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Zhang C, Yu L, Ma C, Jiang S, Zhang Y, Wang S, Tian F, Xue Y, Zhao J, Zhang H, Liu L, Chen W, Huang S, Zhang J, Zhai Q. A key genetic factor governing arabinan utilization in the gut microbiome alleviates constipation. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1989-2006.e8. [PMID: 37992712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Impaired gastrointestinal motility is associated with gut dysbiosis. Probiotics, such as Bifidobacteria, can improve this bowel disorder; however, efficacy is strain-dependent. We determine that a genetic factor, the abfA cluster governing arabinan utilization, in Bifidobacterium longum impacts treatment efficacy against functional constipation (FC). In mice with FC, B. longum, but not an abfA mutant, improved gastrointestinal transit time, an affect that was dependent upon dietary arabinan. abfA genes were identified in other commensal bacteria, whose effects in ameliorating murine FC were similarly abfA-dependent. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, supplementation with abfA-cluster-carrying B. longum, but not an abfA-deficient strain, enriched arabinan-utilization residents, increased beneficial metabolites, and improved FC symptoms. Across human cohorts, abfA-cluster abundance can predict FC, and transplantation of abfA cluster-enriched human microbiota to FC-induced germ-free mice improved gut motility. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a role for microbial abfA cluster in ameliorating FC, establishing principles for genomics-directed probiotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Leilei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chenchen Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shuaiming Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shunhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuzheng Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Qixiao Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Duncan SH, Conti E, Ricci L, Walker AW. Links between Diet, Intestinal Anaerobes, Microbial Metabolites and Health. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051338. [PMID: 37239009 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A dense microbial community resides in the human colon, with considerable inter-individual variability in composition, although some species are relatively dominant and widespread in healthy individuals. In disease conditions, there is often a reduction in microbial diversity and perturbations in the composition of the microbiota. Dietary complex carbohydrates that reach the large intestine are important modulators of the composition of the microbiota and their primary metabolic outputs. Specialist gut bacteria may also transform plant phenolics to form a spectrum of products possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Consumption of diets high in animal protein and fat may lead to the formation of potentially deleterious microbial products, including nitroso compounds, hydrogen sulphide, and trimethylamine. Gut anaerobes also form a range of secondary metabolites, including polyketides that may possess antimicrobial activity and thus contribute to microbe-microbe interactions within the colon. The overall metabolic outputs of colonic microbes are derived from an intricate network of microbial metabolic pathways and interactions; however, much still needs to be learnt about the subtleties of these complex networks. In this review we consider the multi-faceted relationships between inter-individual microbiota variation, diet, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia H Duncan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Elena Conti
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Liviana Ricci
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Alan W Walker
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
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Short-Chain Fatty Acids Modulate Permeability, Motility and Gene Expression in the Porcine Fetal Jejunum Ex Vivo. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122524. [PMID: 35745253 PMCID: PMC9230976 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatally, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are important energetic and signaling agents, being involved in host nutrition, gut imprinting and immune and barrier function. Whether SCFA exert similar effects during the late fetal phase has been insufficiently elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate whether the fetal jejunum senses SCFA and whether SCFA modify the muscle tension and epithelial permeability and related signaling in jejunal tissue from the porcine fetus in late gestation. Exposure of fetal jejunal tissue to a mix of SCFA (70 µmol/mL) in an organ bath for 20 min lowered the muscle tension. Moreover, SCFA decreased the transepithelial conductance while increasing the short-circuit current in the Ussing chamber, indicating reduced permeability and increased SCFA absorption. Gene expression in the tissues harvested from the Ussing chamber after 30 min indicated downregulation of the expression of receptors (i.e., FFAR2 and TLR2), MCT1 and tight-junction and adherens proteins, which may be a negative feedback response to the applied high SCFA concentration compared with the micromolar concentration detected in fetal gastric fluid. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the fetal jejunum senses SCFA, which trigger electrophysiological, muscle contraction and related gene transcription responses. Hence, SCFA may play a role in prenatal gut nutrition and imprinting.
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Sener-Aydemir A, Sharma S, Lerch F. Postnatal development of gut microbial activity and their importance for jejunal motility in piglets. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6283768. [PMID: 34036356 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their anti-inflammatory properties, role in barrier function, absorption and microbial balance in the gut, knowledge on maturational and dietary effects on intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in neonatal piglets is scarce. Moreover, little information exists whether SCFA and lactic acid (LA) modulates gut motility at this age. The present study aimed (1) to investigate the maturational changes in the SCFA profile with and without creep feeding of piglets in the first 3 wk of life; and (2) to examine the effects of SCFA and LA on muscle contractibility in jejunal tissue from neonatal piglets ex vivo. SCFA concentrations were measured in fecal samples of 52 piglets from 10 litters collected on days 2, 6, 13, and 20 of life using gas chromatography. Half of the litters were fed a commercial creep feed from day 10 of life. The organ bath system was used to test the effect of SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and caproate) as well as of LA and the combination of LA and SCFA on muscle contractibility in piglet's jejunum. Average daily gain of piglets was similar between groups before and after introduction of creep feed. SCFA were detectable in feces in relevant concentrations from day 2 of life and increased on day 6 in males by 3.0-fold and on day 13 in females by 1.6-fold but decreased again on day 20 in both sexes compared with day 2 (P < 0.05). Creep feeding reduced fecal SCFA by 0.6-fold on day 13 without largely modifying molar proportions, whereas it increased fecal SCFA by 0.8-fold on day 20 of life compared with the sow-reared only piglets (P < 0.05). Applying SCFA ex vivo increased the muscle contraction of the jejunum by 30% (P < 0.05). Likewise, addition of LA and the combination of LA and SCFA increased the jejunal muscle contractibility by 34.9% and 32.2%, respectively, compared with the muscle tension preaddition (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present results for fecal SCFA in first days of life suggest high bacterial activity on milk components and emphasize the importance of SCFA for intestinal development and function. After a lag phase, creep feeding promotes fermentation in the distal colon, which may be beneficial for the gut homeostasis. Results further demonstrate the stimulating effect of SCFA and LA for jejunal motility, suggesting a role for mixing of digesta (segmentation) and digestion and absorption of nutrients as well as passage in the jejunum of neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Arife Sener-Aydemir
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Sharma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederike Lerch
- Unit of Nutritional Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Christian-Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Gut Health Concepts of Livestock, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Probiotics and constipation: mechanisms of action, evidence for effectiveness and utilisation by patients and healthcare professionals. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 79:147-157. [PMID: 31262376 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665119000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to assess and present evidence on the mechanisms of action of probiotics in constipation, their effectiveness and their utilisation by patients and healthcare professionals. Chronic constipation is a common bothersome disorder that has a considerable impact on patients' quality of life. Probiotics have been increasingly investigated for their effectiveness in various disorders, including chronic constipation. Probiotics may affect gut motility and constipation through their impact on the gut microbiota and fermentation, the central and enteric nervous system and the immune system. However, evidence for the effectiveness of probiotics in the management of constipation remains varied, with some strains demonstrating improvements, while others show no effect. Despite the uncertainty in evidence and the fact that the majority of healthcare professionals do not recommend probiotics for constipation, an increased prevalence of probiotic use by people with constipation has been shown. Therefore, there is a need for public health strategies to inform the public about where strong evidence of probiotic effectiveness exist, and where evidence is still weak. Education of healthcare professionals on the increased utilisation of probiotics for constipation by the public and on current evidence for the effectiveness of specific strains is also required.
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Branched Short-Chain Fatty Acid Isovaleric Acid Causes Colonic Smooth Muscle Relaxation via cAMP/PKA Pathway. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:1171-1181. [PMID: 30560338 PMCID: PMC6499669 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isovaleric acid (IVA) is a 5-carbon branched-chain fatty acid present in fermented foods and produced in the colon by bacterial fermentation of leucine. We previously reported that the shorter, straight-chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate differentially affect colonic motility; however, the effect of branched-chain fatty acids on gut smooth muscle and motility is unknown. AIMS To determine the effect of IVA on contractility of colonic smooth muscle. METHODS Murine colonic segments were placed in a longitudinal orientation in organ baths in Krebs buffer and fastened to force transducers. Segments were contracted with acetylcholine (ACh), and the effects of IVA on ACh-induced contraction were measured in the absence and presence of tetrodotoxin (TTx) or inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase [L-N-nitroarginine (L-NNA)] or adenylate cyclase (SQ22536). The effect of IVA on ACh-induced contraction was also measured in isolated muscle cells in the presence or absence of SQ22536 or protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (H-89). Direct activation of PKA was measured in isolated muscle cells. RESULTS In colonic segments, ACh-induced contraction was inhibited by IVA in a concentration-dependent fashion; the IVA response was not affected by TTx or L-NNA but inhibited by SQ22536. Similarly, in isolated colonic muscle cells, ACh-induced contraction was inhibited by IVA in a concentration-dependent fashion and the effect blocked by SQ22536 and H-89. IVA also increased PKA activity in isolated smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS The branched-chain fatty acid IVA acts directly on colonic smooth muscle and causes muscle relaxation via the PKA pathway.
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Sakata T. Pitfalls in short-chain fatty acid research: A methodological review. Anim Sci J 2018; 90:3-13. [PMID: 30370625 PMCID: PMC6587520 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This methodological review suggests what to do and what not to do in short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) research for researchers, supervisors, scientific reviewers, and regulatory officers. High viscosity of gut contents, existence of bacterial biofilm and of mucus layer at the mucosal surface, and rapid absorption of SCFAs make it difficult to know their concentrations at the very surface of the mucosa. As lumen or fecal concentration of SCFAs does not reflect their rate of production, these parameters should not be used as measures of SCFA production or absorption. Effects of SCFAs can vary and even become opposite at different dose, time of/after exposure or time of the day. Thus, results without dose–response, time‐course, and diurnal variance experiments can be seriously misleading. It is also to note that too much emphasis on n‐butyrate should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakata
- School of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki Senshu University, Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Japan
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Mineo H, Ogita A, Kanayama N, Kawagishi M, Sato E, Yamamoto N, Arai K, Izawa MA. Effect of the chemical specificity of benzoic acid and its analogs on osmotic fragility in erythrocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 702:142-8. [PMID: 23376564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined the chemical specificity of benzoic (benzene-carboxylic) acid and its derivatives in increasing osmotic fragility (OF) in rat red blood cells (RBCs) in vitro. Benzoic acid increased the OF in the rat RBCs in a dose-dependent manner. Replacement of the carboxylic group with a phosphoric group also increased the OF in RBCs, whereas substitution of the carboxylic group by a sulfonic, amide or hydroxy group did not affect the OF. Replacement of the benzene nucleus with a cyclohexane ring or a straight hydrocarbon chain with six carbons resulted in a greater increase in OF than that induced by benzoic acid. Introduction of a methyl group, chloride or bromide at the m- and p-positions of the benzene ring considerably enhanced the increase in OF induced by benzoic acid. Substitution of the amino and hydroxy group at the m- and p- positions abolished the increase in OF induced by benzoic acid. The introduction of these elements at the o-position showed an almost equal increase in OF as that observed for benzoic acid. A molecule of benzoic acid is composed of both hydrophilic (carboxylic group) and hydrophobic (benzene ring) components. Replacement of the hydrophilic component changed the balance formed between hydrophobic and hydrophilic components in the moiety, resulting alterations to its interaction with the RBC membrane. The size, form and elements introduced into the benzene ring also affected its affinity to the cell membrane, and changed the osmotic resistance in rat RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Mineo
- Faculty of Human Science, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa, Hokkaido 061-1449, Japan.
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Na JR, Oh KN, Park SU, Bae D, Choi EJ, Jung MA, Choi CY, Lee DW, Jun W, Lee KY, Kim YJ, Kim S. The laxative effects of Maesil (Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.) on constipation induced by a low-fibre diet in a rat model. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 64:333-45. [PMID: 23126362 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.738648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maesil (the fruit of Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.) has long been used as an alternative medicine and functional food in Korea and Japan for preventive and therapeutic purposes. We examined the laxative effect of unripe Maesil (UM) and ripe Maesil (RM) in a rat model on constipation induced by a low-fibre diet and the possible mechanisms of Maesil in the rat colon. In vivo studies were conducted on the low-fibre diet-induced constipation rat model, and isolated rat colon was used in in vitro experiments to measure the changes in spontaneous colon contraction generated by Maesil and organic acids as standard and effectual ingredients, respectively. The aqueous extract of both UM and RM applied orally (100 and 300 mg/kg) produced significant increase of faeces frequency (p < 0.05) and moisture (p < 0.001). Moreover, the number faecal pellets number was reduced (p < 0.05) in the distal colons of the Maesil-treated rats. Gastrointestinal (GI) motility, measured by charcoal meal, was activated more fully by UM than in the low-fibre diet group. Both UM and RM and its organic acids produced a dose-dependent stimulation of the spontaneous contractile amplitude (p < 0.001) and frequency (p < 0.01) of the isolated rat colon. Although both UM and RM were an effective laxative, the RM was significantly more effective than the UM in the in vivo and in vitro constipation experiments because of the changes in the composition of organic acids during the ripening of the fruit. Our results demonstrated that Maesil was effective in promoting the frequency of defaecation and contraction of the rat colon, which provided scientific basis to support the use of Maesil as potential therapeutics in treating constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ryun Na
- Jeollanamdo Institute of Natural Resources Research, Jeollanamdo, South Korea
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Mard SA, Veisi A, Naseri MKG, Mikaili P. Spasmogenic Activity of the Seed of Terminalia chebula Retz in Rat Small Intestine: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Malays J Med Sci 2011; 18:18-26. [PMID: 22135597 PMCID: PMC3216221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminalia chebula Retz is traditionally used to relieve constipation. The current study was performed to investigate the pharmacological action of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula seeds (ATC) in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Terminal pieces of rat ileum were suspended in organ bath containing Tyrode solution. The ileum spontaneous motility frequency and contractility were recorded isotonically. To induce ileal contraction, carbachol and ATC were added to the organ bath. In addition, the effect of hexamethonium, indomethacin, atropine, and verapamil on the ATC-induced ileal contractions was also investigated. The effectiveness of ATC on relieving morphine-induced constipation was investigated in an in vivo study by measuring the faecal number, faecal water content, and intestinal transit ratio. RESULTS ATC increased the frequency of ileum motility and tension of contraction dose-dependently (P < 0.05). Responses induced by ATC were inhibited by pre-treatment of the tissue with verapamil. The ATC activities were not affected by atropine, hexamethonium, and indomethacin. The faecal number and faecal water content were increased dose-dependently by ATC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The excitatory effects of ATC on ileal contractile frequency and tension are possibly mediated through Ca(2+) channels activation. The results of the present study support the traditional usage of ATC for the treatment of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Ali Mard
- Physiology Research Center, Liver and Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, PO Box 61335-189, Iran
| | - Ali Veisi
- Physiology Research Center, Liver and Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, PO Box 61335-189, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazem Gharib Naseri
- Physiology Research Center, Liver and Digestive Diseases Research Center, and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, PO Box 61335-189, Iran
| | - Peyman Mikaili
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, PO Box 1138, Iran
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Bär F, Von Koschitzky H, Roblick U, Bruch HP, Schulze L, Sonnenborn U, Böttner M, Wedel T. Cell-free supernatants of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 modulate human colonic motility: evidence from an in vitro organ bath study. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009; 21:559-66, e16-7. [PMID: 19220758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Clinical studies have shown that probiotics influence gastrointestinal motility, e.g. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) (Mutaflor) proved to be at least as efficacious as lactulose and more potent than placebo in constipated patients. As the underlying mechanisms are not clarified, the effects of EcN culture supernatants on human colonic motility were assessed in vitro. Human colonic circular smooth muscle strips (n = 94, 17 patients) were isometrically examined in an organ bath and exposed to different concentrations of EcN supernatants. Contractility responses were recorded under (i) native conditions, (ii) electrical field stimulation (EFS), (iii) non-adrenergic non-cholinergic conditions, and (iv) enteric nerve blockade by tetrodotoxin (TTX). As concentrations of acetic acid were increased in EcN supernatants, contractility responses to acetic acid were additionally tested. EcN supernatants significantly increased the maximal tension forces both at low and high concentrations. Neither blockade of both adrenergic and cholinergic nerves nor application of TTX abolished these effects. EFS-induced contractility responses were not altered after exposure to EcN supernatants. Acetic acid elicited effects comparable to EcN supernatants only under TTX conditions. EcN supernatants modulate in vitro contractility of the human colon. As neither partial nor TTX blockade of enteric nerves abolished these effects, EcN supernatants appear to enhance colonic contractility by direct stimulation of smooth muscle cells. Active metabolites may include other substances than acetic acid, as acetic acid only partially resembled the effects elicited by EcN supernatants. The data provide a rationale for therapeutical application of probiotics in gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bär
- Department of Anatomy, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Paineau D, Payen F, Panserieu S, Coulombier G, Sobaszek A, Lartigau I, Brabet M, Galmiche JP, Tripodi D, Sacher-Huvelin S, Chapalain V, Zourabichvili O, Respondek F, Wagner A, Bornet FRJ. The effects of regular consumption of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on digestive comfort of subjects with minor functional bowel disorders. Br J Nutr 2007; 99:311-8. [PMID: 17697398 DOI: 10.1017/s000711450779894x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A comparative, randomised, double-blind trial was performed in the medical departments of five hospitals to study the effects of regular consumption of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (sc-FOS) on the digestive comfort of subjects with minor functional bowel disorders (FBD). In step 1, 2235 subjects were questioned to assess the incidence and intensity of digestive disorders. In step 2, 105 of these patients diagnosed with minor FBD were randomised into two groups to receive either 5 g sc-FOS or 5 g placebo (sucrose and maltodextrins) per d over a 6-week period. The incidence and intensity of digestive disorders were assessed at the end of the treatment period (day 43) using the step 1 questionnaires. A quality-of-life questionnaire was also completed at the start and end of the treatment period to assess potential effects on well-being and social performance. In step 1, 44 % of the subjects questioned presented FBD, of whom 57.1 % suffered from minor FBD. In step 2, on day 43, the intensity of digestive disorders decreased by 43.6 % in the sc-FOS group v. a 13.8 % increase in the placebo group (P = 0.026). Symptoms were experienced less frequently by 75.0 % of subjects in the sc-FOS group, while 53.8 % of controls experienced no change (P = 0.064). Using the functional digestive disorders quality of life questionnaire, the discomfort item scores increased in the sc-FOS group (P = 0.031). However, expressed as change in quality of life (improvement, worsening or unchanged), daily activities were significantly improved in the sc-FOS group (P = 0.022). Regular consumption of sc-FOS may improve digestive comfort in a working population not undergoing medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Paineau
- Nutri-Health SA, Immeuble Ampère, 8 rue Eugène et Armand Peugeot, 92566 Rueil-Malmaison Cedex, France
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Nava GM, Bielke LR, Callaway TR, Castañeda MP. Probiotic alternatives to reduce gastrointestinal infections: the poultry experience. Anim Health Res Rev 2007; 6:105-18. [PMID: 16164012 DOI: 10.1079/ahr2005103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe intestinal mucosa represents the most active defense barrier against the continuous challenge of food antigens and pathogenic microorganisms present in the intestinal lumen. Protection against harmful agents is conferred by factors such as gastric acid, peristalsis, mucus, intestinal proteolysis, and the intestinal biota. The establishment of beneficial bacterial communities and metabolites from these complex ecosystems has varying consequences for host health. This hypothesis has led to the introduction of novel therapeutic interventions based on the consumption of beneficial bacterial cultures. Mechanisms by which probiotic bacteria affect the microecology of the gastrointestinal tract are not well understood, but at least three mechanisms of action have been proposed: production/presence of antibacterial substances (e.g., bacteriocins or colicins), modulation of immune responses and specific competition for adhesion receptors to intestinal epithelium. The rapid establishment of bacterial communities has been thought to be essential for the prevention of colonization by pathogenic bacteria. Some animal models suggest that the reduction in bacterial translocation in neonatal animals could be associated with an increase in intestinal bacterial communities and bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances produced by these species. This review emphasizes the role of the intestinal microbiota in the reduction of the gastrointestinal infections and draws heavily on studies in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Nava
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Shimotoyodome A, Yajima N, Suzuki J, Tokimitsu I. Effects of coingestion of different fibers on fecal excretion and cecal fermentation in rats. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Barbara G, Stanghellini V, Brandi G, Cremon C, Di Nardo G, De Giorgio R, Corinaldesi R. Interactions between commensal bacteria and gut sensorimotor function in health and disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100:2560-8. [PMID: 16279914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Commensal bacteria inhabiting the human intestine (i.e., intestinal microflora) participate in the development and maintenance of gut sensory and motor functions, including the promotion of intestinal propulsive activity. On the other hand, intestinal motility represents one of the major control systems of gut microflora, through the sweeping of excessive bacteria from the lumen. There is emerging evidence indicating that changes in this bidirectional interplay contribute to the pathogenesis of gut diseases, such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Recent interest has also been directed to the potential role of intestinal microflora in the pathogenesis of the irritable bowel syndrome. Although the status of intestinal microflora in the irritable bowel syndrome remains unsettled, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (as detected with breath testing) and increased fermentation of foods with gas production, provide indirect evidence that microflora may contribute to symptom generation in irritable bowel syndrome. The potential benefit of antibiotic and probiotic therapy is currently under investigation and opens new perspectives in irritable bowel syndrome treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Univeristy of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Minamida K, Sujaya IN, Tamura A, Shigematsu N, Sone T, Yokota A, Asano K, Benno Y, Tomita F. The effects of di-D-fructofuranose-1,2':2,3'-dianhydride (DFA III) administration on human intestinal microbiota. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 98:244-50. [PMID: 16233700 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(04)00276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Di-D-fructofuranose-1,2':2,3'-dianhydride (DFA III) was shown to enhance Ca absorption in rat and human intestine. The effects of DFA III administration (9 g per day for 4 weeks that corresponded to 3-fold the optimal dosage of DFA III) on human intestinal microbiota were studied using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The major groups of human intestinal microbiota reported previously: the Bacteroides, the Clostridium coccoides group (Clostridium cluster XIVa), the Clostridium leptum group (Clostridium cluster IV), and the Bifidobacterium group were detected. The similarity of 30 DGGE profiles based on the V3 region (before and after administration to the 15 subjects) of the 16S rDNA were calculated using Pearson's correlation based on numbers, positions and intensity of bands, and then a dendrogram of DGGE profiles was constructed by the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) clustering method. By these analyses, no difference in DGGE profiles after DFA III administration was observed in healthy subjects, while two subjects with chronic constipation showed different profiles, namely on numbers, positions and the intensity of some bands. Their stools were softer and stool frequencies increased and they obtained relief from constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Minamida
- Northern Advancement Center for Science and Technology, Nishi 12, Kita 21, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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17
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Ono S, Karaki SI, Kuwahara A. Short-chain fatty acids decrease the frequency of spontaneous contractions of longitudinal muscle via enteric nerves in rat distal colon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 54:483-93. [PMID: 15667672 DOI: 10.2170/jjphysiol.54.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in the cecum and proximal colon are reported to modify colonic motility as a luminal factor. Besides the physical stimuli in the distal colon, SCFAs in the intestinal lumen also seem to affect colonic motility under physiological concentrations. This study therefore used fasted rats to investigate the effect of SCFAs on the spontaneous contractions of longitudinal muscle (LM) in rat distal colon, including mucosa in vitro. The frequency of spontaneous contractions of LM strips from the distal colon was 9.4 +/- 0.5 contractions/20 min. The exogenous addition of >5 mM SCFAs decreased the frequency of spontaneous contractions of the LM to 6.1 +/- 0.8 contractions/20 min. Among SCFAs, only acetate elicited this inhibitory response. TTX and the combination of hexamethonium and granisetron abolished SCFA-induced inhibitory response, suggesting that this inhibitory response is mediated via the ENS, including nicotinic and 5-HT(3) receptors. In conclusion, it is suggested that SCFAs in rat distal colon decrease the frequency of spontaneous contractions of the LM and that SCFAs may contribute to colonic motility, including the peristaltic reflex, by regulating the frequency of spontaneous contractions of the LM through the enteric nervous system (ENS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Ono
- Laboratory of Physiology, Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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18
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Abstract
The human ileocolonic sphincter (ICS) develops a sustained tone mainly due to propagated and not propagated phasic motor activity. The ileocaecocolonic segment is also able to behave, yet uncommonly, as a synchronized segment involving propagated contractions originating from the ileum and migrating to the proximal colon. The ICS motor activity alone has a limited role towards forward flow. On the contrary, the functional entity corresponding to the distal ileum and the ICS provides a clearance mechanism for reflux of colonic contents into the small intestine. The presence of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the distal ileum, sensed either by endocrine cells or chemo-sensitive vagal afferents, is an important actor in triggering this clearance mechanism. The ICS tone is in part myogenic but a neuronal nitrergic component is also involved. Reflex excitatory and inhibitory responses of the ICS originating from ileal or colonic distension involve primarily spinal nitrergic and adrenergic pathways.
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Rondeau MP, Meltzer K, Michel KE, McManus CM, Washabau RJ. Short chain fatty acids stimulate feline colonic smooth muscle contraction. J Feline Med Surg 2003; 5:167-73. [PMID: 12765627 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-612x(03)00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effect of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) on feline colonic smooth muscle contraction was evaluated in vitro. Colonic tissue was obtained from seven healthy male and female adult cats and seven healthy male and female kittens. Longitudinal and circular colonic smooth muscle strips from proximal and distal colon were incubated with SCFA (acetate, butyrate and propionate; 1-100mM). SCFA-induced contractions were compared to responses obtained using maximal concentrations (10(-4)M) of acetylcholine (ACh). The calcium dependence of the SCFA response was investigated by incubating with nifedipine (1 microM) or verapamil (1 microM). Acetate, butyrate and propionate elicited isometric stress responses (0.25-1.98 x 10(4)N/m(2)) in longitudinal, but not circular, smooth muscle from both the proximal and distal colon of adult cats. Maximal responses were attained at 50 and 100mM SCFA. Maximal butyrate and propionate responses were 29 and 19% of the maximal ACh response (10(-4)M), respectively. Acetate was least effective in stimulating contractile responses. Nifedipine and verapamil abolished all responses. Contractile responses in kittens were similar to those observed in adult cats, but were smaller in amplitude. Results of these studies have shown that SCFA stimulate longitudinal colonic smooth muscle contractions in kittens and adult cats in vitro. These SCFA-induced contractions involve activation of calcium influx. These in vitro findings may account for some of the effects of dietary fiber on feline colonic motility in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Rondeau
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6010, USA.
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20
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Cherbut C. Motor effects of short-chain fatty acids and lactate in the gastrointestinal tract. Proc Nutr Soc 2003; 62:95-9. [PMID: 12740048 DOI: 10.1079/pns2002213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) affect local and remote motility of the gastrointestinal tract by mechanisms that are not completely understood. In the large intestine where they are produced, they inhibit peristaltic activity and may stimulate tonic activity. When present in the terminal ileum as a result of reflux of colon contents, they elicit propulsive contractions. These local motor effects could involve a neuro-hormonal sensory mechanism located in the mucosa of the terminal ileum and proximal colon. Finally, through a humoral pathway probably involving polypeptide YY release, ileal and colonic SCFA modify upper motility by inducing relaxation of the proximal stomach and lower oesophageal sphincter and reducing gastric emptying. One characteristic feature of the SCFA effects is the dose-dependency of the gastrointestinal motor responses. Indeed, the effects occur only below or above a threshold of SCFA concentration in lumen contents. One putative physiological role of the motor effects of SCFA might be to maintain the physico-chemical balance of the lumen environment in the terminal ileum and proximal colon. Another role might be to co-regulate motility of the upper intestine. The clinical relevance of these effects is unclear. However, some recent findings suggest that excessive SCFA concentrations might induce adverse effects on gastrointestinal and colonic motility and sensitivity in certain diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.
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Mcmanus CM, Michel KE, Simon DM, Washabau RJ. Effect of short-chain fatty acids on contraction of smooth muscle in the canine colon. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:295-300. [PMID: 11843133 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on canine colonic smooth muscle. SAMPLE POPULATION Colonic tissue obtained from 14 healthy dogs. PROCEDURE Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate; 1 to 100 mmol/L)-induced contractions were compared with responses obtained with acetylmethylcholine (AMCh; 10(-4) mol/L). Roles of enteric neurons, cholinergic receptors, calcium stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and extracellular calcium in the SCFA-induced responses were investigated by incubating muscle strips with tetrodotoxin (1 micromol/L), atropine (1 micromol/L), ryanodine (10 micromol/L), nifedipine (1 micromol/L), ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetate (EGTA; 0.1 mmol/L), or an extracellular calcium-depleted (zero extracellular calcium) solution prior to the addition of propionate or butyrate. RESULTS Incubation with SCFA elicited isometric stress responses (0.25 to 2.15 x 10(4) N/m2) in colonic longitudinal smooth muscle. Maximal responses to butyrate and propionate (50 mmol/L) were 37 and 23%, respectively, of the maximal AMCh response. Acetate was least effective in stimulating contractile responses. Tetrodotoxin and atropine did not affect SCFA-induced contractions. Nifedipine and zero extracellular calcium solution abolished responses to butyrate and propionate, whereas EGTA attenuated (> 60%) but did not abolish those responses. Ryanodine did not affect SCFA-induced contractile responses. The SCFA did not affect colonic circular smooth muscle. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RESPONSE: The SCFA stimulate longitudinal but not circular colonic smooth muscle contractions via a direct effect on smooth muscle. The mechanism of the SCFA effect appears to involve the influx of extracellular calcium. These findings may account for some of the effects of fiber on canine colonic motility [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Mcmanus
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6010, USA
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22
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Percy WH, Brunz JT, Burgers RE, Fromm TH, Merkwan CL, van Dis J. Interrelationship between colonic muscularis mucosae activity and changes in transmucosal potential difference. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281:G479-89. [PMID: 11447028 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.2.g479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This in vitro study investigated the relationship between rabbit colonic muscularis mucosae motor activity and changes in transmucosal potential difference. Spontaneous muscle contractions and potential difference oscillations occurred independently and were not neurally driven. ACh and histamine directly stimulated the muscularis mucosae, but their mucosal effects were largely indirect, suggesting that muscularis mucosae contractions promote epithelial secretion. 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium iodide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induced large potential difference changes but small muscularis mucosae contractions, demonstrating mucosal secretion without significant muscle activity. Lowered intraluminal pH directly stimulated the muscle, whereas a bile salt-lipid mixture evoked TTX- and atropine-sensitive increases in its contractile activity. Increased intraluminal pressure and hypertonic luminal perfusion did not elicit muscularis mucosae excitation. Thus under basal conditions muscle and mucosal activities are independent, but evoked muscularis mucosae contractions can stimulate epithelial secretion. In response to specific luminal stimuli, muscularis mucosae motor activity is increased via the activation of cholinergic nerves. These data suggest that muscularis mucosae and mucosal functions are physiologically linked and that their activities can be coordinated by multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Percy
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069-2390, USA.
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Cuche G, Blat S, Malbert CH. Desensitization of ileal vagal receptors by short-chain fatty acids in pigs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280:G1013-21. [PMID: 11292611 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.5.g1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Coloileal reflux episodes trigger specialized ileal motor activities and inhibit gastric motility in pigs. The initiation of these events requires the detection by the distal ileum of the invading colonic contents that differ from the ileal chyme primarily in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. In addition to the already described humoral pathway, this detection might also involve ileal vagal afferents. Sensitivity to SCFA of 12 ileal vagal units was investigated in anesthetized pigs with single-unit recording at the left cervical vagus. SCFA mixtures (0.35, 0.7, and 1.4 mol/l) containing acetic, propionic, and butyric acids in proportions identical to that in the porcine cecocolon were compared with isotonic and hypertonic saline. All units behaved as slowly adapting mechanoreceptors (half-adaptation time = 35.4 +/- 15.89 s), and their sensitivity to local mechanical probing was suppressed by local anesthesia; 7 units significantly decreased their spontaneous firing with 0.7 and 1.4 but not 0.35 mol/l SCFA infusion compared with hypertonic or isotonic saline. Similarly, the response induced by distension in the same seven units was reduced (5 neurons) or abolished (2 neurons) after infusion of 0.7 (22.8 +/- 2.39 impulses/s) and 1.4 (30.3 +/- 2.12 impulses/s) mol/l SCFA solutions compared with isotonic saline (38.6 +/- 4.09 impulses/s). These differences in discharge were not the result of changes in ileal compliance, which remained constant after SCFA. In conclusion, SCFA, at concentrations near those found during coloileal reflux episodes, reduced or abolished mechanical sensitivity of ileal vagal afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cuche
- Unité Mixte de Recherches sur le Veau et le Porc, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
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Le Blay G, Blottière HM, Ferrier L, Le Foll E, Bonnet C, Galmiche JP, Cherbut C. Short-chain fatty acids induce cytoskeletal and extracellular protein modifications associated with modulation of proliferation on primary culture of rat intestinal smooth muscle cells. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45:1623-30. [PMID: 11007115 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005529414765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids are the main end products of bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates. Their role on the metabolism and biology of colonocytes is now well characterized. However, the functional consequences of their presence on intestinal smooth muscle cells remain poorly studied. We aimed to assess the effect of different short-chain fatty acids on ileal and colonic smooth muscle cells in primary culture and on A7R5 line. Butyrate (above 0.1 mM) inhibited A7R5 cell proliferation, while at low concentration (0.05 to 0.5 mM) butyrate significantly stimulated the proliferation of ileal and colonic myocytes in primary culture. An inhibition was observed at higher concentrations. Collagenous and noncollagenous protein synthesis was stimulated by butyrate. Moreover, butyrate stimulated actin and myosin expression. Thus, butyrate, which is produced by dietary fiber fermentation, may affect intestinal muscles by directly acting at the molecular level on myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Le Blay
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, INRA, and INSERM U539, CHU Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
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Maouyo D, Chu S, Montrose MH. pH heterogeneity at intracellular and extracellular plasma membrane sites in HT29-C1 cell monolayers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278:C973-81. [PMID: 10794671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.5.c973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the colonic mucosa, short-chain fatty acids change intracellular pH (pH(i)) and extracellular pH (pH(e)). In this report, confocal microscopy and dual-emission ratio imaging of carboxyseminaphthorhodofluor-1 were used for direct evaluation of pH(i) and pH(e) in a simple model epithelium, HT29-C1 cells. Live cell imaging along the apical-to-basal axis of filter-grown cells allowed simultaneous measurement of pH in the aqueous environment near the apical membrane, the lateral membrane, and the basal membrane. Subapical cytoplasm reported the largest changes in pH(i) after isosmotic addition of 130 mM propionate or 30 mM NH(4)Cl. In resting cells and cells with an imposed acid load, lateral membranes had pH(i) values intermediate between the relatively acidic subapical region (pH 6.3-6.9) and the relatively alkaline basal pole of the cells (pH 7.4-7.1). Transcellular pH(i) gradients were diminished or eliminated during an induced alkaline load. Propionate differentially altered pH(e) near the apical membrane, in lateral intracellular spaces between adjacent cells, and near the basal membrane. Luminal or serosal propionate caused alkalinization of the cis compartment (where propionate was added) but acidification of the trans compartment only in response to luminal propionate. Addition of NH(4)Cl produced qualitatively opposite pH(e) excursions. The microscopic values of pH(i) and pH(e) can explain a portion of the selective activation of polarized Na/H exchangers observed in HT29-C1 cells in the presence of transepithelial propionate gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maouyo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Cuche G, Malbert CH. Short-chain fatty acids present in the ileum inhibit fasting gastrointestinal motility in conscious pigs. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1999; 11:219-25. [PMID: 10354346 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2982.1999.00149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colonic compounds, primarily short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), inhibit gastric tone in humans. However, since colonic compounds reflux into the ileum, SCFAs might act also at the ileal level. This study evaluates the effects of the contact of SCFAs with the ileum alone towards gastrointestinal motility in fasted conscious pigs. Gastrointestinal motility was recorded during ileal infusion of a mixture containing acetate, propionate and butyrate in intact vs ileostomized animals (n = 10). Ileal infusions of isomolar (500 mmol L-1) vs isocaloric (600 kJ L-1) SCFAs were also performed. SCFA mixture reduced significantly the amplitude and increased the frequency of antral contractions in intact (motility index: 2624 +/- 503.4 vs 4077 +/- 388.2) and ileostomized pigs (motility index: 2428 +/- 678.1 vs 4709 +/- 773.4) compared with iso-osmotic saline. SCFAs at isomolar concentrations inhibited equally gastric motor pattern irrespective of their chemical structure. On the contrary, isocaloric concentrations of SCFAs induced graded effects: acetic acid being the most potent to reduce gastric motility. In conclusion, SCFAs inhibit gastrointestinal motility by a direct contact with the ileum. This inhibition was concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cuche
- Unité 'Flux digestifs et métabolisme protéique', Station de Recherches Porcines, INRA, Saint Gilles, France
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Cherbut C, Aubé AC, Blottière HM, Galmiche JP. Effects of short-chain fatty acids on gastrointestinal motility. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 1997; 222:58-61. [PMID: 9145449 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.1997.11720720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Besides their action on gut morphology and function, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in the colon, influence gastrointestinal motility. As they are not present in the stomach and proximal small intestine, SCFAs do not directly affect motility of these segments. However, caecal infusion of SCFAs as well as colonic fermentation of lactulose induce a relaxation of the proximal stomach in humans, indicating that SCFAs can affect motility at a distance from their site of production. Moreover, this suggests that SCFAs may be involved in the so-called "ileocolonic brake', i.e. the inhibition of gastric emptying by nutrients reaching the ileo-colonic junction. In the terminal ileum, where their concentration may increase following a colo-ileal reflux, SCFAs stimulate contractions and shorten ileal emptying, which may protect ileal mucosa against the potentially harmful effects of the reflux of colonic contents. Although SCFAs are produced and concentrated in the colon, their action on motility of this organ is not clearly understood and may depend on concentration, molecular structure of the acids, responsiveness of the colonic segments and animal species. The mechanisms of action of SCFAs on gastrointestinal motility are not completely elucidated. They may involve systemic humoral and neural pathways as well as local reflexes and myogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cherbut
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Dept. of Gastroenterology, CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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Aubé AC, Blottière HM, Scarpignato C, Cherbut C, Rozé C, Galmiche JP. Inhibition of acetylcholine induced intestinal motility by interleukin 1 beta in the rat. Gut 1996; 39:470-4. [PMID: 8949656 PMCID: PMC1383358 DOI: 10.1136/gut.39.3.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The fact that raised interleukin 1 beta (IL 1 beta) concentrations have been found in the colonic mucosa of rats with experimentally induced colitis and of patients with inflammatory bowel disease indicates that this cytokine may participate in the disturbed intestinal motility seen during inflammatory bowel disease. This study investigated whether IL 1 beta could change the contractility of (a) a longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus preparation from rat jejunum, ileum, and colon and (b) isolated jejunal smooth muscle cells. METHODS Isometric mechanical activity of intestinal segments was recorded using a force transducer. Moreover, smooth muscle cell length was measured by image analysis. RESULTS Although IL 1 beta did not affect jejunal, ileal, and colonic basal contractility, it significantly reduced contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh). This significant inhibition was seen only after 90 or 150 minutes of incubation with IL 1 beta. Pretreatment with cycloheximide blocked IL 1 beta induced inhibition of ACh stimulated jejunal contraction, suggesting that a newly synthesised protein was involved in the effect. NW-nitro-L-arginine (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) did not prevent the inhibition induced by IL 1 beta. Blocking neural transmission with tetrodotoxin abolished the IL 1 beta effect on jejunal contractile activity, whereas IL 1 beta had no effect on isolated and dispersed smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS IL 1 beta inhibits ACh induced intestinal contraction and this inhibitory effect involves protein synthesis but is independent of nitric oxide synthesis. This effect does not involve a myogenic mechanism but is mediated through the myenteric plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Aubé
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine de Nantes, Equipe INSERM Biologie de la Motricité Digestive, Nantes, France
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