What are the patient factors that impact on decisions to progress to total knee replacement? A qualitative study involving patients with knee osteoarthritis

Sources and processes of social influence on health-related choices: A systematic review based on a social-interdependent choice paradigm

BACKGROUND

Most choices in healthcare are not made in social isolation. However, current econometric models treat patients' preferences as the sole determinants of their choices. Through the lens of sociology and medical sociology theories, this paper presents a systematic literature review of identifiable social influences on patients' choices, serving as a first step in developing a social-interdependent choice paradigm.

METHODS

Following the PRISMA guideline and using nine databases, we identified the individual agents or groups involved in health-related choices, the functional content through which social relationships influence patients, and the choice constructs affected by these processes. From 9036 screened articles, we selected 208 to develop an analytical framework connecting social relationships with choice constructs.

RESULTS

Social influences predominantly come from family, friends, specialized physicians, and general practitioners. We decomposed the functional content of social relationships into functions and contents. Dyadic interactions and expert knowledge were prominent functions, followed by social control. Prescriptive and informational contents were prevalent, followed by instrumental and emotional ones. Expert knowledge and social norms aligned with prescriptive and informational signals, while dyadic interactions provide emotional and instrumental signals. Reference points for social norms included friends, coworkers, and patients. Social relationships primarily impact which alternatives are evaluated, followed by alternative evaluation strategies and goal selection. Distinctions between medical domains and dimensions emerged, highlighting how the medical area conditions the social influence process.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review presents a comprehensive framework that elucidates the social influence process in healthcare patient decision-making. By detailing the functional content of social relationships into functions and contents and linking these components to the elements of the choice process, we created a structured approach to understanding how social relationships impact patient choices. This will facilitate the systematic integration of social relationships into econometric models of patient choice.

Candidacy 2.0 (CC) - an enhanced theory of access to healthcare for chronic conditions: lessons from a critical interpretive synthesis on access to rheumatoid arthritis care

BACKGROUND

The Dixon-Woods et al. Candidacy Framework, a valuable tool since its 2006 introduction, has been widely utilized to analyze access to various services in diverse contexts, including healthcare. This social constructionist approach examines micro, meso, and macro influences on access, offering concrete explanations for access challenges rooted in socially patterned influences. This study employed the Candidacy Framework to explore the experiences of individuals living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their formal care providers. The investigation extended to assessing supports and innovations in RA diagnosis and management, particularly in primary care.

METHODS

This systematic review is a Critical Interpretive Synthesis (CIS) of qualitative and mixed methods literature. The CIS aimed to generate theory from identified constructs across the reviewed literature. The study found alignment between the seven dimensions of the Candidacy Framework and key themes emerging from the data. Notably absent from the framework was an eighth dimension, identified as the "embodied relational self." This dimension, central to the model, prompted the proposal of a revised framework specific to healthcare for chronic conditions.

RESULTS

The CIS revealed that the eight dimensions, including the embodied relational self, provided a comprehensive understanding of the experiences and perspectives of individuals with RA and their care providers. The proposed Candidacy 2.0 (Chronic Condition (CC)) model demonstrated how integrating approaches like Intersectionality, concordance, and recursivity enhanced the framework when the embodied self was central.

CONCLUSIONS

The study concludes that while the original Candidacy Framework serves as a robust foundation, a revised version, Candidacy 2.0 (CC), is warranted for chronic conditions. The addition of the embodied relational self dimension enriches the model, accommodating the complexities of accessing healthcare for chronic conditions.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study did not involve a health care intervention on human participants, and as such, trial registration is not applicable. However, our review is registered with the Open Science Framework at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ASX5C .

Factors influencing patient decision-making to undergo shoulder arthroplasty

Aims

Shoulder arthroplasty is effective in the management of end-stage glenohumeral joint arthritis. However, it is major surgery and patients must balance multiple factors when considering the procedure. An understanding of patients' decision-making processes may facilitate greater support of those considering shoulder arthroplasty and inform the outcomes of future research.

Methods

Participants were recruited from waiting lists of three consultant upper limb surgeons across two NHS hospitals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants who were awaiting elective shoulder arthroplasty. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Systematic coding was performed; initial codes were categorized and further developed into summary narratives through a process of discussion and refinement. Data collection and analyses continued until thematic saturation was reached.

Results

Two overall categories emerged: the motivations to consider surgery, and the information participants used to inform their decision-making. Motivations were, broadly, the relief of pain and the opportunity to get on with life and regain independence. When participants' symptoms and restrictions prevented them enjoying life to a sufficient extent, this provided the motivation to proceed with surgery. Younger participants tended to focus on maintaining employment and recreational activities, and older patients were eager to make the most of their remaining lifetime. Participants gathered information from a range of sources and were keen to optimize their recovery where possible. An important factor for participants was whether they trusted their surgeon and were prepared to delegate responsibility for elements of their care.

Conclusion

Relief of pain and the opportunity to get on with life were the primary reasons to undergo shoulder arthroplasty. Participants highlighted the importance of the patient-surgeon relationship and the need for accurate information in an accessible format which is relevant to people of different ages and functional demands.

Successful Knee Replacement in a Patient With a History of Multiple Knee Surgeries: A Case Report

This case report describes the successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a 58-year-old female with a prior history of multiple knee surgeries. The patient had three prior surgical procedures. The first surgery of the patient was a partial knee replacement, the second surgery the patient underwent was an arthroscopic meniscectomy, and the third surgery was a high tibial osteotomy (HTO) that left her with an extensive amount of scar tissue and a change in physical structure. When scar tissue develops over or close to a joint, the surrounding tissues are pulled inward by this shrinking or contraction. A joint may experience restricted movement as a result of this tightness. Stretchy and excessively flexible joints are common in people with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. This may become an issue if you need sutures for a wound because the skin is frequently not strong enough to support them. The patient already undergone three surgeries prior but still showed signs of severe pain, swelling, and stiffness in the knee which made the patient suffer more during rest position and also made it sometimes so difficult that it affected everyday tasks. In this situation when the patient consulted the doctors, the patient was suggested to undergo TKA. TKA is the method of orthopedic surgical technique that is most consistently successful and highly effective. Patients with end-stage degenerative knee osteoarthritis might expect reliable results from this surgery. The case demonstrates the preoperative planning, surgical methods, and postoperative care needed to successfully treat a complicated patient profile. Hospital protocols were followed, and the patient's surgery was done with proper care and hygiene.

Return to Work after Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: The First Polish Pilot Retrospective Study

(1) Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) performed on working-age patients significantly affects the participation of such patients in social life. A retrospective study was conducted to determine the return to work (RTW) rate after TKA. The goal of this study was to provide reference data for the Polish population and identify the factors impacting patients' decisions to return to or resign from work, relative to their functional performance. (2) Methods: This retrospective study involved 48 patients. An interview related to RTW was carried out to identify the factors impacting a patient's decision to return to or resign from work. Functional performance was assessed using the Knee Outcome Survey-Activities of Daily Living (KOS-ADL) scale. (3) Results: Before TKA, 15 individuals (31.25%) qualified for the study did not work and were receiving welfare benefits. After the surgery, 23 individuals (47.9% of those working prior to TKA) did not return to work. The number of those who did not work after TKA increased to 38 (79.17%), which was a significant change. The mean level of functional performance after TKA assessed using KOS-ADL was 75.89. (4) Conclusions: The findings show that the rate of RTW after TKA in Poland is significantly lower than that in other countries. The reasons for this situation, as shown in the study, may be related to the lack of an occupational rehabilitation system, resulting in a paucity of information about the possibility to return to work and about opportunities for retraining.

Prospective validity of a clinical prediction rule for response to non-surgical multidisciplinary management of knee osteoarthritis in tertiary care: a multisite prospective longitudinal study

OBJECTIVES

We tested a previously developed clinical prediction tool-a nomogram consisting of four patient measures (lower patient-expected benefit, lower patient-reported knee function, greater knee varus angle and severe medial knee radiological degeneration) that were related to poor response to non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. This study sought to prospectively evaluate the predictive validity of this nomogram to identify patients most likely to respond poorly to non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis.

DESIGN

Multisite prospective longitudinal study.

SETTING

Advanced practice physiotherapist-led multidisciplinary service across six tertiary hospitals.

PARTICIPANTS

Participants with knee osteoarthritis deemed appropriate for trial of non-surgical management following an initial assessment from an advanced practice physiotherapist were eligible for inclusion.

INTERVENTIONS

Baseline clinical nomogram scores were collected before a trial of individualised non-surgical management commenced.

PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE

Clinical outcome (Global Rating of Change) was collected 6 months following commencement of non-surgical management and dichotomised to responder (a little better to a very great deal better) or poor responder (almost the same to a very great deal worse). Clinical nomogram accuracy was evaluated from receiver operating characteristics curve analysis and area under the curve, and sensitivity/specificity and positive/negative likelihood ratios were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 242 participants enrolled. Follow-up scores were obtained from 210 participants (87% response rate). The clinical nomogram demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.70 (p<0.001), with greatest combined sensitivity 0.65 and specificity 0.64. The positive likelihood ratio was 1.81 (95% CI 1.32 to 2.36) and negative likelihood ratio 0.55 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.75).

CONCLUSIONS

The knee osteoarthritis clinical nomogram prediction tool may have capacity to identify patients at risk of poor response to non-surgical management. Further work is required to determine the implications for service delivery, feasibility and impact of implementing the nomogram in clinical practice.

Factors Important to Patients when Making Treatment Decisions for Knee Osteoarthritis

Patient treatment decisions for knee osteoarthritis (OA) are driven largely by the patient's physical examination and radiograph findings. Because multiple treatment options may be medically appropriate, it is imperative that the patient's voice be considered to better facilitate patient-centered treatment decisions. Concordance between physicians and patients on optimal treatment can vary, with few studies identifying the factors important to patients when making treatment decisions for knee OA. The goal of this analysis is to identify and synthesize subjective factors in the literature found to influence patient decision-making in a presurgical knee OA population, such that physicians and health care teams can become better equipped to help patients realize their specific treatment goals. This review was registered with PROSPERO and conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. A systematic search was completed in four databases for search terms related to knee OA and decision-making. Articles were eligible for inclusion when they discussed (1) patients' thoughts, feelings, goals, and perceptions that factored into treatment deliberation and decision-making; and (2) related to knee OA. Twenty-four articles were identified, 11 qualitative studies and 13 quantitative studies. Synthesis of the included articles revealed three main themes that drive patient treatment decisions: (1) individual catalysts to pursue treatment including pain and mobility limitations, (2) interpersonal factors including social networks and clinician trust, and (3) risks versus benefits assessment including patients' beliefs and expectations. Only a few studies looked at nonoperative treatment decisions, and no studies looked at cohorts considering knee preservation surgeries. This study was completed to synthesize literature related to patient treatment decisions for nonoperative and surgical management of knee OA, finding that patients consider multiple subjective factors when choosing whether to move forward with treatment. Understanding how patients' beliefs determine their preferences for treatment can improve shared decision-making.

Informed consent for total knee arthroplasty: exploration of patient`s information acquisition and decision-making processes-a qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an option for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Patients have high expectations regarding the benefits of the actual operation. Patients can seek a second opinion on the indication for TKA. In a study, less than half of recommended TKAs were confirmed by the second opinion and conservative treatments are not fully utilized. Informed consent forms that are used in Germany usually do not meet the requirements to support informed decision-making. Our aim was to describe the process from the diagnosis of knee OA through the decision-making process to the informed consent process for TKA, and to understand when, how, and by whom decisions are made. Moreover, we wanted to describe patients' information needs and preferences about knee OA and its treatment, including TKA, and find out what information is provided. We also wanted to find out what information was important for decision-making and identify barriers and facilitators for the optimal use of evidence-based informed consent forms in practice.

METHODS

We chose a qualitative approach and conducted semi-structured interviews with patients who were going to receive, have received, or have declined TKA, and with general practitioners (GP), office-based as well as orthopaedists and anaesthesiologists in clinics who obtain informed consent. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

We conducted interviews with 13 patients, three GPs, four office-based orthopaedists and seven doctors in clinics who had obtained informed consent. Information needs were modelled on subjective disease theory and information conveyed by the doctors. Patients in this sample predominantly made their decisions without having received sufficient information. Trust in doctors and experiences seemed to be more relevant in this sample than fact-based information. Office-based (GPs, orthopaedists) and orthopaedists in clinics had different understandings of their roles and expectations in terms of providing information.

CONCLUSIONS

We were able to identify structural barriers and assumptions that hinder the implementation of evidence-based informed consent forms.

Removing Pathoanatomical Content From Information Pamphlets About Knee Osteoarthritis Did Not Affect Beliefs About Imaging or Surgery, but Led to Lower Perceptions That Exercise Is Damaging and Better Osteoarthritis Knowledge: An Online Randomised Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE: Compare the effects of osteoarthritis information, with or without pathoanatomical content, on people's beliefs about managing osteoarthritis. DESIGN: Online randomized controlled trial involving 556 participants. METHODS: Participants considered a hypothetical scenario where their doctor informed them that they had knee osteoarthritis. Participants were randomized to a control condition, where they received currently available osteoarthritis information with pathoanatomical content or an experimental condition, where they received the same osteoarthritis information but without pathoanatomical content. Primary outcomes were participants' beliefs about the need for x-ray to confirm diagnosis and joint replacement surgery in the future. RESULTS: There were no between-group differences in primary outcomes for x-ray (mean difference [MD], -0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.9, 0.4) and surgery (MD, -0.2; 95% CI: -0.7, 0.2), each rated on an 11-point numeric rating scale. Participants in the experimental group had lower perceptions that exercise would damage the knee (MD, -0.4; 95% CI: -0.8, 0.0; rated on an 11-point numeric rating scale) and better osteoarthritis knowledge (MD, 0.9; 95% CI: 0.0, 1.9; rated on a scale ranging from 11 to 55). Among those without tertiary education, participants in the experimental group had lower perceptions that x-ray was necessary than control (MD, -0.8; 95% CI: -1.5, -0.1). Among those who had never sought care for knee pain, participants in the experimental group had lower perceptions about the need for surgery (MD, -0.7; 95% CI: -1.2, -0.2). CONCLUSIONS: Removing pathoanatomical content may not change beliefs about imaging and surgery but may lead to lower perceptions that exercise is damaging and may improve osteoarthritis knowledge. However, effects were small and of unclear clinical relevance. Tertiary education or a history of care seeking for knee pain may moderate effects on primary outcomes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023;53(4):1-15. Epub: 12 December 2022. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.11618.

A synthesis of qualitative research to understand the complexity behind treatment decision-making for osteoarthritis

Objective

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease with treatment involving a multidisciplinary approach with pharmacological, physical therapies and surgery as options. Qualitative research can help us to understand the complexity of managing health conditions and this understanding plays a role in good clinical practice. We aimed to systematically search for, identify, and synthesise qualitative research exploring the experience of living with osteoarthritis, including decision making about joint replacement.

Methods

We comprehensively searched 4 bibliographic databases and used the methods of meta-ethnography to synthesise qualitative research findings. We screened 10 ​123 titles, 548 abstracts, and 139 full texts. We included findings from 118 reports (105 unique samples) of at least 2534 adults living with osteoarthritis around the world.

Results

We developed 7 themes: Becoming your own expert can be hard work; Living has become a careful balancing act; Medication is a double-edged sword; I have other things in my life to consider; You have to weigh up the odds of surgery; Surgery is the only effective option; and Surgery will give me a chance to live now. These findings have been drawn into a conceptual model reflecting a complex balancing act with tensions underpinning treatment decision making.

Conclusions

Osteoarthritis is framed as a world where patients become their own expert about their management and healthcare choices. Our conceptual model highlights key tensions underpinning treatment decision-making. These findings provide clinicians with insight of the complex nature of these decisions and how they can help patients through shared decision making.

A qualitative evidence synthesis using meta-ethnography to understand the experience of living with osteoarthritis pain

ABSTRACT

Osteoarthritis pain affects the lives of a large number of people around the world. Understanding other people's experience is integral to effective care and qualitative research can have an important part to pay in education and good clinical practice. We aimed to systematically search for, identify, and synthesise qualitative research exploring the experience of living with osteoarthritis in order to incorporate this knowledge into an educational resource. We comprehensively searched four bibliographic databases and used the methods of meta-ethnography to synthesise qualitative research findings. We screened 10123 titles, 548 abstracts and 139 full texts. We included findings from 118 reports (105 unique samples) of at least 2534 adults living with osteoarthritis around the world. We developed 7 themes from more than 600 findings: it is part of my life's tapestry; (yet) it is consuming me; it constrains my body and my occupations; I am becoming separated yet dependent; I accept, but I will not let it define me; (yet) this makes me feel less than the person I was. Our findings highlight the profound impact that osteoarthritis can have on people's lives and the struggle to hold onto a sense of self. They indicate that recognising these losses, and taking osteoarthritis seriously, is an integral part of effective healthcare. This finding may be transferable beyond this condition.

Relationship Between the Choice of Clinical Treatment, Gait Functionality and Kinetics in Patients With Comparable Knee Osteoarthritis

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the choice of clinical treatment, gait functionality, and kinetics in patients with comparable knee osteoarthritis.

Design: This was an observational case-control study.

Setting: The study was conducted in a university biomechanics laboratory.

Participants: Knee osteoarthritis patients were stratified into the following groups: clinical treatment (conservative/total knee replacement (TKR) planned), sex (male/female), age (60–67/68–75), and body mass index (BMI) (&lt;30/≥30). All patients had a Kellgren–Lawrence score of 2 or 3 (N = 87).

Main Outcome Measures: All patients underwent gait analysis, and two groups of dependent variables were extracted:

• Spatiotemporal gait variables: gait velocity, stride time, and double-support time, which are associated with patient functionality.

• Kinetic gait variables: vertical, anterior–posterior, and mediolateral ground reaction forces, vertical free moment, joint forces, and moments at the ankle, knee, and hip. Multifactorial and multivariate analyses of variance were performed.

Results: Functionality relates to treatment decisions, with patients in the conservative group walking 25% faster and spending 24% less time in the double-support phase. However, these differences vary with age and are reduced in older subjects. Patients who planned to undergo TKR did not present higher knee forces, and different joint moments between clinical treatments depended on the age and BMI of the subjects.

Conclusions: Knee osteoarthritis is a multifactorial disease, with age and BMI being confounding factors. The differences in gait between the two groups were mitigated by confounding factors and risk factors, such as being a woman, elderly, and obese, reducing the variability of the gait compression loads. These factors should always be considered in gait studies of patients with knee osteoarthritis to control for confounding effects.

Patient engagement in the design of an intervention to prevent muscle loss in individuals with knee osteoarthritis and a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35

OBJECTIVE

Interventions for knee osteoarthritis (OA) in adults with a large body size (defined as a body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35 kg/m² ) often prioritise weight-loss, which may overshadow specific benefits for physical function, metabolic health, and body composition. As part of the development of a future clinical study, we gathered perspectives from individuals living with knee OA and a large body size to inform the proposed intervention design and delivery.

METHODS

Purposive and voluntary sampling was used to engage individuals ≥40 years of age with self-reported knee OA and a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² . An anonymous electronic survey was distributed on social media between April 2020 and June 2020. Open-ended questions addressed a proposed 12-week multimodal intervention (involving targeted nutrition, resistance exercises, and self-management support). An optional semi-structured interview was offered upon completion, with interviews recorded and transcribed verbatim. Reflexive thematic analysis and interpretation guided by an acceptability framework was used to identify recommendations for the intervention design and delivery.

RESULTS

Twenty individuals living across Canada completed the survey (100% female; 18 aged <65 years and 2 ≥ 65 years). Ten individuals completed the interview. From aggregate survey and interview data, three recommendations were generated: (1) the effectiveness of the intervention for health improvement (specifically mobility and pain) must be emphasised to avoid perceived weight-loss expectations; (2) extend support beyond 12-weeks and consider terminology free from weight-bias to enhance acceptance; (3) include optional customisation of intervention delivery to reduce acceptability-related burden.

CONCLUSION

These female patient-derived recommendations may improve perceived intervention acceptability, and thereby may enhance participant enrolment and retention in clinical trials.

Perceptions of Physical Activity and the Use of Activity Monitors to Increase Activity Levels in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement

Objective

Although most total knee replacement (TKR) recipients report less pain and improved function after TKR, many remain sedentary. We aimed to understand TKR recipients’ motivations for undergoing TKR, perceptions of and goals related to physical activity, and the role, if any, that activity monitors might play in their recovery.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative study, individually interviewing 27 participants who had recently undergone or were about to undergo TKR. We conducted a thematic analysis to better understand participants’ views of the benefits and barriers to physical activity after TKR.

Results

We identified nine themes and one subtheme that identify patients’ initial motivations for undergoing TKR and may help TKR recipients achieve increased activity levels and a perceived successful recovery. Some key messages that emerged from our work include the following: exercise is necessary for physical and mental health, pain and functional limitation interfere with daily life, tracking steps motivates individuals to increase activity levels, and different incentives (for engaging in physical exercise and using an activity monitor) are effective for different individuals.

Conclusion

Participants recognized the health benefits of physical activity, and many believed activity monitor use would help them become more active after surgery. Both external and internal factors played a role in motivating individuals to become more active and wear activity monitors.

Parents' experiences of their child's assessment on an epilepsy surgery pathway: A qualitative study

PURPOSE

Children's epilepsy surgery services (CESS) in the UK aim to improve outcomes for young children by increasing access to surgery. Consideration for surgery is complex and time consuming, yet there is lack of research exploring how this process might impact on families. This study aimed to explore parents' experiences of their child consideration for epilepsy surgery to inform future service development and delivery.

METHODS

Semi-structured interviews with parents of children (aged < six years) considered for surgery within the previous three years. Recruitment was through social media and purposive sampling of medical records. Data were analysed using a thematic and iterative approach.

RESULTS

15 parents of 14 children were interviewed (13 mothers and 2 fathers). Initial discussions of epilepsy surgery were described as 'shocking' but also as a source of hope. However, unclear communication between staff and parents, including lack of information about the steps, assessments/investigations and timeframes involved in the process of assessment for surgery led to some feeling 'out of control,' uncertain and in some cases distressed. Parents described examples of positive support from staff, yet many felt they needed additional general and emotional support throughout the epilepsy surgery pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings highlight the importance of providing clear and consistent information about the epilepsy surgery assessment to minimise parental distress and help facilitate a sense of control. Recommendations include providing parents with advance warning that surgery will be discussed at their next appointment, improved access to psychosocial and clinical psychological support and a step-by-step guide of the process with realistic timelines.

Risk factors for progression to total knee arthroplasty within two years of presentation for knee osteoarthritis

INTRODUCTION

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability and functional limitations in aging adults. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the gold standard treatment of this condition. The purpose of this study is to evaluate which patient characteristics are associated with proceeding to TKA.

METHODS

Retrospective review of patients with knee osteoarthritis at a single institution was conducted. Demographic, radiographic and clinical patient characteristics were analyzed. The primary outcome measure was whether patients underwent TKA over the study time-period. Univariate comparisons between patients not undergoing surgery and those undergoing TKA were performed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to evaluate risk factors for undergoing TKA.

RESULTS

Two hundred seven patients were included in the study. One hundred eighty seven patients (90.3%) did not undergo surgery, while 20 (9.7%) underwent TKA. No statistically significant differences in demographics were observed between patients who underwent TKA and those who did not. On multivariate analysis, patients with Kellgren Lawrence grade 4 OA (OR: 20.793, p = 0.009) and varus alignment (OR: 13.044, p = 0.040) were at significantly increased risk of undergoing TKA. Using only these two variables, the area under the curve for predicting which patients would undergo TKA was 0.846, indicating excellent discrimination.

CONCLUSION

In patients diagnosed with knee OA, Kellgren Lawrence grade 4 classification and varus knee alignment are significant risk factors for undergoing TKA, and are associated with a decreased time from initial presentation to surgery. These findings may be used to counsel patients, aid triage decisions, and inform the development of future predictive models.

Current Status and Future Prospects for Shared Decision Making Before and After Total Knee Replacement Surgery-A Scoping Review

Background. To gain insight into the current state-of-the-art of shared decision making (SDM) during decisions related to pre and postoperative care process regarding primary total knee replacement (TKR). Methods. A scoping review was performed to synthesize existing scientific research regarding (1) decisional needs and preferences of patients preparing for, undergoing and recovering from TKR surgery, (2) the relation between TKR decision-support interventions and SDM elements (i.e., team talk, option talk, and decision talk), (3) the extent to which TKR decision-support interventions address patients' decisional needs and preferences. Results. 2526 articles were identified, of which 17 articles met the inclusion criteria. Of the 17 articles, ten had a qualitative study design and seven had a quantitative study design. All included articles focused on the decision whether to undergo TKR surgery or not. Ten articles (all qualitative) examined patients' decisional needs and preferences. From these, we identified four domains that affected the patients' decision to undergo TKR: (1) personal factors, (2) external factors, (3) information sources and (4) preferences towards outcome prediction. Seven studies (5) randomized controlled trials and 2 cohort studies) used quantitative analyses to probe the effect of decision aids on SDM and/or clinical outcomes. In general, existing decision aids did not appear to be tailored to patient needs and preferences, nor were the principles of SDM well-articulated in the design of decision aids. Conclusions. SDM in TKR care is understudied; existing research appears to be narrow in scope with limited relevance to established SDM principles and the decisional needs of patients undertaking TKR surgery.

Barriers to and Facilitators of Physical Activity among Korean Female Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis and Comorbidity: A Qualitative Study

When knee osteoarthritis is combined with comorbidity, it is associated with limited physical activity. This study aimed to identify barriers to and facilitators of physical activity among Korean female adults with knee osteoarthritis and comorbidity, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. A qualitative content analysis study was conducted. Ten female knee osteoarthritis participants with comorbidity were recruited at an orthopedic outpatient center in South Korea. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and were analyzed using a conventional content analysis method. Ten participants with a mean age of 70.7 years participated in this study. Four categories of barriers and three of facilitators were identified. Barriers to physical activity were physical hardships, lack of motivation, environmental restrictions, and lack of knowledge. Categories of facilitators were pain management, self-control in physical activity, and understanding the importance of physical activity. Participants did not express any social or environmental facilitators of physical exercise. Healthcare professionals should include social support and environmental facilities to achieve medical and institutional compliance. Understanding female adults with knee osteoarthritis and comorbidity would support provision of appropriately tailored interventions that account for the characteristics of the comorbidity.