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Pompeo KD, da Rocha ES, Melo MA, de Oliveira NT, Oliveira DF, Sonda FC, Dos Santos PF, Rodrigues R, Baroni BM, Vaz MA. Lower limb muscles' thicknesses are weakly associated with dynamic knee valgus during single-leg squat in women with patellofemoral pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2024; 39:423-430. [PMID: 38876662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patellofemoral pain (PFP) patients often show an altered lower limb alignment during the single-leg squat (SLS). There is evidence that proximal and distal-to-the-knee muscle alterations can modify the lower limb alignment in PFP patients. However, we observed a lack of studies investigating the possible association between the thickness and strength of proximal and distal-to-the-knee muscles and lower limb alignment during SLS in women with PFP. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between the thickness and strength of lower limb muscles and dynamic knee valgus (DKV) during SLS in women with PFP. METHODS Cross-sectional study, where fifty-five women with PFP were submitted to the following evaluations: (1) muscle thickness (MT) of Gluteus Medius (GMed), Gluteus Maximus (GMax), Vastus Lateralis (VL), and Tibialis Anterior (TA); (2) isometric peak torque of hip abductors, hip external rotators, knee extensors, and foot inversors; and (3) DKV during SLS. RESULTS There was a significant negative association between GMax's MT and DKV (r = -0.32; p = 0.01), and between TA's MT and DKV (r = -0.28; p = 0.03). No significant correlations were observed between isometric torques and DKV. Regression analysis found that GMax's MT explained 10% of the DKV's variance during SLS. DISCUSSION Poor lower limb alignment during SLS is weakly associated with proximal and distal-to-the-knee muscle thicknesses, with no association with isometric torque in PFP women. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that other factors besides strength and muscle thicknesses may explain and improve lower limb alignment in women with PFP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Patrícia Freitas Dos Santos
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physique Physiotherapy Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marco Aurélio Vaz
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physique Physiotherapy Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Alt T, Knicker AJ, Nodler YT, Strüder HK. Assisted or unassisted Nordic Hamstring Exercise? - Resistance exercise determinants at a glance. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:831-845. [PMID: 33726613 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1893376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) effectively strengthens the knee flexors. Typically conducted without assistance, extended knee angles are not reached with sustained muscle activation in the presence of insufficient eccentric strength and/or fatigue. This might impair the desired neuromuscular adaptations and assessment accuracy. This study investigated kinetic and kinematic differences between assisted and unassisted NHEs (3 × 3 repetitions) performed by sixteen male sprinters (22 years, 181 cm, 76 kg). Kinetic (peak moment, impulse) and kinematic parameters (e.g., time under tension, range of motion to excessive downward acceleration (ROMDWA) were investigated. All analysed parameters significantly differed between assisted and unassisted NHEs (p ≤ 0.003; 0.635≤ ηp² ≤ 0.929) favouring assisted execution, except for peak moments and maximal hip flexion. Repetition 1 of assisted NHEs revealed 21% higher impulses rising to 82% during repetition 9. Equivalent interactions of mode and repetition became apparent for time under tension, ROMDWA, mean and fractional angular velocity. Unassisted NHEs elicited substantially greater inter-repetition fatigue (rep1 vs. rep9): +79% fractional angular velocity (d = 1.01), -41% impulse (d = 1.53), -31% ROMDWA (d = 0.99) and -29% time under tension (d = 1.45). Assisted NHEs ensured higher execution quality and lower between-participant variability by facilitating a controlled full-ROM movement. Three sets of 3 NHEs sufficed to induce substantial fatigue within and across sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alt
- Department of Biomechanics, Performance Analysis and Strength & Conditioning, Olympic Training and Testing Centre Westphalia, Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel J Knicker
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- Research Centre for Elite Sports, Momentum, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yannick T Nodler
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko K Strüder
- Institute of Movement and Neuroscience, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- Research Centre for Elite Sports, Momentum, Cologne, Germany
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Lesinski M, Bashford G, Markov A, Risch L, Cassel M. Reproducibility of freehand vs. foam cast as well as the intrarater reliability of foam cast ultrasound scans assessing the muscle architecture and tissue organization of the gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis muscles. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1383411. [PMID: 38756190 PMCID: PMC11096509 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1383411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study compares the reproducibility of freehand (FH) vs. foam cast (FC) scans and investigates the intrarater reliability of the ultrasound FC muscle architecture and tissue organization measurements of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles with fixed and repositioning FC scans. Methods Thirteen young adults (22 ± 3 years) underwent repeated sagittal B-mode ultrasound measurements of GM and VL. FH, FC, and repositioned FC scans were conducted. Muscle architecture measurements included muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL). Spatial frequency analysis assessed muscle tissue organization. Results MT decreased from 2.1 to 1.8 cm in GM and from 2.4 to 2.2 cm in VL with the FC compared with the FH. Reproducibility between the FH and the FC showed poor to good intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for MT (0.46-0.77) and PA (0.09-0.86) as well as poor to moderate ICCs for FL (0.41), with very low to moderate test-retest variability (TRV) (4%-18%). Tissue organization indicated low to good ICCs (0.21-0.80) with low to moderate TRV (4%-19.5%). The re-scanning results of fixed FC indicated excellent ICCs for MT (0.95-0.996), good for PA (0.77-0.90), and moderate for FL (0.73-0.76), with low TRV (5%-10%) for both muscles. Tissue organization displayed moderate to good ICCs (0.61-0.87) with very low to low TRV (4%-9%). For repositioned FC scans in GM and VL, MT showed good to excellent ICCs (0.86-0.98) with very low to low TRV (2%-8%). PA and FL demonstrated moderate to good ICCs (0.57-0.75), with very low to moderate TRV (2%-13%). Tissue organization revealed ICCs ranging from poor to good (0.13-0.87) for both muscles, with low to moderate TRV (5%-18%). Conclusion The FC systematically reduced MT by 2-3 mm. Furthermore, reproducibility revealed low ICCs and high data variability for several muscle architecture and tissue organization parameters. Thus, switching methods within a single study is not recommended. Nevertheless, FC ultrasound scans demonstrated excellent intrarater reliability for assessing MT. In the case of fixed FC scans particularly, moderate to excellent ICCs were observed for all muscle architecture and tissue organization parameters, accompanied by very low to low variability. Therefore, FC scans are recommended for investigating acute effects on muscle architecture and tissue organization when the FC remains on the leg throughout the period of measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lesinski
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gregory Bashford
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Adrian Markov
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lucie Risch
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Cassel
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Jorge A, Lichtenstein E, Faude O, Roth R. Muscle Activity and Kinematics During Three Hamstring Strengthening Exercises Compared to Sprinting: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2024; 19:569-580. [PMID: 38707851 PMCID: PMC11065773 DOI: 10.26603/001c.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During sprinting, the biceps femoris long head predominantly gets injured, while hamstring strengthening exercises predominantly activate the semitendinosus more effectively. Understanding how joint dominance influences hamstring activity may offer clarity on appropriate exercise selection in strengthening programs. Purpose This study compared three hip-dominant hamstring exercises: the rocker, perpetuum mobile fast and slow (PMfast and PMslow) and the Nordic Hamstring exercise (NHE) on their potential to simulate sprint-like activity and kinematics. Methods Muscle activity of the posterior kinetic chain (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, and medial gastrocnemius) was measured with surface electromyography (sEMG) during the exercises and treadmill running at 75% of the individual maximal sprint velocity in male athletes. sEMG data were normalized to maximal sprinting. 3D-motion capture was employed to assess hip and knee angles. Results Eight male athletes were included (age: 24.0 years ± SD 2.9; body mass: 76.8 kg ± 7.7; height: 1.79 m ± 0.08). Greater activity of the hamstrings occurred during the explosive exercises ranging from 63.9% [95%CI: 56.3-71.5%] (rocker) to 49.0% [95%CI: 40.4-57.6%] (PMfast) vs. 34.0% [95%CI: 29.1-38.9%] (NHE) to 32.1% [95%CI: 26.9-37.3%] (PMslow). The rocker showed greatest hamstring and gluteus maximus activity. Biceps femoris consistently showed greater activity than the semitendinosus across all exercises in peak (mean difference: 0.16, [95%CI: 0.07-0.26]) and average (mean difference: 0.06, [95%CI: 0.01-0.11]) activity. PMfast, PMslow and NHE demonstrated less hip flexion angle at peak hamstring activity than the rocker and high-speed running and every exercise showed less hamstring elongation stress than during high-speed running. Discussion Hamstring activity is comparable to high-intensity treadmill running for NHE and PMslow, and greater for the rocker and PMfast. Gluteus maximus activity varied, with the rocker and PMfast showing greater activity than in sprinting. All examined exercises demonstrated their peak activity at short hamstring muscle length. Level of evidence 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelso Jorge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and HealthUniversity of Basel
| | | | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and HealthUniversity of Basel
| | - Ralf Roth
- Department of Sport, Exercise and HealthUniversity of Basel
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Elnaggar RK, Azab AR, Alrawaili SM, Alhowimel AS, Alotaibi MA, Abdrabo MS, Mohamed RR, Abd El-nabie WA. Efficacy of accommodating variable-resistance training on muscle architecture, peak torque, and functional performance in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27693. [PMID: 38500984 PMCID: PMC10945254 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study sought to find out if a 6-week accommodating variable-resistance (AcVR) training might enhance muscle architecture, peak torque, and functional performance in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Juv-IA). Methods Fifty-eight patients with polyarticular Juv-IA (aged 12-18 years) were involved in a randomized controlled trial. They were allocated into two groups: the AcVR group (n = 29; underwent AcVR training, and the control group (n = 29; received the usual exercise regimen). Interventions were applied three times a week over six consecutive weeks. Measurements were done at baseline and after the intervention. The primary outcome measures were muscle architecture and peak torque, with functional capacity being the secondary measure. Results Compared to the control group, the AcVR group showed favorable pre-to-post changes in muscle architecture [fascicle length (P = 0.0007, η2p = .18), pennation angle (P = 0.0004, η2p = .20), and muscle thickness (P = 0.001, η2p = .17)]. Further, the AcVR group revealed a greater increase in peak concentric torque of knee extensors at angular speeds of 120°/sec [right side (P = 0.0032, η2p = .08); left side (P = 0.039, η2p = .07)] and 180°/sec [right side (P = 0.01, η2p = .11); left side (P = 0.014, η2p = .10)]. Furthermore, The AcVR group achieved more conducive changes in functional performance [6-min walk test (P = 0.003, η2p = .15), timed up and down stair test (P = 0.009, η2p = .12), and 4 × 10 m shuttle run test (P = 0.036, η2p = .08)]. Conclusion A 6-week AcVR training is potentially effective for improving muscle architectural qualities, enhancing peak muscle torque, and boosting functional performance in patients with Juv-IA without experiencing any detrimental side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab K. Elnaggar
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alshimaa R. Azab
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saud M. Alrawaili
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. Alhowimel
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazyad A. Alotaibi
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S. Abdrabo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania R. Mohamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Walaa A. Abd El-nabie
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Zhang C, Deng L, Zhang X, Wu K, Zhan J, Fu W, Jin J. Effects of 12-week gait retraining on plantar flexion torque, architecture, and behavior of the medial gastrocnemius in vivo. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1352334. [PMID: 38572360 PMCID: PMC10987777 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1352334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to explore the effects of 12-week gait retraining (GR) on plantar flexion torque, architecture, and behavior of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Methods Thirty healthy male rearfoot strikers were randomly assigned to the GR group (n = 15) and the control (CON) group (n = 15). The GR group was instructed to wear minimalist shoes and run with a forefoot strike pattern for the 12-week GR (3 times per week), whereas the CON group wore their own running shoes and ran with their original foot strike pattern. Participants were required to share screenshots of running tracks each time to ensure training supervision. The architecture and behavior of MG, as well as ankle torque data, were collected before and after the intervention. The architecture of MG, including fascicle length (FL), pennation angle, and muscle thickness, was obtained by measuring muscle morphology at rest using an ultrasound device. Ankle torque data during plantar flexion MVIC were obtained using a dynamometer, from which peak torque and early rate of torque development (RTD50) were calculated. The fascicle behavior of MG was simultaneously captured using an ultrasound device to calculate fascicle shortening, fascicle rotation, and maximal fascicle shortening velocity (Vmax). Results After 12-week GR, 1) the RTD50 increased significantly in the GR group (p = 0.038), 2) normalized FL increased significantly in the GR group (p = 0.003), and 3) Vmax increased significantly in the GR group (p = 0.018). Conclusion Compared to running training, GR significantly enhanced the rapid strength development capacity and contraction velocity of the MG. This indicates the potential of GR as a strategy to improve muscle function and mechanical efficiency, particularly in enhancing the ability of MG to generate and transmit force as well as the rapid contraction capability. Further research is necessary to explore the effects of GR on MG behavior during running in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqin Deng
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Kaicheng Wu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianglong Zhan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Ripley NJ, Comfort P, McMahon JJ. Relationships Between Modifiable Risk Factors of Hamstring Strain Injury. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:510-516. [PMID: 38090744 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ripley, NJ, Comfort, P, and McMahon, JJ. Relationships between modifiable risk factors of hamstring strain injury. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 510-516, 2024-The aims of this study were to determine whether any relationship exists between eccentric hamstring strength and isokinetic strength imbalances and bicep femoris long head (BF LH ) architecture. Eighteen physically active men (age 24.7 ± 4.3 years, height 181.9 ± 7.2 cm, mass 84.9 ± 12.9 kg) had resting BF LH muscle architecture assessed using ultrasound, with images taken at the midmuscle belly. Measures of isokinetic strength of the knee extensors and flexors involved subjects performing 3 maximal effort repetitions of concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion at 60°·s -1 . Good-excellent relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.86) and low variability (coefficient of variation <10%) were observed for all variables. Relative BF LH fascicle length (FL) demonstrated significant moderate-to-nearly-perfect associations with isokinetic measures identified as hamstring strain injury risk factors ( p < 0.05, r = 0.38-0.92), whereas absolute BF LH FL was not significantly or meaningfully associated with isokinetic measures ( p = 0.07-0.961, r = 0.01-0.30). Relative BF LH FL should be considered when assessing resting BF LH muscle architecture because it is potentially a more appropriate measure of injury risk because of its greater association with strength measures. However, absolute BF LH FL may have a greater usefulness during growth, maturation, and individual proportions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ripley
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul Comfort
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - John J McMahon
- School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and
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Lesinski M, Bashford G, Markov A, Risch L, Cassel M. Reliability of assessing skeletal muscle architecture and tissue organization of the gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis muscle using ultrasound and spatial frequency analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1282031. [PMID: 38304420 PMCID: PMC10830747 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1282031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate inter- and intra-rater reliability as well as the inter-rater interpretation error of ultrasound measurements assessing skeletal muscle architecture and tissue organization of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. Methods The GM and VL of 13 healthy adults (22 ± 3 years) were examined thrice with sagittal B-mode ultrasound: intraday test-retest examination by one investigator (intra-rater) and separate examinations by two investigators (inter-rater). Additionally, images from one investigator were analysed by two interpretators (interpretation error). Muscle architecture was assessed by muscle thickness [MT], fascicle length [FL], as well as superior and inferior pennation angle [PA]. Muscle tissue organization was determined by spatial frequency analysis (SFA: peak spatial frequency radius, peak -6 dB width, PSFR/P6, normalized peak value of amplitude spectrum [Amax], power within peak [PWP], peak power percent). Reliability of ultrasound examination and image interpretation are presented as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), test-retest variability, standard error of measurement as well as bias and limits of agreement. Results GM and VL demonstrated excellent ICCs for inter- and intra-rater reliability, along with excellent ICCs for interpretation error of MT (0.91-0.99), showing minimal variability (<5%) and SEM% (<5%). Systematic bias for MT was less than 1 mm. For PA and FL poor to good ICCs for inter- and intra-rater reliability were revealed (0.41-0.90), with moderate variability (<12%), low SEM% (<10%) and systematic bias between 0.1-1.4°. Tissue organization analysis indicated moderate to good ICCs for inter- and intra-rater reliability. Notably, Amax and PWP consistently held the highest ICC values (0.77-0.87) across all analyses but with higher variability (<24%) and SEM% (<18%), compared to lower variability (<9%) and SEM% (<8%) in other tissue organization parameters. Interpretation error of all muscle tissue organization parameters showed excellent ICCs (0.96-0.999) with very low variability (≤1%) and SEM% (<2%), except Amax & PWP (TRV%: <6%; SEM%: <7%). Conclusion Our findings demonstrated excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability for MT. However, agreement for PA, FL, and SFA parameters was not as strong. Additionally, MT and all SFA parameters exhibited excellent agreement for inter-rater interpretation error. Therefore, the SFA seems to offer the possibility of objectively and reliably evaluating ultrasound images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lesinski
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gregory Bashford
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Adrian Markov
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lucie Risch
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michael Cassel
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Pietsch S, Green B, Schache AG, Pizzari T. Epidemiology of quadriceps muscle strain injuries in elite male Australian football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14542. [PMID: 37994173 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiology of quadriceps muscle strain injury (QMSI) in elite Australian Football League (AFL) players, explore recovery milestones and determine whether recovery is impacted by factors such as injury type (index vs. re-injury), the primary muscle injured and the mechanism of injury. MEASURES All QMSI data reported to the Soft Tissue Injury Registry of the AFL from the 2014 to 2020 seasons were evaluated. Player demographic data, circumstances of injury, MRI reports and recovery outcomes following injury were extracted. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions are presented. Recovery outcomes for injury type, primary muscle injured and the mechanism of injury were compared using univariate analyses. RESULTS There were 164 QMSIs from 122 players reported (134 index; 30 re-injuries). Almost all (91.3%) QMSIs involved the rectus femoris. Half (48.4%) of the QMSIs occurred during kicking and most commonly affected the dominant kicking leg (72%). The majority occurred at training (64.6%). All re-injuries involved the rectus femoris, most occurred from kicking (63.0%) and within 6 months of the preceding injury (70%). The mean return to play (RTP) time was 25.4 days (95%CI = 22.6-28.2) and rectus femoris injuries took around 14 days longer to RTP than vastii injuries (p = 0.001). QMSIs with a kicking mechanism took the longest to RTP of all injury mechanisms. CONCLUSION In AFL players, QMSIs occur mostly in the dominant leg from a kicking mechanism. Rectus femoris injuries are more prevalent and result in longer RTP time frames. Re-injuries exclusively involved the rectus femoris, primarily from kicking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Pietsch
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre. School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brady Green
- School of Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony G Schache
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre. School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre. School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Holmes AJ, Stratton MT, Bailly AR, Gottschall JS, Feito Y, Ha PL, Lavigne A, Persaud K, Gagnon HL, Krueger A, Modjeski A, Esmat TA, Harper LN, VanDusseldorp TA, Hester GM. Effects of plyometric- and cycle-based high-intensity interval training on body composition, aerobic capacity, and muscle function in young females: a field-based group fitness assessment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:932-945. [PMID: 37556856 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2022-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective alternative to moderate intensity continuous training for improvements in body composition and aerobic capacity; however, there is little work comparing different modalities of HIIT. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of plyometric- (PLYO) and cycle-oriented (CYC) HIIT on body composition, aerobic capacity, and skeletal muscle size, quality, and function in recreationally trained females. Young (21.7 ± 3.1 yrs), recreationally active females were quasi-randomized (1:1 ratio) to 8 weeks of twice weekly PLYO (n = 15) or CYC (n = 15) HIIT. Body composition (four-compartment model), VO2peak, countermovement jump performance, muscle size, and echo intensity (muscle quality), as well as strength and power of the knee extensors and plantar flexors were measured before and after training. Both groups showed a similar decrease in body fat percentage (p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.409) and echo intensity (p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.558), and an increase in fat-free mass (p < 0.001;η p 2 = 0.367) and VO2peak (p = 0.001;η p 2 = 0.318). Muscle size was unaffected (p > 0.05), whereas peak torque was reduced similarly in both groups (p = 0.017;η p 2 = 0.188) and rapid torque capacity was diminished only for the knee extensors after CYC (p = 0.022; d = -0.67). These results suggest that PLYO and CYC HIIT are similarly effective for improving body composition, aerobic capacity, and muscle quality, whereas muscle function may express moderate decrements in recreationally active females. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05821504).
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Holmes
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - M T Stratton
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, AL, USA
| | - A R Bailly
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - J S Gottschall
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Y Feito
- Nea Onnim Consultancy, St. Augustine, FL, USA
| | - P L Ha
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - A Lavigne
- Dr. Betty L. Siegel Student Recreation and Activities Center, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - K Persaud
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - H L Gagnon
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - A Krueger
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - A Modjeski
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - T A Esmat
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - L N Harper
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
| | - T A VanDusseldorp
- Bonafide Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, NY, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville University, FL, USA
| | - G M Hester
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, GA, USA
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11
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Alabau-Dasi R, Dominguez-Maldonado G, Gijon-Nogueron G, Ortega-Avila AB, Delacroix S. How susceptible are our Achilles Tendons? Sonoanatomical assessment. A cross-sectional study. J Tissue Viability 2023; 32:572-576. [PMID: 37722941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE the aim of this study is to observe whether there are ultrasound changes between men and women in the Achilles tendon at rest, at maximum passive force is applied and during walking. MATERIAL AND METHODS it was a cross-sectional study involving 27 healthy young participants recruited as volunteers between April to July 2022. A variety of data was recorded: (age, Body Mass Index, sex, smoking, current injury status, allergies, medications, previous surgeries, type of sport, and number of weekly workouts) and ultrasound measurements at rest and at passive force (Cross Sectional Area Achilles Tendon length, tendon thickness, Cross Sectional Area and pennation angle of the soleus muscle to the Achilles Tendon). RESULTS women demonstrated a statistically significant lower proximal and median thickness both at rest (4.5 vs 5.1 mm with p < 0.001 for proximal thickness; 4.4 vs 5.3 mm with p < 0.001 for median thickness) as well as during maximum eccentric contraction (4.3 vs 4.8 mm with p=<0.001 for proximal thickness; 4.1 vs 4.8 mm with p < 0.001 for median thickness). CONCLUSION there are significant sonoanatomical differences in vivo Achilles tendon between men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alabau-Dasi
- Universidad de Malaga, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermería y Podología, 29071, Malaga, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Dominguez-Maldonado
- Universidad de Malaga, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Doctorado, Malaga, Spain; Universidad de Sevilla, Departamento de Podología, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron
- Universidad de Malaga, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermería y Podología, 29071, Malaga, Spain; Universidad de Malaga, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Doctorado, Malaga, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA platform BIONAND, Malaga, Spain.
| | - Ana Belen Ortega-Avila
- Universidad de Malaga, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Enfermería y Podología, 29071, Malaga, Spain; Universidad de Malaga, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Doctorado, Malaga, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA platform BIONAND, Malaga, Spain.
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12
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Hernández-Belmonte A, Buendía-Romero Á, Franco-López F, Martínez-Cava A, Pallarés JG. Adaptations in athletic performance and muscle architecture are not meaningfully conditioned by training free-weight versus machine-based exercises: Challenging a traditional assumption using the velocity-based method. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1948-1957. [PMID: 37340878 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the superior effectiveness of free-weight over machine-based training has been a traditionally widespread assumption, longitudinal studies comparing these training modalities were scarce and heterogeneous. OBJECTIVE This research used the velocity-based method to compare the effects of free-weight and machine-based resistance training on athletic performance and muscle architecture. METHODS Thirty-four resistance-trained men participated in an 8-week resistance training program allocated into free-weight (n = 17) or machine-based (n = 17) groups. Training variables (intensity, intraset fatigue, and recovery) were identical for both groups, so they only differed in the use of a barbell or specific machines to execute the full squat, bench press, prone bench pull, and shoulder press exercises. The velocity-based method was implemented to accurately adjust the planned intensity. Analysis of covariance and effect size (ES) statistics were used to compare both training modalities on a comprehensive set of athletic and muscle architecture parameters. RESULTS No between-group differences were found for any athletic (p ≥ 0.146) and muscle architecture (p ≥ 0.184) variable. Both training modalities significantly and similarly improved vertical jump (Free-weight: ES ≥ 0.45, p ≤ 0.001; Machine-based: ES ≥ 0.41, p ≤ 0.001) and lower limb anaerobic capacity (Free-weight: ES ≥ 0.39, p ≤ 0.007; Machine-based: ES ≥ 0.31, p ≤ 0.003). Additionally, the machine-based group meaningfully enhanced upper limb anaerobic power (ES = 0.41, p = 0.021), whereas the free-weight group significantly improved the change of direction (ES = -0.54, p = 0.003) and 2/6 balance conditions analyzed (p ≤ 0.012). Changes in sprint capacity (ES ≥ -0.13, p ≥ 0.274), fascicle length, and pennation angle (ES ≤ 0.19, p ≥ 0.129) were not significant for either training modality. CONCLUSION Adaptations in athletic performance and muscle architecture would not be meaningfully influenced by the resistance modality trained.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángel Buendía-Romero
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Franco-López
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Cava
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory. Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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13
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Hiroshige Y, Yamaguchi R, Iriguchi K, Sakimura N, Goto K, Ebato T, Watanabe D. Knee flexor muscle fatigue during repeated Nordic hamstring exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1084-1092. [PMID: 37410445 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.14896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nordic hamstring exercise is an effective method for preventing hamstring strain injury. In this study, we investigated the response of knee flexors regarding increased muscle force and fatigue when the Nordic hamstring exercise was performed repeatedly to further understand how it can prevent hamstring strain injury. METHODS The Nordic hamstring exercise was performed 10 times by 53 athletes; knee flexor peak tensile force and the respective flexion angle were compared at different phases during this sequence: phase 1, 1st Nordic hamstring exercise force; phase 2, mean value during the 2-4th repetitions; phase 3, mean value during the 5-7th repetitions; and phase 4, mean value during the 8-10th repetitions. We also divided the knee flexor peak force into deep and slight flexion zones and evaluated changes during different phases. RESULTS Knee flexor peak force was most significant in phase 2 and decreased during subsequent phases. The knee angle at which peak force was exerted was greatest in phase 1 and decreased thereafter. When we compared the knee flexor peak force in different flexion angle zones, increased muscle force in the slight flexion zone was greater than increased muscle force in the deep flexion zone in phases 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS Enhancement of the knee flexor force, especially in the slight flexion zone occurs after only a few repetitions of the Nordic hamstring exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Hiroshige
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Ryusei Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitana, Japan
| | - Kai Iriguchi
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naruki Sakimura
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keita Goto
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ebato
- Faculty of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daiki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sports Sciences, Osaka, Japan
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Santana L, Fachin-Martins E, Borges DL, Tenório Cavalcante JG, Babault N, Neto FR, Quagliotti Durigan JL, Marqueti RDC. Neuromuscular disorders in women and men with spinal cord injury are associated with changes in muscle and tendon architecture. J Spinal Cord Med 2023; 46:742-752. [PMID: 35196216 PMCID: PMC10446789 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2022.2035619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine the association between neuromuscular function, motor function impairment, and muscle and tendon structures in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) compared to a control (non-disabled) population. DESIGN A cross-sectional study with a control group. SETTING Center of Adapted Sports Training and Special Physical Education. PARTICIPANTS Fifteen individuals with SCI and motor function impairments participated in the study. A paired non-disabled group was recruited for comparison. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle (biceps brachii, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and tibialis anterior) and tendon (quadriceps and patellar tendons) structures were assessed by ultrasound imaging (thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, and echogenicity). Neuromuscular electrophysiological disorders were also assessed using electrodiagnosis techniques (stimulus non-responsivity and chronaxie) in the same muscles. RESULTS Except for the biceps brachii muscle, muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length were lower (p < 0.01) while echogenicity and chronaxie were greater (p < 0.01) in SCI participants. The SCI participants had a higher prevalence of neuromuscular electrophysiological disorders for all muscles, except the biceps brachii. CONCLUSION Neuromuscular disorders occur in association with muscle and tendon maladaptation in individuals with chronic SCI. A higher prevalence of electrophysiological disorders suggests an acquired polyneuromyopathy for muscles with motor function impairment even though the muscle was innerved, in addition to widespread muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Santana
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Emerson Fachin-Martins
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - David Lobato Borges
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Babault
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance G. Cometti, U1093-INSERM, CAPS, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Dijon, France
| | | | - João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Marqueti
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, Universidade de Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Muanjai P, Namsawang J. Hamstrings fascicle length and physical performance changes after a single bout of dynamic stretching or neurodynamic gliding in healthy young and older adults. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 35:99-107. [PMID: 37330810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The physiological and structural alterations have been less reported in response to dynamic stretching (DS) or neurodynamic nerve gliding (NG). Accordingly, this study investigated the changes in fascicle lengths (FL), popliteal artery velocity, and physical fitness in response to a single bout of DS or NG. METHODS The study included 15 healthy young adults (20.9 ± 0.7 yrs) and 15 older adults (66.6 ± 4.2 yrs) who randomly performed three different interventions (DS, NG, and rest control) for 10 min and 3 days apart. The biceps femoris and semitendinosus FL, popliteal artery velocity, sit and reach (S&R), straight leg raise (SLR), and fast walking speed were measured before and immediately after the intervention. RESULTS After NG intervention, S&R was largely greater by 2 cm (1.2, 2.8 cm) and 3.4 cm (2.1, 4.7 cm) with largely increased SLR angles of 4.9° (3.7°, 6.1°) and 4.6° (3.0°, 6.2°) with all p < 0.001 for the older adults and young groups, respectively. A similar magnitude improvement in the S&R and SLR testing was also seen for both groups after DS (p < 0.05). Moreover, no changes were seen in FL, popliteal artery velocity, fast gait speed, and age effect following all three intervention occasions. CONCLUSION Stretching with DS or NG immediately increased flexibility, which appeared to be largely due to changes in stretch tolerance rather than an increase in fascicle length. Furthermore, age dependency in response to stretching exercise was not seen in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Muanjai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand; Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand.
| | - Juntip Namsawang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand; Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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Li L, Wu K, Deng L, Liu C, Fu W. The Effects of Habitual Foot Strike Patterns on the Morphology and Mechanical Function of the Medial Gastrocnemius-Achilles Tendon Unit. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020264. [PMID: 36829758 PMCID: PMC9952108 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a crucial and vulnerable component of the lower extremities, the medial gastrocnemius-Achilles tendon unit (gMTU) plays a significant role in sport performance and injury prevention during long-distance running. However, how habitual foot strike patterns influence the morphology of the gMTU remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of two main foot strike patterns on the morphological and mechanical characteristics of the gMTU. Long-distance male runners with habitual forefoot (FFS group, n = 10) and rearfoot strike patterns (RFS group, n = 10) and male non-runners (NR group, n = 10) were recruited. A Terason uSmart 3300 ultrasonography system was used to image the medial gastrocnemius (MG) and Achilles tendon, Image J software to analyze the morphology, and a dynamometer to determine plantar flexion torque during maximal voluntary isometric contractions. The participants first performed a 5-minute warm up; then, the morphological measurements of MG and AT were recorded in a static condition; finally, the MVICs test was conducted to investigate the mechanical function of the gMTU. One-way ANOVA and nonparametric tests were used for data analysis. The significance level was set at a p value of <0.05. The muscle fascicle length (FL) (FFS: 67.3 ± 12.7, RFS: 62.5 ± 7.6, NRs: 55.9 ± 2.0, η2 = 0.187), normalized FL (FFS: 0.36 ± 0.48, RFS: 0.18 ± 0.03, NRs: 0.16 ± 0.01, η2 = 0.237), and pennation angle (PA) (FFS: 16.2 ± 1.9, RFS: 18.9 ± 2.8, NRs: 19.3 ± 2.4, η2 = 0.280) significantly differed between the groups. Specifically, the FL and normalized FL were longer in the FFS group than in the NR group (p < 0.05), while the PA was smaller in the FFS group than in the NR group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Long-term running with a forefoot strike pattern could significantly affect the FL and PA of the MG. A forefoot strike pattern could lead to a longer FL and a smaller PA, indicating an FFS pattern could protect the MG from strain under repetitive high loads.
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17
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Cronin K, Foley S, Cournane S, De Vito G, Kerin F, Farrell G, Delahunt E. The architectural characteristics of the hamstring muscles do not differ between male and female elite-level rugby union players. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1129061. [PMID: 36776970 PMCID: PMC9911870 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1129061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine whether differences exist in the architectural characteristics of the hamstring muscles of elite-level male and female rugby union players. Methods: Forty elite-level rugby union players (male n = 20, female n = 20) participated in this cross-sectional study. A sonographer acquired static ultrasound images using a 92 mm linear transducer to quantify (via a semi-automated tracing software tool) the architectural characteristics (muscle length, fascicle length, pennation angle, and muscle thickness) of the biceps femoris long head and semimembranosus muscles of participants' left limb. Muscle length and muscle thickness of the biceps femoris short head and semitendinosus muscles of participants' left limb were also quantified. Bonferroni adjusted independent samples t-tests were performed to evaluate whether differences exist in the architectural characteristics of the hamstring muscles of elite-level male and female rugby union players. Results: There were no significant differences in fascicle length or pennation angle of the hamstring muscles of elite-level male and female rugby union players. Some significant differences in muscle thickness (biceps femoris short head, and semimembranosus) and muscle length (biceps femoris short head, biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus) were observed; in all cases the male players had thicker and longer muscles. Conclusion: At a group level, hamstring muscle fascicle length and pennation angle are unlikely to be a sex-specific intrinsic risk factor for Hamstring strain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cronin
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,*Correspondence: Kevin Cronin,
| | - Shane Foley
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seán Cournane
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Fearghal Kerin
- Leinster Rugby, Dublin, Ireland,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ripley NJ, Cuthbert M, Comfort P, McMahon JJ. Effect of additional Nordic hamstring exercise or sprint training on the modifiable risk factors of hamstring strain injuries and performance. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281966. [PMID: 36862645 PMCID: PMC9980768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) has commonly been investigated in isolation, however, within practice multiple modalities are commonly incorporated. However, the NHE has a low level of compliance within sport, with sprinting being potentially being preferred. The present study aimed to observe the effect of a lower-limb program with either additional NHE or sprinting on the modifiable risk factors hamstring strain injury (HSI) and athletic performance. 38 collegiate athletes were randomly assigned into three groups: control standardised lower-limb training program (n = 10 (2 female, 8 male), age = 23.50 ± 2.95 years, height = 1.75 ± 0.09 m, mass 77.66 ± 11.82 kg), additional NHE (n = 15 (7 female, 8 male), age = 21.40 ± 2.64 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.04 m, mass 76.95 ± 14.20 kg) and additional sprinting (n = 13 (4 female, 9 male), age = 22.15 ± 2.54 years, height = 1.74 ± 0.05 m, mass 70.55 ± 7.84 kg). All participants performed a standardised lower-limb training program twice per week for seven weeks, including Olympic lifting derivatives, squatting movements, and the Romanian deadlift, with experimental groups performing with either additional sprinting or NHE. Bicep femoris architecture, eccentric hamstring strength, jump performance, lower-limb maximal strength and sprint ability were measured pre and post. All training groups demonstrated significant (p < 0.001), small-moderate increases in Bicep femoris architecture (g = 0.60-1.22), with significant (p < 0.001), small-large increases in absolute and relative eccentric peak force (g = 0.60-1.84). Significant and small increases were observed in take-off velocity and mean propulsion force (p < 0.02, g = 0.47-0.64), with non-significant and small increases for both the sprint and control training groups for mean propulsion force (p > 0.05, g = 0.42-0.50). Nordic and sprint training groups had significant and small increases in peak absolute and relative net force (p < 0.001, g = 0.44-0.60). The control group had a non-significant trivial increase in absolute peak net force (p > 0.05, g = 0.22), with a significant and small increase in relative peak relative net force (p = 0.034, g = 0.48). Significant and small decreases for the NHE and sprinting training groups was observed for 0-10 m, 0-20 m, and 10-20 m sprint time (p < 0.010, g = 0.47-0.71). Performing multiple modalities, with either additional NHE or sprinting, as part of a complete resistance training program was superiorly effective for measures of modifiable risk factors HSI, with similar increases observed in measures of athletic performance derived from the standardised lower-limb training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Ripley
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew Cuthbert
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- The Football Association Group, St George’s Park, Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Comfort
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - John J. McMahon
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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Muscle Architecture, Morphology, and Mechanical and Functional Properties of Biceps Femoris Long Head in Professional Soccer Players with a Prior Healed Injured Hamstring. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237222. [PMID: 36498796 PMCID: PMC9738030 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness and stiffness of the biceps femoris long head, and eccentric hamstring strength between injured dominant limbs, injured non-dominant limbs, uninjured dominant limbs and uninjured non-dominant legs in previously injured players, and between dominant and non-dominant legs in uninjured elite soccer players. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty elite soccer players participated in this study. Ultrasound imaging and MyotonPRO were used to determine the morphological and mechanical properties of the biceps femoris long head. Isokinetic and Nordic hamstring exercises were used to assess eccentric hamstring strength. RESULTS Previously injured players showed substantially lower fascicle length and muscle thickness, and significantly higher biceps femoris long head stiffness than uninjured players, without differences between limbs. CONCLUSION The morphological and mechanical properties of elite soccer players with hamstring injury history were different from those in uninjured players. The lack of differences between limbs showed that these values are characteristics of individual players that must be considered in the design of programs to prevent BFlh injury.
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Carmichael DS, Hickey JT, Tofari PJ, Bourne MN, Ward MR, Timmins RG. Effect of an Isometric or Eccentric Hip Extension Exercise Intervention on Hamstring Strength, Architecture, and Morphology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:2196-2207. [PMID: 35941515 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate hamstring architectural, strength, and morphological adaptations after an eccentric or isometric hip extension exercise intervention. METHODS Twenty-four recreationally active males performed either an eccentric ( n = 12) or an isometric hip extension ( n = 12) exercise intervention, twice per week for 6 wk, followed by a 4-wk detraining period. Biceps femoris long head (BFlh) architecture was assessed pre-intervention, mid-intervention, post-intervention, and post-detraining via two-dimensional ultrasound. Strength was assessed pre-intervention, post-intervention, and post-detraining during an isokinetic knee flexion, an isometric hip extension, a Nordic hamstring exercise, and a single-leg hamstring bridge repetition to fatigue test. Hamstring muscle morphology was assessed via magnetic resonance imaging before strength testing sessions. RESULTS The eccentric hip extension exercise intervention significantly lengthened BFlh fascicles (+19.7%, P < 0.001, d = 1.57), increased eccentric knee flexion torque (ECC 60°·s -1 , +12%, P < 0.005, d = 0.66; ECC 180°·s -1 , +8.3%, P < 0.05, d = 0.41), and increased BFlh (+13.3%, P < 0.001, d = 1.96) and semimembranosus (SM) muscle volume (+12.5%, P < 0.001, d = 2.25). After 4 wk of detraining, BFlh fascicles were significantly shortened in the eccentric group (-14.8%, P < 0.005, d = -1.25), whereas eccentric knee flexion torque and BFlh and SM volumes were unchanged. The isometric hip extension exercise intervention significantly increased isometric knee flexion torque (+10.4%, P < 0.05, d = 0.54), isometric hip extension force (+12.4%, P < 0.05, d = 0.41), and semitendinosus volume (+15%, P = 0.054, d = 1.57). All other outcome measures saw no significant changes. After 4 wk of detraining, no significant changes to any variables were observed in the isometric group. CONCLUSIONS The eccentric but not isometric hip extension exercise intervention significantly increased BFlh fascicle length. Both exercise interventions demonstrated contraction mode-specific increases in strength. However, the eccentric hip extension exercise intervention resulted in preferential hypertrophy of BFlh and SM, and the isometric hip extension exercise intervention led to selective hypertrophy of semitendinosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan S Carmichael
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | | | - Paul J Tofari
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mark R Ward
- Imaging @ Olympic Park, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
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21
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Hamstring muscle architecture assessed sonographically using wide field of view: A reliability study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277400. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose
To assess the intra-rater reliability of static wide field of view ultrasound to quantify the architectural characteristics of the hamstring muscles.
Methods
Twenty amateur male athletes were recruited. Their left hamstring muscles were assessed using static wide field of view ultrasound on two separate occasions. Static ultrasound images were acquired by a single sonographer using a 92mm linear transducer. The architectural characteristics (muscle length, fascicle length, pennation angle and muscle thickness) from two distinct locations of the bicep femoris long head and semimembranosus were evaluated. Muscle length and thickness of the bicep femoris short head and semitendinosus muscle were also evaluated. Intraclass correlation coefficient analyses were performed to determine the intra-rater reliability of the performed measurements.
Results
Both muscle (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99; standard error of measurement = 4.3 to 6.6mm) and fascicle (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92 to 0.98; standard error measurement = 1.1 to 2.4mm) length were measured with excellent intra-rater reliability. Muscle thickness was measured with excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.9 to 0.96; standard error of measurement = 0.91mm to 1.4mm) for all hamstring muscles except for the proximal segments of the bicep femoris short head (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.85; standard error of measurement = 0.84mm) and semitendinosus (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88; standard error of measurement = 0.82mm), which were measured with good reliability. Pennation angle was measured with good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.77 to 0.87; standard error of measurement = 1 to 1.6°).
Conclusion
The architectural characteristics of the hamstring muscles of male amateur athletes can be reliably quantified using static wide field of view ultrasound.
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22
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Coratella G, Beato M, Bertinato L, Milanese C, Venturelli M, Schena F. Including the Eccentric Phase in Resistance Training to Counteract the Effects of Detraining in Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3023-3031. [PMID: 34537804 PMCID: PMC10842669 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coratella, G, Beato, M, Bertinato, L, Milanese, C, Venturelli, M, and Schena, F. Including the eccentric phase in resistance training to counteract the effects of detraining in women: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 36(11): 3023-3031, 2022-The current study compared the effects of concentric-based (CONC), eccentric-based (ECC), and traditional concentric-eccentric (TRAD) resistance training on muscle strength, mass, and architecture and the postdetraining retention of the training-induced effects in women. Sixty women were randomly assigned to unilateral volume-equated CONC, ECC, or TRAD knee extension training or control ( N = 15 per group). Before training, after an 8-week intervention period, and after an 8-week detraining period, isokinetic concentric, eccentric, and isometric torque were measured. In addition, thigh lean mass was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry and vastus lateralis thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length by ultrasound. After training, concentric and isometric torque increased ( p < 0.05) similarly in all groups, whereas eccentric torque increased more in ECC than that in CONC (+13.1%, effect size (ES): 0.71 [0.04-1.38]) and TRAD (+12.6%, ES: 0.60 [0.12-1.08]). Thigh lean mass increased in ECC (+6.1%, ES: 0.47 [0.27-0.67]) and TRAD (+3.1%, ES: 0.33 [0.01-0.65]). Vastus lateralis thickness and pennation angle increased ( p < 0.05) similarly in all groups, whereas fascicle elongation was visible in ECC (+9.7%, ES: 0.92 [0.14-1.65]) and TRAD (+7.1%, ES: 0.64 [0.03-1.25]). After detraining, all groups retained ( p < 0.05) similar concentric torque. ECC and TRAD preserved eccentric torque ( p < 0.05), but ECC more than TRAD (+17.9%, ES: 0.61 [0.21-1.21]). All groups preserved isometric torque ( p < 0.05), but ECC more than CONC (+14.2%, ES: 0.71 [0.04-1.38]) and TRAD (+13.8%, ES: 0.65 [0.10-1.20]). Thigh lean mass and vastus lateralis fascicle length were retained only in ECC ( p < 0.05), pennation angle was preserved in all groups ( p < 0.05), and thickness was retained in CONC and ECC ( p < 0.05). Including the eccentric phase in resistance training is essential to preserve adaptations after detraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom;
| | - Luciano Bertinato
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurological, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; and
- CeRISM Research Center, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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Elnaggar RK, Alghamdi MS, Alenazi AM, Alghadier M, Mahmoud MZ, Elsayed AEA, Hassan IAM, Abonour AA. Mechanical and Morphological Changes of the Plantar Flexor Musculotendinous Unit in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy Following 12 Weeks of Plyometric Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9111604. [PMID: 36360332 PMCID: PMC9688148 DOI: 10.3390/children9111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To investigate how plyometric exercise (PLYO-Ex) affects mechanics and morphometrics of the plantar flexor musculotendinous unit in children with unilateral cerebral palsy, 38 participants (aged 10–16 years) were allocated at random to either the PLYO-Ex group (n = 19; received 24 sessions of plyometric muscle loading, conducted 2 times a week for 3 months in succession) or the control group (n = 19; underwent traditional physical therapy for the same frequency and duration). Measurements were taken pre- and post-intervention. Standard ultrasound imaging was applied to evaluate morphometrics of the gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon unit and an isokinetic dynamometer was used to evaluate maximum voluntary isometric plantar flexors contraction (IVCmax). With controlling for pre-treatment values, significant post-treatment changes favoring the PLYO-Ex group were observed for morphological (tendon (p = 0.003, η2p = 0.23) length; belly length (p = 0.001, η2p = 0.27); tendon thickness (p = 0.035, η2p = 0.35); muscle thickness (p = 0.013, η2p = 0.17); fascicle length (p = 0.009, η2p = 0.18); pennation angle (p = 0.015, η2p = 0.16)) and mechanical and material properties (IVCmax (p = 0.009, η2p = 0.18); tendon’s elongation (p = 0.012, η2p = 0.17), stiffness (p = 0.027, η2p = 0.13); stress (p = 0.006, η2p = 0.20); strain (p = 0.004, η2p = 0.21)). In conclusion, plyometric exercise induces significant adaptations within the musculotendinous unit of the plantar flexors in children with unilateral cerebral palsy. These adaptations could improve muscular efficiency and consequently optimize physical/functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab K. Elnaggar
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohammed S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aqeel M. Alenazi
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mshari Alghadier
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Z. Mahmoud
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Elbakry A. Elsayed
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alazhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ismail Abdelfattah M. Hassan
- Pediatric and Neonatology Specialist, New Medical Center, Royal hospital, Khalifa City, Abu Dhabi 35233, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asmaa A. Abonour
- Department of Physical Therapy for Pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
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Whiteley R, Hickey JT, Vermeulen R, Timmins R, Best TM, Rio E, Opar D. Biceps Femoris Fascicle Lengths Increase after Hamstring Injury Rehabilitation to a Greater Extent in the Injured Leg. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5131914. [PMID: 38655154 PMCID: PMC11022767 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5131914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Document changes in fascicle length during rehabilitation from hamstring injury of the injured and uninjured legs and secondarily to describe any association between these changes and reinjury rate. Design Multicentre case series. Methods Fifty-two prospectively included hamstring injured athletes had their biceps femoris long head fascicle lengths measured at the start and end of rehabilitation using two-dimensional ultrasound. Absolute and relative changes in fascicle length were compared for each leg using linear mixed models. Participants were followed for six months after being cleared to return to sport for any reinjury. Fascicle lengths and rehabilitation duration were compared for those who reinjured and those who did not. Results Injured leg fascicle length was shorter at the start of rehabilitation (9.1 cm compared to 9.8 cm, p < 0.01 ) but underwent greater absolute and relative lengthening during rehabilitation to 11.1 cm (18% increase) compared to 10.2 cm (8% increase, p < 0.01 ) for the uninjured leg. There were no significant differences in any fascicle length parameter for the 5 participants who reinjured in the 6 months following their return to sport compared to those that did not reinjure. Conclusions While both injured and uninjured legs displayed increases in fascicle length during rehabilitation, the larger fascicle length increases in the injured leg suggest that either a different training stimulus was applied during rehabilitation to each leg or there was a different response to training and/or recovery from injury in the injured leg. Reinjury risk appears to be independent of fascicle length changes in this cohort, but the small number of reinjuries makes any conclusions speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Whiteley
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- School of Human Movement & Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jack T. Hickey
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Robin Vermeulen
- Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Amsterdam, Academic Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Amsterdam IOC Center, ACHSS, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ryan Timmins
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Best
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami Sports Medicine Institute, Miller School of Medicine, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Ebonie Rio
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - David Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Australia
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25
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Wille CM, Stiffler-Joachim MR, Kliethermes SA, Sanfilippo JL, Tanaka CS, Heiderscheit BC. Preseason Eccentric Strength Is Not Associated with Hamstring Strain Injury: A Prospective Study in Collegiate Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1271-1277. [PMID: 35420594 PMCID: PMC9288544 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Established risk factors for hamstring strain injuries (HSI) include older age and prior HSI. However, these are nonmodifiable and have a limited role in injury prevention. Eccentric hamstring strength is a common component of HSI prevention programs, but its association with injury is less clear. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine if eccentric hamstring strength was prospectively associated with HSI among collegiate athletes, while controlling for sex, age, and prior HSI. We hypothesized that athletes with lower eccentric hamstring strength or greater between-limb strength asymmetry at preseason would have an increased risk of HSI. METHODS Hamstring eccentric strength measures, maximum total force ( FTotal ) and between-limb asymmetry in maximum force ( FAsym ), were measured at preseason on male and female athletes. HSIs were tracked over the subsequent 12 months. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify univariable and multivariable associations between athlete demographics, eccentric hamstring strength, and HSI risk. RESULTS Data for 326 athletes (85 female; 30 track, 43 basketball, 160 American football, 93 soccer) were included, and 64 HSIs were observed. Univariable associations between eccentric hamstring strength and subsequent HSI were nonsignificant ( FTotal : odds ratio [OR], 0.99 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.93-1.05); P = 0.74; FAsym : OR, 1.35 (95% CI, 0.87-2.09); P = 0.23). No relationship between eccentric hamstring strength and HSI ( FAsym : OR, 1.32 (95% CI, 0.84-2.08); P = 0.23) was identified after adjusting for confounders including sex, age, and prior HSI. CONCLUSIONS No association between preseason eccentric hamstring strength and risk of subsequent HSI was identified after controlling for known risk factors and sex among collegiate athletes. Eccentric hamstring strengthening may continue to serve as a preventative approach to HSI, but it does not provide additional insight into HSI risk beyond factors such as age and prior HSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M. Wille
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Mikel R. Stiffler-Joachim
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Stephanie A. Kliethermes
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | - Claire S. Tanaka
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Bryan C. Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for quadriceps muscle strain injury in sport. DESIGN Risk factor systematic review. LITERATURE SEARCH A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINECINAHL, Embase, AMED, AUSPORT, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and Cochrane Library databases (from inception to September 2021). STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA Studies reporting prospective data to evaluate risk factors related to index and/or recurrent quadriceps muscle strain injury. DATA SYNTHESIS A risk-of-bias assessment (using a modified Quality in Prognosis Studies tool) was performed, and we used best-evidence synthesis to qualitatively synthesize the data to quantify relationships between risk factors and quadriceps muscle injury. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included, capturing 2408 quadriceps injuries in 11 719 athletes. Meta-analyses were not performed due to clinical heterogeneity. The dominant kicking leg (over 3154 individuals, 1055 injuries), a previous history of quadriceps muscle injury (6208 individuals, 975 injuries), and a recent history of hamstring strain (4087 individuals, 581 injuries) were intrinsic factors associated with quadriceps injury. Extrinsic factors relating to the preseason period and competitive match play increased quadriceps injury risk; participating at higher levels of competition decreased quadriceps injury risk. Age, weight, and flexibility (intrinsic factors) had no association with quadriceps injury. CONCLUSION Previous quadriceps injury, recent hamstring injury, the dominant kicking leg, and competitive match play were the strongest risk factors for future quadriceps muscle injury in sport. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(6):389-400. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10870.
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27
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Hinks A, Franchi MV, Power GA. The influence of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth on mechanical function. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:87-103. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00114.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the remarkable ability to remodel and adapt, such as the increase in serial sarcomere number (SSN) or fascicle length (FL) observed after overstretching a muscle. This type of remodelling is termed longitudinal muscle fascicle growth, and its impact on biomechanical function has been of interest since the 1960s due to its clinical applications in muscle strain injury, muscle spasticity, and sarcopenia. Despite simplified hypotheses on how longitudinal muscle fascicle growth might influence mechanical function, existing literature presents conflicting results partly due to a breadth of methodologies. The purpose of this review is to outline what is currently known about the influence of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth on mechanical function and suggest future directions to address current knowledge gaps and methodological limitations. Various interventions indicate longitudinal muscle fascicle growth can increase the optimal muscle length for active force, but whether the whole force-length relationship widens has been less investigated. Future research should also explore the ability for longitudinal fascicle growth to broaden the torque-angle relationship's plateau region, and the relation to increased force during shortening. Without a concurrent increase in intramuscular collagen, longitudinal muscle fascicle growth also reduces passive tension at long muscle lengths; further research is required to understand whether this translates to increased joint range of motion. Lastly, some evidence suggests longitudinal fascicle growth can increase maximum shortening velocity and peak isotonic power, however, there has yet to be direct assessment of these measures in a neurologically intact model of longitudinal muscle fascicle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martino V. Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,, University of Padua, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Geoffrey A. Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Valle O, Sheridan SS, Rauch JJ, Sarver JJ, Paul RW, Thomas SJ. Chronic Effects of Pitching on Muscle Thickness and Strength of the Scapular Stabilizers in Professional Baseball Players. Sports Health 2022; 15:342-348. [PMID: 35466817 PMCID: PMC10170226 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221085004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The posterior scapular muscles eccentrically contract to disperse the high forces observed in the deceleration phase of pitching. Muscular adaptations often occur following chronic eccentric loading, however, no study has evaluated the adaptations of the posterior scapular muscles with regard to throwing and their relationship with humeral retroversion (HR) in professional pitchers. HYPOTHESIS Significant chronic adaptations in muscle thickness (MT) and strength of the trapezius and rhomboids would be observed in healthy professional baseball pitchers, and there would be a significant relationship between humeral adaptations (ie, HR) and posterior scapular muscle adaptations (ie, strength and MT). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional; Level 3. METHODS A total of 28 healthy male professional baseball pitchers (age, 22 ± 2 years; mass, 95 ± 17 kg; height, 190 ± 7 cm) were included in the study. Bilateral isometric muscle strength of the upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius, lower trapezius (LT), and rhomboids was measured during a maximum voluntary isometric contraction. Diagnostic ultrasound images of the UT, middle trapezius, LT, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor muscles were collected bilaterally to measure MT. HR was also quantified bilaterally with ultrasound. Paired sample t tests were used to compare dominant and nondominant strength and MT. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationship between HR, isometric strength, and MT. RESULTS A significantly increased MT of the LT was found on the dominant arm compared with the nondominant arm (5.4 ± 1.1 mm vs 4.4 ± 1.5 mm; P = 0.00). The Pearson correlation coefficient demonstrated a significant weak negative relationship between HR and rhomboid major MT (P = 0.03; R = -0.36), and a significant weak negative correlation between HR and middle trapezius isometric strength (P = 0.03; R = -0.37). CONCLUSION LT thickness was greater in the throwing arm compared with the nonthrowing arm of pitchers, suggesting a positive adaptation of the LT. Interestingly, there was a weak negative relationship between HR and both rhomboid major MT and middle trapezius isometric strength. This negative relationship suggests that since increased HR leads to decreased internal rotation range of motion during deceleration, the scapula may be forced into anterior tilt and protraction, which can place excessive eccentric load on the rhomboid major and middle trapezius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohsana Valle
- Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Joseph J Sarver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan W Paul
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- Department of Exercise Science, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Jourdan A, Rapacchi S, Guye M, Bendahan D, Masson C, Bège T. Dynamic-MRI quantification of abdominal wall motion and deformation during breathing and muscular contraction. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 217:106667. [PMID: 35231757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Biomechanical assessment of the abdominal wall represents a major prerequisite for a better understanding of physiological and pathological situations such as hernia, post-delivery recovery, muscle dystrophy or sarcopenia. Such an assessment is challenging and requires muscular deformations quantification which have been very scarcely reported in vivo. In the present study, we intended to characterize abdominal wall deformations in passive and active conditions using dynamic MRI combined to a semiautomatic segmentation procedure. METHODS Dynamic deformations resulting from three complementary exercises i.e. forced breathing, coughing and Valsalva maneuver were mapped in a transversal abdominal plane and so for twenty healthy volunteers. Real-time dynamic MRI series were acquired at a rate of 182 ms per image, then segmented semi-automatically to follow muscles deformation through each exercise. Circumferential and radial strains of each abdominal muscle were computed from the geometrical characteristics' quantification, namely the medial axis length and the thickness. Muscular radial displacement maps were computed using image registration. RESULTS Large variations in circumferential and radial strains were observed for the lateral muscles (LM) but remained low for the rectus abdominis muscles (RA). Contraction phases of each exercise led to LM muscle shortening down to -9.6 ± 5.9% during Valsalva maneuver with a 16.2 ± 9.6% thickness increase. Contraction also led to inward radial displacement of the LM up to 9.9 ± 4.1 mm during coughing. During maximal inhalation, a significant 10.0 ± 6.6% lengthening was quantified for LM while a significant thickness decrease was computed for the whole set of muscles (-14.7 ± 6.6% for LM and -7.3 ± 6.5% for RA). The largest displacement was observed for the medial part of RA (17.9 ± 8.0 mm) whereas the posterior part of LM underwent limited motion (2.8 ± 2.3 mm). Displacement rate and correlation between muscle thickness and medial axis length during each exercise provided insights regarding subject-specific muscle function. CONCLUSIONS Dynamic MRI is a promising tool for the assessment of the abdominal wall motion and deformations. The corresponding metrics which have been continuously recorded during the exercises provided global and regional quantitative information. These metrics offer perspectives for a genuine clinical evaluation tool dedicated to the assessment of abdominal muscles function in both healthy subjects and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Jourdan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, LBA, F-13016 Marseille, France.
| | | | - Maxime Guye
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France; APHM, Hopital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Catherine Masson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, LBA, F-13016 Marseille, France.
| | - Thierry Bège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Univ Gustave Eiffel, IFSTTAR, LBA, F-13016 Marseille, France; Department of General Surgery, Aix Marseille Univ, North Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France.
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Wijnands SDN, van der Steen MC, Grin L, van Oorschot L, Besselaar AT, Vanwanseele B. Muscle-tendon properties and functional gait outcomes in clubfoot patients with and without a relapse compared to typically developing children. Gait Posture 2022; 93:47-53. [PMID: 35066401 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered muscle-tendon properties in clubfoot patients could play a role in the occurrence of a relapse and negatively affect physical functioning. However, there is a lack of literature about muscle-tendon properties of clubfoot relapse patients. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of this study was to determine whether the muscle architecture of the medial gastrocnemius and the morphology of the Achilles tendon differ between typically developing children (TDC) and clubfoot patients with and without a relapse clubfoot and to determine the relationships between morphological and functional gait outcomes. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in clubfoot patients treated according to the Ponseti method and TDC aged 4-8 years. A division between clubfoot patients with and without a relapse was made. Fifteen clubfoot patients, 10 clubfoot relapse patients and 19 TDC were included in the study. Morphologic properties of the medial head of the Gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon were assessed by ultrasonography. Functional gait outcomes were assessed using three-dimensional gait analysis. Mean group differences were analysed with ANOVA and non-parametric alternatives. Relationships between functional and morphologic parameters were determined for all clubfoot patients together and for TDC with Spearman's rank correlation. RESULTS Morphological and functional gait parameters did not differ between clubfoot patients with and without a relapse, with exception of lower maximal dorsiflexor moment in clubfoot relapse patients. Compared to TDC, clubfoot and relapse patients did show lower functional gait outcomes, as well as shorter and more pennate muscles with a longer Achilles tendon. In all clubfoot patients, this longer relative tendon was related to higher ankle power and plantarflexor moment. SIGNIFICANCE In clubfoot and relapse patients, abnormalities in morphology did not always relate to worse functional gait outcomes. Understanding these relationships in all clubfoot patients may improve the knowledge about clubfoot and aid future treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D N Wijnands
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Postbus 550, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Trauma, Máxima MC, Postbus 90052, 5600 PD Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M C van der Steen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Trauma, Máxima MC, Postbus 90052, 5600 PD Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Trauma, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Postbus 1350, 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L Grin
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Postbus 550, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 347, 5612 MA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L van Oorschot
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 347, 5612 MA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A T Besselaar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Trauma, Máxima MC, Postbus 90052, 5600 PD Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Trauma, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Postbus 1350, 5602 ZA Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B Vanwanseele
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Postbus 550, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Postbus 347, 5612 MA Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Effects of Six Weeks of Flywheel Single-Leg Romanian Deadlift Training on Speed, Jumping and Change of Direction Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031200. [PMID: 35162219 PMCID: PMC8834620 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of flywheel training, mainly in the bilateral half-squat exercise. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of single-leg Romanian deadlift flywheel training on speed, jumping and change of direction performance. Seventeen young healthy males underwent two periods of 3-week training based on two weekly sessions of 3 sets × 7 repetitions or 4 sets × 7 repetitions of single-leg Romanian deadlifts (0.037 kg/m² moment inertia) with their dominant and non-dominant leg. After the first three weeks of the program, the CMJ, the 10 m, 30 m and total sprint times, as well as the COD-90 test, presented likely substantial beneficial effects and a small decrease in the relationship between the sprint and COD-90 test performance. After the second period of the three-week training, likely detrimental effects were observed in some of the change of direction conditions and an increase in the relationship between the sprint and the COD-180 performance. It could be hypothesized that most of the flywheel training effects reported in the traditional protocols lasting a minimum of 5–6 weeks would occur in the first weeks of training.
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van der Zwaard S, Koppens TFP, Weide G, Levels K, Hofmijster MJ, de Koning JJ, Jaspers RT. Training-Induced Muscle Adaptations During Competitive Preparation in Elite Female Rowers. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:781942. [PMID: 34957399 PMCID: PMC8692787 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.781942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Training-induced adaptations in muscle morphology, including their magnitude and individual variation, remain relatively unknown in elite athletes. We reported changes in rowing performance and muscle morphology during the general and competitive preparation phases in elite rowers. Nineteen female rowers completed 8 weeks of general preparation, including concurrent endurance and high-load resistance training (HLRT). Seven rowers were monitored during a subsequent 16 weeks of competitive preparation, including concurrent endurance and resistance training with additional plyometric loading (APL). Vastus lateralis muscle volume, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), fascicle length, and pennation angle were measured using 3D ultrasonography. Rowing ergometer power output was measured as mean power in the final 4 minutes of an incremental test. Rowing ergometer power output improved during general preparation [+2 ± 2%, effect size (ES) = 0.22, P = 0.004], while fascicle length decreased (−5 ± 8%, ES = −0.47, P = 0.020). Rowing power output further improved during competitive preparation (+5 ± 3%, ES = 0.52, P = 0.010). Here, morphological adaptations were not significant, but demonstrated large ESs for fascicle length (+13 ± 19%, ES = 0.93), medium for pennation angle (−9 ± 15%, ES = −0.71), and small for muscle volume (+8 ± 13%, ES = 0.32). Importantly, rowers showed large individual differences in their training-induced muscle adaptations. In conclusion, vastus lateralis muscles of elite female athletes are highly adaptive to specific training stimuli, and adaptations largely differ between individual athletes. Therefore, coaches are encouraged to closely monitor their athletes' individual (muscle) adaptations to better evaluate the effectiveness of their training programs and finetune them to the athlete's individual needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tommie F P Koppens
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koen Levels
- Royal Dutch Rowing Federation, Amstelveen, Netherlands
| | - Mathijs J Hofmijster
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos J de Koning
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Alt T, Schmidt M. The ANHEQ Evaluation Criteria: Introducing Reliable Rating Scales for Assessing Nordic Hamstring Exercise Quality. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:91. [PMID: 34894312 PMCID: PMC8665968 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) is very popular for selective eccentric hamstring strengthening. However, NHE-related research is hindered by insufficient details about implementation and reporting. Available tools to assess study quality (e.g., PEDro or TESTEX scale) are too unspecific to account for the specific demands of NHE. Therefore, this study aimed to introduce two rating scales for Assessing Nordic Hamstring Exercise Quality (ANHEQ) of assessment and intervention studies. METHODS Eighteen graduated sports scientists, sports physiotherapists and elite coaches with scientific experience independently evaluated the quality of published NHE studies via ANHEQ scales, each comprising eight items and a maximal 13-point score. Inter-rater agreement was analyzed by using criterion-based reference values, while Krippendorff´s alpha determined inter-rater reliability. Systematic differences of the summated ANHEQ scores were determined using Friedman tests. RESULTS Inter-rater agreement was 87 ± 5% for NHE assessments and 88 ± 6% for interventions with single items ranging from 71 to 100%. Alpha values for inter-rater reliability ranged from fair (.250) to perfect (1.00) depending on the item. Total ANHEQ scores revealed coefficients of .829 (almost perfect) and .772 (substantial) without significant inter-rater differences (p = .292). CONCLUSIONS The ANHEQ scales are suitable tools to rate NHE execution quality and data presentation. They facilitate a comprehensive review of NHE-related evidence and potentially improve the design and reporting of future NHE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alt
- Department of Biomechanics, Performance Analysis and Strength and Conditioning, Olympic Training and Testing Centre Westphalia, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department for Sports and Sport Sciences, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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Mikami K, Samukawa M, Oba K, Nakamura K, Suzumori Y, Ishida Y, Matsumoto H, Aoki Y, Ishida T, Yamanaka M, Tohyama H. Torque-angle curve of the knee flexors in athletes with a prior history of hamstring strain. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 54:29-35. [PMID: 34929533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the knee flexor torque-angle curve after hamstring strain injury using different muscle action types and angular velocities. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Controlled laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen collegiate athletes injured hamstring strain (21.0 ± 0.8 years; 173.9 ± 6.5 cm; 70.1 ± 10.5 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Concentric and eccentric knee flexor torque was measured at 60 & 300°/sec. Peak torque and average torque every 10° were determined from torque-angle curve and injured side was compared with non-injured side. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the concentric muscle actions. However, the eccentric peak torque was significantly lower on the injured side at 60°/sec (p = 0.048) and at 300°/sec (p = 0.002). The average eccentric torque was significantly lower on the injured side at 60°/sec from 10° to 20° of knee flexion (p = 0.012-0.018) and at 300°/sec from 10° to 60° of knee flexion (p = 0.005-0.049). CONCLUSION The knee flexor torque-angle curve changes with eccentric muscle action after hamstring injury. Eccentric torque declines were close to full knee extension at 60°/sec and a wide range of knee flexion at 300°/sec. The assessment and rehabilitation of eccentric hamstring strength may be important to consider the effect of the angular velocity after hamstring strain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Oba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Hitsujigaoka Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Spine Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzumori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hitsujigaoka Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishida
- Sports Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsumoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Aoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Yamanaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Japan
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Effect of knee joint angle on individual hamstrings morphology quantified using free-hand 3D ultrasonography. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 62:102619. [PMID: 34839143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise responses and injury rates differ between individual hamstrings and this may be linked with their morphology. The aim of this study was to compare muscle length and tendon dimensions between the individual hamstrings at two knee joint angles using free hand three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US). Muscle-tendon length and distal tendon cross-sectional area (CSA), volume, length and echogenicity of biceps femoris long (BFlh) and short (BFsh) head, semimembranosus (SM) and semitendinosus (ST) of 16 individuals were measured using free-hand 3D US at 0° (full extension) and 45° of knee flexion. ST showed the greatest length than all muscles and BFsh the lowest (p < 0.05). No difference was observed between SM and BFlh length (p > 0.05). Of the four muscles, ST tendon was longer, with less volume and CSA but greater echogenicity than the other tendons. In contrast, SM and BFlh showed shorter tendons and lower echogenicity but a greater volume and CSA than ST (p < 0.05). Muscle and tendon lengthened from 45° to 0° knee flexion angle (p < 0.05) but this change was not statistically different between individual hamstrings (p > 0.05). Freehand 3D US indicated that hamstring muscle length and distal tendon dimensions differ between individual hamstrings. All muscles and tendons lengthened as the knee was extended but this change was similar for all individual hamstrings.
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36
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Role of Ultrasound in Managing Hamstring Muscle Injuries. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-021-00330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Deceleration Training in Team Sports: Another Potential 'Vaccine' for Sports-Related Injury? Sports Med 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 34716561 PMCID: PMC8761154 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity horizontal decelerations occur frequently in team sports and are typically performed to facilitate a reduction in momentum preceding a change of direction manoeuvre or following a sprinting action. The mechanical underpinnings of horizontal deceleration are unique compared to other high-intensity locomotive patterns (e.g., acceleration, maximal sprinting speed), and are characterised by a ground reaction force profile of high impact peaks and loading rates. The high mechanical loading conditions observed when performing rapid horizontal decelerations can lead to tissue damage and neuromuscular fatigue, which may diminish co-ordinative proficiency and an individual’s ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads. Furthermore, repetitive long-term deceleration loading cycles if not managed appropriately may propagate damage accumulation and offer an explanation for chronic aetiological consequences of the ‘mechanical fatigue failure’ phenomenon. Training strategies should look to enhance an athlete’s ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads, develop mechanically robust musculoskeletal structures, and ensure frequent high-intensity horizontal deceleration exposure in order to accustom individuals to the potentially damaging effects of intense decelerations that athletes will frequently perform in competition. Given the apparent importance of horizontal decelerations, in this Current Opinion article we provide considerations for sport science and medicine practitioners around the assessment, training and monitoring of horizontal deceleration. We feel these considerations could lead to new developments in injury-mitigation and physical development strategies in team sports.
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Uthoff A, Sommerfield LM, Pichardo AW. Effects of Resistance Training Methods on Golf Clubhead Speed and Hitting Distance: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2651-2660. [PMID: 34224506 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Uthoff, A, Sommerfield, LM, and Pichardo, AW. Effects of resistance training methods on golf clubhead speed and hitting distance: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2651-2660, 2021-Resistance training is widely regarded within the golfing community to improve golf performance by increasing clubhead speed (CHS) and drive distance and can be classified into 3 categories: nonspecific, specific, and combined. However, it is currently unclear which resistance training methods are most effective in improving predictors of golf performance. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to compare the effectiveness of nonspecific, specific, and combined strength training methods on CHS and drive distance. A systematic search strategy was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines to identify eligible articles through PubMed, SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE (EBSCO), and Google Scholar. The searches identified 4,557 potentially relevant results, with 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final review. Thirteen studies investigated nonspecific resistance training, one study investigated specific resistance training, and 7 studies investigated combined resistance training. Collectively, resistance training positively impacts golf CHS and hitting distance, but adaptations vary depending on the type and intensity of training, as well as subject's characteristics. Using a combination of nonspecific and golf-specific training (average increase of 4.1% CHS and 5.2% hitting distance) seems to enhance golf performance more than nonspecific strength training (average increase of 1.6% CHS and 4.8% hitting distance). Eight-week programs including golf-specific movements at high velocities for 3 to 4 sets of 5 to 15 repetitions are the most effective in increasing CHS and hitting distance. Future research investigating how golf-specific training influences CHS and hitting distance in various subgroups may provide further insight regarding prescription of this training type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
| | - Lesley M Sommerfield
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand ; and
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39
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Football de haut-niveau : analyses physique et physiologique – blessures et prévention. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sahinis C, Kellis E, Dafkou K, Ellinoudis A. Reliability of Distal Hamstring Tendon Length and Cross-sectional Area Using 3-D Freehand Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2579-2588. [PMID: 34246531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of distal hamstring tendon morphology using freehand 3-D ultrasound (US). Freehand 3-D US scans were acquired for 16 young males and females, in two sessions, spaced a week apart. The length, volume, cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI) of the semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris long and short head and semimembranosus (SM) tendons were acquired. Measurements of the CSA and EI were obtained from three sites along each tendon. The intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.88-0.99 of the examined variables, indicating high test-retest reliability. In addition, the minimal detectable change (MDC) ranged from 0.255-3.766 mm (MDC% of the mean: 0.406%-12.558%) for hamstring tendon length, from 0.036-0.077 mL (MDC%: 1.548%-3.178%) for tendon volume, from 0.512-1.948 mm2 (MDC%: 0.702%-3.586%) for CSA and from 0.898-2.586 au (MDC%: 1.145%-3.325%) for EI. Of the four hamstring tendons, ST had the greatest length (141.587 ± 10.701 mm) and EI (94.637 ± 5.536 au), while SM had the greatest volume (3.056 ± 0.421 mL) and CSA (115.277 ± 16.442 mm2) relative to other tendons. Freehand 3-D US appears to be a reliable tool for the evaluation of hamstring distal tendon morphology; hence, its use for in vivo evaluation of tendon properties is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysostomos Sahinis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece.
| | - Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dafkou
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Athanasios Ellinoudis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Morphological and Functional Changes of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle After Combined Mirror Visual Feedback and Electromyographic Biofeedback in Poststroke Patients: A Randomized Trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 100:766-773. [PMID: 33105154 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the morphological and functional changes of the tibialis anterior muscle after mirror visual feedback combined with electromyographic biofeedback in poststroke patients. DESIGN A total of 46 poststroke patients were randomly divided into three groups: a mirror visual feedback + electromyographic biofeedback group, a mirror visual feedback group, and a control group. The mirror visual feedback + electromyographic biofeedback group was treated with both mirror visual feedback and electromyographic biofeedback, and the mirror visual feedback group was treated with mirror visual feedback alone. The morphological parameters, including the pennation angle, muscle thickness, and fascicle length, were assessed. RESULTS After 4 wks of treatment, the pennation angle and muscle thickness values were significantly increased in the mirror visual feedback + electromyographic biofeedback and mirror visual feedback groups (P < 0.05). The increase of these values in the mirror visual feedback + electromyographic biofeedback group was significantly greater than that in both metrics in the mirror visual feedback and control groups (P < 0.05), and those in the mirror visual feedback group were greater than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the fascicle length value among the three groups as a result of the treatment. After the treatment, the neurological functions were all increased in three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A combination of mirror visual feedback and electromyographic biofeedback seems to be an effective therapy for improving the motor function of the tibialis anterior muscle in poststroke patients.Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR1800017050.
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Cronin K, Delahunt E, Foley S, De Vito G, McCarthy C, Cournane S. Semi-automated Tracing of Hamstring Muscle Architecture for B-mode Ultrasound Images. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:23-28. [PMID: 34215012 DOI: 10.1055/a-1493-3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hamstring strains are the most prevalent injury sustained by field-sport athletes. Insufficiencies in the architectural characteristics of the hamstring muscles can heighten an athlete's risk of incurring a hamstring strain. To evaluate the influence of hamstring muscle architectural characteristics (i. e., fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness) on injury risk, it is necessary to precisely evaluate these characteristics. Considering this, our aim was to develop and evaluate the precision of a novel semi-automated tracing software to measure the architectural characteristics of the biceps femoris long head (the most commonly injured hamstring muscle) in B-mode ultrasound images. We acquired static sonograms of the biceps femoris long head from ten healthy male field-sport athletes. The architectural characteristics (fascicle length, pennation angle, and muscle thickness) of participants' biceps femoris long head were evaluated 10 times using the tracing software, with the specific purpose of determining its measurement precision. The tracing software precisely measured the architectural characteristics of the participants' biceps femoris long head: fascicle length (% CV: 0.64-1.12), pennation angle (% CV: 2.58-10.70), muscle thickness (% CV: 0.48-2.04) Our semi-automated skeletal muscle tracing algorithm precisely measures fascicle length, pennation angles, and muscle thickness of the biceps femoris long head in static B-mode ultrasound images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cronin
- Radiography & Diagnostic Imaging, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Foley
- Radiography & Diagnostic Imaging, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Sean Cournane
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Krase AA, Terzis G, Giannaki CD, Stasinaki AN, Wilkinson TJ, Smith AC, Zorz C, Karatzaferi C, Stefanidis I, Sakkas GK. Seven months of aerobic intradialytic exercise training can prevent muscle loss in haemodialysis patients: an ultrasonography study. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 54:447-456. [PMID: 34184202 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-021-02931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 7-month intradialytic exercise training (IDE) on vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture, functional capacity and quality of life in stable haemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS 44 HD patients were randomly assigned into an Exercise Group (EG = 21), which they received 7 months of IET, at 60% of pre-assessed maximum aerobic power, 3/week) or into a Control Group (CG = 23, no exercise). VL architecture was evaluated with ultrasonography, functional capacity was assessed using a series of functional tests (6 min walking test, 5 repetitions sit-to-stand, sit-to-stand 60 s, handgrip strength), and maximal aerobic power determined with a modified version of the Åstrand test. Quality of life and fatigue levels were evaluated using validated questionnaires. RESULTS VL fascicle angle and length did not change significantly in both groups (P > 0.05). Muscle thickness decreased in CG (P = 0.02) while it was fully preserved in the EG. Functional capacity increased only in the EG (6 min walking test 15.79 ± 12.35%, P < 0.001; max aerobic power 26.36 ± 1.24%, P < 0.001; STS-60rep: 10.23 ± 1.60%, P < 0.000; hand grip strength: 5.14 ± 28.30%, P < 0.02). CONCLUSION Intradialytic aerobic exercise training, improves functional capacity and prevents thigh muscle mass loss in HD patients. It is evident that muscle ultrasonography could play a pivotal role in assessing muscle quality changes in haemodialysis patients. A higher level of training intensity or combination with resistance exercises may be required to further improve anabolism and influence muscle architecture in this patient population. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT03905551.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro A Krase
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aggeliki N Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Alice C Smith
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Constantinos Zorz
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Chrisitna Karatzaferi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Giorgos K Sakkas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100, Trikala, Greece. .,School of Sports and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.
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Pallarés JG, Hernández-Belmonte A, Martínez-Cava A, Vetrovsky T, Steffl M, Courel-Ibáñez J. Effects of range of motion on resistance training adaptations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1866-1881. [PMID: 34170576 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, there is a lack of consensus and high controversy about the most effective range of motion (ROM) to minimize the risk of injury and maximize the resistance training adaptations. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific evidence examining the effects of full and partial ROM resistance training interventions on neuromuscular, functional, and structural adaptations. METHODS The original protocol (CRD42020160976) was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database. Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify relevant articles from the earliest record up to and including March 2021. The RoB 2 and GRADE tools were used to judge the level of bias and quality of evidence. Meta-analyses were performed using robust variance estimation with small-sample corrections. RESULTS Sixteen studies were finally included in the systematic review and meta-analyses. Full ROM training produced significantly greater adaptations than partial ROM on muscle strength (ES = 0.56, p = 0.004) and lower-limb hypertrophy (ES = 0.88, p = 0.027). Furthermore, although not statistically significant, changes in functional performance were maximized by the full ROM training (ES = 0.44, p = 0.186). Finally, no significant superiority of either ROM was found to produce changes in muscle thickness, pennation angle, and fascicle length (ES = 0.28, p = 0.226). CONCLUSION Full ROM resistance training is more effective than partial ROM to maximize muscle strength and lower-limb muscle hypertrophy. Likewise, functional performance appears to be favored by the use of full ROM exercises. On the contrary, there are no large differences between the full and partial ROM interventions to generate changes in muscle architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Martínez-Cava
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomas Vetrovsky
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Steffl
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Javier Courel-Ibáñez
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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45
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Deng L, Zhang X, Xiao S, Wang B, Fu W. Gender Difference in Architectural and Mechanical Properties of Medial Gastrocnemius-Achilles Tendon Unit In Vivo. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060569. [PMID: 34204461 PMCID: PMC8234309 DOI: 10.3390/life11060569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to explore whether gender differences exist in the architectural and mechanical properties of the medial gastrocnemius–Achilles tendon unit (gMTU) in vivo. Thirty-six healthy male and female adults without training experience and regular exercise habits were recruited. The architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU were measured via an ultrasonography system and MyotonPRO, respectively. Independent t-tests were utilized to quantify the gender difference in the architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU. In terms of architectural properties, the medial gastrocnemius (MG)’s pennation angle and thickness were greater in males than in females, whereas no substantial gender difference was observed in the MG’s fascicle length; the males possessed Achilles tendons (ATs) with a longer length and a greater cross-sectional area than females. In terms of mechanical properties, the MG’s vertical stiffness was lower and the MG’s logarithmic decrement was greater in females than in males. Both genders had no remarkable difference in the AT’s vertical stiffness and logarithmic decrement. Gender differences of individuals without training experience and regular exercise habits exist in the architectural and mechanical properties of the gMTU in vivo. The MG’s force-producing capacities, ankle torque, mechanical efficiency and peak power were higher in males than in females. The load-resisting capacities of AT were greater and the MG strain was lesser in males than in females. These findings suggest that males have better physical fitness, speed and performance in power-based sports events than females from the perspective of morphology and biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Deng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (L.D.); (X.Z.); (S.X.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (L.D.); (X.Z.); (S.X.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Songlin Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (L.D.); (X.Z.); (S.X.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (L.D.); (X.Z.); (S.X.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (L.D.); (X.Z.); (S.X.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-6550-7368
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Faller B, Bonneau D, Wooten L, Jayaseelan DJ. Eccentric exercise in the prevention of patellofemoral pain in high-volume runners: A rationale for integration. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 3:119-124. [PMID: 35782158 PMCID: PMC9219282 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common overuse condition seen in high-volume runners, such as military recruits. Exercise is commonly prescribed, with benefit, for the rehabilitation of individuals with PFP. However, a substantial number of individuals with the condition do not achieve an optimal outcome, suggesting the condition can be difficult and complex. Given the challenging nature of the condition, and the risk of developing PFP in high-volume runners, it seems logical to investigate options for injury prevention. Eccentric exercise has been useful in the prevention of some pathologies so its utility in preventing PFP should be explored. Current evidence regarding prevention programs for PFP are limited. Preventative exercise programs for PFP have not been well described or reported, and questions remain regarding their effectiveness. Based on available evidence or lack thereof, and known physiological and clinical effects of eccentric exercise, suggestions for integration of eccentric exercise into PFP prevention programs are offered. Eccentric exercise may be useful for PFP prevention from a theoretical framework however additional longitudinal cohort studies would be useful in determining its utility.
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47
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Mpampoulis T, Methenitis S, Papadopoulos C, Papadimas G, Spiliopoulou P, Stasinaki AN, Bogdanis GC, Karampatsos G, Terzis G. Weak Association Between Vastus Lateralis Muscle Fiber Composition and Fascicle Length in Young Untrained Females. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:56. [PMID: 33925196 PMCID: PMC8146508 DOI: 10.3390/sports9050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between vastus lateralis muscle fiber length and fiber type composition in individuals with minimal exposure to systematic resistance/power training. In sixty female physical education students (age: 21.03 ± 2.1 years, body weight: 59.8 ± 9.7 kg, body height: 166.2 ± 6.5 cm), with no experience in systematic training, lean body mass, VL muscle architecture and fiber composition type, countermovement jumping (CMJ) performance, and isometric leg press rate of force development were evaluated. Data were analyzed for all participants, as well as two equally numbered groups assigned according to their maximum countermovement jumping power (High-Power or Low-Power group). Significant but low correlations were found between type II muscle fiber percentage and fascicle length (N = 60, p < 0.05). Significant correlations were found between type IIa and IIx muscle fiber percentage cross-sectional area (%CSA) and fascicle length (N = 60; r = 0.321, and r = 0.378; respectively, p < 0.05). These correlations were higher for the High-Power group (r = 0.499, and r = 0.522; respectively, p < 0.05), and lower, and nonsignificant, for the Low-Power group. The best predictor of strength/power performance was the lean body mass of the lower extremities (r = 0.389-0.645, p < 0.05). These results suggest that in females with minimal exposure to systematic training, fascicle length may be weakly linked with type II fiber areas, only in females with high-power profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mpampoulis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (P.S.); (A.-N.S.); (G.C.B.); (G.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (P.S.); (A.-N.S.); (G.C.B.); (G.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Constantinos Papadopoulos
- A’ Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Giorgos Papadimas
- A’ Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Polyxeni Spiliopoulou
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (P.S.); (A.-N.S.); (G.C.B.); (G.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (P.S.); (A.-N.S.); (G.C.B.); (G.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (P.S.); (A.-N.S.); (G.C.B.); (G.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Giorgos Karampatsos
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (P.S.); (A.-N.S.); (G.C.B.); (G.K.); (G.T.)
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (S.M.); (P.S.); (A.-N.S.); (G.C.B.); (G.K.); (G.T.)
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48
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Cuthbert M, Haff GG, Arent SM, Ripley N, McMahon JJ, Evans M, Comfort P. Effects of Variations in Resistance Training Frequency on Strength Development in Well-Trained Populations and Implications for In-Season Athlete Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1967-1982. [PMID: 33886099 PMCID: PMC8363540 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-season competition and tournaments for team sports can be both long and congested, with some sports competing up to three times per week. During these periods of time, athletes need to prepare technically, tactically and physically for the next fixture and the short duration between fixtures means that, in some cases, physical preparation ceases, or training focus moves to recovery as opposed to progressing adaptations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to investigate the effect of training frequency on muscular strength to determine if a potential method to accommodate in-season resistance training, during busy training schedules, could be achieved by utilizing shorter more frequent training sessions across a training week. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the SPORTDiscus, Ovid, PubMed and Scopus databases. 2134 studies were identified prior to application of the following inclusion criteria: (1) maximal strength was assessed, (2) a minimum of two different training frequency groups were included, (3) participants were well trained, and finally (4) compound exercises were included within the training programmes. A Cochrane risk of bias assessment was applied to studies that performed randomized controlled trials and consistency of studies was analysed using I2 as a test of heterogeneity. Secondary analysis of studies included Hedges' g effect sizes (g) and between-study differences were estimated using a random-effects model. RESULTS Inconsistency of effects between pre- and post-intervention was low within-group (I2 = 0%), and moderate between-group (I2 ≤ 73.95%). Risk of bias was also low based upon the Cochrane risk of bias assessment. Significant increases were observed overall for both upper (p ≤ 0.022) and lower (p ≤ 0.008) body strength, pre- to post-intervention, when all frequencies were assessed. A small effect was observed between training frequencies for upper (g ≤ 0.58) and lower body (g ≤ 0.45). CONCLUSION Over a 6-12-week period, there are no clear differences in maximal strength development between training frequencies, in well-trained populations. Such observations may permit the potential for training to be manipulated around competition schedules and volume to be distributed across shorter, but more frequent training sessions within a micro-cycle rather than being condensed into 1-2 sessions per week, in effect, allowing for a micro-dosing of the strength stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cuthbert
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK. .,Technical Directorate Division, The FA Group, St George's Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK.
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas Ripley
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - John J McMahon
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Martin Evans
- Technical Directorate Division, The FA Group, St George's Park, Burton-Upon-Trent, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Paul Comfort
- Human Performance Laboratory, Directorate of Sport, Exercise, and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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49
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Baumert P, Temple S, Stanley JM, Cocks M, Strauss JA, Shepherd SO, Drust B, Lake MJ, Stewart CE, Erskine RM. Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery after strenuous exercise depends on skeletal muscle size and stem cell characteristics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7733. [PMID: 33833326 PMCID: PMC8032692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring muscle injury is highly prevalent in sports involving repeated maximal sprinting. Although neuromuscular fatigue is thought to be a risk factor, the mechanisms underlying the fatigue response to repeated maximal sprints are unclear. Here, we show that repeated maximal sprints induce neuromuscular fatigue accompanied with a prolonged strength loss in hamstring muscles. The immediate hamstring strength loss was linked to both central and peripheral fatigue, while prolonged strength loss was associated with indicators of muscle damage. The kinematic changes immediately after sprinting likely protected fatigued hamstrings from excess elongation stress, while larger hamstring muscle physiological cross-sectional area and lower myoblast:fibroblast ratio appeared to protect against fatigue/damage and improve muscle recovery within the first 48 h after sprinting. We have therefore identified novel mechanisms that likely regulate the fatigue/damage response and initial recovery following repeated maximal sprinting in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baumert
- Exercise Biology Group, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - S Temple
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J M Stanley
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Cocks
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J A Strauss
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S O Shepherd
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M J Lake
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - C E Stewart
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - R M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise & Health, University College London, London, UK
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50
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Kellis E, Konstantinidou A, Ellinoudis A. Muscle Length of the Hamstrings Using Ultrasonography Versus Musculoskeletal Modelling. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6010026. [PMID: 33809069 PMCID: PMC8006252 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle morphology is an important contributor to hamstring muscle injury and malfunction. The aim of this study was to examine if hamstring muscle-tendon lengths differ between various measurement methods as well as if passive length changes differ between individual hamstrings. The lengths of biceps femoris long head (BFlh), semimembranosus (SM), and semitendinosus (ST) of 12 healthy males were determined using three methods: Firstly, by identifying the muscle attachments using ultrasound (US) and then measuring the distance on the skin using a flexible ultrasound tape (TAPE-US). Secondly, by scanning each muscle using extended-field-of view US (EFOV-US) and, thirdly, by estimating length using modelling equations (MODEL). Measurements were performed with the participant relaxed at six combinations of hip (0°, 90°) and knee (0°, 45°, and 90°) flexion angles. The MODEL method showed greater BFlh and SM lengths as well as changes in length than US methods. EFOV-US showed greater ST and SM lengths than TAPE-US (p < 0.05). SM length change across all joint positions was greater than BFlh and ST (p < 0.05). Hamstring length predicted using regression equations is greater compared with those measured using US-based methods. The EFOV-US method yielded greater ST and SM length than the TAPE-US method. SM showed the highest change in length at different hip and knee joint positions.
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