Epidemiology of pericardial diseases in Africa: a systematic scoping review

The Important Role of Preoperative D-Dimer in Constrictive Pericarditis

Background

The impact of coagulation indicators on postoperative outcomes of patients with constrictive pericarditis undergoing pericardiectomy has been poorly investigated. This study aimed to assess the prognostic role of preoperative coagulation indicators in these patients.

Methods

We retrospectively included 158 patients with constrictive pericarditis undergoing pericardiectomy. The diagnostic values of coagulation indicators for postoperative complications were evaluated by ROC curves. Patients were divided into two groups according to the cutoff value calculated by ROC curve. Postoperative outcomes were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors of postoperative complications.

Results

ROC curve showed that among different coagulation indicators, preoperative D-dimer (DD) level could effectively identify patients with postoperative complications (AUC 0.771, 95% CI 0.696-0.847, P < 0.001). Patients were divided into the low DD group and the high DD group. The comparison of postoperative outcomes suggested that high preoperative DD level was significantly associated with longer durations of vasoactive agents using (P = 0.018), intubation (P = 0.020), ICU stay (P = 0.008), chest drainage (P=0.004) and hospital stay (P = 0.002). Multivariable analysis showed that high preoperative DD level was the independent risk factor of postoperative complications (OR 6.892, 95% CI 2.604-18.235, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

High preoperative DD level was significantly linked to poor postoperative outcomes and could provide an effective prediction ability for postoperative complications in patients with constrictive pericarditis.

Bad company? The pericardium microbiome in people investigated for tuberculosis pericarditis in an HIV-prevalent setting

Background

The microbiome likely plays a role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. We evaluated the site-of-disease microbiome and predicted metagenome in people with presumptive tuberculous pericarditis, a major cause of mortality, and explored for the first time, the interaction between its association with C-reactive protein (CRP), a potential diagnostic biomarker and the site-of-disease microbiome in extrapulmonary TB.

Methods

People with effusions requiring diagnostic pericardiocentesis (n=139) provided background sampling controls and pericardial fluid (PF) for 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysed using QIIME2 and PICRUSt2. Blood was collected to measure CRP.

Results

PF from people with definite (dTB, n=91), probable (pTB, n=25), and non- (nTB, n=23) tuberculous pericarditis differed in β-diversity. dTBs were, vs. nTBs, Mycobacterium-, Lacticigenium-, and Kocuria- enriched. Within dTBs, HIV-positives were Mycobacterium-, Bifidobacterium- , Methylobacterium- , and Leptothrix -enriched vs. HIV-negatives and HIV-positive dTBs on ART were Mycobacterium - and Bifidobacterium -depleted vs. those not on ART. Compared to nTBs, dTBs exhibited short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and mycobacterial metabolism microbial pathway enrichment. People with additional non-pericardial involvement had differentially PF taxa (e.g., Mycobacterium -enrichment and Streptococcus -depletion associated with pulmonary infiltrates). Mycobacterium reads were in 34% (31/91), 8% (2/25) and 17% (4/23) of dTBs, pTBs, and nTBs, respectively. β-diversity differed between patients with CRP above vs. below the median value ( Pseudomonas -depleted). There was no correlation between enriched taxa in dTBs and CRP.

Conclusions

PF is compositionally distinct based on TB status, HIV (and ART) status and dTBs are enriched in SCFA-associated taxa. The clinical significance of these findings, including mycobacterial reads in nTBs and pTBs, requires evaluation.

Epidemiological characteristics, etiological spectrum, and outcomes of adult patients with pericardial effusion at a Teaching Hospital in Somalia

Background

Pericardial effusion (PE) is an abnormal fluid volume in the pericardial space and is a common clinical entity. The incidence of PE is estimated diversely and depends on risk factors, etiologies, and geographic locations.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, etiologic spectrum, echocardiographic features, and outcomes among patients with different types of PE.

Method

This retrospective observational study included 93 patients with confirmed PE. Their medical records were reviewed in the hospital information system of Mogadishu Somali Turkish Training and Research Hospital between April 2022 and September 2022. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, chest X-rays, echocardiography, laboratory findings, management approaches, and outcome reports were reviewed and recorded.

Results

Out of the 3000 participants, 3.1% (n = 93/3000) met the definition of definitive PE. In this study, we included 51 females and 42 males. Among the patients, 86% (n = 80) had at least one comorbidity, with diabetes (38.7%) and hypertension (37.6%) being the most common. The most frequently reported clinical presentation findings were shortness of breath (67.7%), chest pain (49.4%), cough (47.3%), and palpitations (47.3%). Cardiac tamponade developed in 9.7% (n = 9) of the patients. Pericardial taps were performed in 64.5% of the cases. Our analysis showed that the most common cause of PE was cardiac disease (n = 33, 35.4%), followed by tuberculosis (TB) (n = 25, 26.8%), uremic pericarditis (n = 24, 25.8%), and hypothyroidism (n = 10, 10.7%). Regarding the severity of PE based on echocardiographic findings, nearly half of the patients (n = 46, 49.4%) had mild PE, whereas 26.8% (n = 25) had moderate PE, and 23.6% (n = 22) had severe PE. Two-thirds of the cases (66.6%) were managed with furosemide, 48 (51.6%) patients were treated with an anti-inflammatory, hemodialysis was performed in 24 (25.8%) patients and antituberculous medications were administered to 7 (7.5%) patients. Out of the 93 patients, 24 (25.8%) died during the hospital stay. It was determined that the mortality risk of patients with renal failure was 7.518 times higher than those without (p = 0.004), and the risk for those with TB was 5.554 times higher than those without (p = 0.011). Other variables were not influential on mortality (p > 0.050).

Conclusion

Our study results demonstrate the epidemiological profile of PE in Somalia. The leading causes of PE were cardiac diseases, uremic pericarditis, TB, and hypothyroidism. PE is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Somalia, especially in individuals with renal failure and TB infection.

Clinical Significance of Preoperative Pyrazinamide-Containing Therapy in Tuberculous Constrictive Pericarditis

Background

Tuberculous constrictive pericarditis (TCP) is recommended to be treated with anti-tuberculosis (TB) therapy before pericardiectomy. Whether different preoperative anti-TB regimens may lead to different outcomes is unclear.

Methods

We retrospectively collected patients diagnosed as TCP and received pericardiectomy from April 2016 to June 2023. The study patients were assigned into the active TCP (A-TCP) group and the inactive TCP (IA-TCP) group according to the results of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture and MTB RNA assay. Baseline characteristics including anti-TB regimens and surgical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted to identify the protective factors of A-TCP.

Results

Of the 102 study patients, 24 was in the A-TCP group and 78 was in the IA-TCP group. The rate of preoperative anti-TB regimen containing pyrazinamide was 37.5% in the A-TCP group, as compared with 74.4% in the IA-TCP group (P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that preoperative use of pyrazinamide was the protective factor of A-TCP (OR 0.194, 95% CI 0.053-0.703, P = 0.013). Subgroup analysis based on age also showed consistent findings. In the analyses of surgical outcomes, A-TCP was the independent risk factor of postoperative cardiac complications (OR 4.231, 95% CI 1.317-13.593, P = 0.015) and associated with longer hospital stay (P = 0.004) and higher hospitalization cost (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

A strategy involving anti-TB regimen containing pyrazinamide before pericardiectomy was superior to that without pyrazinamide in the patients with TCP. The strategy was associated with lower risk of A-TCP and might lead to better postoperative recovery and cost-effectiveness.

Pattern of cardiovascular diseases at a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An echocardiographic study of 1500 patients

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a significant global health problem. They account for nearly one third of deaths worldwide. With improvements in diagnostic modalities, their prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is rising. Disease pattens vary in different regions and communities and the pattern in our setting is not known. Echocardiography is a noninvasive diagnostic tool that essential for structural and hemodynamic assessment of the heart. It stands at the far front for comprehensive evaluation of the heart because of its relative low cost and wide availability. The aim of this study was to assess pattern of CVDs among patients who had echocardiography done at a teaching Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A retrospective review of 1500 echocardiograms of patients referred to the echocardiography laboratory of St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) for cardiac evaluation from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2019 was performed. All subjects had standard transthoracic echocardiography performed by cardiologists using General Electric Vivid E9 and E95 machines. Demographic parameters and echocardiographic findings were collected using a structured checklist from the echocardiography register. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the echocardiographic findings. The mean age of subjects was 48.2 (SD of 18.2) and ranged between 14 and 100 years of age. Both males and females were nearly equally distributed with males accounting for 48.3%. Most (77.9%) of the subjects had an abnormal echocardiographic report; only 332 (22.1%) had a normal study. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) (33.4%), valvular heart disease (18.4%), and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (13.7%) were the most common findings in our hospital. Among patients with DD, Grade 1 dysfunction accounted for the majority (79.8%), of which 41% had associated LVH. Pulmonary hypertension (PH), cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease were also not uncommon. Abnormal echocardiographic findings are common in patients referred to our hospital for transthoracic echo. The commonest echocardiographic abnormalities were DD, Valvular heart disease (both rheumatic and calcific valves) and LVH.

Pericardial Disease in the Developing World

Pericardial disease in the developing world is dominated primarily by effusive and constrictive syndromes and contributes to the acute and chronic heart failure burden in many regions. The confluence of geography (location in the tropics), a significant burden of diseases of poverty and neglect, and a significant contribution of communicable diseases to the general burden of disease is reflected in the wide etiological spectrum of causes of pericardial disease. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in particular, is high throughout much of the developing world where it is the most frequent and important cause of pericarditis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Acute viral/idiopathic pericarditis, which is the primary manifestation of pericardial disease in the developed world is believed to occur significantly less frequently in the developing world. Although diagnostic approaches and criteria to establish the diagnosis of pericardial disease are similar throughout the globe, resource constraints such as access to multimodality imaging and hemodynamic assessment are a major limitation in much of the developing world. These important considerations significantly influence the diagnostic and treatment approaches, and outcomes related to pericardial disease.

Pericardial Diseases in Pregnancy

Pericardial effusion is the most common manifestation of pericardial diseases during pregnancy. This effusion is benign, mild, or moderate, well tolerated, with spontaneous resolution after delivery; no specific treatment is required. Acute pericarditis is the second most common condition, usually requiring medical therapy during pregnancy. Cardiac tamponade and constrictive pericarditis are rare in pregnancy. Pre-pregnancy counselling is essential in women of childbearing age with recurrent pericarditis to plan pregnancy in a phase of disease quiescence and to review therapy. High-dose aspirin or nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and indomethacin, can be used up to the 20th week of gestation. Low-dose prednisone (2.5-10 mg/d) can be administered throughout pregnancy. All of these medications, apart from high-dose aspirin, may be used during lactation. Colchicine is compatible with pregnancy and breastfeeding, and it can be continued throughout pregnancy to prevent recurrences. Appropriate follow-up with a multidisciplinary team with experience in the field is recommended throughout pregnancy to ensure good maternal and fetal outcomes.

Clinical Application of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-RNA Assay of Pericardial Tissue Specimens in the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Pericarditis

Purpose

To assess the accuracy of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-RNA assay using pericardial tissue specimens for tuberculous pericarditis (TBP) diagnosis.

Methods

MTB culture and MTB-RNA assay were performed for patients with suspected TBP. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the curve (AUC) of these two assays were analyzed.

Results

This study included 79 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and AUC were 28.1% (18/64), 100.0% (15/15), 100.0% (18/18), 24.6% (15/61), and 0.64 for the MTB culture and 37.5% (24/64), 100.0% (15/15), 100.0% (24/24), 27.3% (15/55), and 0.69 for the MTB-RNA assay, respectively. Patients with positive pericardial tissue culture were defined as having definite TBP; in other words, culture was the gold standard for this group of patients and had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 100% and an AUC of 1.00. However, these values were found to be 72.2% (13/18), 100.0% (15/15), 100.0% (13/13), 75.0% (15/20), and 0.86 for the MTB-RNA assay, respectively. Among patients with probable TBP (culture-negative patients), the sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and AUC of MTB culture were 0.0% (0/46), 100.0% (15/15), 24.6% (15/61), and 0.50, respectively, but the PPV could not be determined. These values were found to be 23.9% (11/46), 100.0% (15/15), 100.0% (11/11), 30.0% (15/50), and 0.62 for the MTB-RNA assay, respectively.

Conclusion

MTB-RNA assay using pericardial tissues had limited diagnostic efficacy for TBP. In culture-positive TBP, the diagnostic accuracy of MTB-RNA was good. In contrast, in culture-negative TBP, its diagnostic accuracy was unsatisfactory.

A case report of Trichinella spiralis pericarditis: an unusual cause of pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in an immunocompetent urban black African

Background

Cardiac trichinellosis is unusual and it is associated with high mortality. We report a case of Trichinella pericarditis complicated by a large pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade in a setting where the aetiologic diagnosis of pericardial disease is challenging.

Case summary

A 27-year-old immune-competent male patient from Cameroon consulted for pleuritic chest pain associated with fever, dry cough, and gradually worsening dyspnoea on exertion of 1-month duration. Upon admission, his blood pressure was 100/73 mmHg, the heart rate was 130/min. The clinical examination revealed a pericardial friction rub, jugular venous distension, and tender hepatomegaly. There was no lower extremity oedema. The diagnosis of pericarditis was made. A two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiogram performed showed a moderate fibrinous circumferential pericardial effusion with echocardiographic signs of tamponade. Pericardiocentesis was performed and analysis of the fluid revealed multiple, motile, roundworms which were identified as Trichinella spiralis, a nematode parasite. There was no eosinophilia on complete blood count. He was treated with Albendazole 800 mg daily per os. His clinical condition improved with resolution of the symptoms and a reduction in the size of the pericardial effusion.

Discussion

Trichinella spiralis is a rare cause of pericarditis which can be life-threatening. With the existing challenges in diagnosing the aetiology of pericardial disease in African resource-limited setting, the diagnosis can be missed leading to fatal outcomes.

Subacute Cardiac Tamponade Due to Tuberculous Pericarditis Diagnosed by Urine Lipoarabinomannan Assay in a Immunocompetent Patient in Oyam District, Uganda: A Case Report

BACKGROUND

Uganda ranks among the countries with the highest burden of TB the world and tuberculous pericarditis (TBP) affects up to 2% of people diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis worldwide. In Africa, it represents the most common cause of pericardial disease. Here, we present the case of a 21-year-old male patient who was diagnosed of cardiac tamponade due to tuberculous pericarditis with a positive urine LF-LAM.

CASE REPORT

We report a case of a 21-year-old male living in Oyam district, Uganda, who presented to the emergency department with difficulty in breathing, easy fatigability, general body weakness, and abdominal pain. A chest X-ray showed the presence of right pleural effusion and massive cardiomegaly. Thus, percutaneous pericardiocentesis was performed immediately and pericardial fluid resulted negative both for gram staining and real-time PCR test Xpert MTB/RIF. The following day's urine LF-LAM test resulted positive, and antitubercular therapy started with gradual improvement. During the follow-up visits, the patient remained asymptomatic, reporting good compliance to the antitubercular therapy.

CONCLUSION

Our case highlights the potential usefulness of a LF-LAM-based diagnostic approach, suggesting that, in low-resource settings, this test might be used as part of routine diagnostic workup in patients with pericardial disease or suspected extra-pulmonary tuberculosis.

Comparison of the frequency and phenotypic profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4 T cells between the site of disease and blood in pericardial tuberculosis

Studies of the immune response at the site of disease in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) disease are scarce. In this study, we compared the cellular profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific T cells in pericardial fluid and peripheral blood in patients with pericardial TB (PCTB). Whole blood and pericardial fluid (PCF) samples were collected at the time of diagnostic sampling, with repeat blood sampling after completion of anti-tubercular treatment (ATT) in 16 PCTB patients, most of them being HIV-1 infected (n=14). These samples were stimulated ex vivo and the phenotypic and functional cellular profile of PCF and blood was assessed by flow cytometry. We found that lymphocytes were the predominant cell type in PCF in PCTB, with a preferential influx of CD4 T cells. The frequencies of TNF-α producing Mtb-specific granulocytes and Mtb-specific CD4 T cells were significantly higher in PCF compared to blood. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells in PCF exhibited a distinct phenotype compared to those in blood, with greater GrB expression and lower CD27 and KLRG1 expression. We observed no difference in the production IFNγ, TNF or IL-2 by Mtb-specific CD4 T cells between the two compartments, but MIP-1β production was lower in the PCF T cells. Bacterial loads were not associated with alterations in the phenotype or function of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells. Upon ATT completion, HLA-DR, Ki-67 and GrB expression was significantly decreased, and relative IL-2 production was increased in peripheral Mtb-specific CD4 T cells. Overall, using an ex vivo assay to compare the immune response towards Mtb in PCF and in blood, we identified significant difference in the phenotypic profile of Mtb-specific CD4 T response between these two compartments. Moreover, we show that the activation profile of peripheral Mtb-specific CD4 T cells could be used to monitor treatment response in PCTB.

High rate of left ventricular hypertrophy on screening echocardiography among adults living with HIV in Malawi

BACKGROUND

There are limited data on structural heart disease among people living with HIV in southern Africa, where the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically improved life expectancy and where risk factors for cardiovascular disease are prevalent.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional study of screening echocardiography among adults (≥18 years) with HIV in Malawi presenting for routine ART care. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to evaluate correlates of abnormal echocardiogram.

RESULTS

A total of 202 individuals were enrolled with a median age of 45 years (IQR 39-52); 52% were female, and 27.7% were on antihypertensive medication. The most common clinically significant abnormality was left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (12.9%, n=26), and other serious structural heart lesions were rare (<2% with ejection fraction less than 40%, moderate-severe valve lesions or moderate-severe pericardial effusion). Characteristics associated with abnormal echocardiogram included older age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08), higher body mass index (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17), higher mean systolic blood pressure (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.05) and higher mean diastolic blood pressure (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05). In a multivariable model including age, duration on ART, body mass index, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, only mean body mass index (adjusted OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.19), systolic blood pressure (aOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.08) and diastolic blood pressure (aOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.00) remained associated with abnormal echocardiogram.

CONCLUSIONS

LVH was common in this population of adults on ART presenting for routine care and was associated with elevated blood pressure. Further research is needed to characterise the relationship between chronic hypertension, LVH and downstream consequences, such as diastolic dysfunction and heart failure in people living with HIV.

The optimal duration of anti-tuberculous therapy before pericardiectomy in constrictive tuberculous pericarditis

BACKGROUND

It is unclear about the duration of anti-tuberculous therapy before pericardiectomy (DATT) in the patients with constrictive tuberculous pericarditis. This study aims to explore the optimal DATT and its impact on surgical outcomes in these patients.

METHODS

We retrospectively enrolled 93 patients with constrictive tuberculous pericarditis undergoing pericardiectomy and divided them into two groups according to the optimal cutoff value of DATT which was determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden Index. Postoperative and survival outcomes were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The optimal cutoff value of DATT was 1.05 (months). The enrolled patients were divided into the DATT ≤ 1.05 group and the DATT > 1.05 group, with 24 (25.8%) and 69 (74.2%) cases, respectively. Comparing with the DATT ≤ 1.05 group, the DATT > 1.05 group had shorter postoperative ICU stay (P = 0.023), duration of chest drainage (P = 0.002), postoperative hospital stay (P = 0.001) and lower incidence of postoperative complications (P < 0.001). There were no statistical differences between the two groups in recurrence and survival outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

It would be of potential benefit to enhance recovery after pericardiectomy if DATT lasted for at least 1 month in the patients with constrictive tuberculous pericarditis.

Advanced lung cancer presenting with malignant pericardial effusion

Irregular pericardial wall thickening, mediastinal lymph nodes, and pericardial fluid analysis are helpful to identify metastasis to the pericardium though it is a marker of advanced disease and poor prognosis.

Tuberculosis and the Heart

Acquired tuberculosis continues to be a challenge worldwide. Although tuberculosis has been considered a global public health emergency, it remains poorly controlled in many countries. Despite being primarily a pulmonary disease, tuberculosis could involve the heart. This systematic review is part of the "Neglected Tropical Diseases and Other Infectious Diseases Involving the Heart" (the NET-Heart Project) initiative from the Interamerican Society of Cardiology. This project aims to review the cardiovascular involvement of these heterogeneous diseases, advancing original algorithms to help healthcare providers diagnose and manage cardiovascular complications. In tuberculosis, pericardium involvement is relatively common, especially in AIDS, and tuberculosis is the most common cause of constrictive pericarditis in endemic countries. Myocarditis and aortitis by tuberculosis are rare. Clinical manifestations of cardiovascular involvement by tuberculosis differ from those typically found for bacteria or viruses. Prevailing systemic symptoms and the pericarditis diagnostic index should be taken into account. An echocardiogram is the first step for diagnosing cardiovascular involvement; however, several image modalities can be used, depending on the suspected site of infection. Adenosine deaminase levels, gamma interferon, or polymerase chain reaction testing could be used to confirm tuberculosis infection; each has a high diagnostic performance. Antituberculosis chemotherapy and corticosteroids are treatment mainstays that significantly reduce mortality, constriction, and hospitalizations, especially in patients with HIV. In conclusion, tuberculosis cardiac involvement is frequent and could lead to heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, or death. Early detection of complications should be a cornerstone of overall management.

Management of acute and recurrent pericarditis in pregnancy

This review summarizes the currently available evidence on the management of acute and recurrent pericarditis during pregnancy, focusing on the safety of diagnostic procedures and treatment options for the mother and foetus. Family planning should be addressed in women with recurrent pericarditis of reproductive age and adjustment of therapy should be considered before a planned pregnancy. The treatment of pericarditis in pregnancy is similar to that for non-pregnant women but considers current knowledge on drug safety during pregnancy and lactation. The largest case series on this topic described 21 pregnancies with idiopathic recurrent pericarditis. Pregnancy should be planned in a phase of disease quiescence. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be used at high dosages until the 20th week of gestation (except low-dose aspirin 100 mg/die). Colchicine is allowed until gravindex positivity; after this period, administration of this drug during pregnancy and lactation should be discussed with the mother if its use is important to control recurrent pericarditis. Prednisone is safe if used at low-medium doses (2,5 - 10 mg/die). General outcomes of pregnancy in patients with pericarditis are good when the mothers are followed by a multidisciplinary team with experience in the field.

Hypertension prevalence, associated factors, treatment and control in rural Cameroon: a cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a surge in the burden of hypertension, and rural communities are increasingly affected by the epidemic.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with hypertension in rural communities of the Baham Health District (BHD), Cameroon. In addition, we sought to assess awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension among community members.

DESIGN

A community-based cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Participants from five health areas in the BHD were recruited from August to October 2018.

PARTICIPANTS

Consenting participants aged 18 years and above were included.

RESULTS

We included 526 participants in this study. The median age of the participants was 53.0 (IQR=35-65) years and 67.1% were female. The crude prevalence of hypertension was 40.9% (95% CI=36.7-45.1) with no gender disparity. The age-standardised prevalence of hypertension was 23.9% (95% CI=20.3-27.5). Five-year increase in age (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.34; 95% CI=1.23-1.44), family history of hypertension (AOR=2.22; 95% CI=1.37-3.60) and obesity (AOR=2.57; 95% CI=1.40-4.69) were associated with higher odds of hypertension after controlling for confounding. The rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were 37.2% (95% CI=31.0-43.9), 20.9% (95% CI=16.0-26.9) and 22.2% (95% CI=12.2- 37.0), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The high prevalence of hypertension in these rural communities is associated with contrastingly low awareness, treatment and control rates. Age, family history of hypertension and obesity are the major drivers of hypertension in this community. Veracious policies are needed to improve awareness, prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control of hypertension in these rural communities.

Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Acute Pericarditis in a Large Urban Hospital in the United States of America

Background

Acute pericarditis is the most common presentation of pericardial diseases. Although generally benign, complications such as constrictive pericarditis, cardiac tamponade, and recurrence can occur.

Research Question

What are the clinical factors associated with adverse outcomes in acute pericarditis?

Study Design and Methods

We used an informatics-based search engine to search for International Classification of Diseases codes related to pericardial disease between January 1, 2009 and November 14, 2018 and then extracted clinical information, including only patients meeting the European Society of Cardiology criteria for acute pericarditis. We then evaluated the predictive value of clinical characteristics for adverse outcomes (cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, failure of therapy, recurrences, or death).

Results

We identified 240 patients with a first episode of pericarditis (51 [34-62] years, 56% males and 50% white). Pericarditis was determined to be idiopathic in 126 (53%) cases and related to cardiac injury in 79 (33%). During a median follow-up time of 179 (20-450) days, 82 (34%) patients experienced at least one adverse outcome. Subacute presentation was an independent predictor of adverse outcomes. Patients with postcardiac injury pericarditis had a lower incidence in the composite of failure of treatment and recurrence (13% vs 26%; P = .022) compared with patients with idiopathic pericarditis. Troponin I measurements were obtained in 167 patients (70%). Elevated troponin I levels were associated with lower incidence of recurrences (4% vs 17%; P = .024) and of the composite outcome (13% vs 36%; P = .004).

Interpretation

Acute pericarditis is associated with at least one adverse outcome in 34% of patients. Subacute presentation and idiopathic etiology are associated with higher incidence of adverse outcomes, whereas elevated troponin I levels identify a group with reduced risk of recurrences.

Tuberculous pericardial disease: a focused update on diagnosis, therapy and prevention of complications

Tuberculous pericarditis (TBP) is the most important manifestation of tuberculous heart disease and is still associated with a significant morbidity and mortality in TB endemic areas. The high prevalence of the disorder over the last 3 decades has been fueled by the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS (HIV/AIDS) pandemic in these areas. The objective of this review is to provide a focused update on developments in the diagnosis and therapy of this condition, prevention of its complications, as well as future novel therapies. The definitive diagnosis of a tuberculous etiology in patients with suspected TBP continues to pose a challenge for clinicians. Clinical prediction scores, although never formally validated have been used with some success. However, they may be prone to both over and underdiagnosis due to lack of pericardial fluid analysis. Recent studies evaluating Xpert MTB/RIF, suggest that this advanced polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based technology does not provide increased accuracy compared to earlier iterations. However a combined two test approach starting with Xpert MTB/RIF followed by either adenosine deaminase (ADA) or interferon gamma (IFN-γ) may provide for significantly enhanced specificity and sensitivity cost permitting. Pericardiocentesis remains the gold standard for managing the compressive pericardial fluid and its adverse hemodynamic sequelae. A four drug anti-TB drug regimen at standard doses and duration is recommended. However recent evidence suggests that these drugs penetrate the pericardium very poorly potentially explaining the high mortality observed particularly in those who are culture positive with a high bacillary load. Constrictive pericarditis is the main long-term complication of TBP and is still a significant cause of heart failure in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is important because access to definitive surgical therapy where TBP is prevalent continues to be low, highlighting the need to develop strategies or interventions to prevent fibrosis and constriction. Recent detailed advanced studies of pericardial fluid in TBP have revealed a strong profibrotic transcriptomic profile, with high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low levels of the anti-fibrotic tetrapeptide N-Acetyl-Seryl-Aspartyl-Lysyl-Proline (Ac-SDKP). These new insights may explain in part the high propensity to fibrosis associated with the condition and offer hope for the future use of targeted therapy to interrupt pathways and mediators of tissue damage and subsequent maladaptive healing and fibrosis. The value of effective pericardiocentesis in reducing these pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines and peptides in an attempt to prevent pericardial constriction has yet to be established but has generated hypotheses for ongoing and future research.

An overview of heart failure in low- and middle-income countries

Heart failure (HF) is a global public health concern with disproportionate socioeconomic, morbidity and mortality burden on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This review summarises contemporary data on the demographic and clinical characteristics, aetiologies, treatment, economic burden and outcomes of HF in LMICs. Patients with HF in LMICs are younger than those from high-income countries (HICs) and present at advanced stages of the disease. Hypertension, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), cardiomyopathy (CMO), and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are the leading causes of HF in LMICs. The contribution of infectious diseases to HF remains prominent in many LMICs. Most health facilities in LMICs lack adequate diagnostic tools for HF, and the use of evidence-based medical and device therapies is suboptimal. Further, HF in LMICs is associated with prolonged hospital stay and high in-hospital and one-year mortality. Finally, HF has profound economic impact on individual patients who, mostly, have no health insurance, and on societies where patients are young, comprising those who have the greatest potential to contribute to economic productivity.

The immunopathogenesis of tuberculous pericarditis

Tuberculous pericarditis is a severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and is the commonest cause of pericardial effusion in high incidence settings. Mortality ranges between 8 and 34%, and it is the leading cause of pericardial constriction in Africa and Asia. Current understanding of the disease is based on models derived from studies performed in the 1940-50s. This review summarises recent advances in the histology, microbiology and immunology of tuberculous pericarditis, with special focus on the effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the determinants of constriction.

Cardiovascular Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa Compared to High-Income Countries: An Epidemiological Perspective

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the second common cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) accounting for about 35% of all deaths, after a composite of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases. Despite prior perception of low NCDs mortality rates, current evidence suggests that SSA is now at the dawn of the epidemiological transition with contemporary double burden of disease from NCDs and communicable diseases. In SSA, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most frequent causes of NCDs deaths, responsible for approximately 13% of all deaths and 37% of all NCDs deaths. Although ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been identified as the leading cause of CVDs mortality in SSA followed by stroke and hypertensive heart disease from statistical models, real field data suggest IHD rates are still relatively low. The neglected endemic CVDs of SSA such as endomyocardial fibrosis and rheumatic heart disease as well as congenital heart diseases remain unconquered. While the underlying aetiology of heart failure among adults in high-income countries (HIC) is IHD, in SSA the leading causes are hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, and congenital heart diseases. Of concern is the tendency of CVDs to occur at younger ages in SSA populations, approximately two decades earlier compared to HIC. Obstacles hampering primary and secondary prevention of CVDs in SSA include insufficient health care systems and infrastructure, scarcity of cardiac professionals, skewed budget allocation and disproportionate prioritization away from NCDs, high cost of cardiac treatments and interventions coupled with rarity of health insurance systems. This review gives an overview of the descriptive epidemiology of CVDs in SSA, while contrasting with the HIC and highlighting impediments to their management and making recommendations.

Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculous Pericarditis: What Is New?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review provides an update on the immunopathogenesis of tuberculous pericarditis (TBP), investigations to confirm tuberculous etiology, the limitations of anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT), and recent efficacy trials.

RECENT FINDINGS

A profibrotic immune response characterizes TBP, with low levels of AcSDKP, high levels of γ-interferon and IL-10 in the pericardium, and high levels of TGF-β and IL-10 in the blood. These findings may have implications for future therapeutic targets. Despite advances in nucleic acid amplification approaches, these tests remain disappointing for TBP. Trials of corticosteroids and colchicine have had mixed results, with no impact on mortality, evidence of a reduction in rates of constrictive pericarditis and potential harm in those with advanced HIV. Small studies suggest that ATT penetrates the pericardium poorly. Given that there is a close association between high bacillary burden and mortality, a rethink about the optimal drug doses and duration may be required. The high mortality and morbidity from TBP despite use of anti-tuberculous drugs call for researches targeting host-directed immunological determinants of treatment outcome. There is also a need for the identification of steps in clinical management where interventions are needed to improve outcomes.

[Heart Failure in Africa]

Heart Failure in Africa Abstract. In Africa, mortality due to heart failure is twice as high as in other low- to middle-income countries and five times as high as in high-income countries. Arterial hypertension is by far the most common cause of heart failure, followed by cardiomyopathies and rheumatic heart diseases. At diagnosis, most patients suffer already from an advanced disease stage. Only a few patients are aware of arterial hypertension, and few are treated and have their hypertension well controlled. Only a minority of patients have a well-controlled hypertension. The neglect of chronic non-communicable diseases on the health agenda leads to poor awareness, poor diagnostic resources, preventions strategies and treatment options. International guidelines cannot be properly followed in these circumstances. Information at community level and in healthcare facilities is urgently needed as well as training of healthcare staff, implementation of improved diagnostics and treatment of arterial hypertension and heart failure.

Diagnosis and Management of Acute Heart Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a common emergency presentation in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In the current review, we present the most recent data on the epidemiology of AHF in SSA and discuss recommended approaches to management in resource-limited settings, with a particular focus on primary and secondary facilities (e.g., health centers and district hospitals), where these patients often present.

RECENT FINDINGS

AHF in SSA is most often due to hypertension, cardiomyopathies, and rheumatic heart disease. The etiology of AHF may be different in rural as compared with urban settings. Diagnostic tools for AHF are often lacking in SSA, especially at the first-level facilities. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) and biomarker tests, such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), offer promise in helping to mitigate diagnostic challenges. POCUS can also help distinguish among types of heart failure and prompt the correct treatment strategy. Many of the drugs and equipment commonly used to treat AHF in resource-rich settings are lacking in SSA. However, some adaptations of commonly available materials may provide temporary alternatives. The epidemiology of AHF in SSA differs from that of high-income settings. Management of AHF at the first-level facility in SSA is an important and understudied problem. Simplified diagnostic and treatment algorithms rooted in knowledge of the local epidemiology should be developed and tested as part of broader efforts to combat cardiovascular disease in SSA.