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Larruskain J, Lekue JA, Angulo P, Santisteban JM, Diaz-Beitia G, Martin-Garetxana I, Gil SM, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Monasterio X. An injury burden heat map of all men's and women's teams of a professional football club over a decade. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:740-750. [PMID: 37358165 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2228959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to present a descriptive 10-season summary of injury data from all teams of a professional football club using a heat map approach. Injuries and exposure time were registered according to the FIFA consensus in all men's and women's teams from Athletic Club over 10 seasons. A team-by-injury table was created, showing the incidence, median severity, and burden in each cell. Cells were coloured based on the injury burden value using a green - yellow-red gradient (lowest to highest). The highest overall injury burden was found in the women's 2nd and 1st teams and the men's U(under)17 team (>200 days lost/1000 h). Muscle injury burden demonstrated an increasing pattern with age. Knee joint/ligament injuries, particularly anterior cruciate ligament ruptures, had the highest impact on women's teams, followed by the men's 2nd team. In comparison, ankle joint/ligament injuries had a relatively low injury burden in most teams. Growth-related injuries were the most impactful injuries in the men's U15 and younger teams, and the women's U14 team. In conclusion, epidemiological data on injuries can inform and guide injury management processes. New and improved visualization methods might be important assets when presenting injury data to key decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paco Angulo
- Medical Services, Athletic Club, Lezama, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Susana M Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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den Hollander S, Kerkhoffs G, Gouttebarge V. The Impact of Match Workload and International Travel on Injuries in Professional Men's Football. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:212. [PMID: 39195588 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
There are concerns over the impact of the congested international match calendar on professional footballers' physical and mental well-being, and injury susceptibility. This study aimed to determine whether there were differences in match workload and international travel between injured and non-injured male football players over two elite competition seasons. An observational, retrospective, case-control study was conducted using data from the 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 seasons of five top-tier European men's football leagues. Student t-tests were used to compare cumulative match workload and international travel data over a 28-day period preceding 1270 injuries and 2540 controls. There were significant differences in match workload and international travel variables between the injured groups (all injuries and hamstring injuries) and the control group. Match workload variables were higher (p < 0.01), recovery variables lower (p < 0.01), and international travel variables higher (p < 0.01). An overload of match workload and international travel contribute to increased injury susceptibility in professional men's football. This emphasizes the need to address international match calendar concerns, including the number of games per season, the frequency of back-to-back games, and international travel requirements. Additionally, the findings highlight the importance of monitoring player match workloads, and implementing squad rotations and tailored training programs to mitigate injury risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve den Hollander
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), 2132LR Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Gino Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), 2132LR Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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Yildiz M. Visualisation of Studies on Knee Injuries in Football: A Bibliometric Analysis. SPORTVERLETZUNG SPORTSCHADEN : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT FUR ORTHOPADISCH-TRAUMATOLOGISCHE SPORTMEDIZIN 2024; 38:116-128. [PMID: 39151408 DOI: 10.1055/a-2337-5760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Football is a popular sport on a global scale, and injuries sustained by football players have become a significant concern for sports physicians and researchers. Among these injuries, knee injuries are a commonly encountered problem in football players with long-term effects. This paper aims to perform a visual mapping and a bibliometric analysis of research on knee injuries in football, examining the current state and research trends. For this purpose, all publications from the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) within the Web of Science database were analysed. VOSviewer 1.6.18 was utilised for visualising bibliometric data. A total of 2159 publications were included in the study. The analysis covers publication year, authors, citation counts, and distributions among publishing journals. Authors, institutions, and international relationships were investigated, and keyword analysis, bibliometric coupling, and co-citation network analyses were conducted. The findings reveal that the United States and Australia are the countries with the highest number of publications. From 2018, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of publications. Citation and publication counts reached their peak in 2021. Turkey takes the 28th rank in terms of citation and centrality. The keywords "soccer," "football," "knee", and "anterior cruciate ligament" were found to be intensively used with high centrality. In conclusion, visual mapping through bibliometric analysis highlights the magnitude and diversity of research in the field of knee injuries in football. It emphasises the need for further studies in this area for future researchers, shedding light on important research areas. Moreover, it provides insights into the prevention of such injuries in football players and the development of effective treatment strategies by fostering more knowledge and understanding of knee injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Yildiz
- Vocational School of Health Services, Artvin Coruh University: Artvin Coruh Universitesi, artvin, TURKEY
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Quintana-Cepedal M, López-Aguado I, Fernández-Somoano A, Rodríguez MÁ, del Valle M, Olmedillas H. Injury incidence and characteristics in adolescent female football players: A systematic review with meta-analysis of prospective studies. Biol Sport 2024; 41:137-151. [PMID: 38952921 PMCID: PMC11167467 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.132996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
To observe overall, training, and match injury incidence in female youth football. We also aimed to quantify the incidence of injuries by affected tissue and body location. The following databases were examined: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane and PEDro. Papers that reported overall injury incidence, training or match injury incidence were included. Additionally, studies had to be performed in adolescent female football players (13-19 years of age). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the checklist of items that must be included in epidemiological football reports were used to assess methodological quality of the included articles. For the meta-analyses, a random effect model was used. A total of 13 studies were included. There were 2,333 injuries; incidence was higher during games (12.7/1000 h) compared to training sessions (2.3/1000 h). The injury match-to-training ratio was 5.8. The lower limbs were the region in which the greatest number of injuries occurred, with the ankle (1.2/1000 h) and knee (0.8/1000 h) having the most injuries. In relation to injured tissue, ligament injuries represented an incidence of 1.3/1000 h, followed by muscle injuries (0.9/1000 h). This study represents the first step towards the creation and implementation of preventative measures in female youth football. The results suggest that attention should be focused on ankle and knee injuries, since they are the most frequent and can lead to sport retirement in some cases depending on the severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintana-Cepedal
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Asturian Research Group in Performance, Readaptation, Training and Health (ASTURES), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Ana Fernández-Somoano
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular del Cáncer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias-Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERSP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel del Valle
- Asturian Research Group in Performance, Readaptation, Training and Health (ASTURES), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Asturian Research Group in Performance, Readaptation, Training and Health (ASTURES), University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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5
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Nieto Torrejón L, Martínez-Serrano A, Villalón JM, Alcaraz PE. Economic impact of muscle injury rate and hamstring strain injuries in professional football clubs. Evidence from LaLiga. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301498. [PMID: 38870170 PMCID: PMC11175487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were: 1) to describe the total muscular injuries, and specifically HSIs, and their corresponding missed matches; 2) to analyse their economic impact; and 3) to estimate the loss of incomes due to TV rights, in first division clubs from LaLigaTM depending on the expected and actual ranking position during the 2018/2019 season. To do that, a cross-sectional study for season 18/19 and for all players of the 20 Spanish professional football clubs was performed. The economic impact of injuries was estimated considering the missed matches and salary cost of all players and the audio-visual income loss was estimated considering the Spanish Royal Decree of Law (RDL 5/2015). The high number of muscular (270) and hamstring injuries (57) implies a high cost for professional first division football clubs, specifically € 365,811 per month for the former and € 47,388 per month for the latter. In addition, reaching a worse than expected position in LaLigaTM ranking involved a loss of 45,2 million € in TV rights incomes. The high cost of muscle injuries in first division teams justifies the need for multidisciplinary teams that are capable of reducing the number of injuries as well as recovery times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nieto Torrejón
- Faculty of Economics and Business, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society (SCS), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society (SCS), Murcia, Spain
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Serner A, Chamari K, Hassanmirzaei B, Moreira F, Bahr R, Massey A, Grimm K, Clarsen B, Tabben M. Time-loss injuries and illnesses at the FIFA world cup Qatar 2022. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38860817 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2357568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to analyse incidence and characteristics of time-loss injuries and illnesses during the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. Of 838 male football players, 705 consented to participate. Team medical staff reported 82 time-loss injuries, corresponding to an injury event incidence of 5.6 injuries/1000 h of total exposure (95%CI 4.5 to 7.0 injuries/1000 h), with a median of 2 time-loss injury events per team (IQR, 1 to 4.5, range 0-7). The total injury burden was 103 (95% CI 61 to 152) days per 1000 h. Muscle/tendon injuries had the highest incidence of tissue types (48 cases, 3.3/1000 h (95% CI 2.5 to 4.4), and hamstring muscle injuries were the most frequent diagnosis (16 cases, incidence 1.1/1000 h, 95% CI 0.6 to 1.8). Match injury event incidence was 20.6/1000 h (15.0 to 27.7) and training injury event incidence was 2.1/1000 h (1.4 to 3.1). The majority (52%) of sudden-onset injuries were non-contact injuries, 40% direct contact and 8% indirect contact. We recorded 15 time-loss illnesses, corresponding to an illness event incidence of 1.1 per 1000 competition days, (95% CI: 0.6 to 1.8), and illness burden of 2.1 (1.0 to 3.4) days lost per 1000 competition days. The most common illness was respiratory infection (12 cases, 80%). Match injury event incidence was the lowest in any FIFA World Cup since injuries have been monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Serner
- FIFA Medical, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- Higher institute of Sport and Physical Education, ISSEP Ksar Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Bahar Hassanmirzaei
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francisco Moreira
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roald Bahr
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Massey
- FIFA Medical, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Grimm
- FIFA Medical, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ben Clarsen
- FIFA Medical, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
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7
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Pi-Rusiñol R, Verhagen E, Blanch M, Rodas Font G. Process mining to investigate the relationship between clinical antecedents and injury risk, severity and return to play in professional sports. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001890. [PMID: 38835540 PMCID: PMC11149139 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This paper presents an exploratory case study focusing on the applicability and value of process mining in a professional sports healthcare setting. We explore whether process mining can be retrospectively applied to readily available data at a professional sports club (Football Club Barcelona) and whether it can be used to obtain insights related to care flows. Design Our study used discovery process mining to detect patterns and trends in athletes' Post-Pre-Participation Medical Evaluation injury route, encompassing five phases for analysis and interpretation. Results We examined preprocessed data in event log format to determine the injury status of athletes in respective baseline groups (healthy or pathological). Our analysis found a link between thigh muscle injuries and later ankle joint problems. The process model found three loops with recurring injuries, the most common of which were thigh muscle injuries. There were no differences in injury rates or the median number of days to return to play between the healthy and pathological groups. Conclusions This study explored the applicability and value of process mining in a professional sports healthcare setting. We established that process mining can be retrospectively applied to readily available data at a professional sports club and that this approach can be used to obtain insights related to sports healthcare flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Pi-Rusiñol
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FIFA Medical Excellence Center, and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miriam Blanch
- ITEREM BPM Consulting Barcelona Spain, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas Font
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FIFA Medical Excellence Center, and Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
- Barnaclinic Sports Medicine Unit, Barcelona, Spain
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Zago M, Esposito F, Stillavato S, Zaffagnini S, Frigo CA, Della Villa F. 3-Dimensional Biomechanics of Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Male Professional Soccer Players. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:1794-1803. [PMID: 38742580 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241248071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury causation in soccer has improved over the past decades. Bidimensional video analyses have significantly augmented our awareness, representing to date the only practical method to describe injury biomechanics. However, the extent of the problem continues to raise serious concerns. PURPOSE To advance our understanding of the causal pathways leading to ACL injury with a large-scale reconstruction of 3-dimensional (3D) whole-body joint kinematics of injuries that occurred to male elite soccer players, as well as to compare the joint angle time course among situational patterns. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS A total of 33 consecutive noncontact and indirect contact ACL injuries that occurred in 6 national and 2 international professional leagues (seasons 2020-2021 to 2022-2023 until December 2022) were analyzed: (1) multiview noncoaxial television images were inspected; (2) multiple camera views were taken from 400 ms before the initial ground contact to 200 ms after the injury frame; (3) a size-matched pitch was modeled and used to calibrate cameras; (4) a 3D skeletal model was adjusted to fit the player's pose in each frame/view; and (5) poses were interpolated, and Euler joint angles were extracted. RESULTS The authors reconstructed the 3D lower limb joint kinematic curves preceding and during ACL injuries in 33 cases; notably, a sudden external (up to 5°) and then internal knee rotation was observed after the initial contact and before the injury frame. The overall kinematics at injury were knee moderately flexed (45.9°± 21.7°), abducted (4.3°± 5.1°), and externally rotated (3.0°± 6.4°); trunk shallowly flexed (17.4°± 12.5°) and rotated and tilted toward the injured side; and hip flexed (32.0°± 18.7°), abducted (31.1°± 12.0°), and slightly internally rotated (6.6°± 12.2°). Variable behaviors were observed at the ankle level. CONCLUSION Via reconstruction of the sequence of whole-body joint motion leading to injury, we confirmed the accepted gross biomechanics (dynamic valgus trend). This study significantly enriches the current knowledge on multiplanar kinematic features (transverse and coronal plane rotations). Furthermore, it was shown that ACL injuries in male professional soccer players manifest through distinct biomechanical footprints related to the concurrent game situation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Interventions aimed at reducing ACL injuries in soccer should consider that environmental features (ie, situational patterns) affect injury mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Zago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Susanna Stillavato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Zaffagnini
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica II, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Albino Frigo
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Della Villa
- Education and Research Department, Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Raum G, Kenyon C, Bowers R. Platelet-Poor versus Platelet-Rich Plasma for the Treatment of Muscle Injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep 2024; 23:222-228. [PMID: 38838685 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Muscle injury in sport results in significant lost time and potential for reinjury for athletes. Autologous blood product, namely, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), has been investigated for possible augmentation of the treatment timeline with prevention of reinjury; however, conflicting results have been identified. A growing body of basic science and clinical literature is forming that supports the use of platelet-poor plasma (PPP) for muscle injury. The purpose of this study was to provide a background of the basic science of PRP versus PPP for muscle injury and to identify and review the clinical evidence for both autologous blood products, including the author's clinical experience utilizing the blood products. At the tissue level, PRP causes myoblast proliferation while PPP has led to myoblast induction, potentially identifying improved native muscle healing. Conflicting studies have been identified for the use of PRP for muscle injury. A growing body of positive results for PPP was identified, but high-quality comparative studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Raum
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Robert Bowers
- Department of Orthopedics, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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10
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Bloch H, Klein C. [Injury prevention in football : A challenge for team doctors and coaching team]. ORTHOPADIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 53:420-426. [PMID: 38662137 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-024-04503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
High injury rates and long injury-related downtimes demonstrate the need for effective and differentiated injury prevention strategies in football. Preventive measures should take place in various fields and should not be reduced to training programmes or medical approaches. The so-called "Big 6 of injury prevention" provide an overview of the key areas that should be addressed. In modern sports medicine, it should be a matter of course that the team doctor already participates in the primary prevention strategies and does not only get involved in the post-traumatic treatment. Similarly, a decision on a player's return to play after an injury should not be based solely on the medical assessment of the team doctor. Good communication and interdisciplinary cooperation, therefore, form the basis for successful prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Bloch
- Bezirksverwaltung Bielefeld, Verwaltungs-Berufsgenossenschaft (VBG), Nikolaus-Dürkopp-Straße 8, 33602, Bielefeld, Deutschland.
| | - Christian Klein
- Bezirksverwaltung Bergisch Gladbach, Verwaltungs-Berufsgenossenschaft (VBG), Bergisch Gladbach, Deutschland
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11
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Dalen-Lorentsen T, Bjørneboe J, Harøy J, Andersen TE. We stand with the players: a call to action for the football community. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:639-640. [PMID: 38688695 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen
- Department of Health Research, SINTEF Digital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Bjørneboe
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joar Harøy
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Gómez-Piqueras P, Alcaraz PE. If You Want to Prevent Hamstring Injuries in Soccer, Run Fast: A Narrative Review about Practical Considerations of Sprint Training. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38787003 PMCID: PMC11126098 DOI: 10.3390/sports12050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) are one of the most common injuries in sprint-based sports. In soccer, the ability to sprint is key, not only because of its relation to performance but also due to its possible protective effect against HSIs. Although many authors have focused on the "how", "when", and "what" training load should be implemented, there is a lack of practical proposals for sprint training in a high-level professional environment. The objective of this narrative review is, after a deep review of the scientific literature, to present a practical approach for sprint training, trying to answer some of the questions that most strength and conditioning coaches ask themselves when including it in soccer. Once the literature published on this topic was reviewed and combined with the practical experience of the authors, it was concluded that sprint training in soccer, although it presents an obvious need, is not something about which there is methodological unanimity. However, following the practical recommendations from this narrative review, strength and conditioning coaches can have a reference model that serves as a starting point for optimal management of the internal and external training load when they wish to introduce sprint training in the competitive microcycle in professional soccer players, with the aim of reducing HSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
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13
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Quintana-Cepedal M, Roces-Vila I, Del Valle M, Olmedillas H. Epidemiology of injuries in elite female rink hockey players: A two season observational study. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 67:7-12. [PMID: 38394829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To record the time-loss injuries of female rink hockey players and describe the affected region, tissue, and onset of injury. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey study. SETTING First (Ok Liga) and Second (Plata) division clubs. PARTICIPANTS 280 player-seasons. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incidence of overall, training, and match injuries (number of injuries per 1000 h) from two seasons. RESULTS A total of 229 injuries occurred in 56,438 h of exposure. The overall incidence was 4 injuries per 1000 h (4/1000 h), with a significantly higher rate of injuries during matches (15.2/1000 h) compared to training sessions (2.6/1000 h) (p < 0.001). Injuries affecting the lower limb were the most common (2.3/1000 h), followed by upper limb (1.2/1000 h), and head/trunk (0.6/1000 h). The tissue with the highest incidence of injury was the muscle/tendon (1.3/1000 h), followed by the ligament (0.8/1000 h). Around one in every three injuries (31%) affected either the thigh or hip/groin (73 injuries). CONCLUSIONS The injury incidence in elite female rink hockey is moderate and occurs mainly during match sessions. Preventative measurements should be implemented in rink hockey with a special concern for injuries affecting the thigh, and hip/groin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintana-Cepedal
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Asturian Research Group in Performance, Readaptation, Training, and Health (ASTUres), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Isaac Roces-Vila
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Valle
- Asturian Research Group in Performance, Readaptation, Training, and Health (ASTUres), Oviedo, Spain; Department of Cellular Morphology and Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain; Asturian Research Group in Performance, Readaptation, Training, and Health (ASTUres), Oviedo, Spain.
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14
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Kekelekis A, Manuel Clemente F, Kellis E. Muscle injury characteristics and incidence rates in men's amateur soccer: A one season prospective study. Res Sports Med 2024; 32:411-424. [PMID: 36120742 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2122827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to examine the incident rate (IR), characteristics, and mechanisms of muscle injuries of 121 men amateur soccer players that voluntarily participated in this project. Sixty-five muscle injuries with an overall IR of 3.62/1000 h, 95% CI 2.7-4.5, were reported. The most frequently injured muscle groups were the hamstrings (IR 1.78/1000 h, 95% CI 1.1-2.3), followed by the adductors (IR 1.5/1000 h, 95% CI 0.93-2.06). Most muscle injuries were characterized as mild (IR 2.3/1000 h, 95% CI 1.53-2.92) or minimal (IR 1.28/1000 h, 95% CI 1.16-2.39. Higher incidence of injury sustained during matches (IR 14.09 injuries/1000 h, 95% CI 9.49-18.7), than in training (IR 1.88 injuries/1000 h, 95% CI 1.19-2.56). The most frequent injury mechanisms were high-speed running (84.4%) and change of direction (44.4%), for hamstring and adductors-related groin injuries, respectively. Players aged over 24 years had a 7-fold increased risk to sustain a hamstring injury but a lower risk to sustain an adductor-related groin injury. Injury prevention and rehabilitation management strategies may reduce muscle injury rates in amateur soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afxentios Kekelekis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Serres, Greece
- Departement of Rehabilitation, Sport Injury Clinic for Prevention & Rehabilitation, Crete, Aghios Nikolaos, Greece
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola SuperiorDesporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Instituto Politécnico deViana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Serres, Greece
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Andriolo L, Marín Fermín T, Chiari Gaggia GMM, Serner A, Kon E, Papakostas E, Massey A, Verdonk P, Filardo G. Knee Cartilage Injuries in Football Players: Clinical Outcomes and Return to Sport After Surgical Treatment: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Cartilage 2024:19476035231224951. [PMID: 38651797 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231224951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature and analyze clinical outcomes and return-to-sport after surgical management of cartilage injuries in football players. DESIGN A systematic literature review was performed in August 2023 on PubMed, WebOfScience, and Cochrane Library to collect studies on surgical strategies for cartilage lesions in football players. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed with the modified Coleman Methodology score and RoB2 and RoBANS2 tools. RESULTS Fifteen studies on 409 football players (86% men, 14% women) were included: nine prospective and two retrospective case series, one randomized controlled trial, one prospective comparative study, one case report, and one survey. Bone marrow stimulation (BMS) techniques were the most documented. The lesion size influenced the treatment choice: debridement was used for small lesions (1.1 cm2), BMS, osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT), matrix-assisted autologous chondrocytes transplantation (MACT), and scaffold-augmented BMS for small/mid-size lesions (2.2-3.0 cm2), and autologous chondrocytes implantation (ACI) for larger lesions (5.8 cm2). The surgical options yielded different results in terms of clinical outcome and return-to-sport, with fastest recovery for debridement and scaffold-augmented BMS. The current evidence is limited with large methodological quality variation (modified Coleman Methodology score 43.5/100) and a high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS Decision-making in cartilage injuries seems to privilege early return-to-sport, making debridement and microfractures the most used techniques. The lesion size influences the treatment choice. However, the current evidence is limited. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish a case-based approach to treat cartilage injuries in football players based on the specific patient and lesion characteristics and the treatments' potential in terms of both return-to-sport and long-term results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Systematic review, level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Andriolo
- Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica 2, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Andreas Serner
- FIFA Medical, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrew Massey
- FIFA Medical, Fédération Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Verdonk
- Aspetar Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- ORTHOCA, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Filardo
- Service of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Surgery, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Applied and Translational Research (ATR) Center, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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16
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Benson EM, Elphingstone JW, Paul KD, Schick S, Shihab YA, Barlow D, Ponce BA, Brabston EW, Momaya AM. Eccentric Hamstring Strength Imbalance among Football and Soccer Athletes. South Med J 2024; 117:214-219. [PMID: 38569612 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are common among football and soccer athletes. Eccentric strength imbalance is considered a contributing factor for HSI. There is, however, a paucity of data on hamstring imbalances of soccer and American football athletes as they age and advance in skill level. High school athletes will display greater interlimb discrepancies compared with collegiate and professional athletes. In addition, soccer athletes will exhibit greater hamstring asymmetry than American football athletes. METHODS Hamstring testing was performed on soccer and American football athletes using the NordBord Hamstring Testing System (Vald Performance, Albion, Australia). Age, sex, weight, sport specialization, and sport level were recorded. Maximum hamstring forces (N), torque (N · m), and work (N · s) were measured. Hamstring imbalance (%) was calculated by dividing the absolute value of the difference in leg forces divided by their sum. One-way analysis of variance and independent sample t tests compared measurements between athlete groups. RESULTS A total of 631 athletes completed measurements, including 88 high school male soccer, 25 college male soccer, 23 professional male soccer, 83 high school female soccer, 28 college female soccer, 288 high school football, and 96 college football athletes. High school soccer players displayed significantly greater imbalances for torque (P = 0.03) and work (P < 0.01) than football athletes. Imbalances for maximum force (P = 0.035), torque (P = 0.018), and work (P = 0.033) were significantly higher for male soccer athletes in high school compared with college- and professional-level athletes. Female high school soccer players had significantly higher imbalance in torque (P = 0.045) and work (P = 0.001) compared with female collegiate soccer players. Football athletes did not experience significant changes in force imbalances between skill levels. CONCLUSIONS High school soccer athletes exhibit greater hamstring imbalances than football athletes. Higher levels of play in soccer, for both male and female athletes, correlate with less hamstring asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Benson
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Joseph W Elphingstone
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Kyle D Paul
- the Department of Orthopaedics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Samuel Schick
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Yazen A Shihab
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Dan Barlow
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | | | - Eugene W Brabston
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Amit M Momaya
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
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17
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Bangert Y, Jaber A, Trefzer R, Zietzschmann S, Koch KA, Kern R, Spielmann J, Renkawitz T, Weishorn J. The Impact of Injury on Career Progression in Elite Youth Football-Findings at 10 Years. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1915. [PMID: 38610680 PMCID: PMC11012782 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of time loss, match exposure, and age at injury on career progression in elite football. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify injury characteristics and their influence on career progression in a German youth academy. Methods: During the 2012/2013 season, a prospective cohort study reported 107 time-loss injuries among 130 young athletes from an elite German soccer academy. Individual career progression was analyzed using 10-year data. Results: Injuries and time loss were not associated with career progression (p > 0.05) in the overall cohort. In the U17 and U19 groups, 24% were able to reach the professional level, with injuries significantly decreasing this probability (p = 0.002). Injuries lasting more than 28 days had a negative impact on career progression compared to minor injuries (30% vs. 10%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: Not only the characteristics of injuries, but also their impact on career development, vary with age. In the U17 and U19 age groups, serious injuries resulting in more than 28 days of absence have a negative impact on career progression. It is important to be aware of these effects in order to focus on the prevention of long-term injuries to ensure the optimal development of young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Bangert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fußball-Spielbetriebs GmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
| | - Ayham Jaber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Raphael Trefzer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Kevin-Arno Koch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Ralph Kern
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fußball-Spielbetriebs GmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
- Ethianum, Fehrentzstrasse 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Spielmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
| | - Johannes Weishorn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (Y.B.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (K.-A.K.); (T.R.)
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18
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Armitage M, McErlain-Naylor SA, Devereux G, Beato M, Iga J, McRobert A, Roberts S, Buckthorpe M. On-field rehabilitation in football: current practice and perceptions. A survey of the English Premier League and Football League. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38456365 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2313529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Return to play related research is increasing rapidly, with two recent competency-based frameworks offering conceptualised support for on-field rehabilitation (OFR) decision-making. It is still unknown, however, who is responsible for OFR and how they typically select, monitor, and progress OFR processes. AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate current OFR practice within English professional football to support practitioners with decision-making and highlight opportunities for future research related to the design, monitoring, and progression of OFR. METHODS Sixty-nine practitioners responsible for the design and implementation of OFR at 69 clubs (75% of the English Premier League and Football League) responded to a survey containing 30 questions (14 open and 16 closed). RESULTS The main findings were that therapists (physiotherapists/sports therapists) have the largest influence on OFR, followed by physical performance coaches (sports scientists/strength and conditioning coaches), technical coaches and medical doctors. There was more agreement for the ordering of specific OFR drills earlier in the process when activities are easier to control. The most frequently reported objective monitoring tool was global positioning systems (GPS), with functional/clinical experience/expertise remaining subjectively vital. GPS outputs (e.g., sprint metrics and accelerations/decelerations) were most used for between session decision-making, with verbal communication being key for within session decision-making. CONCLUSION Future research should use evidence of current practice, such as drill design and monitoring techniques, to explore drill-level analysis and give practitioners greater insights into which stage of current OFR frameworks specific drills fall, and how they might be more objectively progressed/regressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Armitage
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
- Faculty of Sport, Applied Health and Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, London, UK
- Performance Services Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK
| | - Stuart A McErlain-Naylor
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Gavin Devereux
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - John Iga
- Performance Services Department, Norwich City Football Club, Norwich, UK
| | - Allistair McRobert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Roberts
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Matt Buckthorpe
- Faculty of Sport, Applied Health and Science, St Mary's University Twickenham, London, UK
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Orhant E, Chapellier JF, Carling C. The impact of a mid-season FIFA World Cup™ on injury occurrence and patterns in French professional soccer clubs. Res Sports Med 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38449320 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2024.2326517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
This study retrospectively compared the effect of holding the 2022 FIFA World Cup™ (WC) mid-season (season 2022/23) on injury rates and patterns in French Ligue 1 soccer clubs. Epidemiological data in 17 clubs were prospectively recorded by their physicians. Time-loss injuries (injuries leading to a player being unable to fully participate in play over the following 72-hour period) were compared with those reported during a regular season (2021-22). In the WC season, an increase of approximately 23% (training + match-play) was observed for both the total number of injuries and knee, ankle and muscle injuries combined. Incidences for match-play injury overall and for the knee, ankle and muscle regions combined and the hamstrings and calf regions specifically also rose significantly (range: p < 0.05-p < 0.01). These results suggest that injury occurrence and patterns in French L1 soccer clubs were substantially affected during the 2022/23 season when a mid-season WC was held.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Orhant
- Medical Department, French Football Federation, Paris, France
| | - J F Chapellier
- Medical Department, French Football Federation, Paris, France
| | - Christopher Carling
- French Football Federation Research Centre, Clairefontaine National Football Centre, Clairefontaine-en-Yvelines, France
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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20
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Read D, Rosenbloom C. What contextual factors influence pain management decision making concerning player availability in professional men's football? A qualitative analysis of practitioner perceptions. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38341871 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2024.2316093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Football practitioners must regularly assess the risk of participation when determining player availability. At present, there is a lack of information detailing the factors that influence risk assessments. Accordingly, the following research question was explored: what contextual factors influence pain management decision-making when determining player availability in professional men's football? METHODS 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with club doctors (8), physiotherapists (6), and heads of medicine and performance (8) working in professional men's football in the United Kingdom. The methodology is reported using COREQ criteria and data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Three themes were created that explain how decision-making concerning analgesia was influenced by: (1) access to medical resources, (2) trust between staff and players, and (3) prioritising short-term success. First, the time, resources, and medical information available to staff impacted the ability to assess players and their risk tolerance in relation to analgesia. Second, decision-making was perceived as a multi-stakeholder process and the nature of relationships with players and performance staff could increase or decrease risk tolerance. Third, player decisions are made against a performance and working environment that privileges short term success over long term wellbeing. CONCLUSION The data support that pain management decision-making in professional men's football is influenced by the player and staff's working context. Further, practitioners viewed potential harm to a player from a socio-economic and physical perspective. These findings support the adoption of a patient-centred care approach and can inform clear recommendations from international and national governing bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Read
- Institute for Sport Business, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Craig Rosenbloom
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Department, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Medical Department, Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, London, UK
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21
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Hallén A, Tomás R, Ekstrand J, Bengtsson H, Van den Steen E, Hägglund M, Waldén M. UEFA Women's Elite Club Injury Study: a prospective study on 1527 injuries over four consecutive seasons 2018/2019 to 2021/2022 reveals thigh muscle injuries to be most common and ACL injuries most burdensome. Br J Sports Med 2024; 58:128-135. [PMID: 38182274 PMCID: PMC10894819 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Injuries in women's football (soccer) have scarcely been investigated, and no study has been conducted in the highest competitive level involving club teams from different countries. Our aim was to investigate the time-loss injury epidemiology and characteristics among women's elite football players over four seasons. METHODS 596 players from 15 elite women's teams in Europe were studied prospectively during the 2018/2019 to 2021/2022 seasons (44 team seasons). Medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. Injury incidence was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 playing hours and injury burden as the number of days lost per 1000 hours. RESULTS 1527 injuries were recorded in 463 players with an injury incidence of 6.7 (95% CI 6.4 to 7.0) injuries per 1000 hours and a nearly fourfold higher incidence during match play compared with training (18.4, 95% CI 16.9 to 19.9 vs 4.8, 95% CI 4.5 to 5.1; rate ratio 3.8, 95% CI 3.5 to 4.2). Thigh muscle injuries (hamstrings 12%, 188/1527, and quadriceps 11%, 171/1527) were the most frequent injury, while anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury had the highest burden (38.0 days lost per 1000 hours, IQR 29.2-52.1) with median days lost of 292 (IQR 246-334) days. Concussions constituted 3% (47/1527) of all injuries, with more than half of them (55%, 26/47) due to ball-related impact. CONCLUSION An elite women's football team can expect approximately 35 time-loss injuries per season. Thigh muscle injury was the most common injury and ACL injury had the highest injury burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hallén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Rita Tomás
- Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Portugal Football School, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
- PM&R Unit, Hospital CUF Descobertas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jan Ekstrand
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Håkan Bengtsson
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elke Van den Steen
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, AZ St Jan, Brugge, Belgium
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Waldén
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
- Unit of Public Health, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Stathas I, Kalliakmanis A, Kekelekis A, Danassi Afentaki D, Tsepis E, Fousekis K. Effectiveness of an On-Field Rehabilitation framework for return to sports in injured male professional football players: a single-blinded, prospective, randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001849. [PMID: 38268525 PMCID: PMC10806762 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives In football, on-field rehabilitation (OFR) is critical during injury recovery for a player's safe return to sports (RTS). The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an OFR framework for RTS in injured male professional football players. Trial design A prospective block-randomised controlled-parallel trial was conducted (level of evidence 1b). Methods Male professional football players (mean age, 26.3±3.6 years) from Greece diagnosed with an acute, lower limb musculoskeletal (MSK) injury (confirmed clinically and through imaging) participated in the study. During rehabilitation, the participants' OFR was guided by either the On-Field Rehabilitation (On FI.RE.) accelerated framework (experimental group) or a traditional OFR framework for a late injury recovery phase (comparison group). Between July 2021 and January 2022, 76 players were randomly allocated to the experimental group (n=38) and the comparison group (n=38). Participants were blinded during the study regarding intervention therapeutic protocols. The primary outcome measure was the effect of On FI.RE. framework on the time needed to return to team training (RTT) participation. The correlation between the time needed to return to on-field activity and RTT was calculated. Subsequent injuries were registered for a 12-month follow-up period. Results The intervention protocol, On FI.RE. framework, had a statistically significant effect on the time needed to RTT (F(1) = 49 626, p<0.001) with a large effect size (ES; η2=0.422) and fewer days (mean=23.8±9.1 days) needed than the comparison group (mean=30.3±9.8 days). There was a strong correlation between return to on-field activity and the time needed to RTT (r(76) = 0.901, p<0001) with a large ES (r>0.5). Six subsequent injuries were registered in the traditional OFR framework group, and one subsequent injury in the On FI.RE. framework group after a follow-up period of 12 months. Conclusion The On FI.RE., an accelerated OFR framework during injury recovery, is more effective than a traditional OFR framework, reducing the time a player needs to RTS. It entails a very low risk of reinjury. Trial registration number NCT05163470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stathas
- Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
- Head of Physiotherapy and rehabilitation department, OFI Crete FC, Herakleion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Afxentios Kekelekis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Elias Tsepis
- Physiotherapy Dept School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Fousekis
- Physiotherapy Department Therapeutic exercise and Sports Rehabilitation exercise laboratory, University of Patras, Patra, Greece
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Kasińska Z, Tasiemski T, Zwierko T, Lesiakowski P, Grygorowicz M. The usefulness of balance test in preseason evaluation of injuries in amputee football players: a pilot prospective observational study. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16573. [PMID: 38192602 PMCID: PMC10773449 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Low balance ability is generally associated with an increased risk of ligament injuries. It seems that assessing the level of stability in amputee football players can help evaluate the accompanying risk of sports injuries. Thus, the study aimed to examine the usefulness of the balance test in preseason evaluation by calculating between-group differences in stability parameters between injured and non-injured amputee players. Methods The study was designed as a pilot prospective observational study. Twenty-five elite amputee football players representing the Polish National Team and the highest division in Polish League completed one-leg preseason balance tests on the Biodex Balance System before the start of the football season. All players in this study were male, with an average age of 29 years (SD = 7.9), a stature of 174.2 cm (SD 5.2) and a body mass of 80.1 kg (SD = 13.1). Then, players were prospectively observed over one football season, and lower leg injury data were prospectively collected through the nine months. The between-group differences were tested using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test for players who sustained an injury (yes) and those who did not within the analysed season (no). Overall (OSI), medial-lateral (MLSI), and anterior-posterior stability index (APSI) were analysed as primary outcomes. Results The preseason values of the balance tests were not predictive (p > 0.05) regarding sustaining an injury during the season. No between-group differences were noted for any analysed outcomes (p values ranged from 0.093 to 0.453). Conclusions Although static balance tasks offer a chance to make a preliminary assessment of injury prediction in amputee footballers, in overall, the balance test results cannot be regarded as the sole predictive injury risk factor in amputee football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Kasińska
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tasiemski
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Teresa Zwierko
- Laboratory of Kinesiology in Functional and Structural Human Research Centre, Department of Physical Culture and Health, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Lesiakowski
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Grygorowicz
- Department of Physiotherapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Sports Science Research Group, Rehasport Clinic FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Poznan, Poland
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24
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Quintana-Cepedal M, de la Calle O, Olmedillas H. Can the Copenhagen Adduction Exercise Prevent Groin Injuries in Soccer Players? A Critically Appraised Topic. J Sport Rehabil 2024; 33:45-48. [PMID: 37734743 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2023-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
CLINICAL SCENARIO Injuries that affect the groin region are among the most common in football players. To prevent this condition, studies have focused on strengthening the adductors, hip flexors, or abdominal muscles. Recent investigations have used an eccentric-biased exercise (Copenhagen Adduction Exercise [CAE]) that promotes functional and architectural adaptations in the muscle tissue, though its effect on injury risk reduction is unknown. CLINICAL QUESTION Can the Copenhagen Adduction Exercise prevent groin injuries in soccer players? SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS The literature was searched for studies investigating the potential groin injury risk reduction effect of the CAE. (1) Three studies met the inclusion criteria and were used for this appraisal; (2) one study observed a significantly lower injury rate ratio favoring the group that used the CAE program; and (3) 2 studies found similar or higher injury rates in the intervention groups, not supporting the inclusion of the CAE as a preventative tool. CLINICAL BOTTOM LINE There is conflicting evidence that usage of the CAE is superior to not performing adductor strengthening exercises in mitigating the risk of sustaining groin injuries. Given the evidence supporting these findings, it is advisable to exercise caution when contemplating the incorporation of the CAE into training regimens aimed at preventing groin injuries. STRENGTH OF RECOMMENDATION There is Grade B evidence to suggest that inclusion of the CAE may not be associated with reduced injury rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Quintana-Cepedal
- Asturian Research Group in Performance, Readaptation, Training, and Health (ASTURES), Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Hugo Olmedillas
- Asturian Research Group in Performance, Readaptation, Training, and Health (ASTURES), Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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25
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Adams SR, Toohey LA, Drew MK, Smith C, Borges N, Wollin M, Livingston GC, Schultz A. Epidemiology of time-loss injuries within an Australian male professional football club: A 5-year prospective observational study of 21,343 player hours. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2161-2168. [PMID: 38390955 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2313834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish injury incidence rates (IIRs) and burden within an Australian male professional football club (n = 73) and to investigate longitudinal trends across five consecutive seasons (2016/17-2020/21). There was an overall IIR of 9.18 injuries per 1000 hours (h) (95% CI [7.89, 10.47]). The IIR was approximately seven times greater (rate ratio (RR): 6.85; 95% CI [5.13, 9.19]; p < 0.01) in matches (31.29 injuries per 1000 h; 95% CI [25.25, 37.33]) compared to training (4.49 injuries per 1000 h; 95% CI [3.51, 5.47]). The overall injury burden was 254.1 days lost per 1000 h (95% CI [220.9, 292.3]). Compared with the reference 2016/17 season, there were significant increases in minimal (RR: 6.94; 95% CI [1.27, 128.73]) and mild injuries (RR: 3.76; 95% CI [1.21, 16.39]) in season 2017/18 and decreases in moderate (RR: 0.40; 95% CI [0.19, 0.80]) and contact injuries (RR: 0.35; 95% CI [0.12, 0.90]) in season 2019/2020. Time-loss injury is common and represents a major burden in Australian male professional football, with injuries more frequently sustained during matches. Injury prevention practices should specifically be directed towards muscle/tendon and ligament injuries of the lower limb, particularly anterior cruciate ligament, ankle sprain and hamstring strain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart R Adams
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Newcastle Jets Football Club, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Liam A Toohey
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia
- Department of Physical Therapies, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
| | - Michael K Drew
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris Smith
- Newcastle Jets Football Club, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Nattai Borges
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Wollin
- Performance Health Management, Canberra, Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - G C Livingston
- College of Engineering, Science and the Environment, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adrian Schultz
- Australian College of Physical Education (ACPE), Sydney Olympic Park, Australia
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26
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Amundsen R, Thorarinsdottir S, Clarsen B, Andersen TE, Møller M, Bahr R. #ReadyToPlay: health problems in women's football-a two-season prospective cohort study in the Norwegian premier league. Br J Sports Med 2023:bjsports-2023-107141. [PMID: 37968072 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the prevalence, incidence and burden of all health problems in the Norwegian women's premier league. METHODS During the 2020 and 2021 seasons, players in the Norwegian women's premier league reported all health problems (sudden-onset injuries, gradual-onset injuries and illnesses) weekly, using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems. Team medical staff diagnosed reported problems using the Sport Medicine Diagnostic Coding System. We calculated average weekly prevalence, incidence and burden of all health problems reported. RESULTS We included 294 players (age: 22±4 years) from 11 teams. Response rate to the weekly questionnaire was 79%. On average, 32% (95% CI: 31% to 33%) of the players reported at least one health problem at any time and 22% (95% CI: 21% to 23%) reported a substantial health problem negatively affecting their training volume or performance. The overall incidence was 10.7 health problems per 1000 hours of football exposure. Sudden-onset injuries were most severe (68% of the total time loss), followed by gradual-onset injuries (25%) and illnesses (8%). Thigh was the most common injury location (26%), while knee injuries were most severe, causing 42% of the total injury time loss. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries alone caused 30% of the total injury time loss. CONCLUSION One in five players had a health problem negatively affecting their training volume or performance at any time. Sudden-onset injuries represented the most burdensome health problem. Thigh injuries were most frequent, while knee injuries, ACL injuries especially, were most severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roar Amundsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Thorarinsdottir
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health and Function, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- FIFA Medical, Federation Internationale de Football Association, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Football Association Medical Centre (Idrettens helsesenter), The Norwegian Football Association, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Møller
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Institute of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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27
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Ekstrand J, Van Zoest W, Gauffin H. Changes in head staff members in male elite-level football teams are associated with increased hamstring injury burden for that season: the UEFA Elite Club Injury Study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001640. [PMID: 38022762 PMCID: PMC10660205 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate whether a change of head coach or other head staff before or during a season is correlated to hamstring injury (HI) burden in male elite-level football (soccer) in Europe. Methods The survey was conducted using a questionnaire reporting any staff change within the team. Data about the head staff changes and hamstring injury burdens were collected from 14 teams participating in the Elite Club Injury Study (ECIS) during the 2019/2020, 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons. Results On average, replacing the head coach before or during a season happens in every second season. All changes, except for the change of the head coach during a season, indicate an association with an increase in HI burden (ranging from 10% to 81%). However, only changes in the fitness coach and team doctor roles reached statistical significance. The HI burden seems to be influenced by adding new staff members, such as the head of fitness/performance coach in 36% of the teams and the team doctor in 17%. New head coaches starting the season with their own, for the team new, fitness/performance coach was highly associated with increased HI burden (p<0.001). Conclusions Bringing their own fitness/performance coaches is common for managers entering a new elite male football club. However, this paper has highlighted that this trend seems to lead to a three times increase in HI burden. Similarly, replacing the team doctor was also associated with increased HI burden. Instability among head staff members in male elite-level football teams seems associated with increased HI burden during the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Wart Van Zoest
- Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Anna Hospital, Geldrop, The Netherlands
- PSV, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Orthopaedics Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
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28
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Edouard P, Svensson F, Guex K. A call to change our vision on sports injuries and their prevention: adopt a salutogenic approach! See the half-full glass! BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001793. [PMID: 37953971 PMCID: PMC10632886 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, University Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Kenny Guex
- Haute Ecole de Santé Vaud (HESAV), filière physiothérapie, HES-SO Haute Ecole Spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Département Sprint/Haies/Relais, Haus des Sports, Swiss Athletics, Ittigen, Switzerland
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29
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Palermi S, Vittadini F, Vecchiato M, Corsini A, Demeco A, Massa B, Pedret C, Dorigo A, Gallo M, Pasta G, Nanni G, Vascellari A, Marchini A, Lempainen L, Sirico F. Managing Lower Limb Muscle Reinjuries in Athletes: From Risk Factors to Return-to-Play Strategies. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:155. [PMID: 37987491 PMCID: PMC10660751 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle injuries and subsequent reinjuries significantly impact athletes, especially in football. These injuries lead to time loss, performance impairment, and long-term health concerns. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of muscle reinjuries, delving into their epidemiology, risk factors, clinical management, and prevention strategies. Despite advancements in rehabilitation programs and return-to-play criteria, reinjury rates remain alarmingly high. Age and previous muscle injuries are nonmodifiable risk factors contributing to a high reinjury rate. Clinical management, which involves accurate diagnosis, individualized rehabilitation plans, and the establishment of return-to-training and return-to-play criteria, plays a pivotal role during the sports season. Eccentric exercises, optimal loading, and training load monitoring are key elements in preventing reinjuries. The potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting and preventing reinjuries offers a promising avenue, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to managing these injuries. While current strategies offer some mitigation, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions, possibly leveraging AI, to reduce the incidence of muscle reinjuries in football players. Future research should focus on this direction, aiming to enhance athletes' well-being and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palermi
- Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vecchiato
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Demeco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Bruno Massa
- Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carles Pedret
- Sports Medicine and Imaging Department, Clinica Diagonal, 08950 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Alberto Dorigo
- Radiology Unit, Casa di Cura Giovanni XXIII, 31050 Monastier, Italy
| | - Mauro Gallo
- Radiology Unit, Casa di Cura Giovanni XXIII, 31050 Monastier, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Lasse Lempainen
- FinnOrthopaedics, Hospital Pihlajalinna, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Felice Sirico
- Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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30
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Weishorn J, Jaber A, Trefzer R, Zietzschmann S, Kern R, Spielmann J, Renkawitz T, Bangert Y. How Does Age Affect Injury Characteristics in Young Elite Footballers?-A Prospective Cohort Study of a German Youth Academy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6938. [PMID: 37959403 PMCID: PMC10649570 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about age-related changes in injury characteristics and burden, and existing data are inconsistent, highlighting the need for new studies on this topic. This study aimed to describe age-related injury risk, severity and burden in a German elite youth football academy. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted in the 2012/2013 season, reporting 109 time-loss injuries among 138 young athletes playing at an elite football academy in Germany. For the most severe injuries, the injury burden in the different age groups was considered separately. RESULTS Athletes missed a total of 2536 days of exposure, resulting in an overall incidence of 2.6 per 1000 h (1.7-3.0; 95% CI) and a burden of 60.6 days lost per 1000 h (40.8-80.3; 95% CI). The incidence and burden of joint sprains and muscle injuries were higher in the older age groups. Physeal injuries peaked in the U14 age group during the pubertal growth spurt. Bone injuries and contusions showed no age trend. CONCLUSION Injury characteristics vary with age. The overall incidence, severity and burden of injuries increased with the age of the athletes. To ensure the optimal development of young athletes, it is important to be aware of the differences in injury susceptibility between age groups in order to implement tailored prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weishorn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ayham Jaber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Raphael Trefzer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Kern
- Ethianum Heidelberg, Fehrentzstrasse 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fußball-Spielbetriebs GmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Jan Spielmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannic Bangert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim Fußball-Spielbetriebs GmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany
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Schwiete C, Roth C, Skutschik C, Möck S, Rettenmaier L, Happ K, Broich H, Behringer M. Effects of muscle fatigue on exercise-induced hamstring muscle damage: a three-armed randomized controlled trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2545-2561. [PMID: 37330434 PMCID: PMC10616225 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hamstring injuries in soccer reportedly increase towards the end of the matches' halves as well as with increased match frequency in combination with short rest periods, possibly due to acute or residual fatigue. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of acute and residual muscle fatigue on exercise-induced hamstring muscle damage. METHODS A three-armed randomized-controlled trial, including 24 resistance-trained males, was performed allocating subjects to either a training group with acute muscle fatigue + eccentric exercise (AF/ECC); residual muscle fatigue + eccentric exercise (RF/ECC) or a control group with only eccentric exercise (ECC). Muscle stiffness, thickness, contractility, peak torque, range of motion, pain perception, and creatine kinase were assessed as muscle damage markers pre, post, 1 h post, and on the consecutive three days. RESULTS Significant group × time interactions were revealed for muscle thickness (p = 0.02) and muscle contractility parameters radial displacement (Dm) and contraction velocity (Vc) (both p = 0.01), with larger changes in the ECC group (partial η2 = 0.4). Peak torque dropped by an average of 22% in all groups; stiffness only changed in the RF/ECC group (p = 0.04). Muscle work during the damage protocol was lower for AF/ECC than for ECC and RF/ECC (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Hamstring muscle damage was comparable between the three groups. However, the AF/ECC group resulted in the same amount of muscle damage while accumulating significantly less muscle work during the protocol of the damage exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was preregistered in the international trial registration platform (WHO; registration number: DRKS00025243).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schwiete
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Christian Roth
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christoph Skutschik
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Möck
- Department of Exercise Science, Olympic Training and Testing Center of Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukas Rettenmaier
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kevin Happ
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger Broich
- Department of Science, Performance and Fitness, FC Bayern München AG, Munich, Germany
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy, and Health, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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32
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Mashimo S, Nishida S, Ito A, Ogaki R, Hirono J, Hogan T, Yoshida N. Injury data collection and utilisation practices in university sports teams: A cross-sectional study. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 64:55-61. [PMID: 37748250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine injury surveillance practices in a variety of university sports teams and barriers and facilitators for injury data collection and utilisation. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING University sports teams in Japan. PARTICIPANTS Medical, coaching, and other staff (non-medical/-coaching staff) of the university sports teams in Japan. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The survey included 31 questions that examined the barriers and facilitators for injury data collection, and the type of data on injury and exposure collected. RESULTS Injury data were collected during matches for 69 teams (48.3%) and training for 61 teams (42.7%). Injuries were primarily captured by athletic trainers in teams with medical staff, coaching staff and athletes in teams without medical staff. Common barriers in collecting and utilising injury data included limited funding for trained personnel and lack of time for medical staff to record data. Facilitating factors included clarification of the methods employed in recording and utilising injury data for teams with medical staff and the deployment of trained personnel to record injuries for teams without medical staff. CONCLUSIONS Approximately half of the Japanese university teams collected injury data. Considering barriers and facilitators is crucial to facilitate the collection and utilisation of injury data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Mashimo
- Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Japan.
| | - Satoru Nishida
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Ito
- College of Sociology, Edogawa University, Nagareyama, Japan
| | - Ryo Ogaki
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Nakano, Japan
| | - Junichi Hirono
- School of General Education, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hogan
- Media Communication Center, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Naruto Yoshida
- Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, Toshima, Japan
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33
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Edouard P, Reurink G, Mackey AL, Lieber RL, Pizzari T, Järvinen TAH, Gronwald T, Hollander K. Traumatic muscle injury. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:56. [PMID: 37857686 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic muscle injury represents a collection of skeletal muscle pathologies caused by trauma to the muscle tissue and is defined as damage to the muscle tissue that can result in a functional deficit. Traumatic muscle injury can affect people across the lifespan and can result from high stresses and strains to skeletal muscle tissue, often due to muscle activation while the muscle is lengthening, resulting in indirect and non-contact muscle injuries (strains or ruptures), or from external impact, resulting in direct muscle injuries (contusion or laceration). At a microscopic level, muscle fibres can repair focal damage but must be completely regenerated after full myofibre necrosis. The diagnosis of muscle injury is based on patient history and physical examination. Imaging may be indicated to eliminate differential diagnoses. The management of muscle injury has changed within the past 5 years from initial rest, immobilization and (over)protection to early activation and progressive loading using an active approach. One challenge of muscle injury management is that numerous medical treatment options, such as medications and injections, are often used or proposed to try to accelerate muscle recovery despite very limited efficacy evidence. Another challenge is the prevention of muscle injury owing to the multifactorial and complex nature of this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Université Jean Monnet, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, France.
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Gustaaf Reurink
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- The Sports Physicians Group, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard L Lieber
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
- Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Hines VA Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Tania Pizzari
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tero A H Järvinen
- Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Torvaldsson K, Lindblom H, Sonesson S, Senorski EH, Stigson H, Tamm L, Sandberg J, Hägglund M. Swedish Olympic athletes report one injury insurance claim every second year: a 22-year insurance registry-based cohort study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023; 31:4607-4617. [PMID: 37452831 PMCID: PMC10471666 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe injury incidence, time trends in injury incidence, and injury characteristics among Swedish Olympic athletes over 22 years based on insurance data, as a first step to inform injury preventive measures among Olympic athletes. METHODS The cohort comprised 762 elite athletes (54% males; age 26.5 ± 5.9 years) in 38 sports in the Swedish Olympic Committee support program 'Top and Talent' between 1999 and 2020, with total 3427 athlete-years included. Acute and gradual onset injuries were reported to the insurance registry by the athletes' medical staff. RESULTS A total of 1635 injuries in 468 athletes were registered. The overall injury incidence was 47.7 injuries/100 athlete-years (one injury per athlete every second year). An increasing trend in injury incidence was observed in the first decade 2001 to 2010 (annual change 6.0%, 95% CI 3.3-8.8%), while in the second decade 2011 to 2020 no change was evident (0.4%, 95% CI - 1.9 to 2.7%). Gymnastics, tennis, and athletics had the highest incidence (100.0, 99.3, and 93.4 injuries/100 athlete-years, respectively). Among sport categories, mixed and power sports had the highest incidence (72.8 and 69.5 injuries/100 athlete-years, respectively). Higher incidences were seen in the younger age groups (≤ 25 years) in mixed and skill sports. The injury incidence was comparable between male and female athletes, and summer and winter sports. Most injuries occurred in the lower limb, and specifically the knee (24%), foot/ankle (15%) and spine/pelvis (13%). CONCLUSION The results on injury patterns in different sports and age groups may guide preventive focus for health and performance teams working with Olympic athletes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Torvaldsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Lindblom
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofi Sonesson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eric Hamrin Senorski
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Stigson
- Folksam Research, Folksam Insurance Group, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lykke Tamm
- Swedish Olympic Committee, Sofiatornet, Olympiastadion, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Sandberg
- Swedish Olympic Committee, Sofiatornet, Olympiastadion, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Hägglund
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Unit of Physiotherapy, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Sport Without Injury ProgrammE (SWIPE), Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Buchheit M, Settembre M, Hader K, McHugh D. Exposures to near-to-maximal speed running bouts during different turnarounds in elite football: association with match hamstring injuries. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1057-1067. [PMID: 37867737 PMCID: PMC10588569 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.125595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To describe the occurrence of near-to-maximal sprinting speed (near-to-MSS) running bouts during training and hamstring injuries during the consecutive match of the same turnaround in elite football (soccer). Retrospective data from 36 team-seasons (16 elite teams performing in top European leagues) were analyzed (627 players, 96 non-contact time loss match hamstring injuries). We described 1) the occurrence of > 85%, > 90% or > 95% MSS exposures during training within each turnaround and match hamstring injuries and 2) whether the above-mentioned injury occurrences differed depending on the day(s) of the turnarounds (i.e., the period separating two consecutive matches, which is generally from 3 to 8 days) when these speed exposures occurred. The longer the length of the turnarounds and the lower the speed thresholds, the greater the number (and proportion) of near-to-MSS exposures (e.g., 18%, 45% and 72% of turnarounds with > 85% runs for 3, 5 and 7-turnarounds, respectively). For half of the turnarounds examined, there were no match hamstring injuries when players were exposed to running bouts > 95% MSS during training (e.g., injury rates: 0; CI: 0-15). Injuries still occurred during 85% of the turnarounds when there were no or lower relative speed exposures (i.e., > 85 or > 90%, injury rates: 2-5, CI: 0-6). Finally, irrespective of the turnaround length, there were no match hamstring injuries when > 95% MSS exposures occurred at D-2, while in contrast, injuries still happened when players were not exposed at all, or when these exposures occurred at D-3 and/or earlier within the turnaround. While the present observational study design precludes the examination of causal relationships, the programming of > 95% MSS exposures at D-2 may help mitigate match hamstring injury occurrences in elite football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Kitman Labs, Dublin, Ireland
- Lille OSC, Lille, France
- HIITscience, Revelstoke, Canada
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de Pablo B, Sugimoto D, Arboix-Alio J, Rodas G, Casals M. Analysis of injuries during the 2019 Rink Hockey World Championship. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023; 51:442-448. [PMID: 36166621 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2129502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence and characteristics of injuries at the 2019 Rink Hockey World Championship. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed among rink hockey athletes from three National Teams (Argentina, Portugal, and Spain). All injuries were reported by the medical staff of each National Team during the preparation period and the competition in the 2019 World Championship (Barcelona, Spain). Injury rate was calculated as the number of injuries per 1000 hours of player-hours of exposure. RESULTS A total of 91 players (n = 61, 67% male; and n = 30, 33% female) participated in the study: 31 Senior Male (34%), 30 Senior Female (33%), and 30 Under-19 Male (33%). A total of 54 games were played by 9 teams from 3 countries, comprising of 4562 and 4380 hours of total athletic game and training exposure recorded, respectively. Fifty-one injuries (20 injuries with time-loss and 31 medical attention -injuries with no time-loss) were reported. The overall injury incidence rate was 11.2/1000 hours (95% CI, 8.5-14.7). The injury incidence during games (27.5; 95% CI, 11.6-65.2) was higher than the injury incidence during training sessions (3.4; 95% CI, 2-5.7). The incidence rate for game for the entire study period was 8.19 times higher (95% CI, 2.61-21.36) than that for training. The global injury burden was 45.4 days/1000 hours for a total exposure time. Acute was the most frequently documented onset and the non-contact was the most common mechanism. The most frequently reported injuries were head contusion (n = 5, 25%), followed by thigh injuries (n = 3, 15%). CONCLUSIONS The injury incidence reported in a Rink Hockey international competition was 11.2/1000 hours. The risk of injury was higher during games than during training. Prevention strategies for injuries in these kinds of championships may be worth discussing. The craniofacial injuries were the most frequently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat de Pablo
- Emergency Department, Hospital Universitari Mutua Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
- Doctoral Program in Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dai Sugimoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Sports Medicine Unit, The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Jordi Arboix-Alio
- Department of Sports Science, Ramon Llull University, Fpcee Blanquerna, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barça Innovation Hub, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic & Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Casals
- Sport and Physical Activity Studies Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic, Catalunya, Spain
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Gurau TV, Gurau G, Musat CL, Voinescu DC, Anghel L, Onose G, Munteanu C, Onu I, Iordan DA. Epidemiology of Injuries in Professional and Amateur Football Men (Part II). J Clin Med 2023; 12:6293. [PMID: 37834937 PMCID: PMC10573283 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background (1): Men's football is a physically demanding contact sport that involves intermittent bouts of sprinting, jogging, walking, jumping and changes of direction. The physical demands of the game vary by level of play (amateur club, sub-elite and open club or international), but injury rates at all levels of the men's football game remain the highest of all sports. Objective: The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of data from the epidemiological literature regarding the profile, severity and mechanisms of injuries and the frequency of recurrent injuries in professional and amateur football players. Methods (2): A systematic review, according to PRISMA guidelines, was performed up to June 2023 in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Google academic, Google scholar and the Diva portal. Twenty-seven studies that reported data on the type, severity, recurrence and mechanisms of injury in professional and amateur men's football were selected and analyzed. Two reviewers independently audited data and assessed the study quality using the additional and adapted version of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess risk of bias for the quality of external validity. Results (3): In professional male football players, the mean prevalence of muscle/tendon injuries was 39.78%, followed by joint and ligament injuries-21.13%, contusions-17.86%, and fractures-3.27%, and for amateur football players, the prevalence's were 44.56% (muscle/tendon injuries), 27.62% (joint and ligament injuries), 15.0% (contusions) and 3.05% (fracture), respectively. The frequency of traumatic injuries was higher in amateur football players (76.88%) compared to professional football players (64.16%), the situation being reversed in the case of overuse injuries: 27.62% in professional football players and 21.13% in amateur football players. Most contact injuries were found in professional footballers (50.70%), with non-contact injuries predominating in amateur footballers (54.04%). The analysis of the severity of injuries showed that moderate injuries dominated in the two categories of footballers; the severe injuries in amateur footballers exceeded the severe injuries recorded in professional footballers by 9.60%. Recurrence proportions showed an inverse relationship with the level of play, being higher in amateur footballers (16.66%) compared to professional footballers (15.25%). Conclusions (4): Football-related injuries have a significant impact on professional and amateur football players and their short- and long-term health status. Knowing the frequency of severe diagnoses, such as strains, tears and cramps of the thigh muscles, ankle ligament sprains and hip/groin muscle strain requires the establishment of adequate programs to prevent them, especially in amateur football players, who are more prone to serious injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Vladimir Gurau
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Gurau
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania;
| | - Carmina Liana Musat
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania;
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
| | - Doina Carina Voinescu
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Lucretia Anghel
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Gelu Onose
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division, Teaching Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Ar-seni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020022 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Munteanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 700454 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ilie Onu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iasi, 700454 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Daniel Andrei Iordan
- Department of Individual Sports and Kinetotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania;
- Center of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, ‘Dunărea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania
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Weishorn J, Jaber A, Zietzschmann S, Spielmann J, Renkawitz T, Bangert Y. Injury Patterns and Incidence in an Elite Youth Football Academy-A Prospective Cohort Study of 138 Male Athletes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6138. [PMID: 37834782 PMCID: PMC10573676 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of evidence regarding injury incidence in German elite youth football academies, and the risk of re-injury is unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine injury patterns and incidence in an elite youth football academy in Germany, (2) to monitor overuse-/trauma-related injuries over the course of the season, and (3) determine the risk of re-injury. METHODS A prospective cohort study was conducted in the 2012/2013 season among 138 male players from an elite youth football academy in Germany. Injuries were recorded according to the consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection in studies of football injuries. Injury incidence was reported as the number of injuries per 1000 h of exposure and the number of injuries per squad season. RESULTS A total of 109 injuries were reported, resulting in a cumulative time-loss of 2536 days. A squad of 25 players sustained 19.7 injuries per season, with an average of 23.3 days (15.7-30.9; 95% CI lower-upper) of absence per injury. Ligament sprains (28%), muscle strains (19%) and physeal injuries (12%) were the most common causes of time-loss. Physeal injuries were the most common severe type of injury (29%), with a mean time-loss of 29.7 days (18.2-41.2; 95% CI lower-upper). Re-injuries accounted for 3% of all injuries and resulted in significantly more time-loss than non-re-injuries (60 vs. 23 days; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION In the youth academies studied, a team of 25 players sustained an average of 19.7 injuries per season, resulting in a cumulative time-loss of 459 days. Physeal injuries are a major contributor to severe injuries and therefore require special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Weishorn
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Ayham Jaber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Severin Zietzschmann
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Jan Spielmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Horrenberger Straße 58, 74939 Zuzenhausen, Germany;
| | - Tobias Renkawitz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
| | - Yannic Bangert
- Department of Orthopaedics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstrasse 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.W.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (T.R.)
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Fernandes A, Pinto J, Cunha P, Duarte C, Estaca A, Pereira T, Bettencourt M, Candelária I, E Silva MR. Complete Distal Rupture of the Rectus Femoris in an Elite Football Player: A Non-operative Treatment. Cureus 2023; 15:e45494. [PMID: 37859921 PMCID: PMC10584386 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although muscle injuries represent the most frequent injury in professional football, isolated complete distal ruptures of the rectus femoris (RF) muscle are rare, and there is no consensus on their treatment and return to play (RTP). In this article, we report a clinical case of successful non-surgical management of an RF grade 4c muscle injury in a professional football player, in which the athlete was able to RTP 21 weeks after the injury, had no re-injury >1 year after RTP, and is playing at an elite level in the Portuguese Football First League.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fernandes
- Health and Performance Unit, Casa Pia Atlético Clube - Futebol Sduq, Lisbon, PRT
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hospital de Cascais, Lisbon, PRT
| | - Julio Pinto
- Health and Performance Unit, Casa Pia Atlético Clube - Futebol Sduq, Lisbon, PRT
| | - Pedro Cunha
- Health and Performance Unit, Casa Pia Atlético Clube - Futebol Sduq, Lisbon, PRT
| | - Carlos Duarte
- Health and Performance Unit, Casa Pia Atlético Clube - Futebol Sduq, Lisbon, PRT
| | - Alexandre Estaca
- Health and Performance Unit, Casa Pia Atlético Clube - Futebol Sduq, Lisbon, PRT
| | - Tiago Pereira
- Health and Performance Unit, Casa Pia Atlético Clube - Futebol Sduq, Lisbon, PRT
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Lopes M, Martins F, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Tomás R, Ribeiro F, Travassos B. Epidemiology of Injuries in Elite Male Futsal Players. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:527-532. [PMID: 37185914 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe and characterize injuries sustained by elite male futsal players in Portugal. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Top-tier Portuguese league in the 2019 to 2020 season. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-seven players from 9 elite/international-level (tier 4) futsal teams. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES The location, type, body side, body part, mechanism of injury, severity, occurrence, days lost, training, and match exposure were collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury incidence, prevalence, and burden. RESULTS The study was conducted during an 8-month season. A total of 133 injuries were recorded, and 92 (67.6%) players sustained injuries. The overall time-loss injury incidence was 4.5 injuries per 1000 hours of exposure. Injury incidence during matches was higher than during training sessions (25.9 vs 3.0 per 1000 hours of exposure, respectively). Average time loss was 9 days, and moderate injuries were the most frequent (44%), followed by mild injuries (24%). Injury burden was 73.8 days lost per 1000 hours of total player exposure. Sprains/ligament (29%) and muscle rupture/tear/strains (32%) were the most common injuries. The groin (19%), thigh (17%), knee (19%), and ankle (15%) were the most affected body areas. Noncontact injuries were the most reported mechanism (65%), and 24% were overuse injuries. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that elite/international-level (tier 4) male futsal players are more prone to noncontact injuries, primarily affecting the lower limbs. The incidence during match play increased by 9-fold compared with training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Lopes
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal; and
| | - Rita Tomás
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Vila Real, Portugal; and
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Gurau TV, Gurau G, Voinescu DC, Anghel L, Onose G, Iordan DA, Munteanu C, Onu I, Musat CL. Epidemiology of Injuries in Men's Professional and Amateur Football (Part I). J Clin Med 2023; 12:5569. [PMID: 37685638 PMCID: PMC10488230 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background (1): Football is the most popular sport among men, associated with a certain risk of injury, which leads to short- and long-term health consequences. While the injury profile of professional footballers is known, little is known about the injury profile of amateur footballers; amateur football is a major and diverse area, the development of which should be a priority for football associations around the world and UEFA. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of epidemiological literature data on injuries in professional and amateur football players belonging to certain leagues. Methods (2): A systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines was performed until June 2023 in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Academic, Google Scholar, and Diva portal. Forty-six studies reporting injury incidence in professional and amateur men's football were selected and analyzed. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality using an adapted version of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) to assess risk of bias for the quality of external validity. Results (3): The overall incidence of injuries in professional male football players was 7.75 ± 2.28, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 h of exposure and that of amateur football players was 7.98 ± 2.95, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 h of exposure. The incidence of match injuries (30.64 ± 10.28, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 exposure hours) was 7.71 times higher than the training injury incidence rate (3.97 ± 1.35, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 h) in professional football players and 5.45 times higher in amateurs (17.56 ± 6.15 vs. 3.22 ± 1.4, 95% confidence interval, injuries/1000 h). Aggregate lower extremity injuries had the highest prevalence in both categories of footballers, being 83.32 ± 4.85% in professional footballers and 80.4 ± 7.04% in amateur footballers: thigh, ankle, and knee injuries predominated. Conclusions (4): Professional and amateur football players are at substantial risk of injury, especially during matches that require the highest level of performance. Injury rates have implications for players, coaches, and sports medicine practitioners. Therefore, information on football injuries can help develop personalized injury risk mitigation strategies that could make football safer for both categories of football players. The current findings have implications for the management, monitoring, and design of training, competition, injury prevention, especially severe injury, and education programs for amateur football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tudor Vladimir Gurau
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Gurau
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania; (G.G.); (C.L.M.)
| | - Doina Carina Voinescu
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Lucretia Anghel
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
- Clinical Medical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Gelu Onose
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Clinic Division, Teaching Emergency Hospital “Bagdasar-Ar-Seni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020022 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Andrei Iordan
- Department of Individual Sports and Kinetotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania
- Center of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, ‘Dunărea de Jos’ University of Galati, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Constantin Munteanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iaşi, 700454 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Ilie Onu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Bioengineering, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” Iaşi, 700454 Iaşi, Romania;
| | - Carmina Liana Musat
- Department of Morphological and Functional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, ‘Dunarea de Jos’ University, 800008 Galati, Romania; (G.G.); (C.L.M.)
- ‘Sf. Apostol Andrei’ Clinical Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galați, Romania; (D.C.V.); (L.A.)
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Pillay L, Janse van Rensburg DC, Ramkilawon G, Maas M, Orhant E, Rantanen J, Salo J, Kerkhoffs G, Gouttebarge V. Determination of the Prevalence of Knee and Hip Clinical Osteoarthritis in the Active Professional Male Footballer and Its Association with Pain, Function, Injury and Surgery. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:136. [PMID: 37505623 PMCID: PMC10385669 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comment on and explore (1) the prevalence of clinical knee and hip osteoarthritis (OA); (2) the association between pain or function and clinical knee or hip OA; (3) the association between injury or surgery and clinical knee or hip OA. METHODS Participants were recruited from FIFPRO members. A total of 101 footballers consented to answer (1) a developed questionnaire, (2) patient-reported outcome measures, and (3) be evaluated by their team physician for clinical knee or hip OA. RESULTS Of the 53% evaluated for clinical knee and hip OA, a prevalence of 9.43% and 7.55% of knee and hip OA, respectively, was found. There was a significant and strong association between knee (p = 0.033; Cramers v Value = 0.523) and hip pain (p = 0.005; Cramers v Value = 0.602) and clinical OA. A significant association existed between Hip dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome short form Scores and clinical OA of the hip (p = 0.036). The odds of clinical knee OA were 1.5 and 4.5 times more after one or more injuries or surgeries, respectively. There was no association between playing position and clinical OA. CONCLUSION There is a low prevalence of a clinical knee or hip OA in the active professional male footballer. Pain may be a valid symptom to predict or monitor knee or hip OA. Validated assessment tools should be utilised to identify a negative effect on function. The odds of developing clinical OA in the knee with the number of injuries or surgeries. The hip presents with earlier clinical signs of OA compared to the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lervasen Pillay
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.P.)
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Dina C. Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Gopika Ramkilawon
- Department of Statistics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Mario Maas
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Orhant
- French Football Federation (FFF), Clairefontaine Medical Centre, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, 93216 Clairefontaine, France
| | - Jussi Rantanen
- Orthopaedics and Sports Clinic, Mehilainen NEO Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Salo
- Sports Hospital Mehilainen, 41400 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gino Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.P.)
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.P.)
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- Academic Center for Evidence-Based Sports Medicine (ACES), 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Aging & Vitality, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center of Excellence, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), 2132 Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
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43
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Crawford SK, Hickey J, Vlisides J, Chambers JS, Mosiman SJ, Heiderscheit BC. The effects of hip- vs. knee-dominant hamstring exercise on biceps femoris morphology, strength, and sprint performance: a randomized intervention trial protocol. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:72. [PMID: 37365624 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hamstrings are an important muscle group that contribute to horizontal force during sprint acceleration and are also the most injured muscle group in running-based sports. Given the significant time loss associated with hamstrings injury and impaired sprinting performance following return to sport, identifying exercises that drive adaptations that are both protective of strain injury and beneficial to sprint performance is important for the strength and conditioning professional. This paper describes the study protocol investigating the effects of a 6-week training program using either the hip-dominant Romanian deadlift (RDL) or the knee-dominant Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) on hamstring strain injury risk factors and sprint performance. METHODS A permuted block randomized (1:1 allocation) intervention trial will be conducted involving young, physically-active men and women. A target sample size of 32 will be recruited and enrolled participants will undergo baseline testing involving extended-field-of-view ultrasound imaging and shear wave elastography of the biceps femoris long head muscle, maximal hamstrings strength testing in both the RDL and NHE, and on-field sprint performance and biomechanics. Participants will complete the 6-week training intervention using either the RDL or NHE, according to group allocation. Baseline testing will be repeated at the end of the 6-week intervention followed by 2 weeks of detraining and a final testing session. The primary outcome will be regional changes in fascicle length with secondary outcomes including pennation angle, muscle cross sectional area, hamstring strength, and maximal sprint performance and biomechanics. An exploratory aim will determine changes in shear wave velocity. DISCUSSION Despite extensive research showing the benefits of the NHE on reducing hamstring strain injury risk, alternative exercises, such as the RDL, may offer similar or potentially even greater benefits. The findings of this study will aim to inform future researchers and practitioners investigating alternatives to the NHE, such as the RDL, in terms of their effectiveness in reducing rates of hamstring strain injury in larger scale prospective intervention studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is prospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05455346; July 15, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Crawford
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Jack Hickey
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- Department of Sport Science and Nutrition, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Jessica Vlisides
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer S Chambers
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Samuel J Mosiman
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bryan C Heiderscheit
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Badger Athletic Performance Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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44
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Ekstrand J, Hallén A, Marin V, Gauffin H. Most modifiable risk factors for hamstring muscle injury in women's elite football are extrinsic and associated with the club, the team, and the coaching staff and not the players themselves: the UEFA Women's Elite Club Injury Study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2023:10.1007/s00167-023-07429-5. [PMID: 37121935 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-023-07429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the perceived importance of suggested hamstring injury risk factors according to chief medical officers (CMOs) of European women's professional football clubs. A secondary objective was to compare if these perceptions differed between teams with a lower-than-average and higher-than-average hamstring injury burden. METHODS The CMOs of eleven European professional women's football clubs were initially asked to suggest modifiable risk factors for hamstring injury. These risk factors were rated in according with their perceived importance on a 5-graded Likert scale. Participating teams were divided in two groups depending on their hamstring injury burden during the 2020/21 season. The LOW group consisted of six teams that had a lower-than-average hamstring injury burden. The HIGH group consisted of five teams that had a higher-than-average hamstring injury burden. RESULTS Twenty-one risk factors were suggested, most of which were extrinsic in nature, hence associated with the coaching staff, the team or the club organization rather than with the players themselves. The risk factors with the highest average importance were: "lack of communication between medical staff and coaching staff" and "load on players" (each with a weighted average of 3.9), followed by "lack of regular exposure to high-speed football actions during training" and "playing matches 2-3 times a week" (weighted average of 3.8 and 3.7). Differently from the LOW group, the HIGH group perceived the coaching factors (style of coach leadership, training/exercise surveillance by coaching staff) as more important. CONCLUSION In accordance to the eleven CMOs recruited in this study, most risk factors for hamstring injuries are extrinsic in nature and associated with the club, the team, and the coaching staff, and not the players themselves. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ekstrand
- Unit of Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Platensgatan 19, S-582 20, Linköping, Sweden.
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Anna Hallén
- Unit of Community Medicine, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Platensgatan 19, S-582 20, Linköping, Sweden
- Football Research Group, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vittoria Marin
- Isokinetic Medical Group, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Department of Orthopedics and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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45
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aus der Fünten K, Tröß T, Hadji A, Beaudouin F, Steendahl IB, Meyer T. Epidemiology of Football Injuries of the German Bundesliga: A Media-Based, Prospective Analysis over 7 Consecutive Seasons. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 36867257 PMCID: PMC9982794 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the implementation of a standardised, prospective injury database covering the entire 1st male German football league ("Bundesliga") based on publicly available media data. For the first time, various media sources were used simultaneously as the external validity of media-generated data was low in the past compared to data obtained by way of the "gold standard", i.e. by the teams' medical staffs. METHODS The study covers 7 consecutive seasons (2014/15-2020/21). The primary data source was the online version of the sport-specific journal "kicker Sportmagazin™" complemented by further publicly available media data. Injury data collection followed the Fuller consensus statement on football injury studies. RESULTS During the 7 seasons, 6653 injuries occurred, thereof 3821 in training and 2832 in matches. The injury incidence rates (IRs) per 1000 football hours were 5.5 [95% CI 5.3-5.6], 25.9 [25.0-26.9] per 1000 match, and 3.4 [3.3-3.6] per 1000 training hours. Twenty-four per cent of the injuries (n = 1569, IR 1.3 [1.2-1.4]) affected the thigh, 15% (n = 1023, IR 0.8 [0.8-0.9]) the knee, and 13% (n = 856, IR 0.7 [0.7-0.8]) the ankle. Muscle/tendon injuries contributed 49% (n = 3288, IR 2.7 [2.6-2.8]), joint/ligament injuries 17% (n = 1152, IR 0.9 [0.9-1.0]), and contusions 13% (n = 855, IR 0.7 [0.7-0.8]). Compared to studies using injury reports from the clubs' medical staff, media data revealed similar proportional distributions of the injuries, but the IRs tended towards the lower end. Obtaining specific locations or diagnosis especially with regard to minor injuries is difficult. CONCLUSIONS Media data are convenient for investigating the quantity of injuries of an entire league, for identifying injuries for further subanalysis, and for analysing complex injuries. Future studies will focus on the identification of inter- and intraseasonal trends, players' individual injury histories, and risk factors for subsequent injuries. Furthermore, these data will be used in a complex system approach for developing a clinical decision support system, e.g. for return to play decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen aus der Fünten
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Campus, Geb. B. 8.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tobias Tröß
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Campus, Geb. B. 8.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.5719.a0000 0004 1936 9713University Sports, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abed Hadji
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Campus, Geb. B. 8.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Florian Beaudouin
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Campus, Geb. B. 8.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ida Bo Steendahl
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Campus, Geb. B. 8.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Campus, Geb. B. 8.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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46
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Haddad FS, Paton BM, Plastow R, Wilson MG. Basics must improve to reduce the burden of hamstring muscle injuries. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:252-253. [PMID: 36759139 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fares S Haddad
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), Division Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bruce M Paton
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), Division Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK .,Physiotherapy Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ricci Plastow
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Orthopaedics, Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), Division Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
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47
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Martínez-Serrano A, Freitas TT, Franquesa X, Enrich E, Mallol M, Alcaraz PE. Does External Load Reflect Acute Neuromuscular Fatigue and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Elite Young Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e1-e7. [PMID: 35836311 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Serrano, A, Freitas, TT, Franquesa, X, Enrich, E, Mallol, M, and Alcaraz, PE. Does external load reflect acute neuromuscular fatigue and rating of perceived exertion in elite young soccer players? J Strength Cond Res 37(3): e1-e7, 2023-This study aimed to analyze the acute and residual effects of increased high-speed running (HSR) demands during an in-season training microcycle in young elite soccer players on localized neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) of the knee extensors (KE), posterior chain muscles, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Thirty-four elite young soccer players (age = 17.1 ± 0.8 years) were assessed in 2 consecutive days at different time points (baseline, POST-activation gym-based session, POST-small-sided game [SSG], POST-training 1 [TR1], POST-6H, POST-24H, POST-preventive gym-based session, and POST-training 2 [TR2]). Neuromuscular fatigue of the KE and posterior chain muscles was measured with a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). External (total distance, number of accelerations or decelerations, and HSR distance) and internal (RPE) load was assessed during the SSG, TR1, and TR2 sessions. Players were divided through a median split, into "HIGH" or "LOW" group according to the training demands. The alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. A 2-way mixed effects model ANOVA showed a significant decreased in 90:20 MVIC after TR1 in the "HIGH" HSR group ( p = 0.037; effect size [ES] = 0.45). No significant differences in RPE were found after TR1 ( p = 0.637; ES = 0.58) and TR2 ( p = 0.109; ES = 0.62) when comparing the "HIGH" HSR group with the "LOW" HSR group. Assessing player's force production capabilities can be an effective strategy to detect NMF when HSR demands are acutely increased. Special caution should be taken when prescribing the training load of the training session based solely on RPE, as NMF might be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xavi Franquesa
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar Enrich
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milos Mallol
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
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48
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Paton BM, Read P, van Dyk N, Wilson MG, Pollock N, Court N, Giakoumis M, Head P, Kayani B, Kelly S, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Moore J, Moriarty P, Murphy S, Plastow R, Stirling B, Tulloch L, Wood D, Haddad F. London International Consensus and Delphi study on hamstring injuries part 3: rehabilitation, running and return to sport. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:278-291. [PMID: 36650032 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hamstring injuries (HSIs) are the most common athletic injury in running and pivoting sports, but despite large amounts of research, injury rates have not declined in the last 2 decades. HSI often recur and many areas are lacking evidence and guidance for optimal rehabilitation. This study aimed to develop an international expert consensus for the management of HSI. A modified Delphi methodology and consensus process was used with an international expert panel, involving two rounds of online questionnaires and an intermediate round involving a consensus meeting. The initial information gathering round questionnaire was sent to 46 international experts, which comprised open-ended questions covering decision-making domains in HSI. Thematic analysis of responses outlined key domains, which were evaluated by a smaller international subgroup (n=15), comprising clinical academic sports medicine physicians, physiotherapists and orthopaedic surgeons in a consensus meeting. After group discussion around each domain, a series of consensus statements were prepared, debated and refined. A round 2 questionnaire was sent to 112 international hamstring experts to vote on these statements and determine level of agreement. Consensus threshold was set a priori at 70%. Expert response rates were 35/46 (76%) (first round), 15/35 (attendees/invitees to meeting day) and 99/112 (88.2%) for final survey round. Statements on rehabilitation reaching consensus centred around: exercise selection and dosage (78.8%-96.3% agreement), impact of the kinetic chain (95%), criteria to progress exercise (73%-92.7%), running and sprinting (83%-100%) in rehabilitation and criteria for return to sport (RTS) (78.3%-98.3%). Benchmarks for flexibility (40%) and strength (66.1%) and adjuncts to rehabilitation (68.9%) did not reach agreement. This consensus panel recommends individualised rehabilitation based on the athlete, sporting demands, involved muscle(s) and injury type and severity (89.8%). Early-stage rehab should avoid high strain loads and rates. Loading is important but with less consensus on optimum progression and dosage. This panel recommends rehabilitation progress based on capacity and symptoms, with pain thresholds dependent on activity, except pain-free criteria supported for sprinting (85.5%). Experts focus on the demands and capacity required for match play when deciding the rehabilitation end goal and timing of RTS (89.8%). The expert panellists in this study followed evidence on aspects of rehabilitation after HSI, suggesting rehabilitation prescription should be individualised, but clarified areas where evidence was lacking. Additional research is required to determine the optimal load dose, timing and criteria for HSI rehabilitation and the monitoring and testing metrics to determine safe rapid progression in rehabilitation and safe RTS. Further research would benefit optimising: prescription of running and sprinting, the application of adjuncts in rehabilitation and treatment of kinetic chain HSI factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Paton
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK .,Physiotherapy Department, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Read
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland.,Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mathew G Wilson
- Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK
| | - Noel Pollock
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,British Athletics, London, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Head
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, London, UK
| | - Babar Kayani
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sam Kelly
- Salford City Football Club, Salford, UK.,Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn, UK
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Moore
- Sports & Exercise Medicine, Centre for Human Health and Performance, London, UK
| | - Peter Moriarty
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Murphy
- Medical Services, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | - Ricci Plastow
- Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Wood
- Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, North Sydney Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fares Haddad
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK.,Division of Surgery and Intervention Science, University College London, London, UK.,Princess Grace Hospital, London, UK.,Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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49
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Matsunaga R, Nagao M, Akagi R, Fukai A, Sando T, Ikeda H, Taketomi S. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Injury Incidence in Japanese Male Professional Soccer Players. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671221149373. [PMID: 36860773 PMCID: PMC9969458 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221149373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to an enforced quarantine period and limited training and match activities for athletes. Purpose To report the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the occurrence of injury in Japanese male professional soccer players. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods In total, 21 clubs in the 2019 season and 28 clubs in the 2020 season from the Japan Professional Football League were prospectively followed, and 16 clubs in 2019 and 24 clubs in 2020 were analyzed in this study. Individual training, match exposure, and time-loss injuries were recorded using an electronic data capture system. The influence of COVID-19-related suspension during the 2020 season was retrospectively investigated via comparisons with the 2019 season. Results Total activity time included 114,001 hours in training and 16,339 hours in matches in 2019 and 170,798 hours in training and 25,411 hours in matches in 2020. The mean training interruption period caused by COVID-19 in 2020 was 39.9 days (range, 3-65 days), and the mean game-interruption period was 70.1 days (range, 58-79 days). The total number of injuries was 1495 in 2019 and 1701 in 2020. The overall injury incidence per 1000 hours of exposure was 5.7 in 2019 and 5.8 in 2020. The overall injury burden per 1000 hours of exposure was 155.5 days in 2019 and 130.2 days in 2020. The muscle injury incidence was highest in May 2020, immediately after the suspension period. Conclusion The overall injury incidence did not differ between 2019 and 2020. However, muscle injury incidence notably increased in the 2 months after the COVID-19 pandemic suspension period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masashi Nagao
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan.,Masashi Nagao, MD, PhD, Japan Football Association, 3-10-15
Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113 8311, Japan (
)
| | - Ryuichiro Akagi
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukai
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo,
Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Medical Committee, Japan Football Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketomi
- Surveillance Subcommittee, Medical Committee, Japan Football
Association, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Committee, Japan Football Association, Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Brandli C, Svalina F, Veršić Š, Novak D. "New Balls Please": Physical Load Imposed on Ball Boys during the Roland Garros 2022. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3793. [PMID: 36900801 PMCID: PMC10001300 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The process of becoming a ball kid at the French Open consists of different stages of selection and training. Selection and training of the ball kids is organized by the French Federation of Tennis (FFT) and is intended to be an immersive and educational experience. A sample was made up of ball kids participating at the 2022 French Open (Roland Garros). For this study, 26 ball kids were analyzed during several rotations of their activity on the court with different durations (N = 26; age = 15.00 ± 0.84; height = 169.03 ± 9.62; weight = 52.26 ± 7.35). Each ball kid participated in several analyzed rotations (data entry N = 94). Two groups are analyzed: ball kids at the net and in the back of the court. The result of the statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the variables: meters covered per minute on court (t = 6.85, p = 0.00), total number of decelerations per minute (t = 8.39, p = 0.00), walking and jogging meters per minute (t = 4.68, p = 0.00), and maximum velocity achieved (t = 3.02, p = 0.00). Participating as a ball kid during a professional tournament presents a unique experience for young athletes. Young people that are participating can improve their fitness, social skills, mental abilities, and well-being due to requests for the ball kids' duties during match play and out of play activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Brandli
- Research & Development, Holistic Tennis, 69340 Franchville, France
| | - Filip Svalina
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski Zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Šime Veršić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Ulica Nikole Tesle 6, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dario Novak
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski Zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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