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Su Z, Li Y, Xie Y, Huang Z, Cheng A, Zhou X, Li J, Qin R, Wei X, Liu Y, Xia X, Song Q, Zhao L, Liu Z, Xiao D, Wang C. Acute and long COVID-19 symptoms and associated factors in the omicron-dominant period: a nationwide survey via the online platform Wenjuanxing in China. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:2086. [PMID: 39090598 PMCID: PMC11295386 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS To our knowledge, there is no available nationwide data on omicron symptom patterns in China mainland. We aim to determine the acute and long COVID-19 symptoms in the omicron-dominant period and to evaluate its association with risk factors. METHODS We designed a cross-sectional nationwide study and data about self-reported symptoms were collected by an online platform named Wenjuanxing. Eligible participants were aged 25-65 years and were symptomatic. In this study, the ratios of the number of people of different ages and genders were weighted by the data from the Seventh National Census (2020 years), and validated by a published nationwide representative study through comparing smoking rates. Descriptive indicators were calculated for demographic characteristics, diagnosis ways, and duration time, acute symptoms, hospitalization, severity and long COVID-19 symptoms. And, the associations between risk factors and acute and long COVID-19 symptoms were analyzed by multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS A total of 32,528 individuals diagnosed as COVID-19 infection from October 1, 2022 to February 21, 2023 were included. The first three acute symptoms of COVID-19 infection were fever (69.90%), headache (62.63%), and sore throat (54.29%), respectively. The hospitalization rate within 7 days was 3.07% and symptoms disappearance rate within 21 days was 68.84%, respectively. Among 3983 COVID-19 patients with 3 months or more time difference between first infection and participation into the study, the long COVID-19 rate was 19.68% and the primary symptoms were muscle weakness (19.39%), headache (17.98%) and smell/taste disorder (15.18%). Age groups, smoking, marriage status and vaccination were risk factors for numbers of acute phase symptoms and long COVID-19 symptoms. Lastly, female and current smokers also showed more numbers of symptoms during acute infection period. CONCLUSIONS In Chinese mainland, our respondent indicated that current smokers and women were associated with acute COVID-19 symptoms, which should be treated with caution due to the lack of representative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Su
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- China Health Education Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxiao Huang
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmei Zhou
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxuan Li
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qin
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowen Wei
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China.
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Tobacco Control and Prevention of Respiratory Diseases, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Tobacco Cessation and Respiratory Diseases Prevention, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Sinha K, Gutacker N, Gu Y, Haagsma J, Kumar K, Aghdaee M. Protocol for a longitudinal study examining the trajectory of COVID-19, post-COVID, multidimensional disadvantage and health-related quality of life in India: the IndiQol Project. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e080985. [PMID: 39009459 PMCID: PMC11253756 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the persistence of symptoms after infection, commonly referred to as 'post-COVID' or 'long-COVID'. While countries in high-resource countries have highlighted the increased risk of disadvantaged communities, there is limited understanding of how COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions affect marginalised populations in low-income and middle-income countries. We study the longitudinal patterns of COVID-19, post-COVID symptoms and their impact on the health-related quality of life through the IndiQol Project. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The IndiQol Project conducts household surveys across India to collect data on the incidence of COVID-19 and multidimensional well-being using a longitudinal design. We select a representative sample across six states surveyed over four waves. A two-stage sampling design was used to randomly select primary sampling units in rural and urban areas of each State. Using power analysis, we select an initial sample of 3000 household and survey all adult household members in each wave. The survey data will be analysed using limited dependent variable models and matching techniques to provide insights into the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and post-COVID on health and well-being of individuals in India. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval for the IndiQol Project was obtained from the Macquarie University Human Research Ethics Committee in Sydney, Australia and Institutional Review Board of Morsel in India. The project results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Data collected from the IndiQol project will be deposited with the EuroQol group and will be available to use by eligible researchers on approval of request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kompal Sinha
- Department of Economics, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nils Gutacker
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, South Wales, Australia
| | - Juanita Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kaushalendra Kumar
- International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mona Aghdaee
- Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Sydney, South Wales, Australia
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Gupta R, Sharma K, Khedar RS, Sharma SK, Makkar JS, Natani V, Bana A, Sharma S. Influence of COVID-19 pandemic in India on coronary artery disease clinical presentation, angiography, interventions and in-hospital outcomes: a single centre prospective registry-based observational study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e078596. [PMID: 38553070 PMCID: PMC10982793 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study examined the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic in India on variation in clinical features, management and in-hospital outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). DESIGN Prospective registry-based observational study. SETTING A tertiary care hospital in India participant in the American College of Cardiology CathPCI Registry. PARTICIPANTS 7089 successive patients who underwent PCI from April 2018 to March 2023 were enrolled (men 5627, women 1462). Details of risk factors, clinical presentation, coronary angiography, coronary interventions, clinical management and in-hospital outcomes were recorded. Annual data were classified into specific COVID-19 periods according to Government of India guidelines as pre-COVID-19 (April 2018 to March 2019, n=1563; April 2019 to March 2020, n=1594), COVID-19 (April 2020 to March 2020, n=1206; April 2021 to March 2022, n=1223) and post-COVID-19 (April 2022 to March 2023, n=1503). RESULTS Compared with the patients in pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 periods, during the first COVID-19 year, patients had more hypertension, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). In the second COVID-19 year, patients had more STEMI, lower LVEF, multivessel CAD, primary PCI, multiple stents and more vasopressor and mechanical support. There were 99 (1.4%) in-hospital deaths which in the successive years were 1.2%, 1.4%, 0.8%, 2.4% and 1.3%, respectively (p=0.019). Compared with the baseline year, deaths were slightly lower in the first COVID-19-year (age-sex adjusted OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.47) but significantly more in the second COVID-19-year (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.54). This variation attenuated following adjustment for clinical presentation, extent of CAD, in-hospital treatment and duration of hospitalisation. CONCLUSIONS In-hospital mortality among patients with CAD undergoing PCI was significantly higher in the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic in India and could be one of the reasons for excess deaths in the country. These patients had more severe CAD, lower LVEF, and more vasopressor and mechanical support and duration of hospitalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Gupta
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Krishnakumar Sharma
- Pharmacy, LBS College of Pharmacy, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Raghubir Singh Khedar
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Sharma
- Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jitender Singh Makkar
- Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vishnu Natani
- Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ajeet Bana
- Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Samin Sharma
- Cardiology, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA
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Frey A, Tilstra AM, Verhagen MD. Inequalities in healthcare use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1894. [PMID: 38424038 PMCID: PMC10904793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic led to reductions in non-COVID related healthcare use, but little is known whether this burden is shared equally. This study investigates whether reductions in administered care disproportionately affected certain sociodemographic strata, in particular marginalised groups. Using detailed medical claims data from the Dutch universal health care system and rich full population registry data, we predict expected healthcare use based on pre-pandemic trends (2017 - Feb 2020) and compare these expectations with observed healthcare use in 2020 and 2021. Our findings reveal a 10% decline in the number of weekly treated patients in 2020 and a 3% decline in 2021 relative to prior years. These declines are unequally distributed and are more pronounced for individuals below the poverty line, females, older people, and individuals with a migrant background, particularly during the initial wave of COVID-19 hospitalisations and for middle and low urgency procedures. While reductions in non-COVID related healthcare decreased following the initial shock of the pandemic, inequalities persist throughout 2020 and 2021. Our results demonstrate that the pandemic has not only had an unequal toll in terms of the direct health burden of the pandemic, but has also had a differential impact on the use of non-COVID healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Frey
- Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, 42 Park End St, Oxford, OX1 1JD, UK
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford, 1 New Rd, Oxford, OX1 1NF, UK
- Amsterdam Health and Technology Institute, Paasheuvelweg 25, Amsterdam, 1105 BP, The Netherlands
- Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, 42 Park End St, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Andrea M Tilstra
- Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, 42 Park End St, Oxford, OX1 1JD, UK
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford, 1 New Rd, Oxford, OX1 1NF, UK
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, 42 Park End St, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, 42 Park End St, Oxford, OX1 1JD, UK
| | - Mark D Verhagen
- Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, 42 Park End St, Oxford, OX1 1JD, UK.
- Nuffield College, University of Oxford, 1 New Rd, Oxford, OX1 1NF, UK.
- Amsterdam Health and Technology Institute, Paasheuvelweg 25, Amsterdam, 1105 BP, The Netherlands.
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, 42 Park End St, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, 42 Park End St, Oxford, OX1 1JD, UK.
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Khedar RS, Gupta R, Sharma K, Mittal K, Ambaliya HC, Gupta JB, Singh S, Sharma S, Singh Y, Mathur A. Biomarkers and outcomes in hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a prospective registry. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e067430. [PMID: 36521904 PMCID: PMC9755908 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine association of biomarkers-high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP), D-dimer, interleukin-6 (IL-6), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)-at hospitalisation with outcomes in COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING Tertiary-care hospital based prospective registry. PARTICIPANTS Successive virologically confirmed patients with COVID-19 hospitalised from April 2020 to July 2021 were prospectively recruited. Details of clinical presentation, investigations, management and outcomes were obtained. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES All biomarkers were divided into tertiles to determine associations with clinical features and outcomes. Primary outcome was all-cause deaths and secondary outcome was oxygen requirement, non-invasive and invasive ventilation, dialysis, duration of stay in ICU and hospital. Numerical data are presented in median and interquartile range (IQR 25-75). Univariate and multivariate (age, sex, risk factors, comorbidities, treatments) ORs and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS 3036 virologically confirmed patients with COVID-19 were detected and 1251 hospitalised. Men were 70.0%, aged >60 years 44.8%, hypertension 44.1%, diabetes 39.6% and cardiovascular disease 18.9%. Median symptom duration was 5 days (IQR 4-7) and oxygen saturation 95% (90%-97%). Total white cell count was 6.9×109/L (5.0-9.8), neutrophils 79.2% (68.1%-88.2%), lymphocytes 15.8% (8.7%-25.5%) and creatinine 0.93 mg/dL (0.78-1.22). Median (IQR) for biomarkers were hsCRP 6.9 mg/dL (2.2-18.9), D-dimer 464 ng/dL (201-982), IL-6 20.1 ng/dL (6.5-60.4), LDH 284 mg/dL (220-396) and ferritin 351 mg/dL (159-676). Oxygen support at admission was in 38.6%, subsequent non-invasive or invasive ventilatory support in 11.0% and 11.6%, and haemodialysis in 38 (3.1%). 173 (13.9%) patients died and 15 (1.2%) transferred to hospice care. For each biomarker, compared with the first, those in the second and third tertiles had more clinical and laboratory abnormalities, and oxygen, ventilatory and dialysis support. Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) for deaths in second and third versus first tertiles, respectively, were hsCRP 2.24 (1.11 to 4.50) and 12.56 (6.76 to 23.35); D-dimer 3.44 (1.59 to 7.44) and 14.42 (7.09 to 29.30); IL-6 2.56 (1.13 to 5.10) and 10.85 (5.82 to 20.22); ferritin 2.88 (1.49 to 5.58) and 8.19 (4.41 to 15.20); LDH 1.75 (0.81 to 3.75) and 9.29 (4.75 to 18.14); and NLR 3.47 (1.68 to 7.14) and 17.71 (9.12 to 34.39) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION High levels of biomarkers-hsCRP, D-dimer, IL-6, LDH, ferritin and NLR-in COVID-19 are associated with more severe illness and higher in-hospital mortality. NLR, a widely available investigation, provides information similar to more expensive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghubir Singh Khedar
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
- Academic & Research, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Krishnakumar Sharma
- Pharmacology, Lal Bahadur Shastri College of Pharmacy, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kartik Mittal
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Harshad C Ambaliya
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jugal B Gupta
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Surendra Singh
- Laboratory Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Microbiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Alok Mathur
- Medicine, Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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