AH too. As for AH samples, we detected 10 proteins found in PDR patients, which were related to transport, coagulation, and inflammatory responses. Conclusions: We found 57 proteins in human vitreous and 39 proteins in AH. Identification of these proteins that are involved in various pathways will be helpful to understand diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis and to develop proteome as a biomarker for PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankarathi Balaiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Zimei Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kakarla V Chalam
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Pathologic Roles of Receptor-Associated Prorenin System in Idiopathic Epiretinal Membrane. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44266. [PMID: 28276504 PMCID: PMC5343583 DOI: 10.1038/srep44266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-associated prorenin system (RAPS) refers to the pathogenic mechanism whereby prorenin binding to (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] dually activates tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and RAS-independent signaling via (P)RR. The aim of this study is to determine the association of RAPS with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM). Reverse transcription-PCR indicated the expression of RAPS components, including (P)RR and Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), in iERM tissues and human Müller glial cell line. Double-labeling analyses demonstrated that (P)RR and AT1R were detected in cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, a marker for glial cells, and co-localized with prorenin and angiotensinogen, respectively. Administration of prorenin to Müller glial cells enhanced mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor 2, while Ang II application stimulated the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, and transforming growth factor-β1. These expression levels induced by prorenin or Ang II were reversed by (P)RR or AT1R blockade, respectively. Immunofluorescence revealed tissue co-localization of (P)RR and AT1R with the products of the upregulated genes in vitro. The present findings suggest the involvement of RAPS in the pathogenesis of iERM.
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Choudhary R, Kapoor MS, Singh A, Bodakhe SH. Therapeutic targets of renin-angiotensin system in ocular disorders. J Curr Ophthalmol 2016; 29:7-16. [PMID: 28367520 PMCID: PMC5362395 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To review current literature on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-mediated pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets in ocular diseases. Methods A comprehensive literature survey was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases published from 1977 to 2016. The search terms were a RAS, angiotensin, angiotensin receptor, prorenin, pro (renin) receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker associated with ocular disorders like cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), macular degeneration, and uveitis. Articles were reviewed on the basis of the association between ocular disorders and RAS and relevant articles were discussed. Results The literature revealed that the individual RAS components including renin, angiotensins, angiotensin converting enzymes, and RAS receptors have been expressed in the specific ocular tissues like retina, choroid, and ciliary body. The activation of both circulatory and local RAS potentiate the various inflammatory and angiogenic signaling molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and advanced glycation end products (AGE) in the ocular tissues and leads to several blinding disorders like DR, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. The classical and newer RAS inhibitors have illustrated protective effects on blinding disorders, including DR, glaucoma, macular degeneration, uveitis, and cataract. Conclusions The RAS components are present in the extrarenal tissues including ocular tissue and have an imperative role in the ocular pathophysiology. The clinical studies are needed to show the role of therapeutic modalities targeting RAS in the treatment of different ocular disorders.
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Kanda A, Ishida S. Receptor-associated prorenin system contributes to development of inflammation and angiogenesis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Inflamm Regen 2016; 36:22. [PMID: 29259695 PMCID: PMC5725647 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-016-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a potential role in the development of end-organ damage, and tissue RAS activation has been suggested as a risk factor of several diseases including diabetes. So far, using animal disease models, we have shown molecular mechanisms, in which tissue RAS stimulates retinal angiogenesis, and the critical roles of (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] in retinal RAS activation and its concurrent intracellular signal transduction, referred to as the receptor-associated prorenin system (RAPS). Moreover, we recently reported that the protein levels of prorenin and soluble (P)RR increased in the vitreous fluids obtained from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), suggesting the association of (P)RR with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-driven angiogenic activity in human PDR, and also showed a close relationship between the vitreous renin activity and VEGF-induced pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Our data using animal disease models and human clinical samples suggest that both vitreous RAS and retinal RAPS play critical roles in the molecular pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638 Japan
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Simão S, Santos DF, Silva GA. Aliskiren inhibits the renin-angiotensin system in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sharifipour F, Razzaghi M, Ramezani A, Azarmina M, Yaseri M, Soheilian R, Soheilian M. Systemic oxygen therapy versus oral enalapril for treatment of diabetic macular ischemia: a randomized controlled trial. Int Ophthalmol 2015; 36:225-35. [PMID: 26292645 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-015-0123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural and functional effects of systemic oxygen therapy and enalapril in patients with diabetic macular ischemia (DMI). This randomized clinical trial consisted of 105 eyes with DMI divided into three groups. Group I received systemic oxygen by face mask at a flow rate of 10 L/min; Group II received 5 mg enalapril daily; and Group III received placebo tablets for 3 months. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), extent of foveal avascular zone (FAZ) on fluorescein angiograms, and electroretinograms (ERG) were obtained at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. Overall, 102 patients completed the study. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different among groups. Significant improvement in BCVA and decrease in CMT and FAZ occurred at months 3 and 6 in oxygen group compared to deterioration in enalapril and control groups (All P values <0.001). ERG parameters were significantly better in oxygen group compared to enalapril group at months 3 and 6 and better than those in control group at month 3. Normobaric oxygen therapy for 3 months in DMI decreased CMT and FAZ and improved BCVA and ERG parameters. Enalapril did not show any favorable effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Sharifipour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Ave. Boostan 9 St., 16666, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Ramezani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Ave. Boostan 9 St., 16666, Tehran, Iran.,Negah Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Imam Hossein Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Azarmina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Ave. Boostan 9 St., 16666, Tehran, Iran.,Negah Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roham Soheilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Ave. Boostan 9 St., 16666, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soheilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Ave. Boostan 9 St., 16666, Tehran, Iran. .,Negah Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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Donovan K, Alekseev O, Qi X, Cho W, Azizkhan-Clifford J. O-GlcNAc modification of transcription factor Sp1 mediates hyperglycemia-induced VEGF-A upregulation in retinal cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:7862-73. [PMID: 25352121 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Proangiogenic protein VEGF-A contributes significantly to retinal lesions and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy (DR). In preclinical DR, hyperglycemia can upregulate VEGF-A in retinal cells. The VEGF-A promoter is responsive to the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1). The O-GlcNAc modification is driven by glucose concentration and has a profound effect on Sp1 activity. This study investigated the effects of hyperglycemia on Sp1-mediated expression of VEGF-A in the retinal endothelium and pigment epithelium. METHODS Hyperglycemia-exposed ARPE-19 (human retinal pigment epithelial cells) and TR-iBRB (rat retinal microendothelial cells) were assayed for levels of VEGF-A by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and ELISA. Small molecule inhibitors of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or O-GlcNAcase (OGA) were used to manipulate O-GlcNAc levels. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A protein and transcript were measured in cells depleted of OGT or Sp1 by shRNA. The proximal VEGF-A promoter was analyzed for glucose sensitivity by luciferase assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was used to assess Sp1 occupancy on the VEGF-A promoter. RESULTS Hyperglycemia increased VEGF-A promoter activity and upregulated VEGF-A transcript and protein. Elevation of O-GlcNAc by OGA inhibitors was sufficient to increase VEGF-A. O-GlcNAc transferase inhibition abrogated glucose-driven VEGF-A. Cellular depletion of OGT or Sp1 by shRNA significantly abrogated glucose-induced changes in VEGF-A. ChIP analysis showed that hyperglycemia significantly increased binding of Sp1 to the VEGF-A promoter. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia-driven VEGF-A production is mediated by elevated O-GlcNAc modification of the Sp1 transcription factor. This mechanism may be significant in the pathogenesis of preclinical DR through VEGF-A upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Donovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Oleg Alekseev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - William Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jane Azizkhan-Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Rocha AS, Santos FM, Monteiro JP, Castro-de-Sousa JP, Queiroz JA, Tomaz CT, Passarinha LA. Trends in proteomic analysis of human vitreous humor samples. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2495-508. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Rocha
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Fátima M. Santos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - João P. Monteiro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - João P. Castro-de-Sousa
- Medical Sciences Department; Faculty of Health sciences; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
- Ophthalmology Service; Leiria-Pombal Hospital Center; Pombal Portugal
| | - João A. Queiroz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Cândida T. Tomaz
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
- Chemistry Department; Faculty of Sciences, University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
- Medical Sciences Department; Faculty of Health sciences; University of Beira Interior; Covilhã Portugal
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Bhat M, Pouliot M, Couture R, Vaucher E. The kallikrein-kinin system in diabetic retinopathy. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 69:111-43. [PMID: 25130041 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major microvascular complication associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which can lead to visual impairment and blindness. Current treatment strategies for DR are mostly limited to laser therapies, steroids, and anti-VEGF agents, which are often associated with unwanted side effects leading to further complications. Recent evidence suggests that kinins play a primary role in the development of DR through enhanced vascular permeability, leukocytes infiltration, and other inflammatory mechanisms. These deleterious effects are mediated by kinin B1 and B2 receptors, which are expressed in diabetic human and rodent retina. Importantly, kinin B1 receptor is virtually absent in sane tissue, yet it is induced and upregulated in diabetic retina. These peptides belong to the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), which contains two separate and independent pathways of regulated serine proteases, namely plasma kallikrein (PK) and tissue kallikrein (TK) that are involved in the biosynthesis of bradykinin (BK) and kallidin (Lys-BK), respectively. Hence, ocular inhibition of kallikreins or antagonism of kinin receptors offers new therapeutic avenues in the treatment and management of DR. Herein, we present an overview of the principal features and known inflammatory mechanisms associated with DR along with the current therapeutic approaches and put special emphasis on the KKS as a new and promising therapeutic target due to its link with key pathways directly associated with the development of DR.
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Dong N, Xu B, Wang B, Chu L. Study of 27 aqueous humor cytokines in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without retinopathy. Mol Vis 2013; 19:1734-46. [PMID: 23922491 PMCID: PMC3733907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the changes in the levels of 27 aqueous humor cytokines between nondiabetic controls and patients with type 2 diabetes and to ascertain the association of these cytokines with diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS Undiluted aqueous humor samples were obtained from 102 nondiabetic patients (102 eyes) and 136 consecutive diabetic patients (136 eyes) who were divided into nine groups according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity scale. The concentrations of 27 cytokines in the aqueous humor samples were measured using a multiplex bead immunoassay. RESULTS Compared with the nondiabetic controls, the diabetic patients had significantly higher concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β; p<0.001), IL-6 (p<0.001), IL-8 (p<0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p<0.001), interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (p<0.001), and vascular endothelial growth factor (p<0.001) in the aqueous humor. However, the IL-10 (p=0.002) and IL-12 (p=0.013) concentrations were significantly lower for the diabetic patients. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of other cytokines between the diabetic patients and the controls. The IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interferon gamma-induced protein-10 levels in the aqueous humor increased as the severity of DR increased. The correlation was significant. However, the vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was not correlated with the severity of DR. In addition, the IL-10 and IL-12 levels in the aqueous humor decreased as the severity of DR increased, and this negative correlation was significant. CONCLUSIONS Various cytokines associated with inflammation and angiogenesis may contribute to the pathogenesis of DR, and chemokines may be more closely related to the development of this disease.
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Kanda A, Ishida S. The vitreous renin–angiotensin system is mediated by soluble (pro)renin receptor in diabetic retinopathy: A new implication of the receptor-associated prorenin system. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjo.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Byon IS, Jeon HS, Kim HW, Lee SJ, Lee JE, Oum BS. The Effect of a Systemic Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the Vitreous of Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38:774-80. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2013.772206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ola MS, Ahmed MM, Abuohashish HM, Al-Rejaie SS, Alhomida AS. Telmisartan ameliorates neurotrophic support and oxidative stress in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1572-9. [PMID: 23624827 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is an early event in the diabetic retina which may lead to diabetic retinopathy. One of the potential pathways in damaging retinal neurons is the activation of renin angiotensin system including angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the diabetic retina. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of telmisartan, an AT1R blocker on retinal level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glutathione (GSH) and caspase activity in the diabetic rats. The dysregulated levels of these factors are known to cause neurodegeneration in diabetic retina. Three weeks streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were orally treated or untreated with telmisartan (10 mg/kg/day). After 4 weeks of treatments, the levels of BDNF and GSH were found to be increased systemically in the sera as well as in the retina of diabetic rats compared to untreated rats as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and biochemical techniques (p < 0.05). The caspase-3 activity in the telmisartan treated diabetic retina was decreased compared to untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Western blotting experiments showed the expression levels of BDNF, CNTF and TH were increased compared to untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.05). Thus, our findings show a beneficial effect of AT1R blocker telmisartan in efficiently increasing neurotrophic support, endogenous antioxidant GSH content, and decreasing signs of apoptosis in diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamsul Ola
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11415, Saudi Arabia.
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Qiu M, Xiong W, Liao H, Li F. VEGF -634G>C polymorphism and diabetic retinopathy risk: a meta-analysis. Gene 2013; 518:310-5. [PMID: 23353010 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a multifunctional cytokine that promotes angiogenesis and is a potent mediator of microvascular permeability, which is critical for the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). It has demonstrated that VEGF -634G>C (rs2010963) polymorphism alters the transcriptional activity of the gene. However, studies on the association between VEGF -634G>C polymorphism and DR in type 2 diabetes have reported conflicting results. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether VEGF -634G>C polymorphism is associated with the risk of DR in type 2 diabetes. METHODS A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science) and reference lists of relevant articles was carried out until September 15, 2012. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by a fixed effect model. RESULTS A total of 1525 DR cases and 1422 diabetic without retinopathy (DWR) controls in 9 independent studies were included in the meta-analysis. A significant relationship between VEGF -634G>C polymorphism and DR was found in an allelic genetic model (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.25, P=0.03) and a recessive genetic model (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.55, P=0.03). CONCLUSION Our research confirmed the association between the VEGF -634G>C polymorphism and DR in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Well-designed studies with larger sample size and more ethnic groups are required to further validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Proteomics, a highly sophisticated way to study the protein profile of various biological tissues or fluids, has hitherto had a relatively limited role ophthalmic science. Of the few proteomic studies that have been performed, liquid chromatography, electrophoresis gel separation and mass spectrometry have been utilized to investigate the proteome of several different eye structures and fluids from both humans and animal models. Ophthalmic proteomic studies have so far attempted to identify proteins unique to the eye, to investigate protein changes due to the onset of various diseases and to identify proteins that could act as markers of disease. Proteomics has the potential to improve the way in which eye disease is diagnosed and potentially even treated by identifying novel pathogenic pathways that may be susceptible to therapeutic manipulation. The aim of this review is to give an overview the current and potential application of proteomic science to ophthalmic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle L Jay
- Save Sight Institute and The University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
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Tarr JM, Kaul K, Chopra M, Kohner EM, Chibber R. Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. ISRN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2013; 2013:343560. [PMID: 24563789 PMCID: PMC3914226 DOI: 10.1155/2013/343560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is now regarded as an epidemic, with the population of patients expected to rise to 380 million by 2025. Tragically, this will lead to approximately 4 million people around the world losing their sight from diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of blindness in patients aged 20 to 74 years. The risk of development and progression of diabetic retinopathy is closely associated with the type and duration of diabetes, blood glucose, blood pressure, and possibly lipids. Although landmark cross-sectional studies have confirmed the strong relationship between chronic hyperglycaemia and the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy, the underlying mechanism of how hyperglycaemia causes retinal microvascular damage remains unclear. Continued research worldwide has focussed on understanding the pathogenic mechanisms with the ultimate goal to prevent DR. The aim of this paper is to introduce the multiple interconnecting biochemical pathways that have been proposed and tested as key contributors in the development of DR, namely, increased polyol pathway, activation of protein kinase C (PKC), increased expression of growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), haemodynamic changes, accelerated formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), oxidative stress, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and subclinical inflammation and capillary occlusion. New pharmacological therapies based on some of these underlying pathogenic mechanisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rakesh Chibber
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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Ren Z, Li W, Zhao Q, Ma L, Zhu J. The impact of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor-β₁ in the retinas of rats with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 98:474-80. [PMID: 23089551 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To define whether 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)₂ D₃) can protect diabetic retinopathy and to investigate its impact on the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁) in the retinas of rats with diabetes. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal control group, 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃ group and diabetes group. The rats in 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃ group and diabetes group were established to type 2 diabetes model with high-fat and high-sugar diet and streptozotocin (STZ). Meanwhile, the rats of 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃ group were treated with 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃. After 13 weeks, morphological changes of retinal tissues were observed under microscopes after hematoxylin-eosin staining. VEGF and TGF-β₁ expressions in the retinal tissues were detected with immunohistochemistry staining. RESULTS Pathological examination showed an appearance of edema and disordered arrangement of retinal tissues in diabetes group, but milder pathological changes in 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃ group. VEGF and TGF-β₁ expressions of both diabetes group and 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃ group significantly increased (P<0.05), but those of 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃ group were significantly lower than diabetes group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION 1,25-(OH)₂ D₃ had partially protective effect on diabetic retinopathy of diabetic rats, the mechanism of which might inhibit VEGF and TGF-β₁ expressions in the retinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Kanda A, Noda K, Saito W, Ishida S. (Pro)renin receptor is associated with angiogenic activity in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2012; 55:3104-13. [PMID: 22930161 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) potentially has a role in the development of end-organ damage, and tissue RAS activation has been suggested as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy. We have recently shown significant involvement of (pro)renin receptor ([P]RR) in retinal inflammation in a rodent model of early diabetes. In this study we aim to elucidate the (P)RR-associated pathogenesis of fibrovascular proliferation, a late-stage angiogenic complication in human diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Vitreous fluids from 23 eyes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 16 eyes of controls with non-diabetic, idiopathic macular diseases (macular hole and epiretinal membrane) were collected. Protein levels of soluble (P)RR were measured by ELISA, and immunofluorescence was performed to assess the localisation of (P)RR and related molecules in fibrovascular tissues from PDR eyes. RESULTS (P)RR immunoreactivity was detected in neovascular endothelial cells, colocalised with prorenin, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Prorenin application to human retinal microvascular endothelial cells significantly upregulated mRNA expression of VEGF, especially the VEGF165 isoform, which was abolished by (P)RR or ERK signalling blockade. Proteases known to cleave (P)RR, including furin, were positive in endothelial cells in fibrovascular tissues. Protein levels of soluble (P)RR in vitreous fluids were higher in PDR eyes than in non-diabetic control eyes, and correlated significantly with vitreous prorenin and VEGF levels and the vascular density of fibrovascular tissues. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data using human samples provide the first evidence that (P)RR is associated with angiogenic activity in PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Do DV, Nguyen QD, Boyer D, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Brown DM, Vitti R, Berliner AJ, Gao B, Zeitz O, Ruckert R, Schmelter T, Sandbrink R, Heier JS. One-year outcomes of the da Vinci Study of VEGF Trap-Eye in eyes with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:1658-65. [PMID: 22537617 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare different doses and dosing regimens of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Trap-Eye with laser photocoagulation in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME). DESIGN Randomized, double-masked, multicenter, phase 2 clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Diabetic patients (n = 221) with center-involved DME. METHODS Participants were assigned randomly to 1 of 5 treatment regimens: VEGF Trap-Eye 0.5 mg every 4 weeks (0.5q4); 2 mg every 4 weeks (2q4); 2 mg every 8 weeks after 3 initial monthly doses (2q8); or 2 mg dosing as needed after 3 initial monthly doses (2PRN), or macular laser photocoagulation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 24 weeks (the primary end point) and at 52 weeks, proportion of eyes that gained 15 letters or more in Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) BCVA, and mean changes in central retinal thickness (CRT) from baseline. RESULTS As previously reported, mean improvements in BCVA in the VEGF Trap-Eye groups at week 24 were 8.6, 11.4, 8.5, and 10.3 letters for 0.5q4, 2q4, 2q8, and 2PRN regimens, respectively, versus 2.5 letters for the laser group (P ≤ 0.0085 versus laser). Mean improvements in BCVA in the VEGF Trap-Eye groups at week 52 were 11.0, 13.1, 9.7, and 12.0 letters for 0.5q4, 2q4, 2q8, and 2PRN regimens, respectively, versus -1.3 letters for the laser group (P ≤ 0.0001 versus laser). Proportions of eyes with gains in BCVA of 15 or more ETDRS letters at week 52 in the VEGF Trap-Eye groups were 40.9%, 45.5%, 23.8%, and 42.2% versus 11.4% for laser (P = 0.0031, P = 0.0007, P = 0.1608, and P = 0.0016, respectively, versus laser). Mean reductions in CRT in the VEGF Trap-Eye groups at week 52 were -165.4 μm, -227.4 μm, -187.8 μm, and -180.3 μm versus -58.4 μm for laser (P < 0.0001 versus laser). Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Trap-Eye generally was well tolerated. The most frequent ocular adverse events with VEGF Trap-Eye were conjunctival hemorrhage, eye pain, ocular hyperemia, and increased intraocular pressure, whereas common systemic adverse events included hypertension, nausea, and congestive heart failure. CONCLUSIONS Significant gains in BCVA from baseline achieved at week 24 were maintained or improved at week 52 in all VEGF Trap-Eye groups. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Trap-Eye warrants further investigation for the treatment of DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Do
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Renin-Angiotensin system hyperactivation can induce inflammation and retinal neural dysfunction. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:581695. [PMID: 22536545 PMCID: PMC3321303 DOI: 10.1155/2012/581695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a hormone system that has been classically known as a blood pressure regulator but is becoming well recognized as a proinflammatory mediator. In many diverse tissues, RAS pathway elements are also produced intrinsically, making it possible for tissues to respond more dynamically to systemic or local cues. While RAS is important for controlling normal inflammatory responses, hyperactivation of the pathway can cause neural dysfunction by inducing accelerated degradation of some neuronal proteins such as synaptophysin and by activating pathological glial responses. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are risk factors for high incidence vision-threatening diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and glaucoma. In fact, increasing evidence suggests that RAS inhibition may actually prevent progression of various ocular diseases including uveitis, DR, AMD, and glaucoma. Therefore, RAS inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach to fine-tune inflammatory responses and to prevent or treat certain ocular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Wang H, Feng L, Hu JW, Xie CL, Wang F. Characterisation of the vitreous proteome in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:15. [PMID: 22390717 PMCID: PMC3310785 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes can lead to serious microvascular complications such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), which results in severe vision loss. The diabetes-induced alterations in the vitreous protein composition in diabetic patients with PDR may be responsible for the presence of PDR. The vitreous humour can be utilised in a variety of studies aimed toward the discovery of new targets for the treatment or prevention of PDR and the identification of novel disease mechanisms. The aim of this study was to compare the protein profile of vitreous humour from diabetic patients with PDR with that of vitreous humour from normal human eyes donated for corneal transplant. Results Vitreous humour from type 2 diabetic patients with PDR (n = 10) and from normal human eyes donated for corneal transplant (n = 10) were studied. The comparative proteomic analysis was performed using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). Differentially produced proteins (abundance ratio > 2 or < -2, p < 0.01) were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and MALDI-TOF tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 1242 protein spots were detected on the 2-D master gel of the samples, and 57 spots that exhibited statistically significant variations were successfully identified. The spots corresponded to peptide fragments of 29 proteins, including 8 proteins that increased and 21 proteins that decreased in PDR. Excluding the serum proteins from minor vitreous haemorrhage, 19 proteins were found to be differentially produced in PDR patients compared with normal subjects; 6 of these proteins have never been reported to be differentially expressed in PDR vitreous: N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH 1), tubulin alpha-1B chain, gamma-enolase, cytosolic acyl coenzyme A thioester hydrolase, malate dehydrogenase and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 (PEBP 1). The differential production of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and clusterin was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Conclusions These data provide an in-depth analysis of the human vitreous proteome and reveal protein alterations that are possibly involved in the pathogenesis of PDR. Further investigation of these special proteins may provide potential new targets for the treatment or the prevention of PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Le Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jian Wen Hu
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Limited Company, 500 Caobao Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Chun Lei Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, China
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Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Jiang YR. Vascular endothelial growth factor in plasma and vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153:307-313.e2. [PMID: 21982107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate plasma and vitreous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection into eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). DESIGN Retrospective, interventional, nonrandomized, comparative study. METHODS Fifty-six eyes of 56 patients with PDR and 13 eyes of 13 patients with nondiabetic ocular diseases were enrolled. Analysis included evaluation of basic clinical conditions and measurement of vitreous and plasma VEGF concentrations using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS PDR eyes without IVB had the highest vitreous VEGF levels; the levels were significant compared with those in the recent IVB group (previous injection within 1 week), the prolonged IVB group (injection more than 1 week previously), and the nondiabetic control group (P = .001, P = .035, P < .001, respectively). The vitreous VEGF level in the recent IVB group was higher than that in prolonged IVB group (P = .035). PDR eyes without IVB had the highest plasma VEGF level, and the level was significant compared with those in the recent IVB group, the prolonged IVB group, and the nondiabetic control group (P < .001, P = .003, P < .001, respectively). The plasma VEGF level in the recent IVB group was lower than that in the prolonged IVB group (P = .003). The vitreous VEGF level was associated significantly with the plasma VEGF level (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Vitreous and plasma VEGF levels were increased markedly in patients with PDR. VEGF concentrations in vitreous and plasma were decreased significantly after IVB into PDR eyes, and the effect lasted from 4.4 ± 2.2 days to 34.8 ± 33.7 days after injection.
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Baharivand N, Zarghami N, Panahi F, Dokht Ghafari MY, Mahdavi Fard A, Mohajeri A. Relationship between vitreous and serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels, control of diabetes and microalbuminuria in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6:185-91. [PMID: 22331976 PMCID: PMC3273407 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s27423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is a serious microvascular disorder of the retina. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, induced by high glucose levels and hypoxia, is a main feature in retinopathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between vitreous and serum VEGF levels and control of diabetes and microalbuminuria in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Sixty-five patients were enrolled in this case-control study, comprising 30 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (cases) and 35 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (controls). The vitreous VEGF level was compared with the serum VEGF level in both groups. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), microalbuminuria, serum creatinine, and stage of nephropathy and retinopathy were also measured in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and the relationship between these parameters and serum and vitreous VEGF levels was investigated. RESULTS Mean vitreous and serum VEGF levels were significantly higher in cases compared with controls (P = 0.001, P = 0.011, respectively). There was also a significant correlation between vitreous and serum VEGF levels (P = 0.012, r = 0.453). VEGF levels in patients with well controlled blood glucose (P = 0.039), on drug treatment (P = 0.045) and at an early stage of nephropathy (P = 0.042) were significantly lower. There was a significant correlation between VEGF and albumin to creatinine ratio (P = 0.017, r = 0.432). CONCLUSION Serum and vitreous VEGF levels was significantly lower in patients on oral therapy, in those with well controlled glycemia, and in those with early-stage retinopathy. Administration of anti-VEGF had a good effect in reducing the progression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Baharivand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nikookari Eye Hospital, Tabriz, Iran
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