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Khoury M, Guo Q, Furuta K, Correia C, Meroueh C, Kim Lee HS, Warasnhe K, Valenzuela-Pérez L, Mazar AP, Kim I, Noh YK, Holmes H, Romero MF, Sussman CR, Pavelko KD, Islam S, Bamidele AO, Hirsova P, Li H, Ibrahim SH. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity enhances liver inflammation in MASH. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:101073. [PMID: 38882600 PMCID: PMC11179260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2024.101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterized by excessive circulating toxic lipids, hepatic steatosis, and liver inflammation. Monocyte adhesion to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and transendothelial migration (TEM) are crucial in the inflammatory process. Under lipotoxic stress, LSECs develop a proinflammatory phenotype known as endotheliopathy. However, mediators of endotheliopathy remain unclear. Methods Primary mouse LSECs isolated from C57BL/6J mice fed chow or MASH-inducing diets rich in fat, fructose, and cholesterol (FFC) were subjected to multi-omics profiling. Mice with established MASH resulting from a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CDHFD) or FFC diet were also treated with two structurally distinct GSK3 inhibitors (LY2090314 and elraglusib [9-ING-41]). Results Integrated pathway analysis of the mouse LSEC proteome and transcriptome indicated that leukocyte TEM and focal adhesion were the major pathways altered in MASH. Kinome profiling of the LSEC phosphoproteome identified glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β as the major kinase hub in MASH. GSK3β-activating phosphorylation was increased in primary human LSECs treated with the toxic lipid palmitate and in human MASH. Palmitate upregulated the expression of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 2, intracellular adhesion molecule 1, and phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, via a GSK3-dependent mechanism. Congruently, the adhesive and transendothelial migratory capacities of primary human neutrophils and THP-1 monocytes through the LSEC monolayer under lipotoxic stress were reduced by GSK3 inhibition. Treatment with the GSK3 inhibitors LY2090314 and elraglusib ameliorated liver inflammation, injury, and fibrosis in FFC- and CDHFD-fed mice, respectively. Immunophenotyping using cytometry by mass cytometry by time of flight of intrahepatic leukocytes from CDHFD-fed mice treated with elraglusib showed reduced infiltration of proinflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Conclusion GSK3 inhibition attenuates lipotoxicity-induced LSEC endotheliopathy and could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating human MASH. Impact and Implications LSECs under lipotoxic stress in MASH develop a proinflammatory phenotype known as endotheliopathy, with obscure mediators and functional outcomes. The current study identified GSK3 as the major driver of LSEC endotheliopathy, examined its pathogenic role in myeloid cell-associated liver inflammation, and defined the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological GSK3 inhibitors in murine MASH. This study provides preclinical data for the future investigation of GSK3 pharmacological inhibitors in human MASH. The results of this study are important to hepatologists, vascular biologists, and investigators studying the mechanisms of inflammatory liver disease and MASH, as well as those interested in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Khoury
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Qianqian Guo
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kunimaro Furuta
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cristina Correia
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chady Meroueh
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hyun Se Kim Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Khaled Warasnhe
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Iljung Kim
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Kyun Noh
- Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heather Holmes
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Michael F Romero
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Caroline R Sussman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Shahidul Islam
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adebowale O Bamidele
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Petra Hirsova
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samar H Ibrahim
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Navarro-Corcuera A, Zhu Y, Ma F, Gupta N, Asplund H, Yuan F, Friedman S, Sansbury BE, Huang X, Cai B. Therapeutic Activity of Resolvin D1 (RvD1) in Murine MASH. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590633. [PMID: 38712196 PMCID: PMC11071427 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aims Recent studies have highlighted the beneficial effect of resolvin D1 (RvD1), a DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator, on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Our study aims to determine the mechanism by which RvD1 protects against MASH progression. Methods RvD1 was administered to mice with experimental MASH, followed by bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. Primary cells including bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), Kupffer cells, T cells, and primary hepatocytes were isolated to elucidate the effect of RvD1 on inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis regression genes. Results Hepatic tissue levels of RvD1 were decreased in murine and human MASH, likely due to an expansion of pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages with diminished ability to produce RvD1. Administering RvD1 reduced inflammation, cell death, and liver fibrosis. Mechanistically, RvD1 reduced inflammation by suppressing the Stat1-Cxcl10 signaling pathway in macrophages and prevented hepatocyte death by alleviating ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, RvD1 induced Mmp2 and decreased Acta2 expression in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and promoted Mmp9 and Mmp12 expression in macrophages, leading to fibrosis regression in MASH. Conclusions RvD1 reduces Stat1-mediated inflammation, mitigates ER stress-induced apoptosis, and promotes MMP-mediated fibrosis regression in MASH. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of RvD1 to treat MASH. Impact and implications Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is an increasing healthcare burden worldwide. Current treatments for MASH and its sequelae are very limited. Recent studies highlighted the therapeutic benefit of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), including resolvin D1 (RvD1), in liver diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying these beneficial effects are not well understood. Based on unbiased transcriptomic analyses using bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing in RvD1-treated MASH livers, we show that RvD1 suppresses Stat1-mediated inflammatory responses and ER stress-induced apoptosis, and induces gene expression related to fibrosis regression. Our study provides new mechanistic insight into the role of RvD1 in MASH and highlights its therapeutic potential to treat MASH. Highlights Liver RvD1 levels are decreased in MASH patients and MASH miceRvD1 administration suppresses Stat1-mediated inflammatory responseRvD1 administration alleviates ER stress-induced apoptosisRvD1 administration induces fibrosis regression gene expression.
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Wang YF, Zhang WL, Li ZX, Liu Y, Tan J, Yin HZ, Zhang ZC, Piao XJ, Ruan MH, Dai ZH, Wang SJ, Mu CY, Yuan JH, Sun SH, Liu H, Yang F. METTL14 downregulation drives S100A4 + monocyte-derived macrophages via MyD88/NF-κB pathway to promote MAFLD progression. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:91. [PMID: 38627387 PMCID: PMC11021505 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Without intervention, a considerable proportion of patients with metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) will progress from simple steatosis to metabolism-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), liver fibrosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms that control progressive MAFLD have yet to be fully determined. Here, we unraveled that the expression of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase METTL14 is remarkably downregulated in the livers of both patients and several murine models of MAFLD, whereas hepatocyte-specific depletion of this methyltransferase aggravated lipid accumulation, liver injury, and fibrosis. Conversely, hepatic Mettl14 overexpression alleviated the above pathophysiological changes in mice fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). Notably, in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies indicated that METTL14 downregulation decreased the level of GLS2 by affecting the translation efficiency mediated by YTHDF1 in an m6A-depedent manner, which might help to form an oxidative stress microenvironment and accordingly recruit Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-macs). In detail, Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ Mo-macs can be categorized into M1-like macrophages and S100A4-positive macrophages and then further activate hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to promote liver fibrosis. Further experiments revealed that CX3CR1 can activate the transcription of S100A4 via CX3CR1/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in Cx3cr1+Ccr2+ Mo-macs. Restoration of METTL14 or GLS2, or interfering with this signal transduction pathway such as inhibiting MyD88 could ameliorate liver injuries and fibrosis. Taken together, these findings indicate potential therapies for the treatment of MAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fan Wang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Xuan Li
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Tan
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Zan Yin
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jie Piao
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Hao Ruan
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Dai
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Jie Wang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Yang Mu
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Hang Yuan
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Han Sun
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital Affiliated to Naval Medical University, 200438, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fu Yang
- The Department of Medical Genetics, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense, Ministry of Education, 200433, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, 200433, Shanghai, China.
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Pinto AT, Lukacs-Kornek V. The role of dendritic cells in MASH: friends or foes? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379225. [PMID: 38650949 PMCID: PMC11033439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells that connect innate and adaptive immunity. Hepatic DCs are less activated and contribute to maintain the tolerogenic environment of the liver under steady state. Several studies indicated DCs in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), representing a substantial burden on healthcare systems due to its association with liver-related morbidity and mortality. Studies highlighted the potential disease-promoting role of liver DCs in the development of MASH while other experimental systems suggested their protective role. This review discusses this controversy and the current understanding of how DCs affect the pathogenesis of MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika Lukacs-Kornek
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
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Rueda Huélamo MA, Martínez Perlado A, Consoli V, García-Tejedor A, Haros CM, Laparra Llopis JM. Improvement of hepatic innate immunity in chemically-injured livers to develop hepatocarcinoma by a serine type-protease inhibitors enriched extract from Chenopodium quinoa. Food Funct 2024; 15:3600-3614. [PMID: 38469889 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Food ingredients have critical effects on the maturation and development of the immune system, which innate - lymphoid (ILCs) and myeloid - cells play key roles as important regulators of energy storage and hepatic fat accumulation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to define potential links between a dietary immunonutritional induction of the selective functional differentiation of monocytes-derived macrophages, ILCs and lipid homeostasis in hepatocarcinoma (HCC)-developing mice. Hepatic chemically injured (diethylnitrosamine/thiacetamide) Rag2-/- and Rag2-/-Il2-/- mice were administered with serine-type protease inhibitors (SETIs) obtained from Chenopodium quinoa. Early HCC-driven immunometabolic imbalances (infiltrated macrophages, glucose homeostasis, hepatic lipid profile, ILCs expansion, inflammatory conditions, microbiota) in animals put under a high-fat diet for 2 weeks were assessed. It was also approached the potential of SETIs to cause functional adaptations of the bioenergetics of human macrophage-like cells (hMLCs) in vitro conditioning their capacity to accumulate fat. It is showed that Rag2-/-Il2-/- mice, lacking ILCs, are resistant to the SETIs-induced hepatic macrophages (CD68+F4/80+) activation. Feeding SETIs to Rag2-/- mice, carrying ILCs, promoted the expansion towards ILC3s (CD117+Nkp46+CD56+) and reduced that of ILC2s (CD117+KLRG1+) into livers. In vitro studies demonstrate that hMLCs, challenged to SETIs, develop a similar phenotype of that found in mice and bioenergetic adaptations leading to increased lipolysis. It is concluded that SETIs promote liver macrophage activation and ILCs adaptations to ameliorate HCC-driven immunometabolic imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alicia Rueda Huélamo
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Martínez Perlado
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Valeria Consoli
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Aurora García-Tejedor
- Bioactivity and Nutritional Immunology Group (BIOINUT), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de Valencia-VIU, Pintor Sorolla 21, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - José Moisés Laparra Llopis
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Madrid, Spain.
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Wu C, Li J, Jia H, Zhao J, Qin M, Shi H, Liu C, Lin J, Cai M, Gu Y, Liu B, Gao L. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1-mediated iron metabolism in macrophages contributes to lipid deposition in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:342-356. [PMID: 38402297 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-024-02082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a rapidly progressing chronic liver disease of global significance. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for NASH remain unknown. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has been recognized as essential factor in immune response and metabolic regulation. Here we aimed to investigate the functions and mechanisms of the IDO1 in macrophages on hepatic lipid deposition and iron metabolism in NASH. METHODS The effect of IDO1 in NASH was evaluated by WT and IDO1-/- mice model fed with methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet in vivo. Macrophages scavenger clodronate liposomes (CL) and overexpressing of IDO1 in macrophages by virus were employed as well. Lipid deposition was assessed through pathological examination and lipid droplet staining, while iron levels were measured using an iron assay kit and western blotting. Primary hepatocytes and bone marrow-derived macrophages were treated with oleic acid/palmitic acid (OA/PA) to assess IDO1 expression via Oil Red O staining and immunofluorescence staining in vitro. RESULTS Pathological images demonstrated that the increase of IDO1 exacerbated lipid accumulation in the livers of mice with MCD diet, while reduction of iron accumulation was observed in the liver and the serum of MCD-fed mice. Scavenging of macrophages effectively mitigated both lipid and iron accumulation. In addition, the deficiency of IDO1 in macrophages significantly mitigated lipid accumulation and iron overload in hepatic parenchymal cells. Finally, lentivirus-mediated overexpression of IDO1 in liver macrophages exacerbated hepatic steatosis and iron deposition in NASH. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that effective inhibition of IDO1 expression in macrophages in NASH alleviated hepatic parenchymal cell lipid accumulation and iron deposition, which provided new insights for the future treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Wu
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengchen Qin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiajie Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Hepatology, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Clinical Research Center, Hainan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Haikou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Emergency Department, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Li Z, Wang S, Xu Q, Su X, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang Y. The double roles of T cell-mediated immune response in the progression of MASLD. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116333. [PMID: 38479177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD), has become a major cause of chronic liver disease and a significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, which poses a huge burden on global public health and economy. MASLD includes steatotic liver disease, steatohepatitis, and cirrhosis, and the latter two cause great harm to human health and life, even complicated with liver cancer. Immunologic mechanism plays a major role in promoting its development into hepatitis and cirrhosis. Now more and more evidences show that T cells play an important role in the progression of MASLD. In this review, we discuss the double roles of T cells in MASLD from the perspective of T cell response pathways, as well as new evidences regarding the possible application of immunomodulatory therapy in MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Qinchen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250021, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Third Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250031, China.
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Kunlayawutipong T, Apaijai N, Tepmalai K, Kongkarnka S, Leerapun A, Pinyopornpanish K, Soontornpun A, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N, Pinyopornpanish K. Imbalance of mitochondrial fusion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with liver fibrosis in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27557. [PMID: 38496899 PMCID: PMC10944232 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). This study aims to evaluate the potential association between mitochondrial dynamics and cell death markers from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the presence of MASH with significant liver fibrosis among metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) patients. Consecutive patients undergoing bariatric surgery from January to December 2022 were included. Patients with histologic steatosis were classified into MASH with significant fibrosis (F2-4) group or MASLD/MASH without significant fibrosis group (F0-1). Mitochondrial dynamic proteins and cell death markers were extracted from PBMCs. A total of 23 MASLD/MASH patients were included (significant fibrosis group, n = 7; without significant fibrosis group, n = 16). Of the mitochondrial dynamics and cell death markers evaluated, OPA1 protein, a marker of mitochondrial fusion is higher in MASH patients with significant fibrosis compared to those without (0.861 ± 0.100 vs. 0.560 ± 0.260 proportional to total protein, p = 0.001). Mitochondrial fusion/fission (OPA1/DRP1) ratio is significantly higher in MASH patients with significant fibrosis (1.072 ± 0.307 vs. 0.634 ± 0.313, p = 0.009). OPA1 (per 0.01 proportional to total protein) was associated with the presence of significant liver fibrosis with an OR of 1.08 (95%CI, 1.01-1.15, p = 0.035), and adjusted OR of 1.10 (95%CI, 1.00-1.21, p = 0.042). OPA1 from PBMCs is associated with MASH and substantial fibrosis. Future studies should explore if OPA1 could serve as a novel non-invasive liver fibrosis marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanaput Kunlayawutipong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanokkan Tepmalai
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Kongkarnka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Apinya Leerapun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Atiwat Soontornpun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kanokwan Pinyopornpanish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Van Melkebeke L, Verbeek J, Bihary D, Boesch M, Boeckx B, Feio-Azevedo R, Smets L, Wallays M, Claus E, Bonne L, Maleux G, Govaere O, Korf H, Lambrechts D, van der Merwe S. Comparison of the single-cell and single-nucleus hepatic myeloid landscape within decompensated cirrhosis patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346520. [PMID: 38380322 PMCID: PMC10878168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims A complete understanding of disease pathophysiology in advanced liver disease is hampered by the challenges posed by clinical specimen collection. Notably, in these patients, a transjugular liver biopsy (TJB) is the only safe way to obtain liver tissue. However, it remains unclear whether successful sequencing of this extremely small and fragile tissue can be achieved for downstream characterization of the hepatic landscape. Methods Here we leveraged in-house available single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-nucleus (snRNA-seq) technologies and accompanying tissue processing protocols and performed an in-patient comparison on TJB's from decompensated cirrhosis patients (n = 3). Results We confirmed a high concordance between nuclear and whole cell transcriptomes and captured 31,410 single nuclei and 6,152 single cells, respectively. The two platforms revealed similar diversity since all 8 major cell types could be identified, albeit with different cellular proportions thereof. Most importantly, hepatocytes were most abundant in snRNA-seq, while lymphocyte frequencies were elevated in scRNA-seq. We next focused our attention on hepatic myeloid cells due to their key role in injury and repair during chronic liver disease. Comparison of their transcriptional signatures indicated that these were largely overlapping between the two platforms. However, the scRNA-seq platform failed to recover sufficient Kupffer cell numbers, and other monocytes/macrophages featured elevated expression of stress-related parameters. Conclusion Our results indicate that single-nucleus transcriptome sequencing provides an effective means to overcome complications associated with clinical specimen collection and could sufficiently profile all major hepatic cell types including all myeloid cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Van Melkebeke
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dora Bihary
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Boesch
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Feio-Azevedo
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lena Smets
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Wallays
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Claus
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lawrence Bonne
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Maleux
- Department of Interventional Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannelie Korf
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Schalk van der Merwe
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Ji PX, Chen YX, Ni XX, Miao Q, Hua J. Effect of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2-associated alterations on lipid metabolism in macrophages in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 39:369-380. [PMID: 38012119 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) plays crucial roles in metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory response. Altered metabolic function in macrophages could modulate their activation and immune phenotype. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of TREM2 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to clarify the underlying mechanism of TREM2 on macrophages lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. METHODS Hepatic TREM2 expression and its relationship with NAFLD progression were analyzed in patients with NAFLD and mice fed a high-fat diet. Lipid metabolism and oxidative stress were investigated in macrophages from NAFLD mice or stimulated with saturated fatty acids. Knockdown and overexpression of TREM2 were further explored. RESULTS Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2+ macrophages were increased along with NAFLD development, characterized by aggravated steatosis and liver damage in humans and mice. TREM2 expression was upregulated and lipid metabolism was changed in macrophages from NAFLD mice or metabolically activated by saturated fatty acid in vitro, as demonstrated by increased lipid uptake and catabolism, but reduced de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FAs). Regulation of TREM2 expression in lipid-laden macrophages reprogrammed lipid metabolism, especially the fatty acid oxidation capacity of mitochondria. TREM2 knockdown promoted oxidative stress by aggravating FAs deposition in mitochondria. Intervention of mitochondrial FAs transport in lipid-laden macrophages alleviated FA deposition and reactive oxygen species production induced by TREM2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 expression was associated with the lipid metabolic profile and reactive oxygen species production in macrophages. High expression of TREM2 in macrophages may protect the liver from oxidative stress in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Xuan Ji
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xin Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Xi Ni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Miao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hua
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Parola M, Pinzani M. Liver fibrosis in NAFLD/NASH: from pathophysiology towards diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 95:101231. [PMID: 38056058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, as an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, results from chronic liver injury as well as persistent activation of inflammatory response and of fibrogenesis. Liver fibrosis is a major determinant for chronic liver disease (CLD) progression and in the last two decades our understanding on the major molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the fibrogenic progression of CLD has dramatically improved, boosting pre-clinical studies and clinical trials designed to find novel therapeutic approaches. From these studies several critical concepts have emerged, starting to reveal the complexity of the pro-fibrotic microenvironment which involves very complex, dynamic and interrelated interactions between different hepatic and extrahepatic cell populations. This review will offer first a recapitulation of established and novel pathophysiological basic principles and concepts by intentionally focus the attention on NAFLD/NASH, a metabolic-related form of CLD with a high impact on the general population and emerging as a leading cause of CLD worldwide. NAFLD/NASH-related pro-inflammatory and profibrogenic mechanisms will be analysed as well as novel information on cells, mediators and signalling pathways which have taken advantage from novel methodological approaches and techniques (single cell genomics, imaging mass cytometry, novel in vitro two- and three-dimensional models, etc.). We will next offer an overview on recent advancement in diagnostic and prognostic tools, including serum biomarkers and polygenic scores, to support the analysis of liver biopsies. Finally, this review will provide an analysis of current and emerging therapies for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Parola
- Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine - Royal Free Hospital, London, NW32PF, United Kingdom.
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12
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Lin H, Zhang M, Hu M, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Tang W, Ouyang Y, Jiang L, Mi Y, Chen Z, He P, Zhao G, Ouyang X. Emerging applications of single-cell profiling in precision medicine of atherosclerosis. J Transl Med 2024; 22:97. [PMID: 38263066 PMCID: PMC10804726 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory disease that occurs in the arterial wall. Despite recent advancements in treatment aimed at improving efficacy and prolonging survival, atherosclerosis remains largely incurable. In this review, we discuss emerging single-cell sequencing techniques and their novel insights into atherosclerosis. We provide examples of single-cell profiling studies that reveal phenotypic characteristics of atherosclerosis plaques, blood, liver, and the intestinal tract. Additionally, we highlight the potential clinical applications of single-cell analysis and propose that combining this approach with other techniques can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment, leading to more accurate medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Lin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Qingyuan People's Hospital), Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Mi Hu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yangkai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - WeiWei Jiang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanying Tang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxin Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Mi
- Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Qingyuan People's Hospital), Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pingping He
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Guojun Zhao
- Affiliated Qingyuan Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University (Qingyuan People's Hospital), Qingyuan, 511518, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Hunan, Changsha, China.
- The Engineering Research Center of Reproduction and Translational Medicine of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Hunan, Changsha, China.
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13
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Bourayou E, Perchet T, Meunier S, Bouvier H, Mailhe MP, Melanitou E, Cumano A, Golub R. Bone marrow monocytes sustain NK cell-poiesis during non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113676. [PMID: 38217855 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant lymphocyte population in the liver. At the onset of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an accumulation of activated NK cells is observed in the liver in parallel with inflammatory monocyte recruitment and an increased systemic inflammation. Using in vivo and in vitro experiments, we unveil a specific stimulation of NK cell-poiesis during NASH by medullary monocytes that trans-present interleukin-15 (IL-15) and secrete osteopontin, a biomarker for patients with NASH. This cellular dialogue leads to increased survival and maturation of NK precursors that are recruited to the liver, where they dampen the inflammatory monocyte infiltration. The increase in the production of both osteopontin and the IL-15/IL-15Rα complex by bone marrow monocytes is induced by endotoxemia. We propose a tripartite gut-liver-bone marrow axis regulating the immune population dynamics and effector functions during liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Bourayou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Thibaut Perchet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Meunier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France; Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), INSERM U955, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Hugo Bouvier
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Mailhe
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Evie Melanitou
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ana Cumano
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Rachel Golub
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1223, Lymphocyte and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France.
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14
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Liu X, Fang Y, Qian C, Chen J, Luo W, Zuo W, Lin J, Xie L, Liang G, Huang L, Wang Y. CARD9 deficiency aggravated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice through increasing inflammatory response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166893. [PMID: 37751783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a subtype of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the leading cause of liver-related morbidity worldwide. Caspase recruitment domain family member 9 (CARD9), a myeloid cell-specific signaling protein, belongs to the CARD protein family. However, its role in NASH is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of CARD9 in the development of NASH. NASH models were established using CARD9-knockout and wild-type mice. They were either fed a methionine/choline deficient (MCD) diet for 6 weeks or a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet for 16 weeks. Liver fibrosis model was also developed using CCl4. CARD9 deficiency accelerated steatohepatitis development in MCD or HFHC diet-fed mice, accompanied by an upregulation of fibrosis, adipogenesis, and proinflammatory genes. CARD9 deficiency was found to exacerbate CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. In vitro studies demonstrated that CARD9 deficiency induced the expression of S100a8/a9 through Toll-like receptor in Kupffer cells treated with palmitate. This led to an increased expression of proinflammatory, fibrosis, and lipid metabolism-related genes in NASH progression. These results highlight the role of CARD9 in the development of NASH and provide new insights into the therapeutic strategies for NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Joint Research Centre on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, China; Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chenchen Qian
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wu Luo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Joint Research Centre on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, China
| | - Jianjun Lin
- Joint Research Centre on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, China
| | - Longteng Xie
- Joint Research Centre on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lijiang Huang
- Joint Research Centre on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Joint Research Centre on Medicine, the Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315700, China; School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
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15
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Liu Z, Louwe PA, Scott CL. Studying Macrophages in the Murine Steatotic Liver Using Flow Cytometry and Confocal Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2713:207-230. [PMID: 37639126 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of macrophage functions in the context of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatohepatitis (MASH) has been hampered by the fact that until recently all macrophages in the liver were thought to be Kupffer cells, the resident macrophages of the liver. With the advent of single-cell technologies, it is now clear that the steatotic liver harbors many distinct populations of macrophages, likely each with their own unique functions as well as subsets of monocytes and dendritic cells which can be difficult to discriminate from one another. Here, we detail the protocols we utilize to (i) induce MASLD/MASH in mice, (ii) isolate cells from the steatotic liver, and (iii) describe reliable gating strategies, which can be used to identify the different subsets of myeloid cells. Finally, we also discuss the issue of increased autofluorescence in the steatotic liver and the techniques we use to minimize this both for flow cytometry and confocal microscopy analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Liu
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter A Louwe
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte L Scott
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Ireland.
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16
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Li J, Liu B, Wu H, Zhang S, Liang Z, Guo S, Jiang H, Song Y, Lei X, Gao Y, Cheng P, Li D, Wang J, Liu Y, Wang D, Zhan N, Xu J, Wang L, Xiao G, Yang L, Pei G. Sensory nerves directly promote osteoclastogenesis by secreting peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D (Cyp40). Bone Res 2023; 11:64. [PMID: 38097598 PMCID: PMC10721806 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00300-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Given afferent functions, sensory nerves have recently been found to exert efferent effects and directly alter organ physiology. Additionally, several studies have highlighted the indirect but crucial role of sensory nerves in the regulation of the physiological function of osteoclasts. Nonetheless, evidence regarding the direct sensory nerve efferent influence on osteoclasts is lacking. In the current study, we found that high levels of efferent signals were transported directly from the sensory nerves into osteoclasts. Furthermore, sensory hypersensitivity significantly increased osteoclastic bone resorption, and sensory neurons (SNs) directly promoted osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro coculture system. Moreover, we screened a novel neuropeptide, Cyp40, using an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). We observed that Cyp40 is the efferent signal from sensory nerves, and it plays a critical role in osteoclastogenesis via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-Ras/Raf-p-Erk-NFATc1 pathway. These findings revealed a novel mechanism regarding the influence of sensory nerves on bone regulation, i.e., a direct promoting effect on osteoclastogenesis by the secretion of Cyp40. Therefore, inhibiting Cyp40 could serve as a strategy to improve bone quality in osteoporosis and promote bone repair after bone injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqin Li
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, No. 6019 Liuxian Street, Xili Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhuowen Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shuo Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Huijie Jiang
- Lingtong Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center, Xi'an, 710600, China
| | - Yue Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xing Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi People's Hospital, LinYi, 276000, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, No. 6019 Liuxian Street, Xili Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Pengzhen Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Donglin Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jimeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 81 Army Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Nazhi Zhan
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, No. 6019 Liuxian Street, Xili Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, No. 6019 Liuxian Street, Xili Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - GuoXian Pei
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, No. 6019 Liuxian Street, Xili Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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17
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Li H, Yu S, Liu H, Chen L, Liu H, Liu X, Shen C. Immunologic barriers in liver transplantation: a single-cell analysis of the role of mesenchymal stem cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274982. [PMID: 38143768 PMCID: PMC10748593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to analyze the biomarkers that may reliably indicate rejection or tolerance and the mechanism that underlie the induction and maintenance of liver transplantation (LT) tolerance related to immunosuppressant or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Methods LT models of Lewis-Lewis and F344-Lewis rats were established. Lewis-Lewis rats model served as a control (Syn). F344-Lewis rats were treated with immunosuppressant alone (Allo+IS) or in combination with MSCs (Allo+IS+MSCs). Intrahepatic cell composition particularly immune cells was compared between the groups by single-cell sequencing. Analysis of subclusters, KEGG pathway analysis, and pseudotime trajectory analysis were performed to explore the potential immunoregulatory mechanisms of immunosuppressant alone or combined with MSCs. Results Immunosuppressants alone or combined with MSCs increases the liver tolerance, to a certain extent. Single-cell sequencing identified intrahepatic cell composition signature, including cell subpopulations of B cells, cholangiocytes, endothelial cells, erythrocytes, hepatic stellate cells, hepatocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Immunosuppressant particularly its combination with MSCs altered the landscape of intrahepatic cells in transplanted livers, as well as gene expression patterns in immune cells. MSCs may be included in the differentiation of T cells, classical monocytes, and non-classical monocytes. Conclusion These findings provided novel insights for better understanding the heterogeneity and biological functions of intrahepatic immune cells after LT treated by IS alone or in combination with MSCs. The identified markers of immune cells may serve as the immunotherapeutic targets for MSC treatment of liver transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Li
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Saihua Yu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Liu
- Department of Nursing, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Conglong Shen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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18
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Liang W, Huang X, Shi J. Macrophages Serve as Bidirectional Regulators and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Liver Fibrosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:659-671. [PMID: 37695501 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic pathological process in which the structure and function of the liver abnormally change due to long-term complex inflammatory reactions and chronic liver injury caused by multiple internal and external factors. Previous studies believed that the activation of hepatic stellate cells is a critical part of the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis. However, an increasing number of studies have indicated that the macrophage plays an important role as a central regulator in liver fibrosis, and it directly affects the development and recovery of liver fibrosis. Studies of macrophages and liver fibrosis in the recent 10 years will be reviewed in this paper. This review will not only clarify the molecular mechanism of liver fibrosis regulated by macrophages but also provide new strategies and methods for ameliorating and treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
| | - Xianing Huang
- Guangxi International Travel Healthcare Centre (Port Clinic of Nanning Customs District), Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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19
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Fitzgerald H, Bonin JL, Khan S, Eid M, Sadhu S, Rahtes A, Lipscomb M, Biswas N, Decker C, Nabage M, Ramos RB, Duarte GA, Marinello M, Chen A, Aydin HB, Mena HA, Gilliard K, Spite M, DiPersio CM, Adam AP, MacNamara KC, Fredman G. Resolvin D2-G-Protein Coupled Receptor 18 Enhances Bone Marrow Function and Limits Steatosis and Hepatic Collagen Accumulation in Aging. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1953-1968. [PMID: 37717941 PMCID: PMC10699127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with nonresolving inflammation and tissue dysfunction. Resolvin D2 (RvD2) is a proresolving ligand that acts through the G-protein-coupled receptor called GPR18. Unbiased RNA sequencing revealed increased Gpr18 expression in macrophages from old mice, and in livers from elderly humans, which was associated with increased steatosis and fibrosis in middle-aged (MA) and old mice. MA mice that lacked GPR18 on myeloid cells had exacerbated steatosis and hepatic fibrosis, which was associated with a decline in Mac2+ macrophages. Treatment of MA mice with RvD2 reduced steatosis and decreased hepatic fibrosis, correlating with increased Mac2+ macrophages, increased monocyte-derived macrophages, and elevated numbers of monocytes in the liver, blood, and bone marrow. RvD2 acted directly on the bone marrow to increase monocyte-macrophage progenitors. A transplantation assay further demonstrated that bone marrow from old mice facilitated hepatic collagen accumulation in young mice. Transient RvD2 treatment to mice transplanted with bone marrow from old mice prevented hepatic collagen accumulation. Together, this study demonstrates that RvD2-GPR18 signaling controls steatosis and fibrosis and provides a mechanistic-based therapy for promoting liver repair in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Fitzgerald
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Jesse L Bonin
- The Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Sayeed Khan
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Maya Eid
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Sudeshna Sadhu
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Allison Rahtes
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Masharh Lipscomb
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Nirupam Biswas
- The Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Christa Decker
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Melisande Nabage
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Ramon Bossardi Ramos
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Giesse Albeche Duarte
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Michael Marinello
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Anne Chen
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | | | - Hebe Agustina Mena
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kurrim Gilliard
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Matthew Spite
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - C Michael DiPersio
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Alejandro P Adam
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Katherine C MacNamara
- The Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York.
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York.
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20
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Barrow F, Wang H, Fredrickson G, Florczak K, Ciske E, Khanal S, Parthiban P, Nguyen H, Rios E, Kostallari E, Revelo XS. Pyruvate Oxidation Sustains B Cell Antigen-Specific Activation to Exacerbate MASH. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.13.566832. [PMID: 38014163 PMCID: PMC10680643 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.13.566832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a severe form of steatotic liver disease that if persistent can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and cancer. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis are key features of MASH that determine disease progression and outcomes. Recent advances have revealed that pathogenic B cell-derived cytokines and antibodies promote the development of MASH. However, the mechanisms through which B cells promote fibrosis and the metabolic adaptations underlying their pathogenic responses remain unclear. Here, we report that a subset of mature B cells with heightened cytokine responses accumulate in the liver and promote inflammation in MASH. To meet the increased energetic demand of effector responses, B cells increase their ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) fueled by pyruvate oxidation in a B cell receptor (BCR)-specific manner. Blocking pyruvate oxidation completely abrogated the inflammatory capacity of MASH B cells. Accordingly, the restriction of the BCR led to MASH attenuation, including reductions in steatosis, hepatic inflammation, and fibrosis. Mechanistically, BCR restriction decreased B cell maturation, activation, and effector responses in the liver, accompanied by decreased T cell- and macrophage-mediated inflammation. Notably, attenuated liver fibrosis in BCR-restricted mice was associated with lower IgG production and decreased expression of Fc-gamma receptors on hepatic stellate cells. Together, these findings indicate a key role for B cell antigen-specific responses in promoting steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis during MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta Barrow
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Gavin Fredrickson
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Kira Florczak
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Erin Ciske
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Shalil Khanal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Preethy Parthiban
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Huy Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Enrique Rios
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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21
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Liu T, Wang Q, Zhou L, Zhang P, Mi L, Qiu X, Chen Z, Kuang H, Li S, Lin JD. Intrahepatic paracrine signaling by cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 ameliorates diet-induced NASH in mice. Hepatology 2023; 78:1478-1491. [PMID: 35950514 PMCID: PMC9918604 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The mammalian liver harbors heterogeneous cell types that communicate via local paracrine signaling. Recent studies have delineated the transcriptomic landscape of the liver in NASH that provides insights into liver cell heterogeneity, intercellular crosstalk, and disease-associated reprogramming. However, the nature of intrahepatic signaling and its role in NASH progression remain obscure. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we performed transcriptomic analyses and identified cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1), a member of the IL-6 family cytokines, as a cholangiocyte-derived paracrine factor that was elevated in the liver from diet-induced NASH mice and patients with NASH. Adenovirus-associated virus-mediated overexpression of CLCF1 in the liver ameliorated NASH pathologies in two diet-induced NASH models in mice, illustrating that CLCF1 induction may serve an adaptive and protective role during NASH pathogenesis. Unexpectedly, messenger RNA and protein levels of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), a subunit of the receptor complex for CLCF1, were markedly downregulated in NASH liver. Hepatocyte-specific inactivation of LIFR accelerated NASH progression in mice, supporting an important role of intrahepatic cytokine signaling in maintaining tissue homeostasis under metabolic stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study sheds light on the molecular nature of intrahepatic paracrine signaling during NASH pathogenesis and uncovers potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Liu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Linkang Zhou
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Peng Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lin Mi
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xiaoxue Qiu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhimin Chen
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Henry Kuang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Siming Li
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Jiandie D. Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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22
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Zhang C, Sheng M, Lv J, Cao Y, Chen D, Jia L, Sun Y, Ren Y, Li L, Weng Y, Yu W. Single-cell analysis reveals the immune heterogeneity and interactions in lungs undergoing hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111043. [PMID: 37844464 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion IR (HIR) is an unavoidable pathophysiological process during liver transplantation, resulting in systematic sterile inflammation and remote organ injury. Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious complication after liver transplantation with high postoperative morbidity and mortality. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. To assess the phenotype and plasticity of various cell types in the lung tissue microenvironment after HIR at the single-cell level, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed using the lungs from HIR-induced mice. In our results, we identified 23 cell types in the lungs after HIR and found that this highly complex ecosystem was formed by subpopulations of bone marrow-derived cells that signaled each other and mediated inflammatory responses in different states and different intervals. We described the unique transcriptional profiles of lung cell clusters and discovered two novel cell subtypes (Tspo+Endothelial cells and Vcan+ monocytes), as well as the endothelial cell-immune cell and immune cell-T cell clusters interactome. In addition, we found that S100 calcium binding protein (S100a8/a9), specifically and highly expressed in immune cell clusters of lung tissues and exhibited detrimental effects. Finally, the cellular landscape of the lung tissues after HIR was established, highlighting the heterogeneity and cellular interactions between major immune cells in HIR-induced lungs. Our findings provided new insights into the mechanisms of HIR-induced ALI and offered potential therapeutic target to prevent ALI after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Mingwei Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jingshu Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yingli Cao
- School of Medical, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dapeng Chen
- The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Lili Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yinghui Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Lian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiqi Weng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Wenli Yu
- The First Central Clinical School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China.
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23
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Tilg H, Adolph TE, Tacke F. Therapeutic modulation of the liver immune microenvironment. Hepatology 2023; 78:1581-1601. [PMID: 37057876 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of progressive liver diseases such as chronic viral or immune-mediated hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, and NAFLD. Preclinical and clinical studies have provided robust evidence that cytokines and related cellular stress sensors in innate and adaptive immunity orchestrate hepatic disease processes. Unresolved inflammation and liver injury result in hepatic scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which may culminate in HCC. Liver diseases are accompanied by gut dysbiosis and a bloom of pathobionts, fueling hepatic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory strategies are extensively used to treat human immune-mediated conditions beyond the liver, while evidence for immunomodulatory therapies and cell therapy-based strategies in liver diseases is only emerging. The development and establishment of novel immunomodulatory therapies for chronic liver diseases has been dampened by several clinical challenges, such as invasive monitoring of therapeutic efficacy with liver biopsy in clinical trials and risk of DILI in several studies. Such aspects prevented advancements of novel medical therapies for chronic inflammatory liver diseases. New concepts modulating the liver immune environment are studied and eagerly awaited to improve the management of chronic liver diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon E Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Yamaji K, Iwabuchi S, Tokunaga Y, Hashimoto S, Yamane D, Toyama S, Kono R, Kitab B, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Osawa Y, Hayashi Y, Hishima T, Tateno C, Kimura K, Okanoue T, Kohara M. Molecular insights of a CBP/β-catenin-signaling inhibitor on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-induced liver fibrosis and disorder. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115379. [PMID: 37647690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive fibrotic disease associated with an increased risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma; at present, no efficient therapeutic strategy has been established. Herein, we examined the efficacy of PRI-724, a potent inhibitor of CBP/β-catenin signaling, for treating NASH-related liver fibrosis and disorder and characterized its mechanism. Choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-fed mice exhibited NASH-induced liver fibrosis that is characterized by steatosis, lobular inflammation, hepatocellular injury and collagen fibrils. To examine the therapeutic effect, CDAHFD-fed mice were administered PRI-724. Serum levels of ALT and pro-fibrotic molecule, i.e. Mac-2 bp, alpha smooth muscle actin, type I and type III collagens, decreased significantly. mRNA levels of the matrix metalloproteinases Mmp8 and Mmp9 in the liver were significantly increased, and increases in the abundance of MMP9-producing neutrophils and macrophages were observed. Marco+Mmp9+Cd68+ Kupffer cells were only observed in the livers of mice treated with PRI-724, and Mmp9 expression in Marco+Cd68+ Kupffer cells increased 4.3-fold. Moreover, hepatic expression of the lipid metabolism regulator, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and liver lipid droplets also decreased significantly. PRI-724-treated NASH mice not only recovered from NASH-related liver fibrosis through the effect of PRI-724 down-regulating the expression of pro-fibrotic genes and up-regulating the expression of anti-fibrotic genes, but they also recovered from NASH-induced liver disorder. PRI-724, a selective CBP/β-catenin inhibitor, thus shows a potent therapeutic effect for NASH-related liver fibrosis and for decreasing adipose tissue in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzaburo Yamaji
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Sadahiro Iwabuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokunaga
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Sakiko Toyama
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Risa Kono
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Bouchra Kitab
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Osawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Nasushiobara 324-8501, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Hishima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- R&D Department, PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., 3-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan
| | - Kiminori Kimura
- Department of Hepatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Takeshi Okanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saiseikai Suita Hospital, Osaka 564-0013, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
Chronic liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or viral hepatitis are characterized by persistent inflammation and subsequent liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis critically determines long-term morbidity (for example, cirrhosis or liver cancer) and mortality in NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Inflammation represents the concerted response of various hepatic cell types to hepatocellular death and inflammatory signals, which are related to intrahepatic injury pathways or extrahepatic mediators from the gut-liver axis and the circulation. Single-cell technologies have revealed the heterogeneity of immune cell activation concerning disease states and the spatial organization within the liver, including resident and recruited macrophages, neutrophils as mediators of tissue repair, auto-aggressive features of T cells as well as various innate lymphoid cell and unconventional T cell populations. Inflammatory responses drive the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and HSC subsets, in turn, modulate immune mechanisms via chemokines and cytokines or transdifferentiate into matrix-producing myofibroblasts. Current advances in understanding the pathogenesis of inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, mainly focused on NAFLD or NASH owing to the high unmet medical need, have led to the identification of several therapeutic targets. In this Review, we summarize the inflammatory mediators and cells in the diseased liver, fibrogenic pathways and their therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Mukherjee S, Skrede S, Haugstøyl M, López M, Fernø J. Peripheral and central macrophages in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1232171. [PMID: 37720534 PMCID: PMC10501731 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1232171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. Excessive nutrient intake causes adipose tissue expansion, which may in turn cause cellular stress that triggers infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells from the circulation as well as activation of cells that are residing in the adipose tissue. In particular, the adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are important in the pathogenesis of obesity. A pro-inflammatory activation is also found in other organs which are important for energy metabolism, such as the liver, muscle and the pancreas, which may stimulate the development of obesity-related co-morbidities, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Interestingly, it is now clear that obesity-induced pro-inflammatory signaling also occurs in the central nervous system (CNS), and that pro-inflammatory activation of immune cells in the brain may be involved in appetite dysregulation and metabolic disturbances in obesity. More recently, it has become evident that microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS that drive neuroinflammation, may also be activated in obesity and can be relevant for regulation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. In this review, we focus on the action of peripheral and central macrophages and their potential roles in metabolic disease, and how macrophages interact with other immune cells to promote inflammation during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mukherjee
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silje Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martha Haugstøyl
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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27
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Ahamed F, Eppler N, Jones E, He L, Zhang Y. Small Heterodimer Partner Modulates Macrophage Differentiation during Innate Immune Response through the Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2403. [PMID: 37760844 PMCID: PMC10525324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages act as the liver's first line of defense against injury. Their differentiation into proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory subpopulations is a critical event that maintains a delicate balance between liver injury and repair. In our investigation, we explored the influence of the small heterodimer partner (SHP), a nuclear receptor primarily associated with metabolism, on macrophage differentiation during the innate immune response. During macrophage differentiation, we observed significant alterations in Shp mRNA expression. Deletion of Shp promoted M1 differentiation while interfering with M2 polarization. Conversely, overexpression of SHP resulted in increased expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (Pparg), a master regulator of anti-inflammatory macrophage differentiation, thereby inhibiting M1 differentiation. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, there was a notable increase in the proinflammatory M1-like macrophages, accompanied by exacerbated infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) into the livers of Shp myeloid cell specific knockout (Shp-MKO). Concurrently, we observed significant induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfa) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) expression in LPS-treated Shp-MKO livers. Additionally, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways were activated in LPS-treated Shp-MKO livers. Consistently, both pathways were hindered in SHP overexpression macrophages. Finally, we demonstrated that SHP interacts with p65, thereby influencing macrophage immune repones. In summary, our study uncovered a previously unrecognized role of SHP in promoting anti-inflammatory macrophage differentiation during the innate immune response. This was achieved by SHP acting as a regulator for the Pparg, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuxia Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, MS 1018, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (F.A.); (N.E.); (E.J.); (L.H.)
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28
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Lurje I, Gaisa NT, Weiskirchen R, Tacke F. Mechanisms of organ fibrosis: Emerging concepts and implications for novel treatment strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 92:101191. [PMID: 37236017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, or tissue scarring, develops as a pathological deviation from the physiological wound healing response and can occur in various organs such as the heart, lung, liver, kidney, skin, and bone marrow. Organ fibrosis significantly contributes to global morbidity and mortality. A broad spectrum of etiologies can cause fibrosis, including acute and chronic ischemia, hypertension, chronic viral infection (e.g., viral hepatitis), environmental exposure (e.g., pneumoconiosis, alcohol, nutrition, smoking) and genetic diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency). Common mechanisms across organs and disease etiologies involve a sustained injury to parenchymal cells that triggers a wound healing response, which becomes deregulated in the disease process. A transformation of resting fibroblasts into myofibroblasts with excessive extracellular matrix production constitutes the hallmark of disease, however, multiple other cell types such as immune cells, predominantly monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells, and parenchymal cells form a complex network of profibrotic cellular crosstalk. Across organs, leading mediators include growth factors like transforming growth factor-β and platelet-derived growth factor, cytokines like interleukin-10, interleukin-13, interleukin-17, and danger-associated molecular patterns. More recently, insights into fibrosis regression and resolution of chronic conditions have deepened our understanding of beneficial, protective effects of immune cells, soluble mediators and intracellular signaling. Further in-depth insights into the mechanisms of fibrogenesis can provide the rationale for therapeutic interventions and the development of targeted antifibrotic agents. This review gives insight into shared responses and cellular mechanisms across organs and etiologies, aiming to paint a comprehensive picture of fibrotic diseases in both experimental settings and in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Lurje
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine T Gaisa
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Sun G, Wang Y, Yang L, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Shen Z, Han X, Du X, Jin H, Li C, Wang S, Zhang Z, Zhang D. Rebalancing liver-infiltrating CCR3 + and CD206 + monocytes improves diet-induced NAFLD. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112753. [PMID: 37421620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin has been reported to improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and exploring the underlying mechanisms will be beneficial for better treatment of NAFLD. Choline-deficient high-fat diet (CDHFD)- and methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD)-fed mice with melatonin intervention exhibit significantly decreased liver steatosis, lobular inflammation, and focal liver necrosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals that melatonin selectively inhibits pro-inflammatory CCR3+ monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMFs) and upregulates anti-inflammatory CD206+ MoMFs in NAFLD mice. Liver-infiltrating CCR3+CD14+ MoMFs are also significantly increased in patients with NAFLD. Mechanistically, melatonin receptor-independent BTG2-ATF4 signaling plays a role in the regulation of CCR3+ MoMF endoplasmic reticulum stress, survival, and inflammation. In contrast, melatonin upregulates CD206+ MoMF survival and polarization via MT1/2 receptors. Melatonin stimulation also regulates human CCR3+ MoMF and CD206+ MoMF survival and inflammation in vitro. Furthermore, CCR3 depletion antibody monotherapy inhibits liver inflammation and improves NAFLD in mice. Thus, therapies targeting CCR3+ MoMFs may have potential benefits in NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Sun
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yaning Wang
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu Yang
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yushang Zhao
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zongshan Shen
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaonan Du
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changying Li
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100050, China; National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medicine, Beijing 100069, China.
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30
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Alabdulaali B, Al-rashed F, Al-Onaizi M, Kandari A, Razafiarison J, Tonui D, Williams MR, Blériot C, Ahmad R, Alzaid F. Macrophages and the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195699. [PMID: 37377968 PMCID: PMC10291618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the site of first pass metabolism, detoxifying and metabolizing blood arriving from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It is made up of multiple cell types, including macrophages. These are either bona fide tissue-resident Kupffer cells (KC) of embryonic origin, or differentiated from circulating monocytes. KCs are the primary immune cells populating the liver under steady state. Liver macrophages interact with hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells to maintain homeostasis, however they are also key contributors to disease progression. Generally tolerogenic, they physiologically phagocytose foreign particles and debris from portal circulation and participate in red blood cell clearance. However as immune cells, they retain the capacity to raise an alarm to recruit other immune cells. Their aberrant function leads to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD refers to a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign steatosis of the liver to steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. In NAFLD, the multiple hit hypothesis proposes that simultaneous influences from the gut and adipose tissue (AT) generate hepatic fat deposition and that inflammation plays a key role in disease progression. KCs initiate the inflammatory response as resident immune effectors, they signal to neighbouring cells and recruit monocytes that differentiated into recruited macrophages in situ. Recruited macrophages are central to amplifying the inflammatory response and causing progression of NAFLD to its fibro-inflammatory stages. Given their phagocytic capacity and their being instrumental in maintaining tissue homeostasis, KCs and recruited macrophages are fast-becoming target cell types for therapeutic intervention. We review the literature in the field on the roles of these cells in the development and progression of NAFLD, the characteristics of patients with NAFLD, animal models used in research, as well as the emerging questions. These include the gut-liver-brain axis, which when disrupted can contribute to decline in function, and a discussion on therapeutic strategies that act on the macrophage-inflammatory axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Alabdulaali
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | | | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Anwar Kandari
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Joanna Razafiarison
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Dorothy Tonui
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | - Camille Blériot
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Inserm U1015, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- INSERM UMR-S1151, CNRS UMR-S8253, Université Paris Cité, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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31
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Tacke F, Puengel T, Loomba R, Friedman SL. An integrated view of anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic targets for the treatment of NASH. J Hepatol 2023:S0168-8278(23)00218-0. [PMID: 37061196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Successful development of treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been challenging. Because NASH and fibrosis lead to NAFLD progression towards cirrhosis and to clinical outcomes, approaches have either sought to attenuate metabolic dysregulation and cell injury, or directly target the inflammation and fibrosis that ensue. Targets for reducing the activation of inflammatory cascades include nuclear receptor agonists (thyroid hormone receptor-beta, e.g. resmetirom, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR], e.g. lanifibranor, farnesoid X receptor [FXR], e.g. obeticholic acid), modulators of lipotoxicity (e.g. aramchol, acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors) or modification of genetic variants (e.g. PNPLA3 gene silencing). Extrahepatic inflammatory signals from circulation, adipose tissue or gut are targets of hormonal agonists (e.g. glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] like semaglutide, fibroblast growth factor [FGF]-19 or FGF21), microbiota or lifestyle (weight loss, diet, exercise) interventions. Stress signals and hepatocyte death activate immune responses engaging innate (macrophages, lymphocytes) and adaptive (auto-aggressive T-cells) mechanisms. Therapies seek to blunt immune cell activation, recruitment (chemokine receptor inhibitors) and responses (e.g. galectin 3 inhibition, anti-platelet drugs). The disease-driving pathways of NASH converge to elicit fibrosis, which is reversible. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into matrix-producing myofibroblasts can be inhibited by antagonizing soluble factors (e.g. integrins, cytokines), cellular crosstalk (e.g. with macrophages), and agonizing nuclear receptor signaling (e.g. FXR or PPAR agonists). In advanced fibrosis, cell therapy with restorative macrophages or reprogrammed T-cells (e.g., CAR T) may accelerate repair through HSC deactivation or killing, or by enhancing matrix degradation. Heterogeneity of disease - either due to genetics or divergent disease drivers - is an obstacle to defining effective drugs for all patients with NASH that will be incrementally overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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32
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Ito Y, Hosono K, Amano H. Responses of hepatic sinusoidal cells to liver ischemia–reperfusion injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1171317. [PMID: 37082623 PMCID: PMC10112669 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1171317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver displays a remarkable regenerative capacity in response to acute liver injury. In addition to the proliferation of hepatocytes during liver regeneration, non-parenchymal cells, including liver macrophages, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play critical roles in liver repair and regeneration. Liver ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of increased liver damage during liver resection, transplantation, and trauma. Impaired liver repair increases postoperative morbidity and mortality of patients who underwent liver surgery. Successful liver repair and regeneration after liver IRI requires coordinated interplay and synergic actions between hepatic resident cells and recruited cell components. However, the underlying mechanisms of liver repair after liver IRI are not well understood. Recent technological advances have revealed the heterogeneity of each liver cell component in the steady state and diseased livers. In this review, we describe the progress in the biology of liver non-parenchymal cells obtained from novel technological advances. We address the functional role of each cell component in response to liver IRI and the interactions between diverse immune repertoires and non-hematopoietic cell populations during the course of liver repair after liver IRI. We also discuss how these findings can help in the design of novel therapeutic approaches. Growing insights into the cellular interactions during liver IRI would enhance the pathology of liver IRI understanding comprehensively and further develop the strategies for improvement of liver repair.
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33
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Wong WJ, Emdin C, Bick AG, Zekavat SM, Niroula A, Pirruccello JP, Dichtel L, Griffin G, Uddin MM, Gibson CJ, Kovalcik V, Lin AE, McConkey ME, Vromman A, Sellar RS, Kim PG, Agrawal M, Weinstock J, Long MT, Yu B, Banerjee R, Nicholls RC, Dennis A, Kelly M, Loh PR, McCarroll S, Boerwinkle E, Vasan RS, Jaiswal S, Johnson AD, Chung RT, Corey K, Levy D, Ballantyne C, Ebert BL, Natarajan P. Clonal haematopoiesis and risk of chronic liver disease. Nature 2023; 616:747-754. [PMID: 37046084 PMCID: PMC10405350 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05857-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease is a major public health burden worldwide1. Although different aetiologies and mechanisms of liver injury exist, progression of chronic liver disease follows a common pathway of liver inflammation, injury and fibrosis2. Here we examined the association between clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and chronic liver disease in 214,563 individuals from 4 independent cohorts with whole-exome sequencing data (Framingham Heart Study, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, UK Biobank and Mass General Brigham Biobank). CHIP was associated with an increased risk of prevalent and incident chronic liver disease (odds ratio = 2.01, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) [1.46, 2.79]; P < 0.001). Individuals with CHIP were more likely to demonstrate liver inflammation and fibrosis detectable by magnetic resonance imaging compared to those without CHIP (odds ratio = 1.74, 95% CI [1.16, 2.60]; P = 0.007). To assess potential causality, Mendelian randomization analyses showed that genetic predisposition to CHIP was associated with a greater risk of chronic liver disease (odds ratio = 2.37, 95% CI [1.57, 3.6]; P < 0.001). In a dietary model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, mice transplanted with Tet2-deficient haematopoietic cells demonstrated more severe liver inflammation and fibrosis. These effects were mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome and increased levels of expression of downstream inflammatory cytokines in Tet2-deficient macrophages. In summary, clonal haematopoiesis is associated with an elevated risk of liver inflammation and chronic liver disease progression through an aberrant inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waihay J Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Connor Emdin
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seyedeh M Zekavat
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abhishek Niroula
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - James P Pirruccello
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Griffin
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Md Mesbah Uddin
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J Gibson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Veronica Kovalcik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy E Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie E McConkey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amelie Vromman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rob S Sellar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Peter G Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mridul Agrawal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Weinstock
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michelle T Long
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Po-Ru Loh
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve McCarroll
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- The University of Texas School of Public Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Framingham Heart Study of the NHLBI and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Siddhartha Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Corey
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study of the NHLBI and Boston University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christie Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin L Ebert
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Pradeep Natarajan
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Han S, Li X, Xia N, Zhang Y, Yu W, Li J, Jiao C, Wang Z, Pu L. Myeloid Trem2 Dynamically Regulates the Induction and Resolution of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076348. [PMID: 37047321 PMCID: PMC10094065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Trem2, a transmembrane protein that is simultaneously expressed in both bone marrow-derived and embryonic-derived liver-resident macrophages, plays a complex role in liver inflammation. The unique role of myeloid Trem2 in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is not precisely understood. Our study showed that in the early stage of inflammation induction after IR, Deletion of myeloid Trem2 inhibited the induction of iNOS, MCP-1, and CXCL1/2, alleviated the accumulation of neutrophils and mitochondrial damage, and simultaneously decreased ROS formation. However, when inflammatory monocyte-macrophages gradually evolved into CD11bhiLy6Clow pro-resolution macrophages through a phenotypic switch, the story of Trem2 took a turn. Myeloid Trem2 in pro-resolution macrophages promotes phagocytosis of IR-accumulated apoptotic cells by controlling Rac1-related actin polymerization, thereby actively promoting the resolution of inflammation. This effect may be exercised to regulate the Cox2/PGE2 axis by Trem2, alone or synergistically with MerTK/Arg1. Importantly, when myeloid Trem2 was over-expressed, the phenotypic transition of monocytes from a pro-inflammatory to a resolution type was accelerated, whereas knockdown of myeloid Trem2 resulted in delayed upregulation of CX3CR1. Collectively, our findings suggest that myeloid Trem2 is involved in the cascade of IR inflammation in a two-sided capacity, with complex and heterogeneous roles at different stages, not only contributing to our understanding of sterile inflammatory immunity but also to better explore the regulatory strategies and intrinsic requirements of targeting Trem2 in the event of sterile liver injury.
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Kohlhepp MS, Liu H, Tacke F, Guillot A. The contradictory roles of macrophages in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and primary liver cancer-Challenges and opportunities. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1129831. [PMID: 36845555 PMCID: PMC9950415 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1129831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases from varying etiologies generally lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Among them, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects roughly one-quarter of the world population, thus representing a major and increasing public health burden. Chronic hepatocyte injury, inflammation (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH) and liver fibrosis are recognized soils for primary liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), being the third most common cause for cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in liver disease understanding, therapeutic options on pre-malignant and malignant stages remain limited. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify targetable liver disease-driving mechanisms for the development of novel therapeutics. Monocytes and macrophages comprise a central, yet versatile component of the inflammatory response, fueling chronic liver disease initiation and progression. Recent proteomic and transcriptomic studies performed at singular cell levels revealed a previously overlooked diversity of macrophage subpopulations and functions. Indeed, liver macrophages that encompass liver resident macrophages (also named Kupffer cells) and monocyte-derived macrophages, can acquire a variety of phenotypes depending on microenvironmental cues, and thus exert manifold and sometimes contradictory functions. Those functions range from modulating and exacerbating tissue inflammation to promoting and exaggerating tissue repair mechanisms (i.e., parenchymal regeneration, cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, fibrosis). Due to these central functions, liver macrophages represent an attractive target for the treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted and contrary roles of macrophages in chronic liver diseases, with a particular focus on NAFLD/NASH and HCC. Moreover, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches targeting liver macrophages.
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Li J, Huang X, Xie K, Zhang J, Yang J, Yan Z, Gun S. Decreased S100A9 expression alleviates Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin-induced inflammatory injury in IPEC-J2 cells. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14722. [PMID: 36718447 PMCID: PMC9884034 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background S100 calcium-binding protein A9 (S100A9) is a commonly known pro-inflammatory factor involved in various inflammatory responses. Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens ) type C is known to cause diarrhea in piglets. However, the role of S100A9 in C. perfringens type C-induced infectious diarrhea is unclear. Methods Here, the S100A9 gene was overexpressed and knocked down in the IPEC-J2 cells, which were treated with C. perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin. The role of S100A9 in CPB2 toxin-induced injury in IPEC-J2 cells was assessed by measuring the levels of inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cell proliferation, and tight junction-related proteins. Results The results showed elevated expression of S100A9 in diarrhea-affected piglet tissues, and the elevation of S100A9 expression after CPB2 toxin treatment of IPEC-J2 was time-dependent. In CPB2 toxin-induced IPEC-J2 cells, overexpression of S100A9 had the following effects: the relative expression of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL8, TNF-α, and IL-1β was increased; the ROS levels and LDH viability were significantly increased; cell viability and proliferation were inhibited; the G0/G1 phase cell ratio was significantly increased. Furthermore, overexpression of S100A9 reduced the expression of tight junction proteins in CPB2-induced IPEC-J2 cells. The knockdown of S100A9 had an inverse effect. In conclusion, our results confirmed that S100A9 exacerbated inflammatory injury in CPB2 toxin-induced IPEC-J2 cells, inhibited cell viability and cell proliferation, and disrupted the tight junctions between cells. Thus, decreased S100A9 expression alleviates CPB2 toxin-induced inflammatory injury in IPEC-J2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Longdong University, Qingyang, Gansu, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Fitzgerald H, Bonin JL, Sadhu S, Lipscomb M, Biswas N, Decker C, Nabage M, Bossardi R, Marinello M, Mena AH, Gilliard K, Spite M, Adam A, MacNamara KC, Fredman G. The Resolvin D2-GPR18 Axis Enhances Bone Marrow Function and Limits Hepatic Fibrosis in Aging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.05.522881. [PMID: 36711905 PMCID: PMC9881918 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.05.522881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with non-resolving inflammation and tissue dysfunction. Resolvin D2 (RvD2) is a pro-resolving ligand that acts through the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) called GRP18. Using an unbiased screen, we report increased Gpr18 expression in macrophages from old mice and in livers from elderly humans that is associated with increased steatosis and fibrosis in middle-aged (MA) and old mice. MA mice that lack GPR18 on myeloid cells had exacerbated steatosis and hepatic fibrosis, which was associated with a decline in Mac2+ macrophages. Treatment of MA mice with RvD2 reduced steatosis and decreased hepatic fibrosis, correlating with increased Mac2+ macrophages, monocyte-derived macrophages and elevated numbers of monocytes in the liver, blood, and bone marrow. RvD2 acted directly upon the bone marrow to increase monocyte-macrophage progenitors. Using a transplantation assay we further demonstrated that bone marrow from old mice facilitated hepatic collagen accumulation in young mice, and transient RvD2 treatment to mice transplanted with bone marrow from old mice prevented hepatic collagen accumulation. Together, our study demonstrates that RvD2-GPR18 signaling controls steatosis and fibrosis and provides a mechanistic-based therapy for promoting liver repair in aging.
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Endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist restricts healthy and malignant myeloproliferation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:12. [PMID: 36596811 PMCID: PMC9810723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we explored the role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) repressor cytokine, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1rn), in both healthy and abnormal hematopoiesis. Low IL-1RN is frequent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and represents a prognostic marker of reduced survival. Treatments with IL-1RN and the IL-1β monoclonal antibody canakinumab reduce the expansion of leukemic cells, including CD34+ progenitors, in AML xenografts. In vivo deletion of IL-1rn induces hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation into the myeloid lineage and hampers B cell development via transcriptional activation of myeloid differentiation pathways dependent on NFκB. Low IL-1rn is present in an experimental model of pre-leukemic myelopoiesis, and IL-1rn deletion promotes myeloproliferation, which relies on the bone marrow hematopoietic and stromal compartments. Conversely, IL-1rn protects against pre-leukemic myelopoiesis. Our data reveal that HSC differentiation is controlled by balanced IL-1β/IL-1rn levels under steady-state, and that loss of repression of IL-1β signaling may underlie pre-leukemic lesion and AML progression.
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Zhang C, Li J, Cheng Y, Meng F, Song JW, Fan X, Fan H, Li J, Fu YL, Zhou MJ, Hu W, Wang SY, Fu YJ, Zhang JY, Xu RN, Shi M, Hu X, Zhang Z, Ren X, Wang FS. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals intrahepatic and peripheral immune characteristics related to disease phases in HBV-infected patients. Gut 2023; 72:153-167. [PMID: 35361683 PMCID: PMC9763233 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A comprehensive immune landscape for HBV infection is pivotal to achieve HBV cure. DESIGN We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of 2 43 000 cells from 46 paired liver and blood samples of 23 individuals, including six immune tolerant, 5 immune active (IA), 3 acute recovery (AR), 3 chronic resolved and 6 HBV-free healthy controls (HCs). Flow cytometry and histological assays were applied in a second HBV cohort for validation. RESULTS Both IA and AR were characterised by high levels of intrahepatic exhausted CD8+ T (Tex) cells. In IA, Tex cells were mainly derived from liver-resident GZMK+ effector memory T cells and self-expansion. By contrast, peripheral CX3CR1+ effector T cells and GZMK+ effector memory T cells were the main source of Tex cells in AR. In IA but not AR, significant cell-cell interactions were observed between Tex cells and regulatory CD4+ T cells, as well as between Tex and FCGR3A+ macrophages. Such interactions were potentially mediated through human leukocyte antigen class I molecules together with their receptors CANX and LILRBs, respectively, contributing to the dysfunction of antiviral immune responses. By contrast, CX3CR1+GNLY+ central memory CD8+ T cells were concurrently expanded in both liver and blood of AR, providing a potential surrogate marker for viral resolution. In clinic, intrahepatic Tex cells were positively correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase levels and histological grading scores. CONCLUSION Our study dissects the coordinated immune responses for different HBV infection phases and provides a rich resource for fully understanding immunopathogenesis and developing effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiesheng Li
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China,Institute of Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongqian Cheng
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fanping Meng
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Fan
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Long Fu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yu Wang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Fu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueda Hu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China .,Institute of Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianwen Ren
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China .,Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wiering L, Tacke F. Treating inflammation to combat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Endocrinol 2023; 256:JOE-22-0194. [PMID: 36259984 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with its more progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has become the most common chronic liver disease, thereby representing a great burden for patients and healthcare systems. Specific pharmacological therapies for NAFLD are still missing. Inflammation is an important driver in the pathogenesis of NASH, and the mechanisms underlying inflammation in NAFLD represent possible therapeutic targets. In NASH, various intra- and extrahepatic triggers involved in the metabolic injury typically lead to the activation of different immune cells. This includes hepatic Kupffer cells, i.e. liver-resident macrophages, which can adopt an inflammatory phenotype and activate other immune cells by releasing inflammatory cytokines. As inflammation progresses, Kupffer cells are increasingly replaced by monocyte-derived macrophages with a distinct lipid-associated and scar-associated phenotype. Many other immune cells, including neutrophils, T lymphocytes - such as auto-aggressive cytotoxic as well as regulatory T cells - and innate lymphoid cells balance the progression and regression of inflammation and subsequent fibrosis. The detailed understanding of inflammatory cell subsets and their activation pathways prompted preclinical and clinical exploration of potential targets in NAFLD/NASH. These approaches to target inflammation in NASH include inhibition of immune cell recruitment via chemokine receptors (e.g. cenicriviroc), neutralization of CD44 or galectin-3 as well as agonism to nuclear factors like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and farnesoid X receptor that interfere with the activation of immune cells. As some of these approaches did not demonstrate convincing efficacy as monotherapies, a rational and personalized combination of therapeutic interventions may be needed for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leke Wiering
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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Roh PR, Kim SM, Kang BY, Mun KD, Park JG, Kang MW, Hur W, Han JW, Nam H, Yoon SK, Sung PS. Tenofovir alafenamide alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by blocking the phosphorylation of AKT in intrahepatic mononuclear phagocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kaur S, Kidambi S, Ortega-Ribera M, Thuy LTT, Nieto N, Cogger VC, Xie WF, Tacke F, Gracia-Sancho J. In Vitro Models for the Study of Liver Biology and Diseases: Advances and Limitations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:559-571. [PMID: 36442812 PMCID: PMC9868680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of liver (patho)physiology, new technologies, and experimental approaches are progressing rapidly. Based on cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cells or primary cells derived from mouse or human liver as well as whole tissue (slices), such in vitro single- and multicellular models, including complex microfluidic organ-on-a-chip systems, provide tools to functionally understand mechanisms of liver health and disease. The International Society of Hepatic Sinusoidal Research (ISHSR) commissioned this working group to review the currently available in vitro liver models and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each in the context of evaluating their use for the study of liver functionality, disease modeling, therapeutic discovery, and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Le Thi Thanh Thuy
- Department of Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei-Fen Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute, CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department for BioMedical Research, Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Kaufmann B, Leszczynska A, Reca A, Booshehri LM, Onyuru J, Tan Z, Wree A, Friess H, Hartmann D, Papouchado B, Broderick L, Hoffman HM, Croker BA, Zhu YP, Feldstein AE. NLRP3 activation in neutrophils induces lethal autoinflammation, liver inflammation, and fibrosis. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e54446. [PMID: 36194627 PMCID: PMC9638850 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation is a central element in liver diseases. The immune response following injurious stimuli involves hepatic infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes. Neutrophils are major effectors of liver inflammation, rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation, and can augment the recruitment of other leukocytes. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been increasingly implicated in severe liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death. In this study, the role of NLRP3 activation in neutrophils during liver inflammation and fibrosis was investigated. Mouse models with neutrophil-specific expression of mutant NLRP3 were developed. Mutant mice develop severe liver inflammation and lethal autoinflammation phenocopying mice with a systemic expression of mutant NLRP3. NLRP3 activation in neutrophils leads to a pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profile in the liver, infiltration by neutrophils and macrophages, and an increase in cell death. Furthermore, mutant mice develop liver fibrosis associated with increased expression of pro-fibrogenic genes. Taken together, the present work demonstrates how neutrophils, driven by the NLRP3 inflammasome, coordinate other inflammatory myeloid cells in the liver, and propagate the inflammatory response in the context of inflammation-driven fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kaufmann
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TechnicalUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | | | - Agustina Reca
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laela M Booshehri
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Janset Onyuru
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - ZheHao Tan
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexander Wree
- Department of Hepatology and GastroenterologyCharité, Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Helmut Friess
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TechnicalUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Daniel Hartmann
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TechnicalUniversity of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Bettina Papouchado
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Lori Broderick
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ben A Croker
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ariel E Feldstein
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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Laursen TL, Mellemkjær A, Møller HJ, Grønbæk H, Kazankov K. Spotlight on liver macrophages for halting injury and progression in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:697-705. [PMID: 36205054 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2132145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and is rapidly emerging as the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Macrophages play an essential role in the development and progression of NAFLD. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide an update on recent studies of drugs, which directly or indirectly affect macrophages in NAFLD, and discuss the implication of macrophage biomarkers to monitor the disease stage and progression/regression. EXPERT OPINION There is an unmet need for better understanding of disease pathogenesis from hepatic fat accumulation to disease progression with inflammation and fibrosis. We expect that future research will uncover additional objects/pathways as treatment targets. We speculate that this will involve better characterization of the gut microbiome, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) or molecules and pathways involved in development of DAMPS, and advanced molecular biology studies including single-cell sequencing of macrophage subpopulations. In addition, we speculate that studies focusing on pharmaceuticals that improve insulin resistance, diminish the metabolic syndrome and reduce fibrosis will prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Lund Laursen
- Department of Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark
| | - Anders Mellemkjær
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Holger Jon Møller
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Kazankov
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Immune mechanisms linking metabolic injury to inflammation and fibrosis in fatty liver disease - novel insights into cellular communication circuits. J Hepatol 2022; 77:1136-1160. [PMID: 35750137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease and is emerging as the leading cause of cirrhosis, liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is a metabolic disease that is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome; however, during the evolution of NAFLD from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to more advanced stages of NASH with liver fibrosis, the immune system plays an integral role. Triggers for inflammation are rooted in hepatic (lipid overload, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress) and extrahepatic (gut-liver axis, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle) systems, resulting in unique immune-mediated pathomechanisms in NAFLD. In recent years, the implementation of single-cell RNA-sequencing and high dimensional multi-omics (proteogenomics, lipidomics) and spatial transcriptomics have tremendously advanced our understanding of the complex heterogeneity of various liver immune cell subsets in health and disease. In NAFLD, several emerging inflammatory mechanisms have been uncovered, including profound macrophage heterogeneity, auto-aggressive T cells, the role of unconventional T cells and platelet-immune cell interactions, potentially yielding novel therapeutics. In this review, we will highlight the recent discoveries related to inflammation in NAFLD, discuss the role of immune cell subsets during the different stages of the disease (including disease regression) and integrate the multiple systems driving inflammation. We propose a refined concept by which the immune system contributes to all stages of NAFLD and discuss open scientific questions arising from this paradigm shift that need to be unravelled in the coming years. Finally, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches to target the multiple triggers of inflammation, including combination therapy via nuclear receptors (FXR agonists, PPAR agonists).
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Delangre E, Oppliger E, Berkcan S, Gjorgjieva M, Correia de Sousa M, Foti M. S100 Proteins in Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911030. [PMID: 36232334 PMCID: PMC9570375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent and slow progressing hepatic pathology characterized by different stages of increasing severity which can ultimately give rise to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Besides drastic lifestyle changes, few drugs are effective to some extent alleviate NAFLD and HCC remains a poorly curable cancer. Among the deregulated molecular mechanisms promoting NAFLD and HCC, several members of the S100 proteins family appear to play an important role in the development of hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and HCC. Specific members of this Ca2+-binding protein family are indeed significantly overexpressed in either parenchymal or non-parenchymal liver cells, where they exert pleiotropic pathological functions driving NAFLD/NASH to severe stages and/or cancer development. The aberrant activity of S100 specific isoforms has also been reported to drive malignancy in liver cancers. Herein, we discuss the implication of several key members of this family, e.g., S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, S100A9 and S100A11, in NAFLD and HCC, with a particular focus on their intracellular versus extracellular functions in different hepatic cell types. Their clinical relevance as non-invasive diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for the different stages of NAFLD and HCC, or their pharmacological targeting for therapeutic purpose, is further debated.
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47
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Guilliams M, Scott CL. Liver macrophages in health and disease. Immunity 2022; 55:1515-1529. [PMID: 36103850 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell and spatial transcriptomic technologies have revealed an underappreciated heterogeneity of liver macrophages. This has led us to rethink the involvement of macrophages in liver homeostasis and disease. Identification of conserved gene signatures within these cells across species and diseases is enabling the correct identification of specific macrophage subsets and the generation of more specific tools to track and study the functions of these cells. Here, we discuss what is currently known about the definitions of these different macrophage populations, the markers that can be used to identify them, how they are wired within the liver, and their functional specializations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Guilliams
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Homeostasis and Regeneration, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte L Scott
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, County Limerick, Ireland.
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48
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Zhang P, Chen Z, Kuang H, Liu T, Zhu J, Zhou L, Wang Q, Xiong X, Meng Z, Qiu X, Jacks R, Liu L, Li S, Lumeng CN, Li Q, Zhou X, Lin JD. Neuregulin 4 suppresses NASH-HCC development by restraining tumor-prone liver microenvironment. Cell Metab 2022; 34:1359-1376.e7. [PMID: 35973424 PMCID: PMC9458631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian liver comprises heterogeneous cell types within its tissue microenvironment that undergo pathophysiological reprogramming in disease states, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Patients with NASH are at an increased risk for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular and cellular nature of liver microenvironment remodeling that links NASH to liver carcinogenesis remains obscure. Here, we show that diet-induced NASH is characterized by the induction of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)-like macrophages and exhaustion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the liver. The adipocyte-derived endocrine factor Neuregulin 4 (NRG4) serves as a hormonal checkpoint that restrains this pathological reprogramming during NASH. NRG4 deficiency exacerbated the induction of tumor-prone liver immune microenvironment and NASH-related HCC, whereas transgenic NRG4 overexpression elicited protective effects in mice. In a therapeutic setting, recombinant NRG4-Fc fusion protein exhibited remarkable potency in suppressing HCC and prolonged survival in the treated mice. These findings pave the way for therapeutic intervention of liver cancer by targeting the NRG4 hormonal checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhimin Chen
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henry Kuang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Linkang Zhou
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuelian Xiong
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziyi Meng
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Qiu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ramiah Jacks
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Siming Li
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carey N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Calcagno D, Chu A, Gaul S, Taghdiri N, Toomu A, Leszczynska A, Kaufmann B, Papouchado B, Wree A, Geisler L, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE, King KR. NOD-like receptor protein 3 activation causes spontaneous inflammation and fibrosis that mimics human NASH. Hepatology 2022; 76:727-741. [PMID: 34997987 PMCID: PMC10176600 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a central contributor to human acute and chronic liver disease, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which its activation precipitates injury remain incompletely understood. Here, we present single cell transcriptomic profiling of livers from a global transgenic tamoxifen-inducible constitutively activated Nlrp3A350V mutant mouse, and we investigate the changes in parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cell gene expression that accompany inflammation and fibrosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Our results demonstrate that NLRP3 activation causes chronic extramedullary myelopoiesis marked by myeloid progenitors that differentiate into proinflammatory neutrophils, monocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages. We observed prominent neutrophil infiltrates with increased Ly6gHI and Ly6gINT cells exhibiting transcriptomic signatures of granulopoiesis typically found in the bone marrow. This was accompanied by a marked increase in Ly6cHI monocytes differentiating into monocyte-derived macrophages that express transcriptional programs similar to macrophages of NASH models. NLRP3 activation also down-regulated metabolic pathways in hepatocytes and shifted hepatic stellate cells toward an activated profibrotic state based on expression of collagen and extracellular matrix regulatory genes. CONCLUSIONS These results define the single cell transcriptomes underlying hepatic inflammation and fibrosis precipitated by NLRP3 activation. Clinically, our data support the notion that NLRP3-induced mechanisms should be explored as therapeutic target in NASH-like inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Calcagno
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, United States
| | - Angela Chu
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
| | - Susanne Gaul
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
- Leipzig University, Clinic and Polyclinic of Cardiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nika Taghdiri
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, United States
| | - Avinash Toomu
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Benedikt Kaufmann
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
| | - Bettina Papouchado
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Alexander Wree
- Charité University Medicine, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Geisler
- Charité University Medicine, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
| | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- University of California San Diego, Department of Pediatrics, San Diego, United States
| | - Kevin R. King
- University of California San Diego, Department of Bioengineering, San Diego, United States
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
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Elchaninov A, Vishnyakova P, Menyailo E, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. An Eye on Kupffer Cells: Development, Phenotype and the Macrophage Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179868. [PMID: 36077265 PMCID: PMC9456487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key participants in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions, and implement a rich diversity of functions. The largest population of resident tissue macrophages is found in the liver. Hepatic macrophages, termed Kupffer cells, are involved in the regulation of multiple liver functionalities. Specific differentiation profiles and functional activities of tissue macrophages have been attributed to the shaping role of the so-called tissue niche microenvironments. The fundamental macrophage niche concept was lately shaken by a flood of new data, leading to a revision and substantial update of the concept, which constitutes the main focus of this review. The macrophage community discusses contemporary evidence on the developmental origins of resident macrophages, notably Kupffer cells and the issues of heterogeneity of the hepatic macrophage populations, as well as the roles of proliferation, cell death and migration processes in the maintenance of macrophage populations of the liver. Special consideration is given to interactions of Kupffer cells with other local cell lineages, including Ito cells, sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes, which participate in the maintenance of their phenotypical and functional identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Menyailo
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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