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Cao B, Wang X, Yin W, Gao Z, Xia B. The human microbiota is a beneficial reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 mutations. mBio 2024; 15:e0318723. [PMID: 38530031 PMCID: PMC11237538 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03187-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mutations are rapidly emerging. In particular, beneficial mutations in the spike (S) protein, which can either make a person more infectious or enable immunological escape, are providing a significant obstacle to the prevention and treatment of pandemics. However, how the virus acquires a high number of beneficial mutations in a short time remains a mystery. We demonstrate here that variations of concern may be mutated due in part to the influence of the human microbiome. We searched the National Center for Biotechnology Information database for homologous fragments (HFs) after finding a mutation and the six neighboring amino acids in a viral mutation fragment. Among the approximate 8,000 HFs obtained, 61 mutations in S and other outer membrane proteins were found in bacteria, accounting for 62% of all mutation sources, which is 12-fold higher than the natural variable proportion. A significant proportion of these bacterial species-roughly 70%-come from the human microbiota, are mainly found in the lung or gut, and share a composition pattern with COVID-19 patients. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase replicates corresponding bacterial mRNAs harboring mutations, producing chimeric RNAs. SARS-CoV-2 may collectively pick up mutations from the human microbiota that change the original virus's binding sites or antigenic determinants. Our study clarifies the evolving mutational mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mutations are rapidly emerging, in particular advantageous mutations in the spike (S) protein, which either increase transmissibility or lead to immune escape and are posing a major challenge to pandemic prevention and treatment. However, how the virus acquires a high number of advantageous mutations in a short time remains a mystery. Here, we provide evidence that the human microbiota is a reservoir of advantageous mutations and aids mutational evolution and host adaptation of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings demonstrate a conceptual breakthrough on the mutational evolution mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 for human adaptation. SARS-CoV-2 may grab advantageous mutations from the widely existing microorganisms in the host, which is undoubtedly an "efficient" manner. Our study might open a new perspective to understand the evolution of virus mutation, which has enormous implications for comprehending the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Guangya High School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Zhaobing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, China
| | - Bingqing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Maqsood R, Holland LA, Wu LI, Begnel ER, Adhiambo J, Owiti P, Chohan BH, Gantt S, Kinuthia J, Wamalwa D, Ojee E, Richardson BA, Slyker J, Lehman DA, Lim ES. Gut virome and microbiome dynamics before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in women living with HIV and their infants. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4257515. [PMID: 38699305 PMCID: PMC11065063 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4257515/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Microbiome perturbations can have long-term effects on health. The dynamics of the gut microbiome and virome in women living with HIV (WLHIV) and their newborn infants is poorly understood. Here, we performed metagenomic sequencing analyses on longitudinal stool samples including 23 mothers (13 WLHIV, 10 HIV-negative) and 12 infants that experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection with mild disease, as well as 40 mothers (18 WLHIV, 22 HIV-negative) and 60 infants that remained SARS-CoV-2 seronegative throughout the study follow-up. Regardless of HIV or SARS-CoV-2 status, maternal bacterial and viral profiles were distinct from infants. Using linear mixed effects models, we showed that while the microbiome alpha diversity trajectory was not significantly different between SARS-CoV-2 seropositive and seronegative women. However, seropositive women's positive trajectory while uninfected was abruptly reversed after SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0.015). However, gut virome signatures of women were not associated with SARS-CoV-2. Alterations in infant microbiome and virome diversities were generally not impacted by SARS-CoV-2 but were rather driven by development. We did not find statistically significant interactions between HIV and SARS-CoV-2 on the gut microbiome and virome. Overall, our study provides insights into the complex interplay between maternal and infant bacterial microbiome, virome, and the influence of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV status.
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Bohmwald K, Diethelm-Varela B, Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Rivera T, Riedel CA, González PA, Kalergis AM. Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341600. [PMID: 38482000 PMCID: PMC10932978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause severe global disruption, resulting in significant excess mortality, overwhelming healthcare systems, and imposing substantial social and economic burdens on nations. While most of the attention and therapeutic efforts have concentrated on the acute phase of the disease, a notable proportion of survivors experience persistent symptoms post-infection clearance. This diverse set of symptoms, loosely categorized as long COVID, presents a potential additional public health crisis. It is estimated that 1 in 5 COVID-19 survivors exhibit clinical manifestations consistent with long COVID. Despite this prevalence, the mechanisms and pathophysiology of long COVID remain poorly understood. Alarmingly, evidence suggests that a significant proportion of cases within this clinical condition develop debilitating or disabling symptoms. Hence, urgent priority should be given to further studies on this condition to equip global public health systems for its management. This review provides an overview of available information on this emerging clinical condition, focusing on the affected individuals' epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and immunological and inflammatory profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Diethelm-Varela
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Yang Q, Zaongo SD, Zhu L, Yan J, Yang J, Ouyang J. The Potential of Clostridium butyricum to Preserve Gut Health, and to Mitigate Non-AIDS Comorbidities in People Living with HIV. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1. [PMID: 38336953 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A dramatic reduction in mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH) has been achieved during the modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. However, ART does not restore gut barrier function even after long-term viral suppression, allowing microbial products to enter the systemic blood circulation and induce chronic immune activation. In PLWH, a chronic state of systemic inflammation exists and persists, which increases the risk of development of inflammation-associated non-AIDS comorbidities such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Clostridium butyricum is a human butyrate-producing symbiont present in the gut microbiome. Convergent evidence has demonstrated favorable effects of C. butyricum for gastrointestinal health, including maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of the gut barrier, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine, and reduction of microbial translocation. Moreover, C. butyricum supplementation has been observed to have a positive effect on various inflammation-related diseases such as diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and cancer, which are also recognized as non-AIDS comorbidities associated with epithelial gut damage. There is currently scant published research in the literature, focusing on the influence of C. butyricum in the gut of PLWH. In this hypothesis review, we speculate the use of C. butyricum as a probiotic oral supplementation may well emerge as a potential future synergistic adjunctive strategy in PLWH, in tandem with ART, to restore and consolidate intestinal barrier integrity, repair the leaky gut, prevent microbial translocation from the gut, and reduce both gut and systemic inflammation, with the ultimate objective of decreasing the risk for development of non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijiao Zhu
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiadan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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Wu X, Xiang M, Jing H, Wang C, Novakovic VA, Shi J. Damage to endothelial barriers and its contribution to long COVID. Angiogenesis 2024; 27:5-22. [PMID: 37103631 PMCID: PMC10134732 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-023-09878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The world continues to contend with COVID-19, fueled by the emergence of viral variants. At the same time, a subset of convalescent individuals continues to experience persistent and prolonged sequelae, known as long COVID. Clinical, autopsy, animal and in vitro studies all reveal endothelial injury in acute COVID-19 and convalescent patients. Endothelial dysfunction is now recognized as a central factor in COVID-19 progression and long COVID development. Different organs contain different types of endothelia, each with specific features, forming different endothelial barriers and executing different physiological functions. Endothelial injury results in contraction of cell margins (increased permeability), shedding of glycocalyx, extension of phosphatidylserine-rich filopods, and barrier damage. During acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, damaged endothelial cells promote diffuse microthrombi and destroy the endothelial (including blood-air, blood-brain, glomerular filtration and intestinal-blood) barriers, leading to multiple organ dysfunction. During the convalescence period, a subset of patients is unable to fully recover due to persistent endothelial dysfunction, contributing to long COVID. There is still an important knowledge gap between endothelial barrier damage in different organs and COVID-19 sequelae. In this article, we mainly focus on these endothelial barriers and their contribution to long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie A Novakovic
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 150001, Harbin, China.
- Department of Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA.
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6
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El-Baky NA, Amara AA, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Intrinsic factors behind long COVID: III. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its components. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:22-44. [PMID: 38098317 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Considerable research has been done in investigating SARS-CoV-2 infection, its characteristics, and host immune response. However, debate is still ongoing over the emergence of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). A multitude of long-lasting symptoms have been reported several weeks after the primary acute SARS-CoV-2 infection that resemble several other viral infections. Thousands of research articles have described various post-COVID-19 conditions. Yet, the evidence around these ongoing health problems, the reasons behind them, and their molecular underpinnings are scarce. These persistent symptoms are also known as long COVID-19. The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and/or its components in host tissues can lead to long COVID. For example, the presence of viral nucleocapsid protein and RNA was detected in the skin, appendix, and breast tissues of some long COVID patients. The persistence of viral RNA was reported in multiple anatomic sites, including non-respiratory tissues such as the adrenal gland, ocular tissue, small intestine, lymph nodes, myocardium, and sciatic nerve. Distinctive viral spike sequence variants were also found in non-respiratory tissues. Interestingly, prolonged detection of viral subgenomic RNA was observed across all tissues, sometimes in multiple tissues of the same patient, which likely reflects recent but defective viral replication. Moreover, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was noticed throughout the brain at autopsy, as late as 230 days following symptom onset among unvaccinated patients who died of severe infection. Here, we review the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its components as an intrinsic factor behind long COVID. We also highlight the immunological consequences of this viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Amro A Amara
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Ding Y, Zhao L, Wang G, Shi Y, Guo G, Liu C, Chen Z, Coker OO, She J, Yu J. PacBio sequencing of human fecal samples uncovers the DNA methylation landscape of 22 673 gut phages. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:12140-12149. [PMID: 37904586 PMCID: PMC10711547 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut phages have an important impact on human health. Methylation plays key roles in DNA recognition, gene expression regulation and replication for phages. However, the DNA methylation landscape of gut phages is largely unknown. Here, with PacBio sequencing (2120×, 4785 Gb), we detected gut phage methylation landscape based on 22 673 gut phage genomes, and presented diverse methylation motifs and methylation differences in genomic elements. Moreover, the methylation rate of phages was associated with taxonomy and host, and N6-methyladenine methylation rate was higher in temperate phages than in virulent phages, suggesting an important role for methylation in phage-host interaction. In particular, 3543 (15.63%) phage genomes contained restriction-modification system, which could aid in evading clearance by the host. This study revealed the DNA methylation landscape of gut phage and its potential roles, which will advance the understanding of gut phage survival and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Ding
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liuyang Zhao
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gang Guo
- Center for Gut Microbiome Research, Department of Surgery, Med-X Institute, Department of High Talent, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Changan Liu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junjun She
- Center for Gut Microbiome Research, Department of Surgery, Med-X Institute, Department of High Talent, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK-Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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8
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Ma J, Wen S, Dong A, Fan W, Kang Y. Gut Microbiome (Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses) and HIV Infection: Revealing Novel Treatment Strategies. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300566. [PMID: 37867202 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Plenty of research on microbial-viral interactions has revealed that some commensal microorganisms in the gut, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, can resist or promote viral infection, whereas other microorganisms are involved in pathogenicity. Therefore, the balance between commensal microorganisms and human organisms is a key factor for determining infection and disease progression, and commensal microorganisms have become a hot research area in the medical field. In this review, the compositional characteristics of gut microbiota (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) during HIV infection are reviewed and changes in gut microbiota among different HIV-infected populations are described. Furthermore, the latest progress of potential microbial therapeutic methods, including a) probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, b) fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), c) phage therapy, and d) antifungal strategy, microbial enzyme inhibition, and dietary therapeutics, is analyzed based on gut bacteria, fungi, and viruses in the field of HIV infection. This study aims to provide a useful reference for developing novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection based on commensal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shiyuan Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Aobo Dong
- Third Hospital of Baotou City, Baotou, China
| | - Weiping Fan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yongbo Kang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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9
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Sales PMG, Greenfield MJ, Pinkhasov A, Viswanathan R, Saunders R, Huremović D. Drawing the Line Between Postacute Sequelae of COVID-19 and Functional Neurologic Disorders: A Daunting Clinical Overlap or Irrelevant Conundrum? J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:882-889. [PMID: 38015183 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in its multiple variants that classically presents with cough, fatigue, fever, headache, myalgias, and diarrhea. As vaccination becomes widely available and infection rates facilitate herd immunity across the globe, more attention has been given to long-term symptoms that may persist after the index infection, which include impairments in concentration, executive dysfunction, sensory disturbances, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and cough, among other symptoms classified under the umbrella term of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).Functional neurologic disorder (FND), also known as conversion disorder and functional neurologic symptom disorder, refers to the presence of one or more symptoms of altered voluntary motor or sensory function that are incompatible with and not better explained by a known neurological or medical condition that causes significant distress and functional impairment. Although the diagnosis of FND may not require the identification of an underlying psychological stressor, being diagnosed with an FND can worsen stigma and shift attention and resources away from other medical concerns that should be concomitantly addressed.This review summarizes the literature on the overlapping nature and discrimination of PASC from FND in COVID-19 survivors. Based on this, we develop a treatment framework that targets unique domains of these complex overlapping presentations, following a multidisciplinary approach with an individualized treatment plan inclusive of physical and psychological interventions focused on functional rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo M G Sales
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Melissa J Greenfield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Aaron Pinkhasov
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola
| | - Ramaswamy Viswanathan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Ramotse Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Damir Huremović
- Department of Psychiatry, North Shore University Hospital at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
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10
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Peled JU, van den Brink MRM. Fecal Transplantation in Hematopoietic Transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:5320-5323. [PMID: 37871256 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan U Peled
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Weill Cornell College of Medicine, New York, NY
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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11
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Au TY, Assavarittirong C, Benjamin S, Wiśniewski OW. Is there a correlation between antibiotic use and the severity or post-infection conditions of COVID-19 and other viral infections? Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4123-4128. [PMID: 37653183 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are one of the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine; besides treating bacterial infections, they may often be utilized for prophylactic purposes, including during select viral infections. It has been shown that 74.9% of COVID-19 patients received antibiotics as a part of their treatment regimen during the pandemic. However, studies suggest that the actual incidence of bacterial coinfection was relatively uncommon with a mere 3.5% of overall cases reported. A recent study revealed that antibiotic administration would not improve disease progression or shorten the length of hospitalization in COVID-19 patients; additionally, some antibiotics, such as linezolid, promote the production of free radicals that might be responsible for exacerbated clinical symptoms during and post-infection. Notably, antibiotic use disturbs the normal gut microbiome, and this interference impedes antiviral immune response enhancing severity and susceptibility to a list of viral infections. Thus, resultant augmented severity of these infections may be a consequence of higher susceptibility to respiratory viral co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Yuen Au
- North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees, UK.
- Center for Medical Education in English, Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Chanika Assavarittirong
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, UHS Southern California Medical Education Consortium, Temecula, CA, USA
- Center for Medical Education in English, Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Shamiram Benjamin
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, Dignity Health East Valley, Chandler, AZ, USA
- Center for Medical Education in English, Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Oskar Wojciech Wiśniewski
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, Kalisz, Poland
- Department of Cardiology-Intensive Therapy and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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12
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Pan Z, Wu N, Jin C. Intestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Promotes Mucosal Barrier Damage and Immune Injury in HIV-Infected Patients. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2023; 2023:3080969. [PMID: 37927531 PMCID: PMC10625490 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3080969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is an "invisible organ" in the human body, with diverse components and complex interactions. Homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining the normal physiological process and regulating immune homeostasis. By reviewing more than one hundred related studies concerning HIV infection and intestinal microbiota from 2011 to 2023, we found that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can induce intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, which not only worsens clinical symptoms but also promotes the occurrence of post-sequelae symptoms and comorbidities. In the early stage of HIV infection, the intestinal mucosal barrier is damaged and a persistent inflammatory response is induced. Mucosal barrier damage and immune injury play a pivotal role in promoting the post-sequelae symptoms caused by HIV infection. This review summarizes the relationship between dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier damage during HIV infection and discusses the potential mechanisms of intestinal barrier damage induced by intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation. Exploring these molecular mechanisms might provide new ideas to improve the efficacy of HIV treatment and reduce the incidence of post-sequelae symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyi Pan
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Guo X, Wang Z, Qu M, Guo Y, Yu M, Hong W, Zhang C, Fan X, Song J, Xu R, Zhang J, Huang H, Linghu E, Wang FS, Sun L, Jiao YM. Abnormal blood microbiota profiles are associated with inflammation and immune restoration in HIV/AIDS individuals. mSystems 2023; 8:e0046723. [PMID: 37698407 PMCID: PMC10654078 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00467-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The characteristics of blood microbiota in HIV-infected individuals and their relevance to disease progression are still unknown, despite alterations in gut microbiota diversity and composition in HIV-infected individuals. Here, we present evidence of increased blood microbiota diversity in HIV-infected individuals, which may result from gut microbiota translocation. Also, we identify a group of microbes, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella sp. CAG:5226, Eubacterium sp. CAG:251, Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Anaerobutyricum hallii, Prevotella sp. AM34-19LB, and Phocaeicola plebeius, which are linked to poor immunological recovery. This work provides a scientific foundation toward therapeutic strategies targeting blood microbiota for immune recovery of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Guo
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zerui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Qu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yuntian Guo
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Minrui Yu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguo Hong
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwen Song
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huihuang Huang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Enqiang Linghu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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14
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Sfera A, Rahman L, Zapata-Martín Del Campo CM, Kozlakidis Z. Long COVID as a Tauopathy: Of "Brain Fog" and "Fusogen Storms". Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12648. [PMID: 37628830 PMCID: PMC10454863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Long COVID, also called post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by a multitude of lingering symptoms, including impaired cognition, that can last for many months. This symptom, often called "brain fog", affects the life quality of numerous individuals, increasing medical complications as well as healthcare expenditures. The etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-induced cognitive deficit is unclear, but the most likely cause is chronic inflammation maintained by a viral remnant thriving in select body reservoirs. These viral sanctuaries are likely comprised of fused, senescent cells, including microglia and astrocytes, that the pathogen can convert into neurotoxic phenotypes. Moreover, as the enteric nervous system contains neurons and glia, the virus likely lingers in the gastrointestinal tract as well, accounting for the intestinal symptoms of long COVID. Fusogens are proteins that can overcome the repulsive forces between cell membranes, allowing the virus to coalesce with host cells and enter the cytoplasm. In the intracellular compartment, the pathogen hijacks the actin cytoskeleton, fusing host cells with each other and engendering pathological syncytia. Cell-cell fusion enables the virus to infect the healthy neighboring cells. We surmise that syncytia formation drives cognitive impairment by facilitating the "seeding" of hyperphosphorylated Tau, documented in COVID-19. In our previous work, we hypothesized that the SARS-CoV-2 virus induces premature endothelial senescence, increasing the permeability of the intestinal and blood-brain barrier. This enables the migration of gastrointestinal tract microbes and/or their components into the host circulation, eventually reaching the brain where they may induce cognitive dysfunction. For example, translocated lipopolysaccharides or microbial DNA can induce Tau hyperphosphorylation, likely accounting for memory problems. In this perspective article, we examine the pathogenetic mechanisms and potential biomarkers of long COVID, including microbial cell-free DNA, interleukin 22, and phosphorylated Tau, as well as the beneficial effect of transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Paton State Hospital, 3102 Highland Ave, Patton, CA 92369, USA
- School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, 11139 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Leah Rahman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, 222 Huestis Hall, Eugene, OR 97401, USA
| | | | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69000 Lyon, France
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15
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Li S, Gong M. Mendelian randomisation analysis reveals the possible causal relationship between infections, microbiota and clinical disease. Gut 2023:gutjnl-2023-329787. [PMID: 37414439 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifang Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccinology, FARAH, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Meijiao Gong
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccinology, FARAH, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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16
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Maffia-Bizzozero S, Cevallos C, Lenicov FR, Freiberger RN, Lopez CAM, Guano Toaquiza A, Sviercz F, Jarmoluk P, Bustos C, D’Addario AC, Quarleri J, Delpino MV. Viable SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-variants isolated from autopsy tissues. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1192832. [PMID: 37283920 PMCID: PMC10240073 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1192832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations have been described after infection with SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus is known to persist in multiple organs due to its tropism for several tissues. However, previous reports were unable to provide definitive information about whether the virus is viable and transmissible. It has been hypothesized that the persisting reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 in tissues could be one of the multiple potentially overlapping causes of long COVID. Methods In the present study, we investigated autopsy materials obtained from 21 cadaveric donors with documented first infection or reinfection at the time of death. The cases studied included recipients of different formulations of COVID-19 vaccines. The aim was to find the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, and intestines. We used two technical approaches: the detection and quantification of viral genomic RNA using RT-qPCR, and virus infectivity using permissive in vitro Vero E6 culture. Results All tissues analyzed showed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA but at dissimilar levels ranging from 1.01 × 102 copies/mL to 1.14 × 108 copies/mL, even among those cases who had been COVID-19 vaccinated. Importantly, different amounts of replication-competent virus were detected in the culture media from the studied tissues. The highest viral load were measured in the lung (≈1.4 × 106 copies/mL) and heart (≈1.9 × 106 copies/mL) samples. Additionally, based on partial Spike gene sequences, SARS-CoV-2 characterization revealed the presence of multiple Omicron sub-variants exhibiting a high level of nucleotide and amino acid identity among them. Discussion These findings highlight that SARS-CoV-2 can spread to multiple tissue locations such as the lungs, heart, liver, kidneys, and intestines, both after primary infection and after reinfections with the Omicron variant, contributing to extending knowledge about the pathogenesis of acute infection and understanding the sequelae of clinical manifestations that are observed during post-acute COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cintia Cevallos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Remes Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosa Nicole Freiberger
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cinthya Alicia Marcela Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alex Guano Toaquiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco Sviercz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Jarmoluk
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has become a heavy burden of disease and an important public health problem in the world. Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective at suppressing the virus in the blood, HIV still remains in two different types of reservoirs-the latently infected cells (represented by CD4+ T cells) and the tissues containing those cells, which may block access to ART, HIV-neutralizing antibodies and latency-reversing agents. The latter is the focus of our review, as blood viral load drops below detectable levels after ART, a deeper and more systematic understanding of the HIV tissue reservoirs is imperative. In this review, we take the lymphoid system (including lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, spleen and bone marrow), nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system (divided into male and female), urinary system as the order, focusing on the particularity and importance of each tissue in HIV infection, the infection target cell types of each tissue, the specific infection situation of each tissue quantified by HIV DNA or HIV RNA and the evidence of compartmentalization and pharmacokinetics. In summary, we found that the present state of HIV in different tissues has both similarities and differences. In the future, the therapeutic principle we need to follow is to respect the discrepancy on the basis of grasping the commonality. The measures taken to completely eliminate the virus in the whole body cannot be generalized. It is necessary to formulate personalized treatment strategies according to the different characteristics of the HIV in the various tissues, so as to realize the prospect of curing AIDS as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangpeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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18
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Plaut S. “Long COVID-19” and viral “fibromyalgia-ness”: Suggesting a mechanistic role for fascial myofibroblasts (Nineveh, the shadow is in the fascia). Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:952278. [PMID: 37089610 PMCID: PMC10117846 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.952278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has led to a wave of chronic disease cases; “Long COVID-19” is recognized as a new medical entity and resembles “fibromyalgia” which, likewise, lacks a clear mechanism. Observational studies indicate that up to 30%–40% of convalescent COVID-19 patients develop chronic widespread pain and fatigue and fulfill the 2016 diagnostic criteria for “fibromyalgia.” A recent study suggested a theoretical neuro-biomechanical model (coined “Fascial Armoring”) to help explain the pathogenesis and cellular pathway of fibromyalgia, pointing toward mechanical abnormalities in connective tissue and fascia, driven by contractile myo/fibroblasts and altered extracellular matrix remodeling with downstream corresponding neurophysiological aberrations. This may help explain several of fibromyalgia’s manifestations such as pain, distribution of pain, trigger points/tender spots, hyperalgesia, chronic fatigue, cardiovascular abnormalities, metabolic abnormalities, autonomic abnormalities, small fiber neuropathy, various psychosomatic symptoms, lack of obvious inflammation, and silent imaging investigations. Pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic pathways provide input into this mechanism via stimulation of proto/myofibroblasts. In this hypothesis and theory paper the theoretical model of Fascial Armoring is presented to help explain the pathogenesis and manifestations of “long COVID-19” as a disease of immuno-rheumo-psycho-neurology. The model is also used to make testable experimental predictions on investigations and predict risk and relieving factors.
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19
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Gareau MG, Barrett KE. Role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in postacute COVID syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G322-G328. [PMID: 36880667 PMCID: PMC10042594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00293.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the infection of hundreds of millions of individuals over the past 3 years, coupled with millions of deaths. Along with these more acute impacts of infection, a large subset of patients has developed symptoms that collectively comprise "postacute sequelae of COVID-19" (PASC, also known as long COVID), which can persist for months and maybe even years. In this review, we outline the current knowledge on the role of impaired microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis signaling in the development of PASC and the potential mechanisms involved, which may lead to a better understanding of disease progression and treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie G Gareau
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Kim E Barrett
- School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States
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20
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Castillo-Rozas G, Lopez MN, Soto-Rifo R, Vidal R, Cortes CP. Enteropathy and gut dysbiosis as obstacles to achieve immune recovery in undetectable people with HIV: a clinical view of evidence, successes, and projections. AIDS 2023; 37:367-378. [PMID: 36695354 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immune performance following antiretroviral therapy initiation varies among patients. Despite achieving viral undetectability, a subgroup of patients fails to restore CD4+ T-cell counts during follow-up, which exposes them to non-AIDS defining comorbidities and increased mortality. Unfortunately, its mechanisms are incompletely understood, and no specific treatment is available. In this review, we address some of the pathophysiological aspects of the poor immune response from a translational perspective, with emphasis in the interaction between gut microbiome, intestinal epithelial dysfunction, and immune system, and we also discuss some studies attempting to improve immune performance by intervening in this vicious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Castillo-Rozas
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program
- Cancer Regulation and Immunoediting Laboratory, Immunology Program
- Center for HIV/AIDS Integral Research -CHAIR, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mercedes N Lopez
- Cancer Regulation and Immunoediting Laboratory, Immunology Program
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program
- Center for HIV/AIDS Integral Research -CHAIR, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Claudia P Cortes
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile
- Center for HIV/AIDS Integral Research -CHAIR, Universidad de Chile, Santiago
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Thornhill J, Orkin C, Cevik M. Estimating the global impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on people living with HIV. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2023; 36:20-25. [PMID: 36729763 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The COVID-19 pandemic and public health response have directly and indirectly affected broader health outcomes, especially for those with existing chronic conditions, including HIV. We examine our current understanding of the global impact of COVID-19 on people with HIV (PWH). RECENT FINDINGS The interaction between COVID-19 and HIV is complex, making it challenging to estimate its true impact on PWH. Evidence to date does not suggest that HIV confers a higher risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2. However, once acquired, HIV increases the risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality, particularly in immunosuppressed viraemic individuals and in the context of traditional COVID-19 risk factors, including disparities in social determinants of health. In addition, COVID-19 vaccines may be less effective in the context of HIV infection with additional doses needed. The consequences of disruption of access to essential prevention and treatment services because of the pandemic are becoming evident and will likely adversely affect outcomes, risking decades of progress. SUMMARY Given the increased mortality risk and reduced vaccine effectiveness seen in PWH, specific prevention and support measures are needed, including prioritization of vaccination and boosters, funding to mitigate the impact of pandemic and enabling integrated healthcare delivery during pandemics will be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thornhill
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Blizzard Institute, Queen Mary University of London
| | - Chloe Orkin
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Blizzard Institute, Queen Mary University of London
- Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London
| | - Muge Cevik
- Division of Infection and Global Health Research, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews
- NHS Lothian Infection Service, Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Vakili K, Fathi M, Yaghoobpoor S, Sayehmiri F, Nazerian Y, Nazerian A, Mohamadkhani A, Khodabakhsh P, Réus GZ, Hajibeygi R, Rezaei-Tavirani M. The contribution of gut-brain axis to development of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 recovered patients: A hypothesis and review of literature. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983089. [PMID: 36619768 PMCID: PMC9815719 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota undergoes significant alterations in response to viral infections, particularly the novel SARS-CoV-2. As impaired gut microbiota can trigger numerous neurological disorders, we suggest that the long-term neurological symptoms of COVID-19 may be related to intestinal microbiota disorders in these patients. Thus, we have gathered available information on how the virus can affect the microbiota of gastrointestinal systems, both in the acute and the recovery phase of the disease, and described several mechanisms through which this gut dysbiosis can lead to long-term neurological disorders, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic fatigue, psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, and even neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. These mechanisms may be mediated by inflammatory cytokines, as well as certain chemicals such as gastrointestinal hormones (e.g., CCK), neurotransmitters (e.g., 5-HT), etc. (e.g., short-chain fatty acids), and the autonomic nervous system. In addition to the direct influences of the virus, repurposed medications used for COVID-19 patients can also play a role in gut dysbiosis. In conclusion, although there are many dark spots in our current knowledge of the mechanism of COVID-19-related gut-brain axis disturbance, based on available evidence, we can hypothesize that these two phenomena are more than just a coincidence and highly recommend large-scale epidemiologic studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Vakili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Fathi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Yaghoobpoor
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sayehmiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Nazerian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gislaine Z. Réus
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani,
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23
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Rossini V, Tolosa-Enguis V, Frances-Cuesta C, Sanz Y. Gut microbiome and anti-viral immunity in COVID-19. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4587-4602. [PMID: 36382631 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2143476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory system, but the gastrointestinal tract is also a target. Prolonged gut disorders, in COVID-19 patients, were correlated with decreased richness and diversity of the gut microbiota, immune deregulation and delayed viral clearance. Although there are no definitive conclusions, ample evidence would suggest that the gut microbiome composition and function play a role in COVID-19 progression. Microbiome modulation strategies for population stratification and management of COVID-19 infection are under investigation, representing an area of interest in the ongoing pandemic. In this review, we present the existing data related to the interaction between gut microbes and the host's immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the implications for current disease management and readiness to face future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rossini
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - V Tolosa-Enguis
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - C Frances-Cuesta
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Y Sanz
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
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24
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Multi-kingdom gut microbiota analyses define COVID-19 severity and post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6806. [PMID: 36357381 PMCID: PMC9648868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of the role of the gut microbiome in acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and post-acute COVID-19 is rapidly increasing, whereas little is known regarding the contribution of multi-kingdom microbiota and host-microbial interactions to COVID-19 severity and consequences. Herein, we perform an integrated analysis using 296 fecal metagenomes, 79 fecal metabolomics, viral load in 1378 respiratory tract samples, and clinical features of 133 COVID-19 patients prospectively followed for up to 6 months. Metagenomic-based clustering identifies two robust ecological clusters (hereafter referred to as Clusters 1 and 2), of which Cluster 1 is significantly associated with severe COVID-19 and the development of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Significant differences between clusters could be explained by both multi-kingdom ecological drivers (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) and host factors with a good predictive value and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98. A model combining host and microbial factors could predict the duration of respiratory viral shedding with 82.1% accuracy (error ± 3 days). These results highlight the potential utility of host phenotype and multi-kingdom microbiota profiling as a prognostic tool for patients with COVID-19.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent years have seen great strides made in the field of viral metagenomics. Many studies have reported alterations in the virome in different disease states. The vast majority of the human intestinal virome consists of bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria. The dynamic relationship between gut bacterial populations and bacteriophages is influenced by environmental factors that also impact host health and disease. In this review, we focus on studies highlighting the dynamics of the gut virome and fluctuations associated with disease states. RECENT FINDINGS Novel correlations have been identified between the human gut virome and diseases such as obesity, necrotizing enterocolitis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Further associations between the virome and cognition, diet and geography highlight the complexity of factors that can influence the dynamic relationship between gut bacteria, bacteriophages and health. SUMMARY Here, we highlight some novel associations between the virome and health that will be the foundation for future studies in this field. The future development of microbiome-based interventions, identification of biomarkers, and novel therapeutics will require a thorough understanding of the gut virome and its dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Shareefdeen
- APC Microbiome Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Goh D, Lim JCT, Fernaíndez SB, Joseph CR, Edwards SG, Neo ZW, Lee JN, Caballero SG, Lau MC, Yeong JPS. Case report: Persistence of residual antigen and RNA of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in tissues of two patients with long COVID. Front Immunol 2022; 13:939989. [PMID: 36131932 PMCID: PMC9483160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.939989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has defined long COVID-19 (LC) as a condition that occurs in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection who exhibit persistent symptoms after its acute phase that last for at least two months and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis. Since we had previously reported residual viral antigens in tissues of convalescent patients, we aimed to assess the presence of such antigens in long COVID tissues. Here, we established the presence of the residual virus in the appendix, skin, and breast tissues of 2 patients who exhibited LC symptoms 163 and 426 days after symptom onset. With multiplex immunohistochemistry, we detected viral nucleocapsid protein in all three tissues. The nucleocapsid protein was further observed to colocalize with macrophage marker CD68, suggesting that immune cells were direct targets of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, using RNAscope, the presence of viral RNA was also detected. Our positive finding in the breast tissue is corroborated by the recent reports of immunocompromised patients experiencing LC symptoms and persistent viral replication. Overall, our findings and emerging LC studies raise the possibility that the gastrointestinal tract may function as a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Chun Tatt Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Craig Ryan Joseph
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Zhen Wei Neo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justina Nadia Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Mai Chan Lau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Joe Poh Sheng Yeong,
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Gasmi A, Bjørklund G, Mujawdiya PK, Semenova Y, Dosa A, Piscopo S, Pen JJ, Gasmi Benahmed A, Costea DO. Gut microbiota in bariatric surgery. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9299-9314. [PMID: 35531940 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbes share a symbiotic relationship with humans and perform several metabolic and physiological functions essential for human survival. It has been established in several scientific studies that obesity and other metabolic complications are always associated with disturbed gut microbiota profile, also called gut dysbiosis. In recent years, bariatric surgery has become a treatment of choice for weight loss, and it forms an important part of obesity management strategies across the globe. Interestingly, bariatric surgery has been shown to alter gut microbiota profile and synthesize short-chain fatty acids by gut microbes. In other words, gut microbes play a crucial role in better clinical outcomes associated with bariatric surgery. In addition, gut microbes are important in reducing weight and lowering the adverse events post-bariatric surgery. Therefore, several prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics are recommended for patients who underwent bariatric surgery procedures for better clinical outcomes. The present review aims to understand the possible association between gut microbes and bariatric surgery and present scientific evidence showing the beneficial role of gut microbes in improving therapeutic outcomes of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Gasmi
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | | | - Yuliya Semenova
- Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and ENT, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
- CONEM Kazakhstan Environmental Health and Safety Research Group, Semey Medical University, Semey, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Salva Piscopo
- Société Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Nutritional Research and Development, Nutri-Logics SA, Weiswampach, Luxembourg
| | - Joeri J Pen
- Diabetes Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Asma Gasmi Benahmed
- Académie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire Intégrative, Paris, France
- Université Claude Bernard -Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Larionova R, Byvaltsev K, Kravtsova О, Takha E, Petrov S, Kazarian G, Valeeva A, Shuralev E, Mukminov M, Renaudineau Y, Arleevskaya M. SARS-Cov2 acute and post-active infection in the context of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 5:100154. [PMID: 35434592 PMCID: PMC9005220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and immunological spectrum of acute and post-active COVID-19 syndrome overlaps with criteria used to characterize autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Indeed, following SARS-Cov2 infection, the innate immune response is altered with an initial delayed production of interferon type I (IFN-I), while the NF-kappa B and inflammasome pathways are activated. In lung and digestive tissues, an alternative and extrafollicular immune response against SARS-Cov2 takes place with, consequently, an altered humoral and memory T cell response leading to breakdown of tolerance with the emergence of autoantibodies. However, the risk of developing severe COVID-19 among SLE and RA patients did not exceed the general population except in those having pre-existing neutralizing autoantibodies against IFN-I. Treatment discontinuation rather than COVID-19 infection or vaccination increases the risk of developing flares. Last but not least, a limited number of case reports of individuals having developed SLE or RA following COVID-19 infection/vaccination have been reported. Altogether, the SARS-Cov2 pandemic represents an unique opportunity to investigate the dangerous interplay between the immune response against infectious agents and autoimmunity, and to better understand the triggering role of infection as a risk factor in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disease development.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2
- ACPA, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide autoAb
- ANA, antinuclear autoAb
- AutoAb, autoantibodies
- BAFF/BlySS, B-cell-activating factor/B lymphocyte stimulator
- CCL, chemokine ligand
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- DMARDs, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
- E, envelope
- HEp-2, human epithelioma cell line 2
- IFN-I, interferon type I
- IFNAR, IFN-alpha receptors
- IL, interleukin
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- ISGs, IFN-stimulated genes
- ITP, immune-thrombocytopenic purpura
- Ig, immunoglobulin
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Jak, Janus kinase
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- M, membrane
- MDA-5, melanoma differentiation-associated protein
- MERS-Cov, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- MIS-C, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children
- N, nucleocapsid
- NET, nuclear extracellular traps
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- NK, natural killer
- NLRP3, NOD-like receptor family
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Risk factors
- SARS-Cov2
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- T cell receptor, TLR
- Toll-like receptor, TMPRSS2
- aPL, antiphospholipid
- mAb, monoclonal Ab
- open reading frame, PACS
- pathogen-associated molecular patterns, pDC
- pattern recognition receptors, RA
- peptidylarginine deiminase 4, PAMPs
- plasmacytoid dendritic cells, PMN
- polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PRRs
- post-active COVID-19 syndrome, PAD-4
- primary Sjögren's syndrome, SLE
- pyrin domain containing 3, ORF
- reactive oxygen species, rt-PCR
- receptor binding domain, RF
- regulatory T cells, VDJ
- retinoic acid-inducible gene I, ROS
- reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, S
- rheumatoid arthritis, RBD
- rheumatoid factor, RIG-I
- severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2, SjS
- signal transducer and activator of transcription, TCR
- single-stranded ribonucleic acid, STAT
- spike, SAD
- systemic autoimmune disease, SARS-Cov2
- systemic lupus erythematosus, SSc
- systemic sclerosis, ssRNA
- transmembrane serine protease 2, TNF
- tumor necrosis factor, Treg
- variable, diversity and joining Ig genes
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Larionova
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - K Byvaltsev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Оlga Kravtsova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Elena Takha
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
| | - Sergei Petrov
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Gevorg Kazarian
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
| | - Anna Valeeva
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
| | - Eduard Shuralev
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine Named After N.E. Bauman, Kazan, Russia
| | - Malik Mukminov
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunology, CHU Purpan Toulouse, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Marina Arleevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Bruland T, Østvik AE, Sandvik AK, Hansen MD. Host-Viral Interactions in the Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910851. [PMID: 34639191 PMCID: PMC8509287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is characterized by relapsing and remitting colonic mucosal inflammation. During the early stages of viral infection, innate immune defenses are activated, leading to the rapid release of cytokines and the subsequent initiation of downstream responses including inflammation. Previously, intestinal viruses were thought to be either detrimental or neutral to the host. However, persisting viruses may have a role as resident commensals and confer protective immunity during inflammation. On the other hand, the dysregulation of gut mucosal immune responses to viruses can trigger excessive, pathogenic inflammation. The purpose of this review is to discuss virus-induced innate immune responses that are at play in ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torunn Bruland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.B.); (A.E.Ø.); (A.K.S.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ann Elisabet Østvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.B.); (A.E.Ø.); (A.K.S.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arne Kristian Sandvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.B.); (A.E.Ø.); (A.K.S.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marianne Doré Hansen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (T.B.); (A.E.Ø.); (A.K.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav’s University Hospital, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Waldum H, Martinsen TC. Chronic diseases: what about infections of virus and prions via the gut? Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211028805. [PMID: 34603505 PMCID: PMC8481751 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211028805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Christian Martinsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Royston L, Isnard S, Lin J, Routy JP. Cytomegalovirus as an Uninvited Guest in the Response to Vaccines in People Living with HIV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071266. [PMID: 34209711 PMCID: PMC8309982 DOI: 10.3390/v13071266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In stark contrast to the rapid development of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is still lacking. Furthermore, despite virologic suppression and CD4 T-cell count normalization with antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still exhibit increased morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Such differences in health outcomes are related to higher risk behaviors, but also to HIV-related immune activation and viral coinfections. Among these coinfections, cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection is a well-known inducer of long-term immune dysregulation. Cytomegalovirus contributes to the persistent immune activation in PLWH receiving ART by directly skewing immune response toward itself, and by increasing immune activation through modification of the gut microbiota and microbial translocation. In addition, through induction of immunosenescence, CMV has been associated with a decreased response to infections and vaccines. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the influence of CMV on the immune system, the mechanisms underlying a reduced response to vaccines, and discuss new therapeutic advances targeting CMV that could be used to improve vaccine response in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Royston
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (L.R.); (S.I.); (J.L.)
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (L.R.); (S.I.); (J.L.)
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (L.R.); (S.I.); (J.L.)
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada; (L.R.); (S.I.); (J.L.)
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Shaoul R, Day AS. Pediatric Endoscopy During COVID-19 Times. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:750717. [PMID: 34976888 PMCID: PMC8716625 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.750717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has led to healthcare resources being diverted or stretched, especially during periods of lock-down in affected countries. Disruptions to normal services have resulted in reduced or delayed provision of endoscopy in many countries, with consequent impacts on diagnosis or management of digestive diseases and upon endoscopy training. This review article aims to highlight key aspects of the impact of the pandemic upon endoscopy services, with a focus upon endoscopy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Shaoul
- Rambam Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition Institute, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrew S Day
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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