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Calandrini A, Penna EM, Monteiro EP, Boullosa D, Coswig VS. Effects of Eccentric Phase Velocity on Bench Press Concentric Bar Velocity in the Young and Elderly. Int J Sports Med 2024; 45:369-376. [PMID: 38346688 DOI: 10.1055/a-2235-1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of bar velocity during the eccentric phase on subsequent concentric performance in the young and elderly. Twelve elderly women (65.2+4.2 years) and 16 young women (23.1+2.1 years) were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions that combined high-velocity eccentric actions (HVECC; maximum velocity) and moderate-velocity eccentric actions (MVECC; 2.0 s), using 30% and 60% of their 1-repetition maximum (1RM) on the Smith machine bench press. Measurements of mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak velocity (PV), and mean power (MP) were recorded. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was applied for each variable, when needed, the Bonferroni post hoc was used. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, and effect size (ES) was established by Cohen's d z. The results demonstrated that elderly women showed improved performance in MPV (+10.0%; ES=- 0.58; p=0.009) and MP (+11.7%; ES=- 0.14; p=0.045) when utilizing HVECC at 30% 1RM only. Moreover, young women exhibited superior performance for both 30% and 60% 1RM when using HVECC for all variables analyzed (p<0.05). The HVECC appears to have an impact on the subsequent performance of the concentric phase, particularly when lighter loads (30% 1RM) are utilized, regardless of the age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antenor Calandrini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará - Campus Castanhal, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Macedo Penna
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará - Campus Castanhal, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Elren Passos Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará - Campus Castanhal, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Victor Silveira Coswig
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Hadjisavvas S, Efstathiou MA, Themistocleous IC, Daskalaki K, Malliou P, Lewis J, Stefanakis M. Can resistance training improve throwing performance in handball players? A Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:85. [PMID: 38627851 PMCID: PMC11020874 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throwing is one of the most important movement in handball. Throwing performance is crucial for success in handball. OBJECTIVE Τo investigate the level of evidence for the effect of resistance training (RT) on throwing performance in handball players. METHODS Systematic searches of Pubmed, Medline complete, Cinahl, Sport Discus and Scopus were undertaken for peer reviewed articles published between 18 March 1995 to 18 March 2023. Randomized, controlled, clinical studies, written in English, aiming to investigate the effect at least one modality of RT on throwing performance (velocity or/and accuracy) in handball players were considered for inclusion in the study. The eligible studies were assessed for methodological quality using the Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDRO) scale. The Best Evidence Synthesis (BES) approach was used for synthesizing and reporting the results. Furthermore, the random-effects model was used for the meta-analysis and the Q-statistic was used to test the null hypothesis that all studies in the analysis share a common effect size. RESULTS One hundred ninety-eight studies were identified, of which 30 were included. A total of 727 handball players (males = 388, females = 292) were included. 28 of the 30 studies were rated as high methodological quality studies (PEDRO score > 70%) while the rest of the studies were rated as moderate methodological quality studies (PEDRO score ≤ 60%). The mean effect size for the effectiveness of resistance training (RT) in improving jumping throw, running throw, and standing throw velocity were 1.128 (95% CI 0.457 - 1.798), 1.756 (95% CI 1.111 - 2.400), and 1.098 (95% CI 0.689 - 1.507) correspondingly. Traditional weight training using barbells in mostly compound lifts yielded the most significant and robust results. Other RT modalities such as elastic bands, medicine balls, core training and ballistic training showed no significant results or positive effects due to the limited number of the studies. CONCLUSION Strong evidence exists only for the effectiveness of RT using barbells in increasing throwing velocity. In contrast, the remaining RT modalities, while yielding positive results, have limited support due to limited number of studies and the high heterogeneity between studies. Furthermore, there is insufficient evidence to support various forms of RT in increasing throw distance. Finally, medicine ball training and elastic band training demonstrated no benefits in improving throwing accuracy. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO ID: CRD42023393574.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katerina Daskalaki
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Malliou
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Jeremy Lewis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Therapy Department, Central London Community Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Finchley Memorial Hospital, London, N12 0JE, UK
- Professor of Musculoskeletal Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Manos Stefanakis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Box MW, Wilson F, Pasque CB, Smith CD. Characteristics of Rodeo Injuries and Suggestions for Injury Prevention: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671241227217. [PMID: 38628461 PMCID: PMC11020730 DOI: 10.1177/23259671241227217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rodeo is a globally popular sport, with its athletes prone to various types of injuries. There is no systematic review discussing rodeo injuries across all age groups. Purpose To (1) review the published literature on incidence, types of injuries, and factors leading to injuries in rodeo athletes; (2) provide prevention recommendations for health care providers; and (3) identify gaps in the research. Study Design Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A comprehensive search of available literature was electronically performed through MEDLINE, Embase, and SPORTDiscus databases using the key terms "rodeo" and "injury" or "trauma" between 1995 and 2021. A systematic review was performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, which identified 116 eligible studies. Outcome data included frequency of injuries, risk factors for injury, and types of injury. Results A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria (N = 2105 athletes), of which 13 were retrospective studies. In the included studies, the injury rate per competition exposure (CE) ranged from 4.2 to 19.1 injuries per 1000 CE. Sprains and strains accounted for the highest percentage of injury types, ranging from 15% to 34%. The knee was the most common location of injury, making up 11.1% to 17% of injuries. Concussions occurred in up to 15.3% of injuries for all events and up to 77% of injuries in roughstock events. Of all rodeo events reported, bull riding caused the highest percentage of injuries, making up 19.4% to 58.4% of injuries, and bareback had the second highest at 15.3% to 28.8% of injuries. Conclusion There was a high prevalence of various injury types and mechanisms in rodeo. Improved injury surveillance and the introduction of a comprehensive standardized injury reporting system would be helpful in the future prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of rodeo injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna W. Box
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Freddie Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Charles B. Pasque
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Chase D. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Southern Bone & Joint Specialists, Dothan, Alabama, USA
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Morenas-Aguilar MD, Rodriguez-Perea A, Chirosa-Rios LJ, Jerez-Mayorga D, Vila H, Avalos Solitario AB, Soto-García D. Reliability of a handball specific strength test battery and the association with sprint and throwing performance in young handball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:355-362. [PMID: 38126973 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A greater motivation for coaches to be more involved in assessment could be the development of specific strength tests closer to specific handball tasks. Therefore, the aims were to determine the reliability of a handball specific strength test battery in young handball players using a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD) and to evaluate the association between the strength test battery and performance measurements. METHODS Thirty-two young handball players (25% males and 75% females) performed a repeated-measurement design over four weeks. The players conducted one session per week, with each measurement consisting of two isometric tests to obtain isometric peak force, and four incremental tests. Moreover, performance handball tests (sprint and throwing velocity [TV]) were recorded. RESULTS The reliability of the whole handball specific strength tests was very high for the peak and mean strength (ICC=0.70-0.85; CV=8.49-13.99; SEM=0.44-0.67 kg). The step forward had a moderate association with 5 to 10 meters' time. The highest correlation between TVmean was found with the peak strength of standing lift and between TVpeak with peak strength of unilateral throw. The sprint total time could be explained by Body Mass Index and peak strength of the standing lift in the 40% and the TVpeak could be explained by arm span and mean strength of the standing lift in the 68%. CONCLUSIONS The high reliability for all exercises and the significant correlation with handball performance (sprint time and TV) allow us to include these tests in handball team evaluation and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Morenas-Aguilar
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Laboratory of Strength and Conditioning, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Angela Rodriguez-Perea
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain -
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Laboratory of Strength and Conditioning, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis J Chirosa-Rios
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Laboratory of Strength and Conditioning, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Jerez-Mayorga
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CTS-642 Research Group, Department Physical Education and Sports, Laboratory of Strength and Conditioning, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- School of Physical Therapy, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Helena Vila
- Healthy Fit Research Group, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Sergas-UVIGO, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Diego Soto-García
- AMRED Research Group, Department of Physical and Sport Education, University of León, León, Spain
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Warneke K, Freundorfer P, Plöschberger G, Behm DG, Konrad A, Schmidt T. Effects of chronic static stretching interventions on jumping and sprinting performance-a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1372689. [PMID: 38595642 PMCID: PMC11002243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1372689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
When improving athletic performance in sports with high-speed strength demands such as soccer, basketball, or track and field, the most common training method might be resistance training and plyometrics. Since a link between strength capacity and speed strength exists and recently published literature suggested chronic stretching routines may enhance maximum strength and hypertrophy, this review was performed to explore potential benefits on athletic performance. Based on current literature, a beneficial effect of static stretching on jumping and sprinting performance was hypothesized. A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and Google scholar. In general, 14 studies revealed 29 effect sizes (ES) (20 for jumping, nine for sprinting). Subgroup analyses for jump performance were conducted for short- long- and no stretch shortening cycle trials. Qualitative evaluation was supplemented by performing a multilevel meta-analysis via R (Package: metafor). Significant positive results were documented in six out of 20 jump tests and in six out of nine sprint tests, while two studies reported negative adaptations. Quantitative data analyses indicated a positive but trivial magnitude of change on jumping performance (ES:0.16, p = 0.04), while all subgroup analyses did not support a positive effect (p = 0.09-0.44). No significant influence of static stretching on sprint performance was obtained (p = 0.08). Stretching does not seem to induce a sufficient stimulus to meaningfully enhance jumping and sprinting performance, which could possibly attributed to small weekly training volumes or lack of intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Patrik Freundorfer
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerit Plöschberger
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Hu X, Zhang W, Ou H, Mo S, Liang F, Liu J, Zhao Z, Qu X. Enhancing squat movement classification performance with a gated long-short term memory with transformer network model. Sports Biomech 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38372217 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2315243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Bodyweight squat is one of the basic sports training exercises. Automatic classification of aberrant squat movements can guide safe and effective bodyweight squat exercise in sports training. This study presents a novel gated long-short term memory with transformer network (GLTN) model for the classification of bodyweight squat movements. Twenty-two healthy young male participants were involved in an experimental study, where they were instructed to perform bodyweight squat in nine different movement patterns, including one acceptable movement defined according to the National Strength and Conditioning Association and eight aberrant movements. Data were acquired from four customised inertial measurement units placed at the thorax, waist, right thigh, and right shank, with a sampling frequency of 200 Hz. The results show that compared to state-of-art deep learning models, our model enhances squat movement classification performance with 96.34% accuracy, 96.31% precision, 96.45% recall, and 96.32% F-score. The proposed model provides a feasible wearable solution to monitoring aberrant squat movements that can facilitate performance and injury risk assessment during sports training. However, this model should not serve as a one-size-fits-all solution, and coaches and practitioners should consider individual's specific needs and training goals when using it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Hu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenyue Zhang
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haopeng Ou
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiwei Mo
- Human Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fenjie Liang
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junshi Liu
- Physical Education Department, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingda Qu
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Price T, Cimadoro G, S Legg H. Physical performance determinants in competitive youth swimmers: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:20. [PMID: 38238793 PMCID: PMC10797935 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth swimming performance is determined by several physiological, biomechanical and anthropometric characteristics. This review aimed to identify physical performance determinants of youth swimming performance, assessing strength, power, anaerobic, aerobic and body composition measures. ̇ METHODS: Searches were conducted in electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using keywords relating to swimming and physiological measures, supplemented by citation searching of similar reviews. A total of 843 studies were identified in the initial search. The following inclusion criteria were used: participants were competitive/trained swimmers; swimming time-trial or event was conducted; data was provided on one or more physiological parameters; study was published in English and peer-reviewed. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. RESULTS Cross-sectional studies scored between 4-8 and randomised-controlled trials scored 8-9 on their respective JBI checklists. Youth swimming performance was determined by muscle strength, muscle power, lean body mass, anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures in most studies, where improved performance values of these variables were conducive to swimming performance. Body fat percentage did not have a clear relationship in youth swimming performance. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this review suggest that greater levels of muscle strength, muscle power and lean body mass are favourable in swimming performance, with muscle strength and muscle power particularly beneficial for start and turn performance. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures were good determinants of swimming performance, with middle- and long-distance events more influenced by the latter. Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance, where further investigation is required. Findings were inconsistent across studies, potentially due to unidentified confounding factors. KEY POINTS • Greater muscular strength and power qualities, anaerobic and aerobic capacities, and lean body mass are conducive to swimming performance. • Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance. • Practitioners should consider general strength and power training as a useful tool to enhance performance in their youth competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Price
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England
| | - Giuseppe Cimadoro
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England
| | - Hayley S Legg
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England.
- School of Education and Applied Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, England.
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Androulakis Korakakis P, Wolf M, Coleman M, Burke R, Piñero A, Nippard J, Schoenfeld BJ. Optimizing Resistance Training Technique to Maximize Muscle Hypertrophy: A Narrative Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 38249086 PMCID: PMC10801605 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Regimented resistance training (RT) has been shown to promote increases in muscle size. When engaging in RT, practitioners often emphasize the importance of appropriate exercise technique, especially when trying to maximize training adaptations (e.g., hypertrophy). This narrative review aims to synthesize existing evidence on what constitutes proper RT exercise technique for maximizing muscle hypertrophy, focusing on variables such as exercise-specific kinematics, contraction type, repetition tempo, and range of motion (ROM). We recommend that when trying to maximize hypertrophy, one should employ a ROM that emphasizes training at long muscle lengths while also employing a repetition tempo between 2 and 8 s. More research is needed to determine whether manipulating the duration of either the eccentric or concentric phase further enhances hypertrophy. Guidelines for body positioning and movement patterns are generally based on implied theory from applied anatomy and biomechanics. However, existing research on the impact of manipulating these aspects of exercise technique and their effect on hypertrophy is limited; it is therefore suggested that universal exercise-specific kinematic guidelines are followed and adopted in accordance with the above recommendations. Future research should investigate the impact of stricter versus more lenient exercise technique variations on hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patroklos Androulakis Korakakis
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Milo Wolf
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Max Coleman
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Ryan Burke
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Alec Piñero
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Jeff Nippard
- STRCNG Incorporated OA Jeff Nippard Fitness, Oakville, ON L6L 1W4, Canada;
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Applied Muscle Development Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (P.A.K.); (M.W.); (M.C.); (A.P.)
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Chen L, Huang Z, Xie L, He J, Ji H, Huang W, Li D, Zhou Y, Sun J. Maximizing plyometric training for adolescents: a meta-analysis of ground contact frequency and overall intervention time on jumping ability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21222. [PMID: 38040837 PMCID: PMC10692103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training boosts adolescents' jumping ability, crucial for athletic success and health. However, the best total ground contact frequency (TGCF) and overall intervention time (OIT) for these exercises remain unclear. This meta-analysis aims to identify optimal TGCF and OIT in plyometric training for adolescents, focusing on countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) outcomes. This systematic review encompassed five databases and included 38 studies with 50 randomized controlled experiments and 3347 participants. We used the Cochrane risk assessment tool for study quality and Review Manager 5.4 for data analysis. The current meta-analysis incorporated a total of 38 studies, comprising 50 sets of randomized controlled trials, to investigate the influence of different TGCFs and OITs on plyometric training. The Cochrane risk assessment tool indicated that all the included studies were classified as low risk. Various TGCFs in plyometric training positively affected CMJ and SJ heights in adolescents. The TGCF of less than 900 was ideal for enhancing CMJ, whereas more than 1400 was effective for SJ. The optimal OIT was 400-600 min, specifically, 500-600 min for CMJ and 400-500 min for SJ. Plyometric training improves jumping ability in adolescents. Lower ground contact frequency (< 900 contacts) enhances CMJ, while higher ground contact frequency (> 1400 contacts) is more effective for SJ. Optimal intervention time ranges from 400 to 600 min, with 500 to 600 min benefiting CMJ and 400 to 500 min improving SJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Digitalized Strength and Conditioning Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin He
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duanying Li
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yanfeng Zhou
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Athletic Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.
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Junge N, Jørgensen TB, Nybo L. Performance Implications of Force-Vector-Specific Resistance and Plyometric Training: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:2447-2461. [PMID: 37594654 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the principle of specific adaptations to imposed demands, training induces specific adaptations that predominantly transfer towards performance tasks of similar physiological and/or biomechanical characteristics. Functional performance improvements secondary to resistance and plyometric training have been hypothesized to be force-vector specific; however, the literature pertaining to this matter appears somewhat equivocal. OBJECTIVE The objective of the present systematic review with meta-analysis was to synthesize the available body of literature regarding the performance implications of vertically and horizontally oriented resistance- and plyometric training. DATA SOURCES The review drew from the following sources: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA To qualify for inclusion, studies had to compare the efficacy of vertically and horizontally oriented resistance and/or plyometric training, with one or multiple outcome measures related to vertical/horizontal jumping, sprinting and/or change of direction speed (CODS). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS For each outcome measure, an inverse-variance random effects model was applied, with between-treatment effects quantified by the standardized mean difference (SMD) and associated 95% confidence- and prediction intervals. RESULTS Between-treatment effects were of trivial magnitude for vertical jumping (SMD = - 0.04, P = 0.69) and long-distance (≥ 20 m) sprinting (0.03, P = 0.83), whereas small to moderate effects in favor of horizontal training were observed for horizontal jumping (0.25, P = 0.07), short-distance (≤ 10 m) sprinting (0.72, P = 0.01) and CODS (0.31, P = 0.06), although only the short-distance sprint outcome reached statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our meta-analysis reveals a potential superiority of horizontally oriented training for horizontal jumping, short-distance sprinting and CODS, whereas vertically oriented training is equally efficacious for vertical jumping and long-distance sprinting. From an applied perspective, the present analysis provides an advanced basis for weighting of vertical and horizontal force-vector exercises as an integrated component for optimizing sport-specific performances. The present systematic review with meta-analysis was not a priori registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Junge
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Tobias B Jørgensen
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kato N, Fujino Y. Effect of Video Camera Angle on the Detection of Compensatory Movements during Motion Observation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2250. [PMID: 38137851 PMCID: PMC10745052 DOI: 10.3390/life13122250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
When exercise instructions are provided over the Internet, such as in online personal training, an instructor checks the user's form by watching their motion video recorded using a single camera device. However, fixed shooting angles may affect the detection of incorrect forms, including compensatory movements. This study aimed to verify whether differences in the shooting direction could influence compensatory movement detection by conducting motion observation using training motion videos shot from two angles. Videos of four training movements, including compensatory movements, were simultaneously captured from the front and side. Ten university students studying physical therapy watched the videos from each angle to detect compensatory movements. This study revealed significant differences between the plane of motion in which the compensatory action occurred and the direction of shooting for the false responses in the compensatory action detection for the three movements (p < 0.05). The results indicated that the shooting direction and the plane of motion in which the compensatory action occurred affected the detection of compensatory movements, which was attributable to differences in information on the amount of joint change depending on the direction of joint motion observation and to a lack of binocular visual information necessary for depth motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kato
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo 006-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujino
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Graduated School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo 006-8585, Japan;
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12
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Robinson K, Riley N, Owen K, Drew R, Mavilidi MF, Hillman CH, Faigenbaum AD, Garcia-Hermoso A, Lubans DR. Effects of Resistance Training on Academic Outcomes in School-Aged Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:2095-2109. [PMID: 37466900 PMCID: PMC10587249 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of resistance training on academic outcomes in school-aged youth. METHODS We conducted a systematic search of six electronic databases (CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Ovid MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and EMBASE) with no date restrictions. Studies were eligible if they: (a) included school-aged youth (5-18 years), and (b) examined the effect of resistance training on academic outcomes (i.e., cognitive function, academic achievement, and/or on-task behaviour in the classroom). Risk of bias was assessed using the appropriate Cochrane Risk of Bias Tools, funnel plots and Egger's regression asymmetry tests. A structural equation modelling approach was used to conduct the meta-analysis. RESULTS Fifty-three studies were included in our systematic review. Participation in resistance training (ten studies with 53 effect sizes) had a small positive effect on the overall cognitive, academic and on-task behaviours in school-aged youth (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05-0.32). Resistance training was more effective (SMD 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.42) than concurrent training, i.e., the combination of resistance training and aerobic training (SMD 0.11, 95% CI - 0.05-0.28). An additional 43 studies (including 211 effect sizes) examined the association between muscular fitness and cognition or academic achievement, also yielding a positive relationship (SMD 0.13, 95% CI 0.10-0.16). CONCLUSION This review provides preliminary evidence that resistance training may improve cognitive function, academic performance, and on-task behaviours in school-aged youth. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42020175695.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Robinson
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Riley
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Owen
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan Drew
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Myrto F Mavilidi
- School of Education/Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Keiraville, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Antonio Garcia-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - David Revalds Lubans
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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13
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Pandit A, Tran TB, Letton M, Cowley E, Gibbs M, Wewege MA, Hagstrom AD. Data Informing Governing Body Resistance-Training Guidelines Exhibit Sex Bias: An Audit-Based Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:1681-1691. [PMID: 37382828 PMCID: PMC10432356 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this review was to examine the ratio of female and male participants utilised in data informing consensus statements and position stands in the field of resistance training (RT). In order to achieve this objective, we conducted an 'audit' style review. We accessed three databases: SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE and Google Scholar utilising the following search terms: resistance or strength training AND consensus statements or position statements/stands. Eligibility criteria included consensus statements and position stands for RT in youth, adults and older adults. In this paper we have used the term 'female' to describe biological sex. Gender is a social construct and often describes roles and behaviours that society assigns to men or women. In this paper we have used the term 'women' to describe gender. Reference lists from each guideline were screened with the number of male and female participants extracted from each study. We also extracted data on the gender of the authors of the statements. We located 11 guidelines encompassing a total of 104,251,363 participants. Youth guidelines were comprised of 69% male participants. There were 287 studies that included both sexes, 205 male-only and 92 female-only studies. Adult guidelines were comprised of 70% male participants. There were 104 studies that included both sexes, 240 male-only and 44 female-only studies. Older adult guidelines were comprised of 54% female participants. There were 395 studies that included both sexes, 112 male-only and 83 female-only studies. Women authors comprised 13% of all authors of position stands and consensus statements. These results demonstrate an under-representation of females and women as both participants and as authors. It is imperative to ensure that data informing governing body guidelines and consensus statements are representative of the population they aim to inform. If this is not possible, guidelines should clearly state when their data and recommendations are based primarily upon one sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Pandit
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thai Binh Tran
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Meg Letton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Cowley
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mitchell Gibbs
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael A Wewege
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Pain IMPACT, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda D Hagstrom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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14
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Gómez-Feria J, Martín-Rodríguez JF, Mir P. Corticospinal adaptations following resistance training and its relationship with strength: A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105289. [PMID: 37353049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural adaptations to resistance training (RT) and their correlation with muscle strength remain partially understood. We conducted a systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis to examine the effects of metronome-paced (MP), self-paced (SP), and isometric (IM) training on M1 and corticospinal pathway activity. Following MP RT, a significant increase in corticospinal excitability was observed, correlating with increased strength. Conversely, no significant relationship was found after SP or IM training. RT also reduced the duration of the cortical silent period, but this change did not predict strength changes and was not specific to any training modality. No significant effects were found for short-interval intracortical inhibition. Our findings suggest that changes in corticospinal excitability may contribute to strength gains after RT. Furthermore, the relationship between these adaptations and strength appears dependent on the type of training performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gómez-Feria
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martín-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
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15
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Zouita A, Darragi M, Bousselmi M, Sghaeir Z, Clark CCT, Hackney AC, Granacher U, Zouhal H. The Effects of Resistance Training on Muscular Fitness, Muscle Morphology, and Body Composition in Elite Female Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:1709-1735. [PMID: 37289331 PMCID: PMC10432341 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Well programmed strength and conditioning training is an indispensable part of the long-term training process for athletes in individual and team sports to improve performance and prevent injuries. Yet, there is a limited number of studies available that examine the effects of resistance training (RT) on muscular fitness and physiological adaptations in elite female athletes. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to summarize recent evidence on the long-term effects of RT or combinations of RT with other strength-dominated exercise types on muscular fitness, muscle morphology, and body composition in female elite athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in nine electronic databases (Academic Search Elite, CINAHL, ERIC, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, Open Dissertations, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) from inception until March 2022. Key search terms from the MeSH database such as RT and strength training were included and combined using the operators "AND," "OR," and "NOT". The search syntax initially identified 181 records. After screening for titles, abstracts, and full texts, 33 studies remained that examined the long-term effects of RT or combinations of RT with other strength-dominated exercise types on muscular fitness, muscle morphology, and body composition in female elite athletes. RESULTS Twenty-four studies used single-mode RT or plyometric training and nine studies investigated the effects of combined training programs such as resistance with plyometric or agility training, resistance and speed training, and resistance and power training. The training duration lasted at least 4 weeks, but most studies used ~ 12 weeks. Studies were generally classified as 'high-quality' with a mean PEDro score of 6.8 (median 7). Irrespective of the type or combination of RT with other strength-dominated exercise regimens (type of exercise, exercise duration, or intensity), 24 out of 33 studies reported increases in muscle power (e.g., maximal and mean power; effect size [ES]: 0.23 < Cohen's d < 1.83, small to large), strength (e.g., one-repetition-maximum [1RM]; ES: 0.15 < d < 6.80, small to very large), speed (e.g., sprint times; ES: 0.01 < d < 1.26, small to large), and jump performance (e.g., countermovement/squat jump; ES: 0.02 < d < 1.04, small to large). The nine studies that examined the effects of combined training showed significant increases on maximal strength (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large), muscle power (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large), jump and sprint performance (ES: 0.08 < d < 2.41, small to very large). Four out of six studies observed no changes in body mass or percentage of body fat after resistance or plyometric training or combined training (ES: 0.026 < d < 0.492, small to medium). Five out of six studies observed significant changes in muscle morphology (e.g., muscle thickness, muscle fiber cross-sectional area; ES: 0.23 < d < 3.21, small to very large). However, one study did not find any changes in muscle morphology (i.e., muscle thickness, pennation angle; ES: 0.1 < d < 0.19, small). CONCLUSION Findings from this systematic review suggest that RT or combined RT with other strength-dominated exercise types leads to significant increases in measures of muscle power, strength, speed, and jump performance in elite female athletes. However, the optimal dosage of programming parameters such as training intensity and duration necessary to induce large effects in measures of muscular fitness and their physiological adaptations remain to be resolved in female elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Zouita
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Research Unit "Sports Performance, Health & Society" (UR17JS01), University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Manel Darragi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Research Unit "Sports Performance, Health & Society" (UR17JS01), University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Bousselmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, Research Unit "Sports Performance, Health & Society" (UR17JS01), University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Zouita Sghaeir
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), EA 1274, 35000, Rennes, France.
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16
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Zamankhanpour M, Sheikhhoseini R, Letafatkar A, Piri H, Asadi Melerdi S, Abdollahi S. The effect of dual-task on jump landing kinematics and kinetics in female athletes with or without dynamic knee valgus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14305. [PMID: 37652971 PMCID: PMC10471762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been indicated that dual tasks may multiply the possibility of injuries due to divided attention. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dual-task on kinematics and kinetics of jump landing in female athletes with and without dynamic knee valgus. In this study, 32 recreational athletes between 18 and 30 years old were recruited and divided into with (n = 17) and without (n = 15) dynamic knee valgus groups. The 3-D positions of retroreflective markers were recorded at 200 Hz using a 8-camera Kestrel system (Motion Analysis Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA), while ground reaction forces were synchronously recorded at 1000 Hz using 2 adjacent force plates (FP4060-NC; Bertec Corporation, Columbus, OH). Kinematics and kinetics of jump landing were recorded while counting backward digits as a dual task, and also without counting backward digits as a single task. One-way repeated measures of variance were used to analyse data at the significant level of 95% (α < 0.05). The study found that the dual-task affected the angles and moments of hip, knee, and ankle joints (P < 0.05) in both groups. Additionally, the effect of the dual-task differed significantly between the two groups in the angles hip flexion (P < 0.001), knee abduction (P < 0.001), and ankle internal rotation (P = 0.001), as well as the moments hip flexion (P < 0.001), hip abduction (P = 0.011), knee flexion (P = 0.017), knee internal rotation (P < 0.001), ankle dorsiflexion (P = 0.046), ankle eversion (P < 0.001), and ankle internal rotation (P = 0.046). Athletes with dynamic knee valgus may have been less able to protect themselves during the landing and are more prone to lower extremities injuries. As a result, using kinematics and kinetics in athletes with dynamic knee valgus during landing may help identify potential mechanisms associated with risk factors of lower extremity injuries and ACL injuries as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Zamankhanpour
- Department of Corrective Exercise and Sports Injury, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Western Azadi Sport Complex Boulevard, Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahman Sheikhhoseini
- Department of Corrective Exercise and Sports Injury, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Western Azadi Sport Complex Boulevard, Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Letafatkar
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hashem Piri
- Department of Corrective Exercise and Sports Injury, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Western Azadi Sport Complex Boulevard, Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shakiba Asadi Melerdi
- Department of Philology, Philosophy, and Sports, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sajjad Abdollahi
- Department of Corrective Exercise and Sports Injury, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Western Azadi Sport Complex Boulevard, Hakim Highway, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Djurić D, Pleša J, Van Hooren B, Kozinc Ž, Šarabon N. The relationship between elastography-based muscle properties and vertical jump performance, countermovement utilization ratio, and rate of force development. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1789-1800. [PMID: 37043001 PMCID: PMC10363052 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the relationships between passive muscle stiffness (shear modulus) and vertical jumping performance, countermovement utilization ratio (CUR) and rate of force development (RFD) in an attempt to unravel the mechanism that may explain the association between shear modulus and performance. 32 recreationally active participants (16 males, 16 females; age: 22.4 ± 5.1 years) participated. Shear modulus was assessed for the lateral and medial gastrocnemius (GL and GM), and vastus medialis (VM) and lateralis (VL) muscles using shear wave elastography. Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement (CMJ) jump were determined, with CUR being expressed as the ratio between the two. RFD in ankle and knee extension tasks was measured using isometric dynamometers. Our results suggest that within a heterogeneous group of recreational athletes, passive muscle stiffness is not related to RFD and jump performance, but positively related to CUR. In males, shear modulus of the GL was positively related to SJ height (r = 0.55). We also found inverse moderate correlations between VL and VM shear modulus and RFD in females only (r = -0.50 to -0.51), but this relationship was possibly affected by age and body fat content. Different mechanisms may underpin the association between shear modulus and performance depending on the muscle, task and population investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Djurić
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Pleša
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Žiga Kozinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Muzejski trg 2, 6000, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
- Human Health Department, InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Tehnološki Park 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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18
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Khalafi M, Aria B, Symonds ME, Rosenkranz SK. The effects of resistance training on myostatin and follistatin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Behav 2023:114272. [PMID: 37328021 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Myostatin and follistatin are the main hormones for regulating muscle mass, and previous research suggests they are modulated by resistance training. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the impact of resistance training on circulating myostatin and follistatin in adults. METHODS A search was conducted in PubMed and Web of science from inception until October 2022 to identify original studies investigating the effects of resistance training compared with controls that did not exercise. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects models. RESULTS A total 26 randomized studies, including 36 interventions, and involving 768 participants (aged ∼18 to 82 years), were included in the meta-analysis. Resistance training effectively decreased myostatin [-1.31 (95% CI -1.74 to -0.88, p=0.001, 26 studies] and increased follistatin [2.04 (95% CI: 1.51 to 2.52), p=0.001, 14 studies]. Subgroup analyses revealed a significant decrease in myostatin and increase in follistatin regardless of age. CONCLUSION Resistance training in adults is effective for reducing myostatin and increasing follistatin which may contribute to the beneficial effects of resistance training on muscle mass and metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Behzad Aria
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Centre for Perinatal Research, Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG72UH, United Kingdom
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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19
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Levine NA, Baek S, Tuttle N, Alvis HB, Hung CJ, Sokoloski ML, Kim J, Hamner MS, Lee S, Rigby BR, Kwon YH. Biomechanical effects of fatigue on lower-body extremities during a maximum effort kettlebell swing protocol. Sports Biomech 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37126368 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2207556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Kettlebell training provides multiple health benefits, including the generation of power. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the kinematics and kinetics of lower-body joints during a repeated, maximum effort kettlebell swing protocol. Sixteen resistance and kettlebell swing experienced males performed 10 rounds of a kettlebell swing routine (where one round equates to 30s of swings followed by 30s of rest). Kinematic (i.e., swing duration and angular velocities) and kinetic (i.e., normalised sagittal plane ground reaction force, resultant joint moment [RJM] and power) variables were extracted for the early portion and late portion of the round. Average swing duration and the magnitude of normalised ground reaction forces (GRF) increased within rounds, while hip joint power decreased. Changes in swing duration were minimal, but consistent due to an increase in overall fatigue. An increase in the magnitude of GRF was observed at the end of rounds, which is a potential concern for injury. Hip joint power decreased primarily due to a slower angular velocity. This protocol may be an effective routine for those who are resistance trained with kettlebell swing experience, and who want to optimise power in their exercise program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Levine
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Seungho Baek
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Noelle Tuttle
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Hunter B Alvis
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Cheng-Ju Hung
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Matthew L Sokoloski
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jemin Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Kinesiology and Health Science, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Mark S Hamner
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Brandon R Rigby
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Young-Hoo Kwon
- Biomechanics and Motor Behavior Laboratory, School of Health Promotion and Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
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20
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Mack DE, Anzovino D, Sanderson M, Dotan R, Falk B. Reporting of Adverse Events in Muscle Strengthening Interventions in Youth: A Systematic Review. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37105544 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2021-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Clear definition, identification, and reporting of adverse event (AE) monitoring during training interventions are essential for decision making regarding the safety of training and testing in youths. PURPOSE To document the extent to which AEs, resulting from intervention studies targeting muscle strengthening training (MST) in youth, are reported by researchers. METHODS Electronic databases (CINAHL, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) were searched for English peer-reviewed articles published before April 2018. Inclusion criteria were: (1) average age <16 years, (2) use of MST, (3) statement(s) linked to the presence/absence of AEs, and (4) randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental designs. Risk of reporting bias for AEs followed recommendations by the Cochrane Collaboration group. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-one full-text articles were screened. One hundred and thirty met all MST criteria, out of which only 44 (33.8%; n = 1278, age = 12.1 [1.1] y) included a statement as to the presence/absence of adverse events. The 86 other studies (66.2%) included no such statement. Of the reporting 44 studies, 18 (40.1%) indicated one or more adverse events. Of the 93 reported adverse events, 55 (59.1%) were linked to training or testing. CONCLUSIONS Most MST studies in youth do not report presence/absence of adverse events, and when reported, adverse events are not well defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Mack
- Behavioral Health Sciences Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Daniel Anzovino
- Behavioral Health Sciences Research Lab, Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Malcolm Sanderson
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Raffy Dotan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
| | - Bareket Falk
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
- Center for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St Catharines, ON,Canada
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21
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Stojanović N, Stupar D, Marković M, Trajković N, Aleksić D, Pašić G, Koničanin A, Zadražnik M, Stojanović T. School-Based Circuit Training Intervention Improves Local Muscular Endurance in Primary School Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10040726. [PMID: 37189975 DOI: 10.3390/children10040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a 12-week circuit training program in improving local muscular endurance in normal-weighted primary school students. METHODS The study involved a parallel-group randomized trial with 606 primary school boys assigned to an experimental or a control group. The participants underwent a 12-week circuit training program that involved multi-joint, total-body workouts using body weight, resistance bands, and medicine ball exercises. The study measured the participants' local muscular endurance during sit-ups, dynamic trunk extensions on a Roman bench (DTE), and push-ups. RESULTS After adjusting for the baseline, the treatment-grade interaction was significant for sit-ups (F = 7.74, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.04), DTE (F = 6.49, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.03), and push-ups (F = 9.22, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.05), where the experimental treatment was more beneficial than the control. The treatment effect seemed to vary depending on the individual's baseline local muscle endurance capacity. As the baseline local muscular endurance values increased, the treatment and grade effects became less beneficial. CONCLUSION A 12-week circuit training program involving body weight, resistance bands, and medicine ball exercises suits school-based programs and can improve local muscular endurance in normal-weighted primary school boys. The experimental treatment was more effective than the control, and the individual baseline muscular endurance should be considered when designing training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Stojanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Dušan Stupar
- Faculty of Sports and Psychology, Educons University, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Marković
- Faculty of Sport, University "Union-Nikola Tesla", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | - Dragana Aleksić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia
| | - Goran Pašić
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, 78101 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Admira Koničanin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Sports, and Physical Education, State University of Novi Pazar, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
| | - Marko Zadražnik
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toplica Stojanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština-Kosovska Mitrovica, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, 78101 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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22
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Ramos MT, Farr BD, Otto CM. Rehabilitation to Return-to-Work for Working Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:869-878. [PMID: 36964026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
This article highlights the differences between working dog careers, unique protocols associated with health care of a working dog and provides a practical guide to creating and managing a return-to-work program. The rehabilitative approach to a working dog consists of four distinct sequential phases: activity restriction, rehabilitation, return-to-work, and maintenance. The timeline through each phase is dependent on the degree of injury, treatment intervention, prior health status of the dog, and compliance of the handler. Return-to-work for a working dog is considered a success if the dog can perform all career-related activities safely and proficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan T Ramos
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Grays Ferry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA.
| | - Brian D Farr
- Department of Defense Military Working Dog Veterinary Service, Joint Base San Antonio - Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cynthia M Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Grays Ferry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
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23
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Sánchez Pastor A, García-Sánchez C, Marquina Nieto M, de la Rubia A. Influence of Strength Training Variables on Neuromuscular and Morphological Adaptations in Prepubertal Children: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4833. [PMID: 36981742 PMCID: PMC10049541 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Strength training in prepubertal children is one of the topics that has aroused the most interest and controversy among training professionals in recent years. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the available scientific evidence on the influence of strength training variables on morphological and/or neuromuscular adaptations in healthy prepubertal populations with no previous experience in this type of training according to the descriptive sample characteristics. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, 22 studies were selected after a systematic search and selection process using four electronic databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and SPORT Discus. Furthermore, the internal validity of the studies included was assessed using the modified PEDro scale. The sample consisted of 604 prepubertal children (age, 10.02 ± 0.75 years), of whom 473 were boys and 131 were girls, with 104 strength training programs recorded. Strength training resulted in a significant increase in jumping (n = 29) and sprinting (n = 13) abilities. Moreover, muscle strength was increased in 100% of the cases. Morphologically, strength training resulted in a decrease in body fat percentage (n = 19) and an increase in lean body mass (n = 17). With regard to gender, increases in general sport skills and basic physical abilities were significant in males but not in females. Thus, the results are more heterogeneous in girls due to the small number of studies carried out. Therefore, this research provides practical applications for coaches to design and implement more effective training programs to maximize adaptations, enhance physical performance, and reduce injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sánchez Pastor
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García-Sánchez
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Moisés Marquina Nieto
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso de la Rubia
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Kara E, Sağıroğlu İ, Vurgun H, Eken Ö, Ceylan Hİ, Gabrys T, Barasinska M, Szmatlan-Gabrys U, Valach P. The Risk Factors Associated with Grip Lock Injuries in Artistic Gymnasts: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3589. [PMID: 36834283 PMCID: PMC9965130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that demands grace, strength, and flexibility, leading to a broad spectrum of injuries. The dowel grip (DG) is widely used by gymnasts to securely hold onto the high bar or uneven bars. However, incorrect usage of the DG can result in grip lock (GL) injuries. This systematic review aims to (1) identify studies that have investigated the risk factors related to GL injuries among gymnasts and (2) synthesize the key evidence. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar, covering the period from their inception until November 2022. The data extraction and analysis were independently completed by two investigators. A total of 90 relevant studies were initially identified, out of which seven clinical trials met the eligibility criteria. For the quantitative synthesis, five studies were included. The details extracted from each article include: the sample characteristics (number, gender, age, and health status), the study design, the instrumentation or intervention used, and the final results. Our results revealed that the underlying causes of the risk factors of GL injuries were the irregular checking of the dowel grip and the mating surface of the bar, the tearing of the dowel of the leather strap, and the use of the dowel grip in different competition apparatuses. In addition, GL injuries may occur either as severe forearm fractures or mild injuries. Excessive flexion of the forearm and overpronation of the wrist during rotational movements, such as the swing or backward/forward giant circle, may increase the possibility of GL injury on the high bar. Future studies should focus on GL injury prevention strategy and rehabilitation protocol for GL injuries. Further high-quality research is required to establish the validity of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Kara
- Coaching Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59000, Turkey
| | - İsa Sağıroğlu
- Kirkpinar Faculty of Sport Sciences, Trakya University, Edirne 22030, Turkey
| | - Hikmet Vurgun
- Coaching Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa 45040, Turkey
| | - Özgür Eken
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Teaching, Inonu University, Malatya 44000, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Ceylan
- Physical Education of Sports Teaching, Faculty of Kazim Karabekir Education, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25030, Turkey
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Barasinska
- Department of Health Sciences, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Urszula Szmatlan-Gabrys
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter Valach
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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SantaBarbara NJ, Nosrat S, Whitworth JW, Ciccolo JT. Acute Psychological Effects of Resistance Exercise in Men With Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia: A Pilot Study. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:277-283. [PMID: 32332260 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT SantaBarbara, NJ, Nosrat, S, Whitworth, JW, Ciccolo, JT. acute psychological effects of resistance exercise in men with symptoms of muscle dysmorphia: A pilot study. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 277-283, 2023-This study tested the acute psychological effects of resistance exercise in men with symptoms of muscle dysmorphia. Twenty-one men completed 4 on-site sessions including a single session of moderate- (70% of 10 repetition maximum [RM]) and high- (100% of 10RM) intensity resistance exercise in a counter balanced order separated by at least 48 hours. State body image, perceived muscle size, exercise enjoyment, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed before, during, and after each session, and statistical significance was set a priori at p < 0.05. State body image significantly improve from pre to post during both sessions ( p < 0.01), with greater effect sizes seen for the high- ( d = 0.57) compared with the moderate- ( d = 0.39) intensity session. Perceived muscle size improved from pre to post during the high-intensity only ( p < 0.01, d = 0.66), and subjects enjoyed the high-intensity session significantly more than the moderate-intensity session ( p = 0.01), despite significantly higher RPE at each timepoint ( p < 0.01). Results contend with previous findings that show more positive psychological effects of moderate- compared with high-intensity resistance exercise. Education and client observation are essential to be aware of the potential for muscle dysmorphia. In instances where muscle dysmorphia is suspected, referral to qualified mental health professionals is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanaz Nosrat
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - James W Whitworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph T Ciccolo
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
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26
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The Effect of Unilateral and Bilateral Leg Press Training on Lower Body Strength and Power and Athletic Performance in Adolescent Rugby Players. J Hum Kinet 2023; 86:235-246. [PMID: 37181263 PMCID: PMC10170531 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/159626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 5 weeks of unilateral and bilateral leg press training on lower body strength, linear sprinting and vertical jumping performance in adolescent rugby players. Twenty-six male adolescent rugby players (age = 15.3 ± 0.4 years) were assigned to unilateral (n = 9), bilateral (n = 9), and control (n = 8) groups. Training consisted of either the unilateral or the bilateral leg press twice weekly over five weeks, with the control group maintaining habitual training. Lower body unilateral and bilateral strength, vertical jump, and linear sprint performance were assessed before and after training. After 5 weeks of training, both training groups significantly increased the 5-repetition maximum bilateral leg press (unilateral = 8.9%, d = 0.53; bilateral = 10.9%, d = 0.55, p < .01) and the 5-repetition maximum unilateral leg press (unilateral = 20.2%, d = 0.81; bilateral = 12.4%, d = 0.45, p < .01). There was no significant difference between the size of improvement in unilateral and bilateral groups in the 5-repetition maximum bilateral leg press, but the 5-repetition maximum unilateral leg press increased significantly more in the unilateral group (p < .05). No significant training effects were found for vertical jump or linear sprint performance. The results indicated that unilateral leg press training was as effective as bilateral leg press training in improving bilateral strength and more effective in improving unilateral strength in adolescent rugby players. However, strength improvement did not transfer to athletic performance improvements in either group.
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27
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Granacher U, Behm DG. Relevance and Effectiveness of Combined Resistance and Balance Training to Improve Balance and Muscular Fitness in Healthy Youth and Youth Athletes: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:349-370. [PMID: 36378414 PMCID: PMC9876852 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01789-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance and resistance training applied as single-mode interventions have proven to enhance measures of balance and/or muscular fitness in youth and youth athletes. Less is known on the effectiveness of combined or sequenced balance and resistance training in youth and youth athletes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this scoping review was to describe the effects of concurrently performed balance and resistance training (i.e., metastable resistance training) and different sequencing schemes of balance and resistance training on measures of balance and/or muscular fitness in healthy youth and youth athletes. We additionally aimed to identify knowledge gaps in the literature. METHODS According to the principles of a scoping review, we followed a broad research question, identified gaps in the literature, and reported findings on the level of single studies but did not aggregate and meta-analyze outcomes across studies. For this purpose, systematic literature searches were conducted in the electronic databases PubMed (including MEDLINE), Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus from inception until August 2022. We included metastable resistance training and sequenced balance and resistance training studies in healthy youth and youth athletes aged 6-18 years that investigated the training-induced effects on measures of balance (e.g., stork balance test) and muscular fitness (e.g., countermovement jump test) in contrast to active/passive controls. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) was applied for the whole scoping review on levels A (high strength of recommendation) to C (low strength of recommendation) and for individual studies on levels 1 (high-quality evidence) to 3 (low-quality evidence). RESULTS The strength of recommendation for the scoping review was level B based on inconsistent or limited-quality evidence. Eleven randomized controlled trials were eligible to be included in this scoping review and each study was rated as 'limited-quality evidence'. A median PEDro score of 6 was computed across the included studies. Four studies examined the effects of metastable resistance training (e.g., plyometric training on unstable surfaces) on measures of balance and/or muscle fitness in youth athletes. The remaining seven studies investigated the impact of sequenced balance and resistance training (e.g., blocked balance training followed by blocked resistance training) on measures of balance and/or muscle fitness in youth and youth athletes. The duration of the intervention programs ranged from 6 to 10 weeks with 2-weekly to 3-weekly exercise sessions. Participants' age range was 10-18 years (mean 15 years). Ten studies examined young male and female athletes from different sports (i.e., basketball, handball, soccer) and one study physical education students. Metastable resistance training compared with plyometric training performed on stable surfaces showed no extra effect on measures of balance and muscular fitness. Stable plyometric training appears to be even more effective to improve jump performance. Sequenced balance and resistance training in the form of a mesocycle of balance followed by plyometric training seems to be particularly effective to improve measures of balance and muscular fitness in young athletes. This scoping review identified knowledge gaps that may indicate future research avenues: (i) comparative studies should be designed to examine how sex, age, maturity status, and expertise level impact on the adaptive potential following metastable resistance training or sequenced balance and resistance training in youth and youth athletes, (ii) at least one established measure of balance and muscular fitness should always be included in study designs to allow future comparison between studies and to aggregate (meta-analyze) findings across studies and (iii) studies are needed that examine neuromuscular and tendomuscular adaptations following these exercise types as well as dosage effects. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this scoping review, balance training should be an essential training component for youth that is incorporated with the resistance training exercises or introduced at least a month before resistance and plyometric training within a periodized training program. More research is needed to examine the moderating roles of age, maturity status, and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL Canada
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Castelli F, Valero-Breton M, Hernandez M, Guarda F, Cornejo J, Cabello-Verrugio C, Cabrera D. Regulatory Mechanisms of Muscle Mass: The Critical Role of Resistance Training in Children and Adolescent. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1410:21-34. [PMID: 36280657 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Muscle mass and strength are subjected to several regulations. We found endocrine signals such as growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor 1, testosterone, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids among them. Neural inputs also influence muscle development, modulating mass and strength. Among the external stimuli that modulate these muscular features is physical training such as resistance and endurance training. Specifically, resistance training can mediate an increase in muscle mass by hypertrophy in adults, but the effects in children and adolescents are full of myths for most of the population. However, the evidence shows that the impact of resistance training on children and adolescents is clear and provides a wide range of benefits. However, qualified professionals must be available since exercise prescription and subsequent supervision must follow this population's abilities, needs, and interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castelli
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Valero-Breton
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hernandez
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Guarda
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Cornejo
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - D Cabrera
- Experimental Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile.
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Pediatric strength training: benefits, concerns, and current trends. Curr Opin Pediatr 2022; 34:625-633. [PMID: 36226732 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With the advent of social media combined with several large-scale promotions by nationwide gym chains, pediatric interest in strength training has reached new heights during the past few years. While this is a healthy way for young gym users to build strength and stay active, there are significant risks associated with improper utilization of exercise resources. Lack of adult supervision and guidance in the gym can lead to physical injury, inappropriate use of supplements, and body image issues. The purpose of this review is to provide pediatricians with up-to-date information about well tolerated exercise practices for pubertal and prepubertal youth. RECENT FINDINGS Current exercise trends may negatively impact both the physical and mental health of participants. Various physical injuries may occur when adolescents use gym equipment incorrectly under inadequate adult supervision. Use of unproven equipment such as waist trainers may cause bodily injury, and social media content on exercising and weight loss can negatively influence adolescent body image. Potential consequences include low self-esteem and uncommon body dysmorphic disorders, such as muscle dysmorphia. Further, the intense marketing of supplements can induce pediatric gym users to engage in inappropriate consumption behaviors. The increasing accessibility of commercial gyms to youth has increased the potential for children and adolescents to be exposed to such physical and mental health hazards. SUMMARY Greater knowledge regarding strength training techniques will help pediatricians guide their patients toward well tolerated and healthy gym habits. Caregivers and medical professionals should recognize the necessity of supervision, as well as the dangers of incorrect equipment use and unsafe trends to mitigate risks and maximize benefits of pediatric gym use.
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30
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Burton AM, Eisenmann JC, Cowburn I, Lloyd RS, Till K. Youth motor competence across stages of maturity: Perceptions of physical education teachers and strength and conditioning coaches. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277040. [PMID: 36327235 PMCID: PMC9632893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical education (PE) teachers and strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches are well placed to develop motor competence within youth populations. However, both groups’ perceptions of important motor competencies are relatively unknown, especially when considering stage of maturity. Therefore, this study aimed to 1) present PE teachers and S&C coaches’ perceptions of motor competence importance according to stage of maturity; 2) compare perceptions of motor competence between stages of maturity, and between PE teachers and S&C coaches; and 3) explore factors that influence PE teachers and S&C coaches’ perceptions of motor competence importance. Via a mixed-method questionnaire, 47 PE teachers (professional experience = 10.3±6.6 years) and 48 S&C coaches (professional experience = 8.6±4.8 years) rated the importance of developing 21 motor competencies across four stages of maturity (childhood, pre-peak height velocity [PHV], circa-PHV, and post-PHV) using a Likert-scale (1 = not important, 5 = very important). Participants also provided open-ended explanations for their perceptions. Frequency analysis indicated that participants rated a broad range of competencies important, with S&C coaches rating more competencies important than PE teachers across all stages of maturity. Mixed-model analysis highlighted several differences in motor competence importance when comparing perceptions between participant groups, and between stages of maturity for PE teachers and S&C coaches. For example, S&C coaches rated strength-based motor competencies less important during childhood (d = -1.83 to -0.43), while PE teachers rated them less important during childhood (d = -2.22 to -0.42) and pre-PHV (d = -1.70 to -0.51) compared to other stages of maturity. Codebook thematic analysis showed several factors that influenced participant’s perceptions of motor competence importance (e.g., participants understanding of themselves). The findings suggest that multiple environments may be required to adequately facilitate motor competence development amongst youth. Coach education should target misunderstandings around the risks of strength-based activity during early stages of maturity and the benefits of developing strength-based motor competencies across youth populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Burton
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Queen Ethelburga’s Collegiate, York, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Joey C. Eisenmann
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Cowburn
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Bonilla DA, Cardozo LA, Vélez-Gutiérrez JM, Arévalo-Rodríguez A, Vargas-Molina S, Stout JR, Kreider RB, Petro JL. Exercise Selection and Common Injuries in Fitness Centers: A Systematic Integrative Review and Practical Recommendations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912710. [PMID: 36232010 PMCID: PMC9565175 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Weight resistance training (RT) is an essential component of physical conditioning programs to improve the quality of life and physical fitness in different ages and populations. This integrative review aimed to analyze the scientific evidence on the relationship between exercise selection and the appearance of musculoskeletal injuries in physical fitness centers (PFC). The PubMed or Medline, EMBASE or Science Direct, Google Scholar and PEDro databases were selected to examine the available literature using a Boolean algorithm with search terms. The review process was performed using the five-stage approach for an integrative review and it was reported according to the PRISMA in Exercise, Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Sports Science (PERSiST) guidelines. A total of 39 peer-reviewed articles (Price index = 71.7%) met the inclusion criteria and evaluated the link between exercise selection and the incidence of injuries in exercisers who regularly attend PFC. Most injuries occur to the shoulders, elbows, vertebrae of the spine, and knees. Although the injury etiologies are multifactorial, the findings of the reviewed articles include the impacts of overuse, short post-exercise recovery periods, poor conditioning in the exercised body areas, frequent use of heavy loads, improper technique in certain exercises, and the abuse of performance- and image-enhancing drugs. Practical recommendations addressed to clinical exercise physiologists, exercise professionals, and health professionals are given in this paper. The exercise selection in RT programs requires professional supervision and adhering to proper lifting techniques and training habits that consider the anatomical and biomechanical patterns of the musculoskeletal structures, as well as genetic, pedagogical, and methodological aspects directly related to the stimulus-response process to mitigate the occurrence of RT-related injuries in PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Bonilla
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences—GICAFS, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
- Research Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Education, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Sport Genomics Research Group, Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-320-335-2050
| | - Luis A. Cardozo
- Research and Measurement Group in Sports Training (IMED), Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Jorge M. Vélez-Gutiérrez
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- ARTHROS Centro de Fisioterapia y Ejercicio, Medellín 050012, Colombia
| | - Adrián Arévalo-Rodríguez
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Centro de Capacitación en Acondicionamiento y Preparación Física (CCAPF), Bogotá 111511, Colombia
| | - Salvador Vargas-Molina
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jorge L. Petro
- Research Division, Dynamical Business & Science Society—DBSS International SAS, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
- Research Group in Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences—GICAFS, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
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Relation between Physical Fitness Components and the Occurrence and Subjective Intensity of Back Pain in Secondary School Adolescents. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12100353. [PMID: 36285922 PMCID: PMC9598372 DOI: 10.3390/bs12100353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well documented benefits of physical fitness (PF) on general health, its role in back pain (BP) is still unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the association between different PF profiles and BP in a sample of adolescents. The study assessed PF and BP in a sample of 919 youth (age = 15.5 ± 1.3 years) from North and South Tyrol. A total of 531 participants (57.8%) reported no BP, whereas 4.7% (n = 43) reported severe BP. A two-step cluster analysis detected three main groups: the “less fit”, with significantly lower scores in all PF tests (p < 0.001); the “strong sprinters”, with higher speed and muscular strength than the others (p < 0.001); and the “flexible marathoners”, with higher flexibility and cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001). The “flexible marathoners” showed significantly better BP scores than the “less fit” (p = 0.029). Cardiorespiratory fitness and trunk flexibility are potential preventive components of BP in adolescents. Since the decline in flexibility starts very early in life, it is recommended to put a particular emphasis on this component of PF. The role of other components of PF should be further investigated in the future.
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The effects of technological and traditional feedback on back squat performance in untrained women. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:163. [PMID: 36056403 PMCID: PMC9438286 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, a novel method for improving movement quality called open-ended augmented feedback has been introduced. However, the effects of using such feedback in a training intervention have not yet been examined. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in performance and movement quality following a five-week resistance-training program with either (1) technological feedback or (2) traditional, verbal feedback from an experienced trainer. METHODS Nineteen untrained females (age: 21.84 ± 2.24 years, height: 169.95 ± 5.92 cm, body mass: 65.05 ± 7.93 kg) randomly allocated to one of the two conditions completed five weeks of training with two weekly sessions. Pre- and post-intervention, participants were tested for physical performance (i.e., back squat and isometric mid-thigh pull strength) and movement quality parameters (weight distribution, center of gravity variation, and subjective rating of the back squat technique). RESULTS Both groups similarly increased the training resistance throughout the intervention (p < 0.01), as well as strength in the back squat (technological feedback group: effect size (ES) = 1.31, p = 0.002; traditional feedback group: ES = 1.48, p = 0.002). Only the traditional feedback group increased isometric mid-thigh pull strength (ES = 1.11, p = 0.008) and subjectively rated lifting technique at the same load (p = 0.046). No changes in force distribution (p = 0.062-0.993) or center of gravity variation (p = 0.160-0.969) occurred in either group when lifting the same absolute loads at post-test. However, both groups displayed a greater variation in center of gravity when lifting the same relative load at post-test (technological feedback group: p < 0.001; traditional feedback group: p = 0.006). No differences were found between the groups for any of the observed changes (p = 0.205-0.401). CONCLUSIONS Five weeks of back-squat training with verbal feedback increased isometric mid-thigh pull strength and subjectively rated lifting technique from pre- to post-test, whereas technological feedback did not. Both methods improved back squat strength and training resistance. For resistance-training beginners, the choice between feedback methods should be based on the desired outcomes and the availability of expertise and equipment.
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Sacot A, López-Ros V, Prats-Puig A, Escosa J, Barretina J, Calleja-González J. Multidisciplinary Neuromuscular and Endurance Interventions on Youth Basketball Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9642. [PMID: 35954997 PMCID: PMC9368565 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main aims of this systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression were to describe the effect of multidisciplinary neuromuscular and endurance interventions, including plyometric training, mixed strength and conditioning, HIIT basketball programs and repeated sprint training on youth basketball players considering age, competitive level, gender and the type of the intervention performed to explore a predictive model through a meta-regression analysis. A structured search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and PICOS model in Medline (PubMed), Web of Science (WOS) and Cochrane databases. Groups of experiments were created according to neuromuscular power (vertical; NPV and horizontal; NPH) and endurance (E). Meta-analysis and sub-groups analysis were performed using a random effect model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). A random effects meta-regression was performed regressing SMD for the different sub-groups against percentage change for NPV and NPH. There was a significant positive overall effect of the multidisciplinary interventions on NPV, NPH and E. Sub-groups analysis indicate differences in the effects of the interventions on NPV and NPH considering age, gender, competitive level and the type of the intervention used. Considering the current data available, the meta-regression analysis suggests a good predictability of U-16 and plyometric training on jump performance. Besides, male and elite level youth basketball players had a good predictability on multidirectional speed and agility performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Sacot
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Víctor López-Ros
- Research Institute of Education, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Prats-Puig
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | - Jesús Escosa
- University School of Health and Sport (EUSES), University of Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Barretina
- Basquet Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), 17190 Salt, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia
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Impact of concurrent training versus aerobic or resistance training on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength in middle-aged to older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113888. [PMID: 35728627 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of aerobic training (AT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and resistance training (RT) on muscular strength, are well known in older adults. However, less is known about the potential additive benefits of concurrent training (CT) versus AT or RT alone in this population. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effects of CT, versus AT or RT, on CRF and muscular strength in middle-aged to older adults. PubMed and Web of Science were searched through October 2021 to identify randomized trials evaluating CT versus AT and/or RT in middle-aged and older adults (>50 yrs). Studies were included that measured CRF, using maximal or peak oxygen uptake (VO2max/peak); and/or lower- and upper-body muscular strength measured using 1-repetition maximum (1RM) to 10RM tests during isoinertial contractions, or peak torque during isometric dynamometry or isokinetic dynamometry at 30 to 60°/s. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined using random or fixed effects models. Forty-nine studies involving 2,587 middle-aged to older participants with mean ages ranging from 55 to 88 years, were included in the meta-analysis. Results indicated that CT effectively increased VO2max/peak (SMD: 0.77, p = 0.005, 12 intervention arms) when compared to RT. In addition, CT effectively increased lower- (SMD: 0.60, p = 0.001, 43 intervention arms) and upper-body (SMD: 0.57, p = 0.001, 28 intervention arms) muscular strength when compared to AT. However, there were no differences in VO2max/peak (SMD: 0.09, p = 0.09, 33 intervention arms) between CT and AT, or in lower-body (SMD: 0.07, p = 0.48, 21 intervention arms) and upper-body (SMD: -0.07, p = 0.38, 17 intervention arms) muscular strength between CT and RT. Overall, CT was shown to be effective for increasing CRF and muscular strength in middle-aged to older adults and there was no negative effect on the magnitude of changes in these outcomes compared to either AT or RT alone. These results suggested that CT should be considered a viable strategy to improvement of CRF and muscular strength with aging.
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Leister KR, Cilhoroz BT, Rosenberg J, Brown EC, Kim JY. Metabolic syndrome: Operational definitions and aerobic and resistance training benefits on physical and metabolic health in children and adolescents. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102530. [PMID: 35709585 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The variation in parameters for childhood metabolic syndrome (MetS) has hindered the development of a consensus for the diagnostic criteria in this group. Despite these inconsistencies, it is accepted that exercise can ameliorate the deleterious effects of MetS. However, direct comparison between aerobic versus resistance exercise on MetS symptomology in adolescents is lacking. AIM Aim of this review was to discuss controversies associated with current MetS operation definitions in adolescents and present a review summarizing longitudinal studies relevant to the influence of aerobic and resistance training on children with MetS. METHODS Reviews of PubMed and Web of Science were conducted to identify literature focusing on the influence of aerobic and resistance training on children with MetS. Selected manuscripts featured longitudinal research only. RESULTS A universally accepted definition of MetS for the pediatric population has yet to be established. As such, consensus regarding diagnostic criteria for MetS among children is lacking despite the presence of various descriptions in the literature. Though studies support the importance of aerobic and resistance exercise to combat comorbidities associated with MetS, longitudinal studies investigating the benefits of each exercise type among adolescents are limited and inconsistent. CONCLUSION An improved understanding of the impact of aerobic and resistance training on children with MetS is clinically relevant because it may facilitate more appropriate exercise recommendations for children with MetS. Additional large cohort studies are warranted to determine optimal exercise type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Leister
- Department of Exercise Science, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Burak T Cilhoroz
- Department of Exercise Science, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Jared Rosenberg
- Department of Exercise Science, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Joon Young Kim
- Department of Exercise Science, David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Robinson KJ, Lubans DR, Mavilidi MF, Hillman CH, Benzing V, Valkenborghs SR, Barker D, Riley N. Effects of Classroom-Based Resistance Training With and Without Cognitive Training on Adolescents' Cognitive Function, On-task Behavior, and Muscular Fitness. Front Psychol 2022; 13:811534. [PMID: 35386901 PMCID: PMC8977488 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.811534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Participation in classroom physical activity breaks may improve children's cognition, but few studies have involved adolescents. The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of classroom-based resistance training with and without cognitive training on adolescents' cognitive function. Methods: Participants were 97 secondary school students (45.4% females, mean age 15.78 ± 0.44). Four-year 10 classes from one school were included in this four-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. Classes were randomly assigned to the following groups: sedentary control with no cognitive training, sedentary with cognitive training, resistance training without cognitive training, and resistance training with cognitive training. Sessions varied in levels of both cognitive demand and resistance training (i.e., high vs. low) and were administered three times per week for 4 weeks (12 sessions). Inhibition, cognitive flexibility, episodic memory, on-task behavior, and muscular fitness were assessed at baseline and post-test. Linear mixed models were used to examine changes within and between groups. Results: In comparison with the control group, episodic memory improved significantly in the resistance training without cognitive training group (-9.87 units, 95% CI: -17.71 to -2.03, p = 0.014, d = 0.72). There were no group-by-time effects for inhibition or cognitive flexibility. Classroom activity breaks both with and without cognitive demand improved participants' on-task behavior in comparison with the control and sedentary group. The resistance training programs did not lead to improvements in muscular fitness. Conclusion: Participation in body weight resistance training without cognitive training led to selective improvements in episodic memory. No training effects were found for inhibition or cognitive flexibility. A longer study period may be necessary to induce improvements in muscular fitness and associated changes in inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12621001341819.aspx, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry-ACTRN12621001341819.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Robinson
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Lubans
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Myrto F Mavilidi
- School of Education/Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Valentin Benzing
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R Valkenborghs
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Barker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Riley
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Prieske O, Chaabene H, Moran J, Saeterbakken AH. Editorial: Adaptations to Advanced Resistance Training Strategies in Youth and Adult Athletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:888118. [PMID: 35431997 PMCID: PMC9009352 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.888118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prieske
- Division of Exercise and Movement, University of Applied Sciences for Sports and Management Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Olaf Prieske,
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Atle H. Saeterbakken
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
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Till K, Lloyd RS, McCormack S, Williams G, Baker J, Eisenmann JC. Optimising long-term athletic development: An investigation of practitioners' knowledge, adherence, practices and challenges. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262995. [PMID: 35077515 PMCID: PMC8789126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term athletic development practices have been recommended for the past two decades. However, limited research exists exploring the knowledge and skills required by practitioners to optimise long-term athletic development. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, adherence, practices, and challenges of practitioners responsible for delivering long-term athletic development. A mixed methods survey was completed by 236 practitioners (e.g., sport coaches, physical education teachers) consisting of four parts; 1) demographics, 2) knowledge, 3) adherence, and 4) practices and challenges. Quantitative and qualitative data were analysed by Friedman’s analysis of variance and thematic analyses, respectively. Quantitative findings showed practitioners 1) recognised their responsibility for delivering long-term athletic development, 2) have a familiarity with existing developmental models, and 3) had high adherence, focused upon health and wellbeing, to delivering long-term athletic development. However, practices associated with growth and maturity, monitoring and assessment, and the systematic progression and individualisation of training had lower adherence. Qualitative analysis indicated that practitioner’s perceived definitions of athleticism and long-term athletic development were inconsistent, especially according to the psychological components (i.e., confidence). Practitioners’ descriptions of their long-term athletic development practices identified two higher order themes; 1) goals, in which long-term athletic development “is for life” and the importance of “an individual centered journey” highlighted as sub-themes; and 2) realities of delivering long-term athletic development, whereby variety in programme delivery, monitoring development and practical challenges were noted as key priorities. Eight practical challenges were identified including governance and priorities, resources, education, early specialization, high training volumes, staff communication, parents and youth motivation. This mixed method survey highlighted a multitude of knowledge, adherence, practices and challenges towards long-term athletic development. These novel findings can help inform policy to optimise long-term athletic development and to support the complex problem of developing a healthier, fitter and more physically active youth population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rhodri S. Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Sam McCormack
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joseph Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joey C. Eisenmann
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Xiong J, Li S, Cao A, Qian L, Peng B, Xiao D. Effects of integrative neuromuscular training intervention on physical performance in elite female table tennis players: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262775. [PMID: 35051233 PMCID: PMC8775216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the effects of integrative neuromuscular training (INT) on physical performance in elite female table tennis players. Methods Twenty-four Chinese elite female table tennis players were randomized into either INT (n = 12) group or control group (CON; n = 12). INT group performed four INT sessions every week for 8 weeks, while CON group performed traditional physical fitness training. One repetition maximal (1RM), vertical jump, Y balance test and 30-meter sprinting performance were tested before and after intervention. Results No between groups differences were detected for any tests before intervention. Significant group by time (before or after intervention) interaction effects were observed in 1RM, vertical jump, bilateral lower limb reaching distance at posteromedial and posterolateral directions, and right leg at the anterior direction for the Y balance test (all p < 0.05), but not for the left leg at the anterior direction or the 30-meter sprinting performance (both p > 0.05). Post-hoc analysis for measurements with significant interactions revealed that all significant changes were at the ING group (all p < 0.05), while no changes for the CON group were observed (all p > 0.05). Conclusion Eight weeks INT significantly improved strength, power and balance in Chinese elite female table tennis players. Adopting INT in table tennis players may improve their physical performance and lead to better sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xiong
- Research Center for Sports Psychology and Biomechanics, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shangxiao Li
- Research Center for Sports Psychology and Biomechanics, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Aibin Cao
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Qian
- School of Sciences, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Sports, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (BP); (DX)
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Research Center for Sports Psychology and Biomechanics, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (BP); (DX)
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Gavanda S, Isenmann E, Geisler S, Faigenbaum A, Zinner C. The Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training Compared with Traditional Strength or Endurance Training on Physical Performance in Adolescents. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:624-632. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Silva Junior MCPD, Menezes EC, Mendonça G, Lima LRAD. Muscle endurance of Brazilian children and adolescents: a systematic review of the literature. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2022v24e84728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Muscle endurance (ME) is considered to be an important indicator of health-related fitness in childhood and adolescence. The present study aimed to identify and summarize the evidence on the prevalence of adequate ME in Brazilian children and adolescents (6 to 18 years old). A systematic search of studies published from 2009 to 2019 was performed in six databases (LILACS; SciELO; SportDiscus; Medline/PubMed; Web of Science; Scopus). We found 16,168 articles, 20 of which met the eligibility criteria and were included in this review for data extraction and assessment of their risk of bias. Among the 23,805 children and adolescents participating in the studies, 43.5% of the total (43.7% of boys and 41.0% of girls) had adequate abdominal ME. Different test batteries were reported, the main ones being PROESP/BR®, FITNESSGRAM®, and AAHPERD®. Most studies were carried out in the South (50.0%) and Southeast (20.0%) regions of Brazil. Regarding the distribution of studies by geographic region and human development index (HDI), there were no disparities in ME between studies conducted in regions with a lower HDI (43.1% for the Northeast and 32.2% for the North) and those with a higher HDI (46.8% for the South and 33.1% for the Southeast). We conclude that less than half of Brazilian children and adolescents of both genders have an abdominal ME adequate for health, with slightly lower values among females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerfeson Mendonça
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brasil; Centro Universitário Cesmac, Brasil
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Yu Kwok W, So BCL, Tse DHT, Ng SSM. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Biomechanical Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Strength and Conditioning Training Programs on Front Crawl Swimming Performance. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:564-585. [PMID: 35321128 PMCID: PMC8488830 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this systematic review were to summarize and evaluate the effectiveness of strength and conditioning trainings on front crawl swimming, starts and turns performance with relevant biomechanical parameters. Four online databases including PudMed, ESCSOhost, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus were searched according to different combination of keywords. 954 articles were extracted from databases, and ultimately 15 articles were included in this study after removal of duplicate and articles screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were adopted when appropriate and Egger's regression symmetry was adopted to assess the publication bias and the results were presented with forest plots and funnel plots respectively. Fifteen articles studied the effects of strength and resistance, core, and plyometric trainings. The quality of the investigation was assessed by the checklist developed by Downs and Black. Most of the investigations found out that training programs were beneficial to front crawl sprinting swimming performance, stroke biomechanics, force, and muscle strength. First, strength and resistance trainings and core trainings were effective on sprinting performance enhancement. Second, resistance trainings were found to have positive effects on stroke rate. Plyometric trainings were beneficial to start performance, while there was no sufficient evidence for confirming the positive improvement on turn biomechanical, also overall swimming performance, after weeks of plyometric trainings. Strength and Conditioning trainings are suggested to implement in regular training regime regarding to the positive effects on swimming performance, including starts, turns and front crawl swim, and relevant biomechanical parameters, instead of swimming training only. Further research with higher quality is recommended to conduct and more investigations on the training effects to other stroke styles are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yu Kwok
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Billy Chun Lung So
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel Hon Ting Tse
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Shamay Sheung Mei Ng
- Gait and Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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Wang T, Kamon M, Okada S, Sawada S, Ogawa R, Shiozawa N, Machida S. Design and Evaluation of an Online Squat Fitness System: Lessons Learned During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:679630. [PMID: 34713150 PMCID: PMC8521995 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.679630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has changed our lives and limited our ability to have adequate physical activity (PA). It is necessary to replace outdoor PA with home-based fitness. However, people lack access, skills, and even motivation for home-based fitness. To address these issues, we designed a free access self-monitoring and coaching and music-based interactive online squat fitness system. Body weight squat was utilized for fitness exercise and evaluated based on three indices: knee width, hip depth, and rhythm. An online survey on changes in exercise due to the COVID-19 pandemic and exercise habits was conducted to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on PA. We collected data from 557 respondents 5 months after the system first released and analyzed 200 visitors' performance on squat exercise and the other relevant parameters. Visitors were divided into three groups according to their age: younger, middle, and older groups. Results showed that the younger group had better squat performance than the middle and older groups in terms of hip depth and rhythm. We highlighted the lessons learned about the system design, fitness performance evaluation, and social aspects, for future study of the design and development of similar home-based fitness systems. We provided first-hand results on the relation between the COVID-19 pandemic and physical exercise among different age groups in Japan, which was valuable for policy making in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Robotics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Kamon
- Department of Robotics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Shima Okada
- Department of Robotics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Shuji Sawada
- Center of Innovation (COI) Project Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rui Ogawa
- Center of Innovation (COI) Site, Tokyo University of the Arts, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naruhiro Shiozawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Shuichi Machida
- Center of Innovation (COI) Project Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Japan
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How injury registration and preseason assessment are being delivered: An international survey of sports physical therapists. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 53:151-157. [PMID: 34521585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the role of sports physical therapists (PT) in the organization of injury registration and preseason assessment, applied in athletic organizations and sports teams of different gender and level world-wide. DESIGN cross-sectional study. SETTING LimeSurvey platform. PARTICIPANTS Sports PTs working with athletes invited through International Federation of Sports Physical Therapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES injury registration and athlete's screening. RESULTS 414 sports PTs participated in this international survey (mean age of 37.66 (SD = 9.38) years). 340 participants indicated that the PT as the responsible for injury registration. Barriers to properly register injury throughout the season were indicated by 157 sports PT and 86 (54.77%) indicated a lack of time on their routine as the main factor. 93 participants (30.09%) indicated that they customize the prevention program based on the preseason assessment. Sports PTs who reported not performing a preseason assessment (92 participants - 22.22%) mainly indicated this to be consequence of lack of structure in the organization (44 participants - 47.82%). CONCLUSION The majority of the sports PTs participate on injury registration and perform preseason assessment in athletes. However, lack of time in their routine and structure in the organization were recognized as the most important barriers to organize these properly.
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Khalafi M, Malandish A, Rosenkranz SK, Ravasi AA. Effect of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on visceral fat: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13275. [PMID: 33998135 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) with and without caloric restriction (CR) on visceral fat (VF). PubMed and Scopus were searched to identify original articles published through December 2020. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined, and separate analyses were conducted for RT versus control, and RT plus CR versus CR only. Thirty-four studies including 38 intervention arms and involving 2285 were included in the meta-analysis. RT effectively reduced VF [-24 (95% CI -0.34 to -0.13), p < 0.001; I2 = 4.17%, p = 0.40; 24 intervention arms] when compared with control. Based on subgroup analyses, reduction in VF was significant for individual with (p = 0.04) and without (p < 0.001) obesity as well as across medium-term (p = 0.001) and long-term (p = 0.002) interventions. Reduction in VF was significant for both middle-age (p = 0.03) and elderly (p = 0.001) adults but was not significant for pediatric (p = 0.08) participants. However, RT plus CR did not indicate superiority effect on VF [0.23 95% CI -0.04 to 0.51, p = 0.09; I2 = 58.76%, p = 0.003; 14 intervention arms] when compared with CR only. Our results confirm that RT may be effective for reducing VF, but adding RT with CR was not associated with a greater effect for reducing VF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Malandish
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Sara K Rosenkranz
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Ali A Ravasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Dudagoitia E, García-de-Alcaraz A, Andersen L. Safety of powerlifting: A literature review. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Effect of Integrative Neuromuscular Training for Injury Prevention and Sports Performance of Female Badminton Players. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5555853. [PMID: 33987438 PMCID: PMC8093055 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5555853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Investigate the effects of integrated neuromuscular training (INT) on injury prevention and the performance of professional female badminton athletes by comparing their preintervention and postintervention tests. The study hypothesized that integrated neuromuscular training can improve the asymmetry and improve the sport performance of female badminton players. Methods According to pretest value based on functional movement screening, 38 participants were divided into a high-risk group (HG) and a low-risk group (LG) with 22 and 16 people in each group. Two groups of athletes took part in an 8-week INT program consisting of four 90-min sessions each week. The asymmetries in movement, physical fitness, and special abilities were tested before and after the intervention. Independent sample t-test was used for the statistical analysis. Results This research found indicated that 8 weeks of INT influenced FMS scores in both groups (HG and LG). The change of inline lunge (ESH = 0.42, ESL = 0.21) and trunk stability push-up (ESH = −0.58, ESL = −0.20) showed significant differences (P < 0.05), and the change of the FMS scores (ESH = 0.81, ESL = 0.65), deep squat (ESH = 0.6, ESL = 0.3), and rotation stability (ESH = −0.65, ESL = −0.72) showed very significant differences (P < 0.01). Compared to the pretest, most of the physical fitness parameters improved significantly in the HG and LG groups except strength index, and special abilities of the HG and LG group women badminton athletes showed a substantial increase. Conclusion Integrated neuromuscular training can effectively improve the asymmetry of female badminton athletes' limbs, prevent sports injury, and improve the athlete's performance ability. However, athletes in different risk groups have certain differences in the degree of improvement in their motor skills.
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Effects of Resistance Training on Physical Fitness in Healthy Children and Adolescents: An Umbrella Review. Sports Med 2021; 50:1901-1928. [PMID: 32757164 PMCID: PMC7575465 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Over the past decades, an exponential growth has occurred with regards to the number of scientific publications including meta-analyses on youth resistance training (RT). Accordingly, it is timely to summarize findings from meta-analyses in the form of an umbrella review. Objectives To systematically review and summarise the findings of published meta-analyses that investigated the effects of RT on physical fitness in children and adolescents. Design Systematic umbrella review of meta-analyses. Data Sources Meta-analyses were identified using systematic literature searches in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Meta-analyses Meta-analyses that examined the effects of RT on physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength, muscle power) in healthy youth (≤ 18 years). Results Fourteen meta-analyses were included in this umbrella review. Eleven of these meta-analyses reported between-subject effect sizes which are important to eliminate bias due to growth and maturation. RT produced medium-to-large effects on muscle strength, small-to-large effects on muscle power, small-to-medium effects on linear sprint, a medium effect on agility/change-of-direction speed, small-to-large effects on throwing performance, and a medium effect on sport-specific enhancement. There were few consistent moderating effects of maturation, age, sex, expertise level, or RT type on muscle strength and muscle power across the included meta-analyses. The analysed meta-analyses showed low-to-moderate methodological quality (AMSTAR2) as well as presented evidence of low-to-very low quality (GRADE). Conclusion This umbrella review proved the effectiveness of RT in youth on a high evidence level. The magnitude of effects varies according to the respective outcome measure and it appears to follow the principle of training specificity. Larger effect sizes were found for strength-related outcome measures. Future studies should consistently report data on participants’ maturational status. More research is needed with prepubertal children and girls, irrespective of their maturational status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Papadopoulos K, Suchomel TJ, Comfort P, Turner A. The Benefits of Strength Training on Musculoskeletal System Health: Practical Applications for Interdisciplinary Care. Sports Med 2021; 50:1431-1450. [PMID: 32564299 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global health organizations have provided recommendations regarding exercise for the general population. Strength training has been included in several position statements due to its multi-systemic benefits. In this narrative review, we examine the available literature, first explaining how specific mechanical loading is converted into positive cellular responses. Secondly, benefits related to specific musculoskeletal tissues are discussed, with practical applications and training programmes clearly outlined for both common musculoskeletal disorders and primary prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maestroni
- Smuoviti, Viale Giulio Cesare, 29, 24121, Bergamo, BG, Italy. .,StudioErre, Via della Badia, 18, 25127, Brescia, BS, Italy. .,London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK.
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Papadopoulos
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Timothy J Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, USA.,Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
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