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Marocolo M, Souza HLR. The excessive presence of technology in sports: Are we overvaluing its capabilities? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 137:818-819. [PMID: 39313466 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00470.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Hiago L R Souza
- Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Bachand R, Bazett-Jones DM, Esculier JF, Fox C, Norte GE, Garcia MC. The Dogma of Running Injuries: Perceptions of Adolescent and Adult Runners. J Athl Train 2024; 59:955-961. [PMID: 39320952 PMCID: PMC11440822 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0164.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adults perceive certain factors to increase or decrease the risk of sustaining running-related injuries, but many of their perceptions are not supported by research. Little is known about the perceptions that adolescent runners hold. Investigating perceptions for adolescent runners is needed to assist in the development of future injury educational materials, as these resources may need to be tailored differently for adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVE To identify factors that adolescent runners perceive as risk or protective factors for running-related injuries and to compare these perceptions with those of adult runners. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Online survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS We surveyed 302 adolescent (164 females, 138 males; age = 16.0 ± 1.4 years [range, 12-19 years]) and 357 adult runners (197 women, 160 men; age = 40.7 ± 11.8 years [range, 20-77 years]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants completed a survey with questions about whether factors related to training habits, footwear, biomechanics, strength, stretching, or nutrition influence the risk of sustaining a running-related injury. If ≥75% of adolescents indicated that a factor increases or decreases the risk of sustaining an injury, we considered that factor to be a perceived risk or protective factor, respectively. We also performed Fisher's exact test to compare the proportion of adolescent and adult runners who responded with "increase," "decrease," "neither increase or decrease," or "I don't know" to each question. RESULTS Adolescent runners perceived training habits, footwear, biomechanics, strength, stretching, and nutrition to increase or decrease the risk of sustaining a running-related injury. A larger proportion of adolescents than adults perceived that more footwear cushioning and stretching decrease injury risk, but a smaller proportion perceived that overtraining increases injury risk and strength decreases injury risk. CONCLUSIONS Differences in perceptions exist between adolescent and adult runners, and future educational materials and research questions may need to be tailored for different running populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven Bachand
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, OH
| | | | | | - Christine Fox
- Department of Educational Studies, University of Toledo, OH
| | - Grant E Norte
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, OH
| | - Micah C Garcia
- School of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Toledo, OH
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Xia H, Huang Y, Chen G, Cheng S, Cheung RTH, Shull PB. Self-selected running gait modifications reduce acute impact loading, awkwardness, and effort. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:1043-1056. [PMID: 34105440 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1916576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Impact loading has been associated with running-related injuries, and gait retraining has been suggested as a means of reducing impact loading and lowering the risk of injury. However, gait retraining can lead to increased perceived awkwardness and effort. The influence of specifically trained and self-selected running gait modifications on acute impact loading, perceived awkwardness and effort is currently unclear. Sixteen habitual rearfoot/midfoot runners performed forefoot strike pattern, increased step rate, anterior trunk lean and self-selected running gait modifications on an instrumented treadmill based on real-time biofeedback. Impact loading, perceived awkwardness and effort scores were compared among the four gait retraining conditions. Self-selected gait modification reduced vertical average loading rate (VALR) by 25.3%, vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) by 27.0%, vertical impact peak (VIP) by 16.8% as compared with baseline. Forefoot strike pattern reduced VALR, VILR and peak tibial acceleration. Increased step rate reduced VALR. Anterior trunk lean did not reduce any impact loading. Self-selected gait modification was perceived as less awkward and require less effort than the specifically trained gait modification (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that self-selected gait modification could be a more natural and less effortful strategy than specifically trained gait modification to reduce acute impact loading, while the clinical significance remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisheng Xia
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sulin Cheng
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter B Shull
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Fraser JJ, Pommier R, MacGregor AJ, Silder A, Sander TC. Does policy that provides choice in athletic footwear affect musculoskeletal injury risk in US Coast Guard recruits? BMJ Mil Health 2024; 170:290-295. [PMID: 36175029 DOI: 10.1136/military-2022-002211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Musculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) are ubiquitous during initial entry military training, with overuse injuries the most common. A common injury mechanism is running, an activity that is integral to US Coast Guard (USCG) training and a requirement for graduation. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of a policy that allowed for athletic footwear choice on risk of lower quarter MSKI in USCG recruits. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed that included 1230 recruits (1040 men, 190 women) who trained under a policy that allowed self-selection of athletic footwear and 2951 recruits (2329 men, 622 women) who trained under a policy that mandated use of prescribed uniform athletic shoes and served as controls. Demographic data and physical performance were derived from administrative records. Injury data were abstracted from a medical tracking database. Unadjusted risk calculations and multivariable logistic regression assessing the effects of group, age, sex, height, body mass and 2.4 km run times on MSKI were performed. RESULTS Ankle-foot, leg, knee and lumbopelvic-hip complex injuries were ubiquitous in both groups (experimental: 13.13 per 1000 person-weeks; control: 11.69 per 1000 person-weeks). Group was not a significant factor for any of the injuries assessed in either the unadjusted or adjusted analysis, despite widespread reports of pain (58.6%), perceived injury attribution (15.7%), perceived deleterious effect on performance (25.3%), general dissatisfaction (46.3%) and intended discontinuance of use following graduation (87.7%). CONCLUSION MSKI continues to be a major source of morbidity in the recruit training population. The policy that allowed USCG recruits to self-select athletic footwear did not decrease or increase the risk of MSKI. While regulations pertaining to footwear choice did not influence injury outcomes, there was general dissatisfaction with the prescribed uniform athletic footwear conveyed by the recruits and widespread reports of discomfort, perceived deleterious effects from wear and intended discontinued use following training completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Fraser
- Operational Readiness and Health Directorate, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - R Pommier
- Samuel J Call Health Services Center, US Coast Guard Training Center, Cape May, New Jersey, USA
| | - A J MacGregor
- Medical Modelling, Simulation, and Mission Support Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - A Silder
- Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - T C Sander
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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Papagiannaki M, Samoladas E, Arabatzi F, Tsouknidas A. Could footwear stiffness reduce the development of proinflammatory markers in long-distance runners? Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:356-361. [PMID: 39029586 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Strenuous running triggers the coordination of pro- and anti-inflammatory, as well as immunoregulatory cytokines, which are upregulated in response to inflammatory stimulus and thus considered a precursor to overuse injury. The aim of this study was to correlate injury risk to footwear stiffness normalized against each runner's weight, i.e. the midsole's ability to resist deformation in response to the applied force. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experienced runners participated in a 2h 15 min intensity-controlled run, averaging 85 % of their threshold heart rate. Venous blood, collected in the field prior to and immediately after the race, was subjected to multi-parameter flow cytometry, to monitor the plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Footwear stiffness was determined utilizing an automated drop test, recreating footfall pattern, impact speed and weight of each runner. Plasma level increase was analyzed for each cytokine, using one-way ANOVA and the data associated to footwear stiffness through the calculation of Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS Only IL-6 levels exhibited a statistical significant increase pre-to post-race, corresponding to F (1,8) = 24.0417 with a critical value of 4.4139. The increase in IL-6 levels was also found to produce a strong correlation to footwear stiffness, expressed in a Pearson coefficient of r (8) = 0.79 at ρ = 0.0063 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The significant increase in pro-inflammatory markers, such as IL-6 which are associated with injury, would suggest that runners using compliant footwear are at lower risk of overuse injury than the ones running on stiffer midsoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papagiannaki
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Health Sciences School, University of Western Macedonia, Ptolemaida, Greece; Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Ag. Ioannis, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Efthimios Samoladas
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fotini Arabatzi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Ag. Ioannis, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexander Tsouknidas
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Computational Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece; Laboratory of Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Sciences and Biomaterials, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yeo EXS, Chhabra K, Kong PW. Influence of combat boot types on in-shoe forces and perceived comfort during unloaded and loaded walking. BMJ Mil Health 2024; 170:37-42. [PMID: 35296550 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combat boots are essential protective gear for military personnel. The purposes of the present study were to examine (1) the influence of combat boot type on ground reaction force (GRF) variables and perceived comfort during unloaded and loaded walking and (2) the relationship between comfort and biomechanical measurements. METHODS Four types of combat boots with different physical features (eg, mass, thickness) and mechanical properties (eg, cushioning, rigidity) were compared across 61 male participants with experience in military marching while carrying heavy loads. In each boot type, participants completed a 10-m walk under an unloaded and a 20-kg loaded conditions at their preferred speeds. Peak force and loading rate during walking were measured using the loadsol wireless in-shoe sensor system. Comfort level was assessed using a 7-point Likert scale. Difference between loaded and unloaded walking, and across boot types were statistically compared. Correlation analyses were performed between comfort and GRF variables. RESULTS On average across all boot types, participants walked 2.1% slower when carrying 20-kg loads while experiencing 24.3% higher peak force and 20.8% higher loading rate. Boot D was perceived as most comfortable, followed by boots C, B and A (χ2(2)=115.4, p<0.001). Participants walked slightly faster (p=0.022, ηp 2 = 0.052) and displayed higher loading rates (p<0.001, ηp 2=0.194) in the two more comfortable boots (C and D) than the less comfortable boots (A and B). No significant correlations were found between perceived comfort and any GRF variables. CONCLUSIONS Combat boot features can influence perceived comfort ratings substantially during walking, whereas biomechanical differences among boot types are more subtle regardless of load conditions. The lack of relationship between comfort and force variables suggests that both subjective and objective measurements should be considered for comprehensive evaluation of combat boots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice X S Yeo
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - K Chhabra
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - P W Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Jafarnezhadgero AA, Jahangirpour A, Parsa H, Sajedi H, Granacher U, Souza Oliveira A. The Impact of Excessive Body Weight and Foot Pronation on Running Kinetics: A Cross-Sectional Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:116. [PMID: 38055073 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running exercise is an effective means to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. Besides these health benefits, running is also associated with musculoskeletal injuries that can be more prevalent in individuals with excessive body weight. Little is known regarding the specific effects of overweight and foot pronation on ground reaction force distribution during running. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of overweight/obesity and foot pronation on running kinetics. METHODS Eighty-four young adults were allocated to four experimental groups: non-excessive body weight/non-pronated feet; non-excessive body weight/pronated feet; overweight or obesity/ non-pronated feet and overweight or obesity/pronated feet. Biomechanical testing included participants to run at ~ 3.2 m/s over an 18-m walkway with an embedded force plate at its midpoint. Three-dimensional ground reaction forces were recorded and normalized to body mass to evaluate running kinetics from 20 running trials. Test-re-test reliability for running speed data demonstrated ICC > 0.94 for each group and in total. RESULTS The results indicated significantly lower vertical impact peak forces (p = 0.001, effect size = 0.12), shorter time to reach the vertical impact peak (p = 0.006, effect size = 0.08) and reduced vertical loading rate (p = 0.0007, effect size = 0.13) in individuals with excessive body weight (overweight or obesity/non-pronated feet group and overweight or obesity/pronated feet) compared with individuals non-excessive body weight (non-excessive body weight/non-pronated feet and non-excessive body weight/pronated feet). Moreover, the excessive body weight groups presented lower peak braking (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.06) and propulsion forces (p = 0.003, effect size = 0.09), lower medio-lateral loading rate (p = 0.0009, effect size = 0.12), and greater free moments (p = 0.01, effect size = 0.07) when compared to the non-overweight groups. Moreover, a significant body mass by foot pronation interaction was found for peak medio-lateral loading rate. Non-excessive body weight/pronated feet, excessive body weight/non-pronated feet and excessive body weight/pronation groups presented lower medio-lateral loading rates compared to non-excessive body weight/non-pronated feet (p = 0.0001, effect size = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that excessive body weight has an impact on ground reaction forces during running. We particularly noted an increase in medio-lateral and torsional forces during the stance phase. Individuals with excessive body weight appear to adapt their running patterns in an effort to attenuate early vertical impact loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Jafarnezhadgero
- Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Azin Jahangirpour
- Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamed Parsa
- Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Heidar Sajedi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, İstanbul Esenyurt University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Sandfangweg 4, 79102, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Anderson Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigestræde 16, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
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Mai P, Robertz L, Robbin J, Bill K, Weir G, Kurz M, Trudeau MB, Hollander K, Hamill J, Willwacher S. Towards functionally individualised designed footwear recommendation for overuse injury prevention: a scoping review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:152. [PMID: 37951935 PMCID: PMC10638717 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Injury prevention is essential in running due to the risk of overuse injury development. Tailoring running shoes to individual needs may be a promising strategy to reduce this risk. Novel manufacturing processes allow the production of individualised running shoes that incorporate features that meet individual biomechanical and experiential needs. However, specific ways to individualise footwear to reduce injury risk are poorly understood. Therefore, this scoping review provides an overview of (1) footwear design features that have the potential for individualisation; and (2) the literature on the differential responses to footwear design features between selected groups of individuals. These purposes focus exclusively on reducing the risk of overuse injuries. We included studies in the English language on adults that analysed: (1) potential interaction effects between footwear design features and subgroups of runners or covariates (e.g., age, sex) for running-related biomechanical risk factors or injury incidences; (2) footwear comfort perception for a systematically modified footwear design feature. Most of the included articles (n = 107) analysed male runners. Female runners may be more susceptible to footwear-induced changes and overuse injury development; future research should target more heterogonous sampling. Several footwear design features (e.g., midsole characteristics, upper, outsole profile) show potential for individualisation. However, the literature addressing individualised footwear solutions and the potential to reduce biomechanical risk factors is limited. Future studies should leverage more extensive data collections considering relevant covariates and subgroups while systematically modifying isolated footwear design features to inform footwear individualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mai
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany.
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Leon Robertz
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johanna Robbin
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Bill
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gillian Weir
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Markus Kurz
- Sports Tech Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | | | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
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Yawar A, Lieberman DE. Biomechanical Tradeoffs in Foot Function From Variations in Shoe Design. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:128-139. [PMID: 37220782 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There is debate and confusion over how to evaluate the biomechanical effects of running shoe design. Here, we use an evolutionary perspective to analyze how key design features of running shoes alter the evolved biomechanics of the foot, creating a range of tradeoffs in force production and transmission that may affect performance and vulnerability to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yawar
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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Burns GT, Tam N, Santos-Concejero J, Tucker R, Zernicke RF. Assessing spring-mass similarity in elite and recreational runners. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1224459. [PMID: 37719459 PMCID: PMC10502723 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1224459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamic complexity and individualization of running biomechanics has challenged the development of objective and comparative gait measures. Here, we present and explore several novel biomechanical metrics for running that are informed by a canonical inter-species gait template-the spring-mass model. The measures assess running mechanics systemically against the template via quantifying characteristics of a runner's kinetics relative to the energy-conserving elastic system-i.e., their "spring-mass similarity". Applying these metrics in a retrospective cohort investigation, we studied the overground kinetics of two heterogenous populations of runners in two footwear conditions: elite and recreational athletes in shod and barefoot conditions. Across all measures and within foot strike types, the elite runners exhibited mechanics that were more similar to those of the ideally elastic spring-mass template. The elite runners had more symmetric bounces, less discrepancy (i.e., greater coordination) between horizontal and vertical kinetic changes, and better fit to a spring-mass vertical ground reaction force time series. Barefoot running elicited greater kinetic coordination in the recreational runners. At a faster speed, the elites further improved their similarity to the template. Overall, the more economical elite group exhibited greater likeness to the linearly elastic, energy-conserving spring-mass system than their recreational counterparts. This study introduces novel biomechanical measures related to performance in distance running. More broadly, it provides new, approachable metrics for systemic quantification of gait biomechanics in runners across all demographics. These metrics may be applied to assess a runner's global biomechanical response to a variety of interventions, including training adaptations, rehabilitation programs, and footwear conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T. Burns
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas Tam
- Division for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Division for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ross Tucker
- Division for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- World Rugby, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronald F. Zernicke
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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11
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Horst F, Hoitz F, Slijepcevic D, Schons N, Beckmann H, Nigg BM, Schöllhorn WI. Identification of subject-specific responses to footwear during running. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11284. [PMID: 37438380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Placing a stronger focus on subject-specific responses to footwear may lead to a better functional understanding of footwear's effect on running and its influence on comfort perception, performance, and pathogenesis of injuries. We investigated subject-specific responses to different footwear conditions within ground reaction force (GRF) data during running using a machine learning-based approach. We conducted our investigation in three steps, guided by the following hypotheses: (I) For each subject x footwear combination, unique GRF patterns can be identified. (II) For each subject, unique GRF characteristics can be identified across footwear conditions. (III) For each footwear condition, unique GRF characteristics can be identified across subjects. Thirty male subjects ran ten times at their preferred (self-selected) speed on a level and approximately 15 m long runway in four footwear conditions (barefoot and three standardised running shoes). We recorded three-dimensional GRFs for one right-foot stance phase per running trial and classified the GRFs using support vector machines. The highest median prediction accuracy of 96.2% was found for the subject x footwear classification (hypothesis I). Across footwear conditions, subjects could be discriminated with a median prediction accuracy of 80.0%. Across subjects, footwear conditions could be discriminated with a median prediction accuracy of 87.8%. Our results suggest that, during running, responses to footwear are unique to each subject and footwear design. As a result, considering subject-specific responses can contribute to a more differentiated functional understanding of footwear effects. Incorporating holistic analyses of biomechanical data is auspicious for the evaluation of (subject-specific) footwear effects, as unique interactions between subjects and footwear manifest in versatile ways. The applied machine learning methods have demonstrated their great potential to fathom subject-specific responses when evaluating and recommending footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Horst
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Fabian Hoitz
- Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Djordje Slijepcevic
- Institute of Creative Media Technologies, Department of Media & Digital Technologies, St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences, St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Nicolas Schons
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hendrik Beckmann
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benno M Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Wolfgang I Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Xiang L, Gu Y, Wang A, Shim V, Gao Z, Fernandez J. Foot Pronation Prediction with Inertial Sensors during Running: A Preliminary Application of Data-Driven Approaches. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:29-40. [PMID: 37559759 PMCID: PMC10407326 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/163059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal foot postures may affect foot movement and joint loading during locomotion. Investigating foot posture alternation during running could contribute to injury prevention and foot mechanism study. This study aimed to develop feature-based and deep learning algorithms to predict foot pronation during prolonged running. Thirty-two recreational runners have been recruited for this study. Nine-axial inertial sensors were attached to the right dorsum of the foot and the vertical axis of the distal anteromedial tibia. This study employed feature-based machine learning algorithms, including support vector machine (SVM), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest, and deep learning, i.e., one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (CNN1D), to predict foot pronation. A custom nested k-fold cross-validation was designed for hyper-parameter tuning and validating the model's performance. The XGBoot classifier achieved the best accuracy using acceleration and angular velocity data from the foot dorsum as input. Accuracy and the area under curve (AUC) were 74.7 ± 5.2% and 0.82 ± 0.07 for the subject-independent model and 98 ± 0.4% and 0.99 ± 0 for the record-wise method. The test accuracy of the CNN1D model with sensor data at the foot dorsum was 74 ± 3.8% for the subject-wise approach with an AUC of 0.8 ± 0.05. This study found that these algorithms, specifically for the CNN1D and XGBoost model with inertial sensor data collected from the foot dorsum, could be implemented into wearable devices, such as a smartwatch, for monitoring a runner's foot pronation during long-distance running. It has the potential for running shoe matching and reducing or preventing foot posture-induced injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan Wang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vickie Shim
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Fortune AE, Sims JMG, Ampat G. Does orthotics use improve comfort, speed, and injury rate during running? A randomised control trial. World J Orthop 2023; 14:348-361. [PMID: 37304196 PMCID: PMC10251264 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v14.i5.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running is a hugely popular sport. Unfortunately, running-related injury (RRI) rates are high, particularly amongst amateur and recreational runners. Finding ways to reduce RRI rates and maximise comfort and performance for runners is important. Evidence regarding whether orthotics can successfully improve these parameters is limited and contradicting. Further research is required to provide runners with clearer guidance on the usefulness of orthotics.
AIM To investigate the effect of Aetrex Orthotics on comfort, speed and RRI rates during recreational running.
METHODS One hundred and six recreational runners were recruited on a voluntary basis via running clubs and social media pages and randomised into either the intervention or control group. Participants in the intervention group ran with Aetrex L700 Speed Orthotics inserted in their usual running shoes, whilst participants in the control group ran in their usual running shoes with no orthotics. The study ran for an 8-wk period. Participants provided data relating to running comfort, distance, and time during weeks 3-6. Participants provided data relating to any RRIs they sustained during all 8 wks. Running distance and time were used to calculate running speed in miles per hour (mph). For each outcome variable, 95% confidence intervals and P values were calculated to assess the statistical significance between the groups. For comfort and speed data, univariate multi-level analysis was performed, and for outcome variables with significant between group differences, multi-level multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate any confounding effects of gender and age.
RESULTS Ninety-four participants were included in the final analysis (drop-out rate = 11%). Comfort and speed from 940 runs and 978 injury data reports were analysed. Participants who ran with orthotics reported, on average, speeds 0.30 mph faster (P = 0.20) and comfort scores 1.27 points higher (P ≤ 0.001) than participants who ran with no orthotics. They were also 2.22 times less likely to sustain an injury (P = 0.08) than participants who ran with no orthotics. However, findings were only significant for comfort and not for speed or injury rates. Age and gender were found to be significant predictors of comfort. However, the improvements in comfort reported by participants who ran with orthotics were still significant after adjusting for age and gender.
CONCLUSION This study found orthotics to improve comfort and speed and prevent RRIs whilst running. However, these findings were only statistically significant for comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Fortune
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | | | - George Ampat
- School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, Merseyside, United Kingdom
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14
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Fife A, Ramsey C, Esculier JF, Hébert-Losier K. How do road runners select their shoes? A systematic review. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2023.2180543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fife
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Codi Ramsey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Francois Esculier
- Research & Development, The Running Clinic™, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
- Research & Development, The Running Clinic™, Quebec City, Canada
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15
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Ramsey C, Peterson B, Hébert-Losier K. Measurement and reporting of footwear characteristics in running biomechanics: A systematic search and narrative synthesis of contemporary research methods. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:351-387. [PMID: 36214324 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2125431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aimed to synthesise the methods for assessing and reporting footwear characteristics among studies evaluating the effect of footwear on running biomechanics. Electronic searches of Scopus®, EBSCO, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and Web of Science® were performed to identify original research articles of the effect of running footwear on running biomechanics published from 1st January 2015 to 7th October 2020. Risk of bias among included studies was not assessed. Results were presented via narrative synthesis. Eligible studies compared the effect of two or more footwear conditions in adult runners on a biomechanical parameter. Eighty-seven articles were included and data from 242 individual footwear were extracted. Predominantly, studies reported footwear taxonomy (i.e., classification) and manufacturer information, however omitted detail regarding the technical specifications of running footwear and did not use validated footwear reporting tools. There is inconsistency among contemporary studies in the methods by which footwear characteristics are assessed and reported. These findings point towards a need for consensus regarding the reporting of these characteristics within biomechanical studies to facilitate the conduct of systematic reviews and meta-analyses pertaining to the effect of running footwear on running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codi Ramsey
- Institute of Sport , Exercise and Health, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Peterson
- Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
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16
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Huang M, Mo S, Pak-Kwan Chan P, Chan ZYS, Zhang-Lea JH, Cheung RTH. The influence of running shoes on familiarization time for treadmill running biomechanics evaluation. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:459-472. [PMID: 35232315 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2046144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated treadmill familiarisation time in different shoe conditions by comparing lower limb consecutive kinematics waveforms using a trend symmetry method to calculate trend symmetry index, range amplitude ratio and range offset. Eighteen young adults (26.6 ± 3.3 years, 7 females) completed three 10-minute running trials at their preferred running speed (2.30 ± 0.17 m/s) on a treadmill with three shoe conditions (i.e., usual, minimalist and maximalist shoes) in a random order. Sagittal lower limb kinematic data were recorded using inertial measurement units. The results showed that sagittal-plane kinematic waveforms in the hip, knee and ankle remained consistent (trend symmetry > 0.95) without extreme excursions (range amplitude ratio ≈ 1) over 10 minutes within each testing shoe condition. Significant time × shoe interaction effect was observed in range offset (i.e., absolute differences in the average degree of kinematic waveforms between consecutive minutes) at ankle (p = 0.029, ŋp2 = 0.096) and knee (p = 0.002, ŋp2 = 0.126). Post-hoc analysis suggested that running with novel shoes required a shorter time to achieve stable lower limb kinematics (2 to 3 minutes) compared with usual shoes (7 minutes). In conclusion, young healthy adults need up to 3 and 7 minutes to familiarise to the treadmill when running at their preferred speed with their novel and usual running shoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhen Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shiwei Mo
- Research Center of Health & Exercise Sciences, Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peter Pak-Kwan Chan
- Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Janet H Zhang-Lea
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
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17
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Langley B. Fatigue related changes in rearfoot eversion: a means of functionally grouping runners? Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:363-371. [PMID: 35394890 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2064768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue alters rearfoot kinematics on an individual basis and may offer a means of functionally grouping runners. This proof of concept study aimed to determine whether fatigue related changes in rearfoot eversion could be used to functionally group runners. Sixteen male recreational runners had their frontal plane rearfoot kinematics recorded by a three-dimensional motion capture system before and after a 5km run. The magnitude of change in frontal plane rearfoot kinematics pre- to post-fatigue was calculated and K-means clustering used to identify functional groups based upon these changes. T-tests with statistical parametric mapping were used to compare fatigue related changes both within and between clusters. Two clusters or functional groups were evident within the data set. Nine participants were allocated to cluster 1 and displayed small and insignificant changes in frontal plane rearfoot motion post-fatigue. In contrast, the remaining seven participants were assigned to cluster 2 and displayed significant increases in rearfoot eversion between 3 and 84% of the stance phase post-fatigue. These findings prove the concept that fatigue related changes in rearfoot eversion can be used to functionally group participants. Additionally, the differing fatigue related changes reported by each group may alter the injury risk, training and footwear needs of each group. HighlightsFatigue related changes in frontal plane rearfoot motion can be used to functionally group individuals.Cluster 1 display small and insignificant fatigue related changes, which suggests they can maintain their habitual movement pathway.Cluster 2 displayed significant increases in rearfoot eversion for the majority of the stance phase, suggesting an inability to maintain their habitual movement pathway, which may increase injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Langley
- Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, UK
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18
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Wang IL, Su Y, Yao S, Jiang YH, Li HY, Lai CY. Effect of wearing medical protective masks on treadmill running performance in the postpandemic era: a randomised trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:6. [PMID: 36631910 PMCID: PMC9832620 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the postpandemic era, wearing protective masks in public places will still be an important means of blocking popular viruses in the future. The purpose of this study was to explore whether sports performance was affected by mask wearing and exercise duration during 15-min treadmill running at a speed of 75% maximal aerobic speed. METHODS Thirty-six males were randomly divided into mask and nonmask groups. The kinematic and kinetic data were obtained at four time points (RN0-1 min, RN5-6 min, RN9-10 min, and RN14-15 min) during running. Two-way mixed ANOVA was applied to examine the effects between groups and times with Bonferroni post hoc comparison and independent samples t-test. RESULTS The results showed that there was no difference between mask and nonmask group during running (p > 0.05). As running time increased, hip joint ROM, hip joint flexion/extension max, and ankle joint plantarflexion max angles increased; knee joint flexion min and ankle joint dorsiflexion max angles decreased; average peak vertical ground reaction forces (PVGRF) increased after 9 min-running (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Wearing a medical protective mask does not affect the joint angle and touchdown PVGRF of lower extremities during treadmill running while affected by running time and changed after 9 min-treadmill running. Future studies will examine the effects of wearing masks during the pandemic on muscle activation and blood biochemical values during exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NO ChiCTR2000040535 (date of registration on December 1, 2020). Prospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Wang
- grid.462271.40000 0001 2185 8047College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435000 Hubei China
| | - Yu Su
- Graduate Institute, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022 Jilin China
| | - Shun Yao
- Graduate Institute, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022 Jilin China
| | - Yu-Hong Jiang
- Graduate Institute, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022 Jilin China
| | - Hao-Yu Li
- grid.462271.40000 0001 2185 8047Graduate Institute, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435000 Hubei China
| | - Chien-Ying Lai
- grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Orthopedic Department, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan
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19
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Van Alsenoy K, van der Linden ML, Girard O, Santos D. Increased footwear comfort is associated with improved running economy - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:121-133. [PMID: 34726119 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1998642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Footwear with or without custom foot orthotics have the potential to improve comfort, but the link with running performance needs further investigation. We systematically reviewed the association of footwear comfort on running economy in recreational runners. Nine electronic databases were searched from inception to March 2020. Eligible studies investigated both direct outcome measures of running performance (e.g. running speed) and/or physiological measures (e.g. running economy (RE)) alongside comfort for each footwear condition tested. Methodological quality was assessed using the "Effective Public Health Practice Project" (EPHPP). RE during submaximal running was the most common physiological outcome reported in 4 of the 6 eligible studies. The absolute difference in RE between the most and least comfortable footwear condition was computed, and meta-analysis was conducted using a random effect model. The most comfortable footwear is associated with a reduction in oxygen consumption (MD: -2.06 mL.kg-1.min-1, 95%CI: -3.71, -0.42, P = 0.01) while running at a set submaximal speed. There was no significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, P = 0.82). EPHPP quality assessment demonstrated weak quality of the studies, due to reporting bias and failing to disclose the psychometric properties of the outcome measures. It can be concluded with moderate certainty that improved RE in recreational athletes is associated with wearing more comfortable footwear compared to less comfortable footwear.HighlightsThis systematic review reports on the association of footwear comfort with running economy in recreational runners.Running economy during constant submaximal running is likely improved in recreational runners wearing more comfortable compared to less comfortable footwear.This finding is based on a meta-analysis, including four studies, showing a small but statistically significant decreased oxygen consumption at steady state speeds while wearing the most comfortable footwear.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Alsenoy
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research (CHEARR), Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK.,Research and Scientific Support Department, Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - M L van der Linden
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research (CHEARR), Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - O Girard
- School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - D Santos
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research (CHEARR), Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Nguyen AP, Gillain L, Delieux L, Detrembleur C, Mahaudens P, Esculier JF. Opinions about running shoes in runners and non-runners. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2144468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Phong Nguyen
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
- The Running Clinic, Quebec, Canada
| | - Loris Gillain
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Louise Delieux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Detrembleur
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Mahaudens
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, NeuroMusculoSkeletal Lab (NMSK), Université catholique de Louvain, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Brussels, Belgium
- Service d’orthopédie et de traumatologie de l’appareil locomoteur, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de médecine physique et réadaptation, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Esculier
- The Running Clinic, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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21
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Andrade RÉ, Santos TRT. A escolha do calçado por corredores amadores: caracterização e associação com o histórico de lesão auto reportada. FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-2950/22016129042022pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO O calçado é um elemento importante para a prática de corrida. As evidências sobre os impactos das características do calçado e de sua prescrição nas lesões de corredores são restritas. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar o processo de escolha do calçado por corredores e verificar se variáveis relacionadas ao calçado e seu processo de escolha estavam associadas à presença e recorrência de lesão no último ano. Foi realizado um estudo observacional com 254 corredores que responderam um questionário autoadministrado sobre características demográficas, a prática esportiva, o calçado e o processo de sua escolha, e lesões ocorridas nos últimos 12 meses. O teste qui-quadrado foi empregado para verificar se havia diferença na distribuição das respostas de cada questão, enquanto o teste de regressão logística para verificar se as variáveis relacionadas ao calçado e ao processo de escolha predizem a presença e recorrência de lesão no último ano. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos corredores possui tênis específico para a prática esportiva e considera algumas características ao adquiri-lo, como o amortecimento intermediário e a diferença na altura do solado entre a parte posterior e a anterior de aproximadamente 10mm. A maioria indica conhecer seu tipo de pisada, mas não a considera na escolha do calçado. Além disso, a maioria não usa palmilha e não recebeu orientação para a escolha do calçado. O modelo obtido com a regressão não foi significativo. Assim, apesar de os corredores considerarem as características do calçado ao adquiri-lo, essas características e o processo de escolha não foram associados à presença e recorrência de lesão nos últimos 12 meses.
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22
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Andrade RÉ, Santos TRT. Selection of running shoes by amateur runners: characterization and association with the self-reported history of injury. FISIOTERAPIA E PESQUISA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-2950/22016129042022en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Running shoes are an essential element for sports practice. Evidence on the effect of the shoe characteristics and prescription in running injuries are scarce. Thus, this study aimed to investigate runners's process of choosing running shoes and to verify whether the variables related to running shoes and their selection process are associated with the presence and recurrence of injuries in the previous year. An observational study was conducted with 254 runners who answered a self-reported questionnaire about demographics, sports practice, shoe characteristics and selection criteria, and injuries in the last 12 months. The chi-square test evaluated whether there was a difference in the distribution of answers to each question. The logistic regression evaluated whether the variables related to shoes and selection criteria predicted injury’s presence and recurrence in the previous year. The results showed that most runners had specific shoes for sports practice and considered some characteristics of the shoes to choose them, including intermediate cushioning and a difference in the heel-to-toe drop of approximately 10mm. Most respondents indicated knowing their foot type but not considering it when choosing shoes. Besides, most individuals did not use foot orthotics and did not receive guidance to select their shoes. The model obtained with the regression was not significant. Therefore, despite considering shoe characteristics when choosing it, these features and the selection criteria were not associated with the presence and recurrence of injuries in the previous 12 months.
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23
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Machado ÁS, Priego-Quesada JI, Jimenez-Perez I, Gil-Calvo M, Carpes FP, Perez-Soriano P. Effects of different hydration supports on stride kinematics, comfort, and impact accelerations during running. Gait Posture 2022; 97:115-121. [PMID: 35917702 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.07.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different supports for hydration can influence total body mass and affect running biomechanics. RESEARCH QUESTION Do different hydration supports affect the perceived exertion and comfort, stride kinematics, and impact accelerations during running? METHODS This was a crossover study design. Thirteen trail runners completed a treadmill running test divided into four different durations and randomized hydration supports conditions, lasting 8 min each at moderate intensity: A) waist bag (0.84 kg); B) medium load backpack (0.84 kg); C) full load backpack (3.40 kg); and D) a control condition without water support. Impact accelerations were measured for 30 s in 4, 6, and 8 min. The rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were registered on minutes 4 and 8. At the last minute of each condition, comfort perception was registered RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE: No condition affected the stride kinematics. Full load backpack condition reduced head acceleration peak (-0.21 g; p = 0.04; ES=0.4) and head acceleration magnitude (-0.23 g; p = 0.03; ES=0.4), and increased shock attenuation (3.08 g; p = 0.04; ES=0.3). It also elicited higher perceived exertion (p < 0.05; ES>0.8) being considered heavier (p < 0.01; ES > 1.1). The waist bag condition was more comfortable in terms of noise (p = 0.006; ES=1.3) and humidity/heat (p = 0.001; ES=0.8). The waist bag was the most comfortable support. On the other hand, the full backpack elicited lower comfort and was the only generating compensatory adjustments. These results may help to improve design of full load backpack aiming at comfort for runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro S Machado
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Gil-Calvo
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; IIS Aragon - iHealthy, Department of physiatry and nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Pedro Perez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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24
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A step towards dynamic foot classification: Functional grouping using ankle joint frontal plane motion in running. Gait Posture 2022; 97:35-39. [PMID: 35868095 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The premise behind static foot classification suggests structure dictate's function. However, the validity of this has been challenged, as weak association between static foot type and dynamic motion exists. This has led to calls for dynamic assessments and classification of feet based on functional motion, yet methods to do this have been seldom explored. RESEARCH QUESTION Within a group of runners do homogenous sub-groups of ankle joint complex (AJC) frontal plane motion exist? METHODS A k means clustering analysis was conducted on the frontal plane AJC motion patterns of a group of healthy adults running barefoot (n = 42) to identify functional movement groups. Once identified, statistical parametric mapping was employed to determine the differences between clusters across stance. The identified clusters were used to determine dynamic foot type; an agreement analysis was conducted between the newly defined foot types and the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6). RESULTS Two distinct clusters were identified. Waveform analysis identified that cluster 1 displayed significantly (p < 0.001) less AJC eversion between 0% and 97% of the stance phase compared to cluster 2, with the differences between clusters associated with large effect sizes (g > 1). Based on the displayed kinematic profiles, cluster 1 was defined as a Neutral Dynamic Foot Type (NeutralDFT), and cluster 2 a Pronated Dynamic Foot Type (Pronated DynamicDFT). The newly defined foot type measure had only a slight agreement (κ = 0.08) with the FPI-6. SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated a protocol to classify a runner's foot type derived directly from AJC motion during running. Poor agreement between the dynamic and static classification measures further evidence that these assessments are not analogous. Our results question the validity of static classification when looking to characterise the foot during running, suggesting dynamic assessments are more appropriate to reflect the foots functional response.
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Relph N, Greaves H, Armstrong R, Prior TD, Spencer S, Griffiths IB, Dey P, Langley B. Running shoes for preventing lower limb running injuries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 8:CD013368. [PMID: 35993829 PMCID: PMC9394464 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013368.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower-limb running injuries are common. Running shoes have been proposed as one means of reducing injury risk. However, there is uncertainty as to how effective running shoes are for the prevention of injury. It is also unclear how the effects of different characteristics of running shoes prevent injury. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of running shoes for preventing lower-limb running injuries in adult runners. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases: CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus plus trial registers WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov. We also searched additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was June 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs involving runners or military personnel in basic training that either compared a) a running shoe with a non-running shoe; b) different types of running shoes (minimalist, neutral/cushioned, motion control, stability, soft midsole, hard midsole); or c) footwear recommended and selected on foot posture versus footwear not recommended and not selected on foot posture for preventing lower-limb running injuries. Our primary outcomes were number of people sustaining a lower-limb running injury and number of lower-limb running injuries. Our secondary outcomes were number of runners who failed to return to running or their previous level of running, runner satisfaction with footwear, adverse events other than musculoskeletal injuries, and number of runners requiring hospital admission or surgery, or both, for musculoskeletal injury or adverse event. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed study eligibility and performed data extraction and risk of bias assessment. The certainty of the included evidence was assessed using GRADE methodology. MAIN RESULTS We included 12 trials in the analysis which included a total of 11,240 participants, in trials that lasted from 6 to 26 weeks and were carried out in North America, Europe, Australia and South Africa. Most of the evidence was low or very low certainty as it was not possible to blind runners to their allocated running shoe, there was variation in the definition of an injury and characteristics of footwear, and there were too few studies for most comparisons. We did not find any trials that compared running shoes with non-running shoes. Neutral/cushioned versus minimalist (5 studies, 766 participants) Neutral/cushioned shoes may make little or no difference to the number of runners sustaining a lower-limb running injuries when compared with minimalist shoes (low-certainty evidence) (risk ratio (RR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59 to 1.01). One trial reported that 67% and 92% of runners were satisfied with their neutral/cushioned or minimalist running shoes, respectively (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.12). Another trial reported mean satisfaction scores ranged from 4.0 to 4.3 in the neutral/ cushioned group and 3.6 to 3.9 in the minimalist running shoe group out of a total of 5. Hence neutral/cushioned running shoes may make little or no difference to runner satisfaction with footwear (low-certainty evidence). Motion control versus neutral / cushioned (2 studies, 421 participants) It is uncertain whether or not motion control shoes reduce the number of runners sustaining a lower-limb running injuries when compared with neutral / cushioned shoes because the quality of the evidence has been assessed as very low certainty (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.30 to 2.81). Soft midsole versus hard midsole (2 studies, 1095 participants) Soft midsole shoes may make little or no difference to the number of runners sustaining a lower-limb running injuries when compared with hard midsole shoes (low-certainty of evidence) (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.10). Stability versus neutral / cushioned (1 study, 57 participants) It is uncertain whether or not stability shoes reduce the number of runners sustaining a lower-limb running injuries when compared with neutral/cushioned shoes because the quality of the evidence has been assessed as very low certainty (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.31). Motion control versus stability (1 study, 56 participants) It is uncertain whether or not motion control shoes reduce the number of runners sustaining a lower-limb running injuries when compared with stability shoes because the quality of the evidence has been assessed as very low certainty (RR 3.47, 95% CI 1.43 to 8.40). Running shoes prescribed and selected on foot posture (3 studies, 7203 participants) There was no evidence that running shoes prescribed based on static foot posture reduced the number of injuries compared with those who received a shoe not prescribed based on foot posture in military recruits (Rate Ratio 1.03, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.13). Subgroup analysis confirmed these findings were consistent between males and females. Therefore, prescribing running shoes and selecting on foot posture probably makes little or no difference to lower-limb running injuries (moderate-certainty evidence). Data were not available for all other review outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Most evidence demonstrates no reduction in lower-limb running injuries in adults when comparing different types of running shoes. Overall, the certainty of the evidence determining whether different types of running shoes influence running injury rates was very low to low, and as such we are uncertain as to the true effects of different types of running shoes upon injury rates. There is no evidence that prescribing footwear based on foot type reduces running-related lower-limb injures in adults. The evidence for this comparison was rated as moderate and as such we can have more certainty when interpreting these findings. However, all three trials included in this comparison used military populations and as such the findings may differ in recreational runners. Future researchers should develop a consensus definition of running shoe design to help standardise classification. The definition of a running injury should also be used consistently and confirmed via health practitioners. More researchers should consider a RCT design to increase the evidence in this area. Lastly, future work should look to explore the influence of different types or running shoes upon injury rates in specific subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Relph
- Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | | | - Ross Armstrong
- Institute of Health, University of Cumbria, Carlisle, UK
| | - Trevor D Prior
- Podiatric Surgery, Homerton University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sally Spencer
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | | | - Paola Dey
- Faculty of Health, Social Care & Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Ben Langley
- Department of Sport & Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
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2021 ISB World Athletics Award for Biomechanics: The Subtalar Joint Maintains "Spring-Like" Function While Running in Footwear That Perturbs Foot Pronation. J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:221-231. [PMID: 35894959 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2021-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Humans have the remarkable ability to run over variable terrains. During locomotion, however, humans are unstable in the mediolateral direction and this instability must be controlled actively-a goal that could be achieved in more ways than one. Walking research indicates that the subtalar joint absorbs energy in early stance and returns it in late stance, an attribute that is credited to the tibialis posterior muscle-tendon unit. The purpose of this study was to determine how humans (n = 11) adapt to mediolateral perturbations induced by custom-made 3D-printed "footwear" that either enhanced or reduced pronation of the subtalar joint (modeled as motion in 3 planes) while running (3 m/s). In all conditions, the subtalar joint absorbed energy (ie, negative mechanical work) in early stance followed by an immediate return of energy (ie, positive mechanical work) in late stance, demonstrating a "spring-like" behavior. These effects increased and decreased in footwear conditions that enhanced or reduced pronation (P ≤ .05), respectively. Of the recorded muscles, the tibialis posterior (P ≤ .05) appeared to actively change its activation in concert with the changes in joint energetics. We suggest that the "spring-like" behavior of the subtalar joint may be an inherent function that enables the lower limb to respond to mediolateral instabilities during running.
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Jastifer JR. Contemporary Review: The Foot and Ankle in Long-Distance Running. FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2022; 7:24730114221125455. [PMID: 36185350 PMCID: PMC9520164 DOI: 10.1177/24730114221125455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Distance runners represent a unique patient population. The cyclic activity associated with distance running leads to a high incidence of injury. Gait patterns, the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the foot and ankle, foot strike pattern, shoe wear considerations, alignment, and orthotics are also all important considerations that must be considered by the treating provider. The purpose of this work is to review relevant functional anatomy, recent studies on gait patterns in running, orthotics, and theory on how the body moves through space during running in order to better equip the clinician to treat long distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Jastifer
- Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Ascension Borgess Orthopedics, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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Fu F, Guo L, Tang X, Wang J, Xie Z, Fekete G, Cai Y, Hu Q, Gu Y. Effect of the Innovative Running Shoes With the Special Midsole Structure on the Female Runners’ Lower Limb Biomechanics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:866321. [PMID: 35733527 PMCID: PMC9208082 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.866321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to research the effects of innovative running shoes (a high heel-to-toe drop and special structure of midsole) on the biomechanics of the lower limbs and perceptual sensitivity in female runners. Fifteen healthy female runners were recruited to run through a 145-m runway with planted force plates at one peculiar speed (3.6 m/s ± 5%) with two kinds of shoe conditions (innovative running shoes vs. normal running shoes) while getting biomechanical data. The perception of shoe characteristics was assessed simultaneously through a 15-cm visual analog scale. The statistical parametric mapping technique calculated the time-series parameters. Regarding 0D parameters, the ankle dorsiflexion angle of innovative running shoes at touchdown was higher, and the peak dorsiflexion angle, range of motion, peak dorsiflexion velocity, and plantarflexion moment on the metatarsophalangeal joint of innovative running shoes during running were significantly smaller than those of normal running shoes (all p < 0.001). In addition, the braking phase and the time of peak vertical force 1 of innovative running shoes were found to be longer than those of normal running shoes (both p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the average vertical loading rate 1, peak vertical loading rate 1, peak braking force, and peak vertical force 1 in the innovative running shoes were lower than those of the normal running shoes during running (both p < 0.01). The statistical parametric mapping analysis exhibited a higher ankle dorsiflexion angle (0–4%, p < 0.05), a smaller knee internal rotation angle (0–6%, p < 0.05) (63–72%, p < 0.05), a decreased vertical ground reaction force (11–17%, p = 0.009), and braking anteroposterior ground reaction force (22–27%, p = 0.043) for innovative running shoes than normal running shoes. Runners were able to perceive the cushioning of innovative running shoes was better than that of normal running shoes. These findings suggested combining the high offset and structure of the midsole would benefit the industrial utilization of shoe producers in light of reducing the risk of running injuries for female runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Fu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Science Laboratory, Innovation center of Xtep Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Lianming Guo
- Science Laboratory, Innovation center of Xtep Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Xunfei Tang
- Science Laboratory, Innovation center of Xtep Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhihao Xie
- Science Laboratory, Innovation center of Xtep Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Gusztáv Fekete
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yuhui Cai
- Science Laboratory, Innovation center of Xtep Co., Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Qiuli Hu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Yaodong Gu,
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Andreyo E, Unverzagt C, Schoenfeld BJ. Influence of Minimalist Footwear on Running Performance and Injury. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Freitag L, Hohenauer E, Meichtry A, Pauli C, Sommer B, Graf E. Effect of submaximal running in rocker shoes on gluteal muscle activation under different running conditions. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Impact of Backpacks on Ergonomics: Biomechanical and Physiological Effects: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116737. [PMID: 35682317 PMCID: PMC9180465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: the effects of load carriage packs on human gait biomechanics, physiology and metabolism depend on the weight carried, the design of the pack and its interaction with the user. (2) Methods: An extensive search in the PubMed database was performed to find all the relevant articles using the following keywords: backpack, rucksack, backpack ergonomy and sports backpack; 60 articles were included. (3) Results and significance: Double pack (DP) and T-pack (TP) designs are recommended solutions for school children, compared with backpacks (BP). For soldiers and hikers, a backpack remains the best compromise. A hip belt is recommended for BPs as well as for the back of DPs. Shorter and stiffer shoulder straps combined with a higher and tighter load placement on the back provide the best combination in terms of balance, muscle activation and energy expenditure. It is, therefore, possible to determine guidelines for designing the optimal load carriage system, depending on the application. (4) Conclusions: based on the available evidence, DP and TP are advantageous in terms of posture. DP is better than conventional BPs in terms of balance and muscle activation, but has the disadvantage of limited visibility, thermal sensation and obstructed ventilation. In general, it is desirable not to exceed 40% of body mass (BM).
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Shen S, Lam WK, Teng J, Jia SW, Baker JS, Ugbolue UC, Fekete G, Gu Y. Gender and leg-dominance differences in shoe properties and foot injuries in badminton: a cross-sectional survey. J Foot Ankle Res 2022; 15:26. [PMID: 35369886 PMCID: PMC8978418 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-022-00531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
While the roles of injury prevention and performance enhancement have increasingly been investigated for badminton footwear, there is a lack of research on gender-specific badminton footwear. The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differences in footwear demands and foot injuries in badminton.
Methods
The study was a cross-sectional survey, in which 326 recreational badminton players were recruited. The questionnaire was divided into four sections enquiring about the characteristics of (1) participant profiles, (2) importance of shoe properties (3) shoe complaints (4) and pain or discomfort in different foot regions. The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test were performed to determine the differences between genders and the differences between leg dominance, respectively. The significance level was set at 0.05.
Results
Both males and females rated shoe fit as the most important features, followed by the overall comfort and injury protection. Females considered the shoe forefoot cushioning, comfort, breathability and colour as more important compared with the other properties, which showed distinct pattern differences from males. The shoe problem results indicated that plantar pain of the non-dominant foot was considered the most commonly reported footwear problem by both males and females. The problem of excessive arch-support on the dominant and non-dominant sides of male participants was significantly higher than females (p < 0.05). Occasional pain or frequent pain were mainly distributed in the forefoot, followed by the rearfoot and midfoot regions.
Conclusion
There were small differences in footwear demand between the dominant and non-dominant sides, but several differences existed between females and males. The results from gender differences suggested that female shoes prefer a specific shoe last for better fit, rather than a modified version of male shoes. In the future, the design of badminton shoes should consider footwear demands and foot discomfort profiles in respective male and female badminton players.
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Ramsey CA, Lamb P, Ribeiro DC. Factors Influencing Runner's Choices of Footwear. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:829514. [PMID: 35434615 PMCID: PMC9008269 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.829514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Until the mid-2000s, qualitative research has been virtually absent from running injury research. A handful of studies have been recently published regarding the attitudes and perceptions of runners and coaches toward injury development. Footwear is frequently perceived as a risk factor for running related injuries, but empeirical evidence fails to support such beliefs. The reasons why runners choose specific footwear warrants formal investigation to further understand the links between footwear and running related injuries. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing runners choices of footwear. Interviews were conducted with 12 runners. Recordings from the interviews were transcribed verbatim and themes were developed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed 15 unique factors that influence runner's choices of footwear for running. These factors were grouped into three main themes: personal footwear characteristic preferences, other people and economic considerations. Runners largely gather information about their footwear choices from past experiences and people they trust and admire. They also emphasized the complexity of footwear choices due to availability and the constant changes preset within the footwear industry. This research adds to the growing body of knowledge to better understand the wider running injury system. Further studies are needed to establish how runners perceptions of their footwear impact injury rates and to develop effective injury prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Codi A. Ramsey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Codi A. Ramsey
| | - Peter Lamb
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Cury Ribeiro
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Centre for Health, Activity and Rehabilitation Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Agresta C, Giacomazzi C, Harrast M, Zendler J. Running Injury Paradigms and Their Influence on Footwear Design Features and Runner Assessment Methods: A Focused Review to Advance Evidence-Based Practice for Running Medicine Clinicians. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:815675. [PMID: 35356094 PMCID: PMC8959543 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.815675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many runners seek health professional advice regarding footwear recommendations to reduce injury risk. Unfortunately, many clinicians, as well as runners, have ideas about how to select running footwear that are not scientifically supported. This is likely because much of the research on running footwear has not been highly accessible outside of the technical footwear research circle. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to update clinical readers on the state of the science for assessing runners and recommending running footwear that facilitate the goals of the runner. We begin with a review of basic footwear construction and the features thought to influence biomechanics relevant to the running medicine practitioner. Subsequently, we review the four main paradigms that have driven footwear design and recommendation with respect to injury risk reduction: Pronation Control, Impact Force Modification, Habitual Joint (Motion) Path, and Comfort Filter. We find that evidence in support of any paradigm is generally limited. In the absence of a clearly supported paradigm, we propose that in general clinicians should recommend footwear that is lightweight, comfortable, and has minimal pronation control technology. We further encourage clinicians to arm themselves with the basic understanding of the known effects of specific footwear features on biomechanics in order to better recommend footwear on a patient-by-patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Agresta
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cristine Agresta
| | - Christina Giacomazzi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mark Harrast
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Urbaczka J, Silvernail JF, Jandacka D. Effect of training volume on footstrike patterns over an exhaustive run. Gait Posture 2022; 91:240-246. [PMID: 34753001 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although footstrike pattern (FP) may not be a factor influencing running performance, 11-75% of world-class distance runners use a non-rearfoot FP. However, little attention has been paid to describe the effect of running volume on FP changes when a runner is fatigued. RESEARCH QUESTION Does the training volume provide an adequate stimulus to mitigate FP changes during an exhaustive run in non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners? METHODS The objective of this study was to compare FP between non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners with a moderate training volume (MT) and a high training volume (HT) during an exhaustive run on a motorized treadmill. Based on their weekly training volume (distance), twenty-eight runners were arranged into two groups paired by height and age. At the first visit, runners underwent a VO2max test to acquire their velocity for the exhaustive run. During the second visit, biomechanical and physiological analysis of the beginning and the end phase of the exhaustive run was done. RESULTS The frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle at the initial contact (IC), and the foot eversion ROM showed a significant interaction effect (P < 0.05). Additionally, the sagittal plane footstrike angle, the frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle, knee flexion angle at IC and foot eversion ROM showed a significant effect of fatigue (P < 0.05). Finally, the frontal plane foot angle, the sagittal plane footstrike angle, the sagittal plane ankle angle, and the knee flexion angle showed significant group effects (P < 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE The training volume affects the footstrike pattern of non-rearfoot, habitual minimalist footwear runners when they are fatigued. The highly trained runners maintained their ankle angle throughout the exhaustive running protocol, whereas the moderately trained group changed the frontal and sagittal plane characteristics of their footstrike pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Urbaczka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Malisoux L, Gette P, Backes A, Delattre N, Cabri J, Theisen D. Relevance of Frequency-Domain Analyses to Relate Shoe Cushioning, Ground Impact Forces and Running Injury Risk: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial With 800+ Recreational Runners. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:744658. [PMID: 34859204 PMCID: PMC8632264 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.744658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cushioning systems in running shoes are used assuming that ground impact forces relate to injury risk and that cushioning materials reduce these impact forces. In our recent trial, the more cushioned shoe version was associated with lower injury risk. However, vertical impact peak force was higher in participants with the Soft shoe version. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effect of shoe cushioning on the time, magnitude and frequency characteristics of peak forces using frequency-domain analysis by comparing the two study groups from our recent trial (Hard and Soft shoe group, respectively). The secondary objective was to investigate if force characteristics are prospectively associated with the risk of running-related injury. This is a secondary analysis of a double-blinded randomized trial on shoe cushioning with a biomechanical running analysis at baseline and a 6-month follow-up on running exposure and injury. Participants (n = 848) were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed in their randomly allocated shoe condition. The vertical ground reaction force signal for each stance phase was decomposed into the frequency domain using the discrete Fourier transform. Both components were recomposed into the time domain using the inverse Fourier transform. An analysis of variance was used to compare force characteristics between the two study groups. Cox regression analysis was used to investigate the association between force characteristics and injury risk. Participants using the Soft shoes displayed lower impact peak force (p < 0.001, d = 0.23), longer time to peak force (p < 0.001, d = 0.25), and lower average loading rate (p < 0.001, d = 0.18) of the high frequency signal compared to those using the Hard shoes. Participants with low average and instantaneous loading rate of the high frequency signal had lower injury risk [Sub hazard rate ratio (SHR) = 0.49 and 0.55; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.25–0.97 and 0.30–0.99, respectively], and those with early occurrence of impact peak force (high frequency signal) had greater injury risk (SHR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.05–2.53). Our findings may explain the protective effect of the Soft shoe version previously observed. The present study also demonstrates that frequency-domain analyses may provide clinically relevant impact force characteristics. Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: 9NCT03115437.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Department of Population Health, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Gette
- Department of Population Health, Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anne Backes
- Department of Population Health, Physical Activity, Sport and Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Decathlon Sports Lab, Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SA, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jan Cabri
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Jones HSR, Moore IS, King E, Stiles VH, Laudani L, McCarthy-Ryan M, McFadden C, Daniels KAJ. Movement strategy correspondence across jumping and cutting tasks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:612-621. [PMID: 34797936 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
There are currently a multitude of tests used to assess readiness to return to sport (RTS) following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The aim of this study was to establish the extent to which movement strategies transfer between three common assessment tasks to help improve design of athlete testing batteries following ACLR. A cohort of 127 male patients 8-10 months post-ACLR and 45 non-injured controls took part in the study. Three movement tasks were completed (unilateral and bilateral drop jump, and 90° pre-planned cut), while ground reaction forces and three-dimensional kinematics (250 Hz) were recorded. Compared to the bilateral drop jump and cut, the unilateral drop jump had a higher proportion of work done at the ankle (d = 0.29, p < 0.001 and d = -1.87, p < 0.001, respectively), and a lower proportion of work done at the knee during the braking phase of the task (d = 0.447, p < 0.001 and d = 1.56, p < 0.001, respectively). The ACLR group had higher peak hip moments than the non-injured controls, although the proportion of work done at the ankle, knee and hip joints were similar. Movement strategies were moderately and positively related at the ankle (rs = 0.728, p < 0.001), knee (rs = 0.638, p < 0.001) and hip (rs = 0.593, p < 0.001) between the unilateral and bilateral drop jump, but there was no relationship at the ankle (rs = 0.10, p = 0.104), knee (rs = 0.106, p = 0.166) and hip (rs = -0.019, p = 0.808) between the unilateral drop jump and the cut. Clinicians could therefore consider omitting one of the drop jumps from assessment batteries but should include both jumping and cutting tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly S R Jones
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Isabel S Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Enda King
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Luca Laudani
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Molly McCarthy-Ryan
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ciarán McFadden
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Katherine A J Daniels
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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38
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Nesterovica D, Vaivads N, Stepens A. Relationship of footwear comfort, selected size, and lower leg overuse injuries among infantry soldiers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:952. [PMID: 34781944 PMCID: PMC8594192 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High rates of musculoskeletal injuries such as plantar fasciitis and stress fractures have been observed among physically active military personnel. During service time, infantry soldiers use issued boots daily that should fit well and provide comfort to prevent injuries and decrease lower extremity pain effectively. The association of military boot comfort with overuse injuries remains unclear. This study investigates the relationship between the chosen military boot size, perceived boot comfort and lower leg overuse injury. METHODS During the cross-sectional study, 227 (males, n = 213; females, n = 14) active-duty infantry soldiers at a mean age of 29.5 years old, and with an average service time of 7.2 years were assessed for a history of overuse injury, footprint length, appropriate shoe size, and footwear comfort. Males with a history of overuse injury (n = 32) and non-injured age-matched controls (n = 34) were selected for detailed testing and establishing the possible relationship between footwear comfort and lower leg overuse injury. RESULTS No relationship was found between footwear comfort and a history of lower leg overuse injury. N = 38 (57.6%) of study subjects were wearing an inappropriate shoe size daily. Inappropriate shoe size usage affected footwear comfort ratings significantly. CONCLUSIONS Study results showed that improper boot size was significantly related to comfort ratings but was not associated with a history of lower leg overuse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Nesterovica
- Military Medicine Research and Study Centre, Rīga Stradiņš University, 14 Baložu Street, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia.
| | - Normunds Vaivads
- Latvian National Armed Forces Joint Headquarters Medical Service, Kadaga, 2103, Latvia
| | - Ainars Stepens
- Military Medicine Research and Study Centre, Rīga Stradiņš University, 14 Baložu Street, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
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39
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Agresta CE, Peacock J, Guadagnino S, Carmichael A, Gonzalez R. The test-retest reliability of ride perception during treadmill and outdoor running. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1994021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jillian Peacock
- Biosocial Methods Collaborative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sam Guadagnino
- Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicia Carmichael
- Biosocial Methods Collaborative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard Gonzalez
- Biosocial Methods Collaborative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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40
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McSweeney SC, Grävare Silbernagel K, Gruber AH, Heiderscheit BC, Krabak BJ, Rauh MJ, Tenforde AS, Wearing SC, Zech A, Hollander K. Adolescent Running Biomechanics - Implications for Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:689846. [PMID: 34514384 PMCID: PMC8432296 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.689846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Global participation in running continues to increase, especially amongst adolescents. Consequently, the number of running-related injuries (RRI) in adolescents is rising. Emerging evidence now suggests that overuse type injuries involving growing bone (e.g., bone stress injuries) and soft tissues (e.g., tendinopathies) predominate in adolescents that participate in running-related sports. Associations between running biomechanics and overuse injuries have been widely studied in adults, however, relatively little research has comparatively targeted running biomechanics in adolescents. Moreover, available literature on injury prevention and rehabilitation for adolescent runners is limited, and there is a tendency to generalize adult literature to adolescent populations despite pertinent considerations regarding growth-related changes unique to these athletes. This perspective article provides commentary and expert opinion surrounding the state of knowledge and future directions for research in adolescent running biomechanics, injury prevention and supplemental training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. McSweeney
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Allison H. Gruber
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health – Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Bryan C. Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian J. Krabak
- Department of Rehabilitation, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington and Seattle Childrens Hospital, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mitchell J. Rauh
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Adam S. Tenforde
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Scott C. Wearing
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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41
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Modification of Angular Kinematics and Spatiotemporal Parameters during Running after Central and Peripheral Fatigue. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue causes kinematics modifications during running, and it could be related to injuries. The aim was to identify and compare the effects of central and peripheral fatigue on angular kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters during running. Angular kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters were evaluated using an infrared motion capture system and were registered during 2 min treadmill running in pre- and post-fatigue states in eighteen male recreational runners. Central fatigue was induced by a 30 min running fatigue protocol on a treadmill, while peripheral fatigue in quadriceps and hamstrings muscles was induced by an isokinetic dynamometer fatigue protocol. Central fatigue increased the anterior shank oscillation during the initial contact, knee flexion during the maximum absorption, posterior shank oscillation during propulsion, and stance time (p < 0.05). Peripheral fatigue decreased ankle dorsiflexion during initial contact and increased knee flexion and posterior shank oscillation during propulsion (p < 0.05). Moreover, central fatigue increased to a greater extent the hip and knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion during initial contact and maximum absorption as well as stance time and propulsion time (p < 0.05). These results suggested that central fatigue causes greater increases in the range of movements during the midstance than peripheral fatigue.
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42
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Harrison K, Vladika B, Feeney D. Use of in-shoe pressure to quantify running shoe fit. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1917687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Harrison
- Biomechanics, Performance Fit Lab, BOA Technology, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Brett Vladika
- Biomechanics, Performance Fit Lab, BOA Technology, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Feeney
- Biomechanics, Performance Fit Lab, BOA Technology, Denver, CO, USA
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43
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Bermon S. Evolution of distance running shoes: performance, injuries, and rules. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 61:1073-1080. [PMID: 34256537 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12728-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years, the development of running shoes has been mainly focused on improving the protection and comfort of the runner and her/his foot. Although there have been tentative attempts by companies to make shoes a tool for improving athletic performance, this goal has only recently been achieved. Indeed, the year 2016 was a real turning point when Nike launched its first shoe benefiting from the advanced footwear technology. Advanced footwear technology (AFT) mostly consists of an increased sole thickness, a curved and stiff plate embedded or below the shoe midsole, and an outsole with a marked concave shape. This innovation turned to a game changer in the world of distances running performance. Indeed, between 2016 and 2019, many male and female runners broke personal best times, national records, area, and world records in distance from 5 km to the marathon. The present article aimed at describing the magnitude of these performance enhancements in distance running as well as and the possible underlying performance-enhancement mechanisms associated with the advanced footwear technology. It also reviewed the existing literature on the safety aspects of "classical" construction shoes and AFT shoes. It concluded on a possible shoe mechanical tests-based protocol to maintain fair distance running competitions while not totally preventing manufacturers to innovate, and some thoughts on the nature and goals of further studies to be conducted to assess the safety (macro- and micro-traumatic) AFT in both elite and recreational runner populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bermon
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Expertise, Sport, Health, Côte d'Azur University, Nice, France -
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44
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Blazey P, Michie TV, Napier C. A narrative review of running wearable measurement system accuracy and reliability: can we make running shoe prescription objective? FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1878287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Blazey
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Napier
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Schools of Mechatronic Systems Engineering and Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,Canada
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45
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Malisoux L, Theisen D. Can the "Appropriate" Footwear Prevent Injury in Leisure-Time Running? Evidence Versus Beliefs. J Athl Train 2021; 55:1215-1223. [PMID: 33064799 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-523-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Leisure-time running is one of the most popular forms of physical activity around the world. It can be practiced almost everywhere and requires mainly a pair of "appropriate" running shoes. However, the term appropriate is ambiguous, and the properties of running footwear have always generated hot debates among clinicians, coaches, and athletes, whatever the level of practice. As the main interface between the runner's foot and the ground, the shoe potentially plays an important role in managing repetitive external mechanical loads applied to the musculoskeletal system and, thus, in injury prevention. Consequently, over the last decades, running shoes have been prescribed based on matching shoe features to foot morphology. This strategy aligns with the popular belief that footwear is one of the main extrinsic factors influencing running-related injury risk. Despite a seemingly sound strategy for shoe prescription and constant progress in running-footwear technology, the injury rate remains high. Therefore, our aim in this narrative literature review is to clarify whether the prescription of appropriate footwear to prevent injury in running is evidence based, the result of logical fallacy, or just a myth. The literature presented in this review is based on a nonsystematic search of the MEDLINE database and focuses on work investigating the effect of shoe features on injury risk in runners. In addition, key elements for a proper understanding of the literature on running footwear and injury risk are addressed. In this literature review, we outline (1) the main risk factors and the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of running-related injury, (2) important methodologic considerations for generating high-level evidence, (3) the evidence regarding the influence of running-shoe features on injury risk, (4) future directions for research, and (5) final general recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Malisoux
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health
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46
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Jafarnezhadgero A, Yadegar A, Valizadehorang A, Dionisio V. Effect of sports shoe mileage on running mechanics and lower limb muscular activities in male individuals with and without genu varus. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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47
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Jiang X, Yang X, Zhou H, Baker JS, Gu Y. Prolonged Running Using Bionic Footwear Influences Lower Limb Biomechanics. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9020236. [PMID: 33672191 PMCID: PMC7926525 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The running biomechanics of unstable shoes have been well investigated, however, little is known about how traditional neutral shoes in combination with unstable design elements and scientifically (bionic) designed shoes influence prolonged running biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical changes for a typical 5 km run and how footwear technology may affect outcomes. Sixteen healthy male recreational heel strike runners participated in this study, and completed two prolonged running sessions (neutral shoe session and bionic shoe session), with 7 to 10 days interval between sessions. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, shoe × time) was conducted to determine any differences in joint biomechanics. Main effects for shoe type were observed at the ankle, knee and hip joints during the stance phase. In particular, decreased range of motion (ROM) was observed using the bionic shoes for all three joints, and the joint moments also had significant changes except for the frontal plane of the hip. Main effects for time were also observed at the ankle, knee and hip joints. The ROM of the sagittal plane in the knee and hip decreased post-5 km running. The reduction of ankle dorsiflexion, hip flexion, hip adduction and hip internal rotation angles were observed post-5 km running, as well as the increase of ankle eversion and external rotation, knee adduction and internal rotation angles. The kinetics also exhibited significant differences between pre-5 km running and post-5 km running. The interaction effects only existed in the ROM of the hip sagittal plane, hip adduction angle and hip internal rotation angle. The results suggested that bionic shoes could be beneficial for strengthening muscle control, enhancing postural stability and proprioceptive ability. Footwear personalization could be a solution that benefits runners, reduces injury risk and improves running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (X.Y.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (X.Y.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland G72 0LH, UK
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (X.Y.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.); (Y.G.)
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48
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Van den Berghe P, Lorenzoni V, Derie R, Six J, Gerlo J, Leman M, De Clercq D. Music-based biofeedback to reduce tibial shock in over-ground running: a proof-of-concept study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4091. [PMID: 33603028 PMCID: PMC7892879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods to reduce impact in distance runners have been proposed based on real-time auditory feedback of tibial acceleration. These methods were developed using treadmill running. In this study, we extend these methods to a more natural environment with a proof-of-concept. We selected ten runners with high tibial shock. They used a music-based biofeedback system with headphones in a running session on an athletic track. The feedback consisted of music superimposed with noise coupled to tibial shock. The music was automatically synchronized to the running cadence. The level of noise could be reduced by reducing the momentary level of tibial shock, thereby providing a more pleasant listening experience. The running speed was controlled between the condition without biofeedback and the condition of biofeedback. The results show that tibial shock decreased by 27% or 2.96 g without guided instructions on gait modification in the biofeedback condition. The reduction in tibial shock did not result in a clear increase in the running cadence. The results indicate that a wearable biofeedback system aids in shock reduction during over-ground running. This paves the way to evaluate and retrain runners in over-ground running programs that target running with less impact through instantaneous auditory feedback on tibial shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Van den Berghe
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Valerio Lorenzoni
- Department of Arts, Music and Theatre Sciences, IPEM, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rud Derie
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joren Six
- Department of Arts, Music and Theatre Sciences, IPEM, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joeri Gerlo
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Leman
- Department of Arts, Music and Theatre Sciences, IPEM, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Clercq
- Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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49
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Mai P, Robertz L, Thelen M, Weir G, Trudeau MB, Hamill J, Willwacher S. A method to quantify stiffness across the entire surface of a shoe‘s midsole. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1878286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mai
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Leon Robertz
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Matthias Thelen
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Gillian Weir
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Offenburg University, Offenburg, Germany
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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50
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Hollander K, Rahlf AL, Wilke J, Edler C, Steib S, Junge A, Zech A. Sex-Specific Differences in Running Injuries: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2021; 51:1011-1039. [PMID: 33433864 PMCID: PMC8053184 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running is a popular sport with high injury rates. Although risk factors have intensively been investigated, synthesized knowledge about the differences in injury rates of female and male runners is scarce. OBJECTIVE To systematically investigate the differences in injury rates and characteristics between female and male runners. METHODS Database searches (PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, SPORTDiscus) were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using the keywords "running AND injur*". Prospective studies reporting running related injury rates for both sexes were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool the risk ratios (RR) for the occurrence of injuries in female vs. male runners. Potential moderators (effect modifiers) were analysed using meta-regression. RESULTS After removal of duplicates, 12,215 articles were screened. Thirty-eight studies were included and the OR of 31 could be pooled in the quantitative analysis. The overall injury rate was 20.8 (95% CI 19.9-21.7) injuries per 100 female runners and 20.4 (95% CI 19.7-21.1) injuries per 100 male runners. Meta-analysis revealed no differences between sexes for overall injuries reported per 100 runners (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.90-1.10, n = 24) and per hours or athlete exposure (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.69-1.27, n = 6). Female sex was associated with a more frequent occurrence of bone stress injury (RR (for males) 0.52, 95% CI 0.36-0.76, n = 5) while male runners had higher risk for Achilles tendinopathies (RR 1. 86, 95% CI 1.25-2.79, n = 2). Meta-regression showed an association between a higher injury risk and competition distances of 10 km and shorter in female runners (RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.69). CONCLUSION Differences between female and male runners in specific injury diagnoses should be considered in the development of individualised and sex-specific prevention and rehabilitation strategies to manage running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hollander
- Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding National Running Center, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Anna Lina Rahlf
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christopher Edler
- Prevention, Rehabilitation and Interdisciplinary Sports Medicine, BG Trauma Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Steib
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Astrid Junge
- Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Swiss Concussion Center, Schulthess Klinik, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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