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Radoi CL, Cristea OM, Vulcanescu DD, Voinescu A, Dragomir TL, Sima LV, Tanasescu S, Harich OO, Balasoiu AT, Iliescu DG, Zlatian O. Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 among Pregnant Women in South-Western Romania. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:596. [PMID: 38792617 PMCID: PMC11122006 DOI: 10.3390/life14050596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy-related infections with the human herpes simplex virus (HSV) strains HSV-1 and HSV-2 are particularly noteworthy. There are numerous reported examples of intrapartum transmission of herpes infection, notwithstanding the extreme rarity of intrauterine transfer from mother to fetus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies in pregnant women in the western region of Romania. METHODS Pregnant women who presented for routine pregnancy monitoring at Romania's County Clinical Emergency Hospital in Craiova between 2013 and 2016 and 2019 and 2022 were included in the study. In order to find anti-HSV-1/2 IgG antibodies, we conducted serological testing on the patients and gathered demographic information from them. RESULTS HSV-1 seroprevalence was shown to have declined in rural areas and increased in urban areas, with values between 2013 and 2016 being 89.30% and those between 2019 and 2022 being 84.96%, respectively. Women over 35 who were pregnant had the highest seroprevalence. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 decreased from 16.16% in 2013-2016 to 12.43% in 2019-2022, and both rural and urban areas continued to experience this declining trend. Similarly, pregnant women over 35 years old had the highest frequency of HSV-1 infections. CONCLUSIONS Establishing educational programs and other actions to reduce the transmission rate and ultimately the prevalence of the disease can be made easier with knowledge about the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Luiza Radoi
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Oana Mariana Cristea
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (O.M.C.); (O.Z.)
| | - Dan Dumitru Vulcanescu
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.D.V.); (A.V.)
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adela Voinescu
- Department of Microbiology, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (D.D.V.); (A.V.)
- Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance (MULTI-REZ), Microbiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Liviu Dragomir
- Medical Semiology II Discipline, Internal Medicine Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Laurentiu Vasile Sima
- Surgical Semiology Department, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Sonia Tanasescu
- Department of Pediatrics, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Octavia Oana Harich
- Department of Functional Sciences, Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, No. 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Andrei Theodor Balasoiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Dominic Gabriel Iliescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Ovidiu Zlatian
- Microbiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (O.M.C.); (O.Z.)
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Bonfim FFDO, Villar LM, Croda J, Silva SRD, Gonçalves CCM, de Castro VDOL, de Rezende Romeira GR, Cesar GA, Dos Santos Weis-Torres SM, Horta MA, Simionatto S, Motta-Castro ARC, de Paula VS. Epidemiological Survey of Human Alphaherpesvirus 2 (HSV-2) Infection in Indigenous People of Dourados Municipality, Central Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8040197. [PMID: 37104324 PMCID: PMC10143357 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (HSV-2) causes genital ulcers, especially among sexually active adolescents and adults. We estimated the exact prevalence of anti-HSV-2 antibodies and correlated it with the demographic and behavioral aspects of the Indigenous population of the Jaguapirú and Bororó villages (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil). In total, 1360 individuals (>18 years old) were administered serologic tests. The prevalence of anti-HSV-2 IgM was 12.9%, that of anti-HSV-2 IgG was 57.2%, and 8.5% cases tested positive for both HSV-2 IgM and IgG. The prevalence of anti-HSV-2 antibodies was higher in females (59.5%) compared to males (49%), with an OR of 0.64 (0.49-0.83). Anti-HSV-2 antibodies were found in 14.2%, 12.3%, 15.4%, and 14.5% of participants with urinary problems, genital wounds, genital warts, and urethral discharge, respectively. In summary, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in the Indigenous population was five times higher than that reported in the general adult Brazilian population. Educational level, income level, smoking, condom use, incarceration, illicit drug abuse, the sharing of used needles and syringes without adequate disinfection, homosexual relationships, prostitution, the sexual practices among drug users, and avoidance of contraceptive methods could contribute to the facilitation of HSV-2 transmission in the Indigenous population. Our results may help develop culturally appropriate intervention programs that eliminate health-access barriers and improve the implementation of public health policies aimed at promoting information regarding and preventing, treating, and controlling HSV-2 infection in Brazilian Indigenous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil
| | - Julio Croda
- Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil
| | | | - Crhistinne Cavalheiro Maymone Gonçalves
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Blood Center Sector, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil
- State Department of Health of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79031350, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Alves Cesar
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Blood Center Sector, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Horta
- Biosafety Level 3 Platform (NB3), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040360, Brazil
| | - Simone Simionatto
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79070900, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Coimbra Motta-Castro
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Blood Center Sector, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil
- Center for Health and Biological Sciences, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 79070900, Brazil
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Hakim DDL, Gurnida DA, Nuraeny N, Susilaningsih FS, Herawati DMD. Serological Evidence of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) Infection among Humans from Bandung, West Java Province, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus (TORCH) infection is still a significant burden in developing countries since they potentially increase perinatal death and decrease life quality by causing congenital disorders. As part of TORCH and as one of the most common infections in humans, HSV Type 1 infection also should receive attention. HSV-1 infection induces an immediate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, indicate that ROS plays beneficial effects in several biological functions, including innate immunity and antiviral responses. HSV-1 preferentially replicate and establish latency in different subtypes of sensory neurons and in neurons of the autonomic nervous system that are highly responsive to stress hormones, including cortisol.
AIM: The objective of the study was to detect the latent HSV-1 infection in adults population and its effect on ROS and cortisol levels.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Subjects were enrolled with consecutive-sampling methods among the adults population age 18–40 years old, with no health complaints. We collected their blood to examined IgG HSV-1, ROS, and cortisol levels.
RESULTS: A total of 57 subjects with 27 subjects were reactive IgG HSV-1 (herpes group) and 30 subjects were non-reactive IgG HSV-1 (non herpes groups). Mean of cortisol and ROS was 223.2904 nmol/L and 2.23337 IU/mL, respectively. There was a very weak correlation between HSV-1 infection with ROS and cortisol.
CONCLUSION: There is a positive effect of latent HSV-1 infection in the adult population on cortisol ROS levels.
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Zhang D, Bultitude J, Kariappa S. Herpes simplex virus vasculitis, colitis and enteritis. ANZ J Surg 2021; 92:1261-1262. [PMID: 34719847 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Sutherland Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Bultitude
- Department of Surgery, The Sutherland Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sanjay Kariappa
- Department of Surgery, The Sutherland Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Burkhardt E, Berger M, Yolken RH, Lin A, Yuen HP, Wood SJ, Francey SM, Thompson A, McGorry PD, Nelson B, Yung AR, Amminger GP. Toxoplasma gondii, Herpesviridae and long-term risk of transition to first-episode psychosis in an ultra high-risk sample. Schizophr Res 2021; 233:24-30. [PMID: 34225023 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra high-risk (UHR) criteria were introduced to identify people at imminent risk of developing psychosis. To improve prognostic accuracy, additional clinical and biological risk factors have been researched. Associations between psychotic disorders and infections with Toxoplasma gondii and Herpesviridae have been found. It is unknown if exposure to those pathogens increases the risk of transition to psychosis in UHR cohorts. METHODS We conducted a long-term follow-up of 96 people meeting UHR criteria, previously seen at the Personal Assessment and Crisis Evaluation (PACE) clinic, a specialized service in Melbourne, Australia. Transition to psychosis was assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of the At-Risk Mental State (CAARMS) and state public mental health records. The relationship between IgG antibodies to Herpesviridae (HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, EBV, VZV) and Toxoplasma gondii and risk for transition was examined with Cox regression models. RESULTS Mean follow-up duration was 6.46 (±3.65) years. Participants who transitioned to psychosis (n = 14) had significantly higher antibody titers for Toxoplasma gondii compared to those who did not develop psychosis (p = 0.03). After adjusting for age, gender and year of baseline assessment, seropositivity for Toxoplasma gondii was associated with a 3.6-fold increase in transition hazard in multivariate Cox regression models (HR = 3.6; p = 0.036). No significant association was found between serostatus for Herpesviridae and risk of transition. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii may contribute to the manifestation of positive psychotic symptoms and increase the risk of transitioning to psychosis in UHR individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Burkhardt
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - M Berger
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R H Yolken
- John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Baltimore, USA
| | - A Lin
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - H P Yuen
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S J Wood
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S M Francey
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Thompson
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK
| | - P D McGorry
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B Nelson
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A R Yung
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - G P Amminger
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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6
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Dorney K, Murphy M. Recommendations for the medical work-up of first episode psychosis, including specific relevance to Indigenous Australians: A narrative review. Early Interv Psychiatry 2021; 15:423-438. [PMID: 32543124 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To collate existing literature for busy practicing psychiatrists about the medical work-up for first-episode psychosis (FEP). Therefore, (a) to review current guidelines for the medical work-up of first episode psychosis. (b) To examine whether any specific recommendations for Indigenous Australians exist. (c) To produce an easy reference table of evidence based investigations. METHOD A multi-part narrative review process was undertaken. Step 1 "Source identification and summary": identified key existing national and international guidelines and expert opinions related to the medical work-up of FEP and summarised these suggestions. Step 2 "Exploration of each investigation": examined each of the identified investigations for its importance. Step 3 "Relevance to Indigenous Australians": reviewed any particular relevance to the Indigenous Australian population. Step 4 "Clinician guide": involved presenting recommended investigations in a simple table. RESULTS Multiple guidelines were identified. There was clear consensus for many aspects. However, there were also differences in the approach for some investigations. Clinical reasoning for the proposed investigations was commonly absent. There were limited specific recommendations for Indigenous Australians. Evidence and importance was explored for each investigation and auseful table for the practicing psychiatrist was constructed. Investigations were stratified into those considered to be "universal," "low yield," or "unecessary." CONCLUSION A narrative review of multiple guidelines relating to the medical work-up of FEP identified many similarities and some differences to their approach. Little additional information exists for the Indigenous Australian context. A clinician friendly worksheet for everyday use may be helpful to busy clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiernan Dorney
- Department of Psychiatry, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Shohael AM, Moin AT, Chowdhury MAB, Riana SH, Ullah MA, Araf Y, Sarkar B. An Updated Overview of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection: Insights from Origin to Mitigation Measures. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/10869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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8
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Huang CW, Hsieh CH, Lin MR, Huang YC. Clinical features of gingivostomatitis due to primary infection of herpes simplex virus in children. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:782. [PMID: 33081701 PMCID: PMC7573873 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis (PHGS) in children, though usually self-limited, might mimic bacterial and enteroviral pharyngitis clinically. We conducted a study to define the clinical features of PHGS in children. Methods Between January 2012 and December 2016, 282 inpatients aged less than 19 years with cell culture-confirmed herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in a medical center were identified from the virologic laboratory logbook. Clinical data were retrospectively collected. Results Among the 282 inpatients, 185 cases were considered as PHGS and were included for analysis. Fever was present in 99.5%. The mean duration of fever was 5.11 days (±2.24) with the longest being 17 days. Common oral manifestations included oral ulcers (84.3%), which equally resided in the anterior and posterior part of the oral cavity (65.4% vs. 63.2%), gum swelling and/or bleeding (67.6%), and exudate coated tonsils (16.8%). Leukocytosis (WBC count > 15,000/uL3) was noted in 52 patients (28.1%) and a serum C-reactive protein level > 40 mg/L in 55 patients (29.7%). Fixty-five patients (35%) were diagnosed with PHGS on admission and were significantly more likely to have ulcers over the anterior oral cavity (76.1% vs. 26.7%) and gum swelling/bleeding (76.2% vs. 7.5%, p-value all < 0.001) on admission and were significantly less likely to receive antibiotic treatment (16.9 vs. 36.7%, p-value < 0.01) than others. Forty-six patients (25%) undiagnosed as PHGS on discharge were significantly more likely to have exudate coated on the tonsils, to receive antibiotic treatment and significantly less likely to have gum swelling/bleeding and oral ulcers (all p-values < 0.01). Conclusions Meticulously identifying specific oral manifestations of gum swelling/bleeding and ulcers over the anterior oral cavity in children can help making the diagnosis of PHGS earlier and subsequently reduce unnecessary prescription of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Huang
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ru Lin
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fu-Hsin Street, Kweishan, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No.5, Fu-Hsin Street, Kweishan, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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9
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Issakwisa HM, Mbwile GR, Mbwanji GF, Nassoro DD, Ntinginya NE, Nsojo AA. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 among people living with HIV in Mbeya, Tanzania. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:577. [PMID: 32758172 PMCID: PMC7405458 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the significant decline in the prevalence of HIV in Tanzania, the prevalence rates in Mbeya, Iringa, and Njombe regions are higher than the national average and have remained stable for years. The current stable HIV prevalence may be driven by factors such as a high incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and high-risk behaviours. In sub-Saharan Africa, it has previously been observed that up to 50% of HIV cases were attributed to herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) among low-risk populations. Because the proportion of sexually transmitted HSV-1 is rising, it is essential to study the interaction between HSV-1 and HIV infections. Methods We conducted a study in Mbeya region using the archived blood sera of participants from the recently completed EU-funded EMINI project. A specially designed questionnaire was used to obtain the social and demographic characteristics of the study participants in the database. We tested archived participants’ sera for herpes simplex virus type 1 using Virotech HSV-1 (gG1) IgG ELISA (Enzygnost, Behring, Germany). Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with HSV-1. Results A total of 640 adults were randomly recruited after stratification by HIV status (318 were HIV positive), age, and sex. The overall seroprevalence of HSV-1 in the study population was 92.1%. The extrapolated seroprevalence estimate of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the general population was 95.0% (96.0% in males versus 94.0% in females). Males and females were equally affected by HSV-1. HSV-1 was less prevalent in HIV-positive individuals than in HIV-negative individuals. Conclusion People living with HIV were less likely to be HSV-1 seropositive. Further prospective studies are necessary to conclude a causal association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habakkuk Mwakyula Issakwisa
- Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania. .,University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania.
| | - Gloria Reginald Mbwile
- University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania.,Mbeya Regional Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Godlove Fred Mbwanji
- Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania.,University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - David Daniel Nassoro
- Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania.,University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | | | - Anthony Ambikile Nsojo
- Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania.,University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
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Iqbal A, Suryawanshi R, Yadavalli T, Volety I, Shukla D. BX795 demonstrates potent antiviral benefits against herpes simplex Virus-1 infection of human cell lines. Antiviral Res 2020; 180:104814. [PMID: 32380150 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection is known to cause skin blisters, keratitis as well as deadly cases of encephalitis in some situations. Only a few therapeutic modalities are available for this globally prevalent infection. Very recently, a small molecule BX795 was identified as an inhibitor of HSV-1 protein synthesis in an ocular model of infection. In order to demonstrate its broader antiviral benefits, this study was aimed at evaluating the antiviral efficacy, mode-of-action, and toxicity of BX795 against HSV-1 infection of three human cell lines: HeLa, HEK, and HCE. Several different assays, including cell survival analysis, imaging, plaque analysis, Immunoblotting, and qRT-PCR, were performed. In all cases, BX795 demonstrated low toxicity at therapeutic concentration and showed strong antiviral benefits. Quite interestingly, cell line-dependent differences in the mechanism of antiviral action and cytokine response to infection were seen upon BX795 treatment. Taken together, our results suggest that BX795 may exert its antiviral benefits via cell-line specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Iqbal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Ipsita Volety
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Disturbed Yin-Yang balance: stress increases the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections of herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:383-398. [PMID: 32140387 PMCID: PMC7049575 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic herpes virus, is able to establish a lifelong latent infection in the human host. Following primary replication in mucosal epithelial cells, the virus can enter sensory neurons innervating peripheral tissues via nerve termini. The viral genome is then transported to the nucleus where it can be maintained without producing infectious progeny, and thus latency is established in the cell. Yin–Yang balance is an essential concept in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Yin represents stable and inhibitory factors, and Yang represents the active and aggressive factors. When the organism is exposed to stress, especially psychological stress caused by emotional stimulation, the Yin–Yang balance is disturbed and the virus can re-engage in productive replication, resulting in recurrent diseases. Therefore, a better understanding of the stress-induced susceptibility to HSV-1 primary infection and reactivation is needed and will provide helpful insights into the effective control and treatment of HSV-1. Here we reviewed the recent advances in the studies of HSV-1 susceptibility, latency and reactivation. We included mechanisms involved in primary infection and the regulation of latency and described how stress-induced changes increase the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections.
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Key Words
- 4E-BP, eIF4E-binding protein
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK, AMP-dependent kinase
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CNS, central nervous system
- CORT, corticosterone
- CPE, cytopathic effect
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CoREST, REST corepressor 1
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DEX, dexamethasone
- GREs, GR response elements
- GRs, glucocorticoid receptors
- H3K9, histone H3 on lysines 9
- HCF-1, host cell factor 1
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- HPA axis, hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis
- HPK, herpetic simplex keratitis
- HPT axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis
- HSV-1
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1
- Herpes simplex virus type 1
- ICP, infected cell polypeptide
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- KLF15, Krüppel-like transcription factor 15
- LAT, latency-associated transcripts
- LRF, Luman/CREB3 recruitment factor
- LSD1, lysine-specific demethylase 1
- Latency
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- ND10, nuclear domains 10
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- OCT-1, octamer binding protein 1
- ORFs, open reading frames
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases
- PML, promyelocytic leukemia protein
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PRC1, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1
- PRRs, pattern-recognition receptors
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligands
- REST, RE1-silencing transcription factor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactivation
- SGKs, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinases
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- Stress
- Susceptibility
- T3, thyroid hormone
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TG, trigeminal ganglia
- TK, thymidine kinase
- TRIM14, tripartite motif-containing 14
- TRKA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- TRM, tissue resident memory T cells
- cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- sncRNAs, small non-coding RNAs
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12
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Walker BF, Armson AJ, O'Dea MA, White JR, Lind CRP, Woodland PR. Are viruses associated with disc herniation? A clinical case series. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 31937280 PMCID: PMC6961364 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-3052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is some limited evidence for the presence of viruses in herniated disc material including a previous case series that claimed to provide “unequivocal evidence of the presence of herpes virus DNA in intervertebral disc specimens of patients with lumbar disc herniation suggesting the potential role of herpes viruses as a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of degenerative disc disease”. This study has not been replicated. The objective of our study was to determine if viruses were present in herniated disc fragments in participants with a prior history of back pain. Methods We recruited fifteen participants with a history of prior low-back pain prior to undergoing disc herniation surgery in the lumbar spine. Harvested disc samples were subject to next generation sequencing for detection of both RNA and DNA viral pathogens. Additionally, samples were analysed by a broadly reactive PCR targeting herpesviral DNA. Ethics approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committees of both Murdoch University, and St John of God Hospital, Western Australia. Results Of the fifteen research participants, 8 were female. Mean age was 49.4 years (SD 14.5 yrs) with a range of 24–70 years. All participants had prior back pain with mean time since first ever attack being 8.8 years (SD 8.8 yrs). No samples contained significant DNA sequences relating to known human viral agents. Inconsequential retroviral sequences were commonly found and were a mixture of putative animal and human retroviral protein coding segments. All samples were negative for herpesvirus DNA when analysed by pan-herpesvirus PCR. Conclusions This study found no viral pathogens in any intervertebral disc fragments of patients who had previous back pain and underwent discectomy for disc herniation and thus it is unlikely that viruses are associated with disc herniation, however given the contradiction between key studies enhanced replication of this experiment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Walker
- Discipline of Psychology, Counselling, Exercise Science and Chiropractic, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150, Australia.
| | - A J Armson
- Discipline of Psychology, Counselling, Exercise Science and Chiropractic, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western 90 South Street, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
| | - M A O'Dea
- Veterinary Virology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia
| | - J R White
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - C R P Lind
- Neurospinal Department, St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia.,Neurosurgical Service of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia.,Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | - P R Woodland
- Neurospinal Department, St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia.,Spinal Service, Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
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13
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Heterogeneity of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence From a National Probability Survey In Mexico, 2012. Sex Transm Dis 2019; 45:111-117. [PMID: 28876288 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence and associated infection risk factors show differences by regions and countries. The aims of the study were to determine the HSV-2 seroprevalence and to evaluate the risk factors for HSV-2 in a national representative survey among adolescents and adults in Mexico. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in Mexico on the basis of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012, a national representative survey. Demographic, sexual behavior, reproductive health, and lifestyles indicators were considered in the current study. Participants provided biological samples-dried blood spots-to test for HSV-2 antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify variables associated with HSV-2 infections analyzed by sex. RESULTS National HSV-2 seroprevalence was 9.9%, 2.4% among adolescents and 11.7% among adults with HSV-2 seroprevalence heterogeneous across the country. Women had 12.2% of antibodies against HSV-2 and men had 7.5%. The factors associated with HSV-2 infection among women were age (45-49 years; odds ratio [OR], 19.8), region (southwest; OR, 3.0), urbanization (urban; OR, 1.9), age at sexual debut (≤14 years; OR, 3.4), education level (any; OR, 3.0), and previous abortion (≥2 abortion; OR, 2.1). Among men, age (45-49 years; OR, 11.7), region (southwest; OR, 3.0), urbanization (urban, odds ratio [OR], 1.7), and HIV care (OR, 7.1) were associated with the infection. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 10% of Mexicans aged 15 to 49 years had HSV-2 antibodies, with differences by sex, region, education level, urbanization, HIV care, and childbirth, highlighting the relevance of health inequalities in the country: social inequalities seem to matter in terms of the probability of HSV-2 infections.
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14
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Ptaszyńska-Sarosiek I, Dunaj J, Zajkowska A, Niemcunowicz-Janica A, Król M, Pancewicz S, Zajkowska J. Post-mortem detection of six human herpesviruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6) in trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia by PCR. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6095. [PMID: 30643675 PMCID: PMC6330031 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among over 100 types of Herpesviridae viruses, eight can infect humans: herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8). After initial infection, the viruses remain latent for the lifetime of the host. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of six different herpesviruses: HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, and HHV-6 in trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia among a random group of Polish population. Methods The studied group consisted of 47 individuals (40 male, seven female); mean age of 47.4 ± 16.5 years) who died of independent causes (suicide, traffic accident, and poisoning, among others). Bilateral trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia of each cadaver were collected during the autopsy. Herpesviruses were detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction technique. Results Herpesviruses were found in trigeminal and/or facial ganglia in 30/47 (63.8%) of cadavers. HHV-6 was the most prevalent of the herpesviruses and was found in nearly half of cadavers (n = 22; 46.8%), followed by HSV-1 (n = 7; 14.9%), VZV (n = 4; 8.5%), EBV (n = 4; 8.5%), HSV-2 (n = 2; 4.3%), and CMV (n = 1; 2.1%). Facial nerve ganglia (n = 23; 48.9%) were more often infected than trigeminal ganglia (n = 13; 27.7%). Discussion The results of this study have revealed a common presence of the herpesviruses in trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia among a random group of Polish population. Furthermore, the data also demonstrate simultaneous infection of the ganglia with different herpesviruses. This study has contributed to the knowledge of prevalence and localization of herpesviruses in different structures of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Agata Zajkowska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Monika Król
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland
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15
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White SL, Rawlinson W, Boan P, Sheppeard V, Wong G, Waller K, Opdam H, Kaldor J, Fink M, Verran D, Webster A, Wyburn K, Grayson L, Glanville A, Cross N, Irish A, Coates T, Griffin A, Snell G, Alexander SI, Campbell S, Chadban S, Macdonald P, Manley P, Mehakovic E, Ramachandran V, Mitchell A, Ison M. Infectious Disease Transmission in Solid Organ Transplantation: Donor Evaluation, Recipient Risk, and Outcomes of Transmission. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e416. [PMID: 30656214 PMCID: PMC6324914 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand, with the support of the Australian Government Organ and Tissue authority, commissioned a literature review on the topic of infectious disease transmission from deceased donors to recipients of solid organ transplants. The purpose of this review was to synthesize evidence on transmission risks, diagnostic test characteristics, and recipient management to inform best-practice clinical guidelines. The final review, presented as a special supplement in Transplantation Direct, collates case reports of transmission events and other peer-reviewed literature, and summarizes current (as of June 2017) international guidelines on donor screening and recipient management. Of particular interest at the time of writing was how to maximize utilization of donors at increased risk for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus, given the recent developments, including the availability of direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C virus and improvements in donor screening technologies. The review also covers emerging risks associated with recent epidemics (eg, Zika virus) and the risk of transmission of nonendemic pathogens related to donor travel history or country of origin. Lastly, the implications for recipient consent of expanded utilization of donors at increased risk of blood-borne viral disease transmission are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L White
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - William Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Women's and Children's Health and Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Schools of Medicine, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Boan
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, Australia
| | - Vicky Sheppeard
- Communicable Diseases Network Australia, New South Wales Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Germaine Wong
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen Waller
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Opdam
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- The Organ and Tissue Authority, Australian Government, Canberra, Australia
| | - John Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Fink
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah Verran
- Transplantation Services, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angela Webster
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kate Wyburn
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lindsay Grayson
- Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allan Glanville
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Lung Transplantation, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nick Cross
- Department of Nephrology, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ashley Irish
- Department of Nephrology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, UWA Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Toby Coates
- Renal and Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony Griffin
- Renal Transplantation, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Greg Snell
- Lung Transplant, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Scott Campbell
- Department of Renal Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven Chadban
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Macdonald
- Department of Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Hospital Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Manley
- Kidney Disorders, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eva Mehakovic
- The Organ and Tissue Authority, Australian Government, Canberra, Australia
| | - Vidya Ramachandran
- Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alicia Mitchell
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Lung Transplantation, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Ison
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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16
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Durukan D, Fairley CK, Bradshaw CS, Read TRH, Druce J, Catton M, Caly L, Chow EPF. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 among women and men diagnosed with first-episode anogenital herpes: a retrospective observational study over 14 years in Melbourne, Australia. Sex Transm Infect 2018; 95:307-313. [PMID: 30554143 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2018-053830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reports of rising herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genital infections relative to HSV-2 have been published up to 2006 in Australia. These changes have been attributed to declining childhood immunity to HSV-1. We described the temporal trends of HSV-1 and HSV-2 up to 2017 in Melbourne, Australia, to determine if the earlier trend is continuing. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of 4517 patients who were diagnosed with first episode of anogenital HSV infection at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Australia, between January 2004 and December 2017. HSV-1 and HSV-2 were calculated as a proportion of all first episode of anogenital HSV infections. The change in the proportions of HSV-1 and HSV-2 over time was assessed by a χ2 trend test. Risk factors associated with HSV-1 were examined using a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS The proportion of first episode of anogenital herpes due to HSV-1 increased significantly over time in women (from 45% to 61%; ptrend<0.001) and heterosexual men (from 38% to 41%; ptrend=0.01) but not in men who have sex with men (MSM) (ptrend=0.21). After adjusting for condom use, partner number and age, the annual increase remained significant only in women (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.13, p<0.001). In MSM, HSV-1 caused up to two-thirds of anogenital herpes in most years and HSV-1 was more likely to be diagnosed at an anal site than genital site (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.32, p<0.001). Younger age (<28 years) was an independent risk factor for HSV-1 in all groups. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of first-episode anogenital herpes due to HSV-1 has been rising in women since 2004. HSV-1 has become the leading cause of anogenital herpes in younger populations, women and MSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Durukan
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia .,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher K Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catriona S Bradshaw
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim R H Read
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Catton
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric P F Chow
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Beaman MH. Community-acquired acute meningitis and encephalitis: a narrative review. Med J Aust 2018; 209:449-454. [PMID: 30309300 DOI: 10.5694/mja17.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Meningitis and encephalitis are medical emergencies. Patients need prompt evaluation and immediate empiric therapy to reduce the likelihood of fatal outcomes and chronic neurological sequelae. Conjugate bacterial vaccines have significantly reduced the incidence of bacterial meningitis, especially in children. As the results of changes in patterns of bacterial drug sensitivity, ceftriaxone is now part of the recommended empiric treatment for bacterial meningitis and should be administered as early as possible. Neuroimaging delays the treatment of meningitis and is not needed in most cases. Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is of benefit for many patients with meningitis and should be initiated in most adults before antibiotic therapy. Molecular testing can assist the specific diagnosis of encephalitis and should be based on the exposure history and geographic risk factors relevant to the patient, but non-infectious causes of encephalitis are also common. Empiric therapy for encephalitis should be directed at the most frequently identified infectious pathogen, herpes simplex virus type 1 (ie, intravenous aciclovir). Vaccines can protect against the major pathogens of childhood infections (measles, mumps, rubella, polio, varicella viruses), influenza viruses, and exotic pathogens that cause meningitis and encephalitis (rabies, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
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18
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Wen L, Qiu Y, Cheng S, Jiang X, Ma YP, Fang W, Wang W, Cui J, Ruan Q, Zhao F, Hu F, Luo MH. Serologic and viral genome prevalence of HSV, EBV, and HCMV among healthy adults in Wuhan, China. J Med Virol 2018; 90:571-581. [PMID: 29091300 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide infection rate of herpesvirus is high, but the detailed prevalence in China, especially the central area, remains unclear. In the present study, the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) was investigated in 303 healthy adults in Wuhan, a representative city in Central China. Viral-specific IgG and IgM titers were examined in the serum by chemiluminescent immunoassay, and the existence of viral genomic DNA in blood cells was determined by nested PCR. The overall IgG seroprevalences were 81.5%, 95.4%, and 93.7% for HSV, EBV, and HCMV, while the corresponding IgM seroprevalences were only 6.3%, 2.3%, and 0. The viral genomic DNA of HSV, EBV, and HCMV was identified in the blood samples of 5.9%, 14.2%, and 22.8% of the tested donors, respectively. Significantly, less HSV IgM-positive samples were found in the population over 20 years old than below 20 group; female displayed higher chances for HSV IgG and genome positivity; and occupations such as waiters and medical staffs were shown to be with higher risk for HCMV genome positivity. This study provided useful reference data for the HSV, EBV, and HCMV prevalence in central China, and suggested the potential importance of detecting viral genome to complement serum test data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Wuhan Brain Hospital, Ministry of Transportation, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Ma
- Virus Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, South Central University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- Virus Laboratory, The Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Wuhan Brain Hospital, Ministry of Transportation, Wuhan, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Drisu UI, Oronsaye FE, Adejumo BIG, Uchuno GA, Emmanuel AM, Dimkpa U, Omosor KI, Adebowale MO, Abdulrahman ON, Ukatu EN. Seroprevalence, Type-Specific of Herpes Simplex Virus and Associated Risk Factors among Women of Child Bearing Age in Kogi State, Nigeria. Health (London) 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2018.107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Clinical Characteristics of Herpes Simplex Virus Urethritis Compared With Chlamydial Urethritis Among Men. Sex Transm Dis 2017; 44:121-125. [PMID: 28079748 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to ascertain the clinical characteristics associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) urethritis in men and to compare those with chlamydial urethritis. METHODS We compared clinical and laboratory data from men diagnosed with polymerase chain reaction confirmed HSV urethritis with those of men with chlamydial urethritis presenting to Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between 2000 and 2015. RESULTS Eighty HSV urethritis cases were identified: 55 (68%, 95% confidence interval, 58-78) were by HSV-1 and 25 (32%, 95% confidence interval, 22-42) by HSV-2. Compared with chlamydial urethritis, men with HSV urethritis were significantly more likely to report severe dysuria (20% vs 0%, P < 0.01) or constitutional symptoms (15% vs 0%, P < 0.01). Men with HSV urethritis were significantly more likely to have meatitis (62% vs 23%, P < 0.01), genital ulceration (37% vs 0%, P < 0.01), or inguinal lymphadenopathy (30% vs 0%, P < 0.01) but less likely to have urethral discharge (32% vs 69%, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the proportion of men who had raised (≥5) polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high-powered field between the two groups (P = 0.46). CONCLUSIONS The clinical presentation of HSV urethritis in men may differ from those of chlamydial urethritis and guide testing for HSV in men presenting with non-gonococcal urethritis.
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21
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Macesic N, Abbott IJ, Kaye M, Druce J, Glanville AR, Gow PJ, Hughes PD, Korman TM, Mulley WR, O'Connell PJ, Opdam H, Paraskeva M, Pitman MC, Setyapranata S, Rawlinson WD, Johnson PDR. Herpes simplex virus-2 transmission following solid organ transplantation: Donor-derived infection and transplantation from prior organ recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2017; 19. [PMID: 28618165 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to limited availability of donor organs, previous solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are increasingly considered as potential organ donors. We report donor-derived transmission of herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) to two clusters of SOT recipients with transmission from the original donor and an HSV-2-infected recipient who subsequently became a donor. METHODS We reviewed medical records of the donors and recipients in both clusters. Pre-transplant serology and virological features of HSV-2 were characterized. Genotyping of HSV-2 isolates to determine potential for donor transmission of HSV-2 through transplantation of organs from prior organ recipients was performed. RESULTS A kidney-pancreas recipient died day 9 post transplant. Following confirmation of brain death, the lungs and recently transplanted kidney were donated to two further recipients. The liver was not retrieved, but biopsy confirmed HSV-2 infection. Testing on the original donor showed negative HSV-2 polymerase chain reaction and HSV immunoglobulin (Ig)M, but positive HSV-2 IgG. The liver recipient from the original donor developed HSV-2 hepatitis and cutaneous infection that responded to treatment with intravenous acyclovir. In the second cluster, lung and kidney recipients both developed HSV-2 viremia that was successfully treated with antiviral therapy. Genotyping of all HSV-2-positive samples showed 100% sequence homology for three recipients. CONCLUSIONS Donor-derived HSV infection affected two clusters of recipients because of transplantation of organs from a prior organ recipient. HSV should be considered as a possible cause of illness in febrile SOT recipients in the immediate post-transplant period and may cause disseminated disease and re-infection in HSV-2-seropositive recipients. Testing of HSV serology and prophylaxis may be considered in SOT recipients not receiving cytomegalovirus prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Macesic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Iain J Abbott
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Kaye
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian Druce
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan R Glanville
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J Gow
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter D Hughes
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tony M Korman
- Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William R Mulley
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Phillip J O'Connell
- National Pancreas Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Miranda Paraskeva
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Pitman
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stella Setyapranata
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division (SAViD), South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul D R Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Franzen-Röhl E, Schepis D, Atterfelt F, Franck K, Wikström A, Liljeqvist JÅ, Bergström T, Aurelius E, Kärre K, Berg L, Gaines H. Herpes simplex virus specific T cell response in a cohort with primary genital infection correlates inversely with frequency of subsequent recurrences. Sex Transm Infect 2016; 93:169-174. [PMID: 27903680 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During the last decades, a changing epidemiological pattern of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection has emerged. Primary infection is now caused as often by HSV-1 as by HSV-2. Once established, HSV can be reactivated leading to recurrent mucocutaneous lesions as well as meningitis. Why some otherwise immune-competent individuals experience severe and frequent recurrences is not known, and the immunological mechanism underlying recurrent symptomatic HSV infection is not fully understood. In this study, we investigate and characterise the immune response of patients with first episode of HSV genital infection and its relation to the frequency of symptomatic recurrences. METHODS In this cohort study, clinical and immunological data were collected from 29 patients who were followed 1 year after presenting with a first episode of genital or meningeal HSV infection. They were classified by PCR and serology as those with primary HSV-1, primary HSV-2 and non-primary HSV-2 infection. RESULTS HSV-specific interleukin(Il)-4 and Il-10 responses at first visit were higher in primary infected HSV-2 infected patients experiencing lower numbers of recurrences during subsequent year. CONCLUSIONS The median number of recurrences following primary HSV-2 genital infection may partly be predicted by the strength of an early HSV-specific IL-4 and IL-10 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Franzen-Röhl
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna (MedS), Karolinska Institutet and the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danika Schepis
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Atterfelt
- Department of Preparedness, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Franck
- Department of Preparedness, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Wikström
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Unit of Dermatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Aurelius
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna (MedS), Karolinska Institutet and the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Berg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Gaines
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Solna (MedS), Karolinska Institutet and the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Preparedness, Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wurzer P, Guillory A, Parvizi D, Clayton RP, Branski LK, Kamolz LP, Finnerty CC, Herndon DN, Lee JO. Human herpes viruses in burn patients: A systematic review. Burns 2016; 43:25-33. [PMID: 27515422 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The contribution of human herpes viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) to morbidity and mortality after burns remains controversial. This systematic review was undertaken to assess evidence of herpes virus-related morbidity and mortality in burns. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies of HSV, CMV, or VZV infections in burn patients. Exclusion criteria included: A level of evidence (LoE) of IV or V; nonhuman in vivo studies; and non-English articles. There was no limitation by publication date. RESULTS Fifty articles were subjected to full-text analysis. Of these, 18 had LoE between I-III and were included in the final review (2 LoE I, 16 LoE II-III). Eight had a prospective study design, 9 had a retrospective study design, and 1 included both. CONCLUSIONS No direct evidence linked CMV and HSV infection with increased morbidity and mortality in burns. Following burn, CMV reactivation was more common than a primary CMV infection. Active HSV infection impaired wound healing but was not directly correlated to mortality. Infections with VZV are rare after burns but when they occur, VZV infections were associated with severe complications including mortality. The therapeutic effect of antiviral agents administered after burns warrants investigation via prospective randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wurzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ashley Guillory
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daryousch Parvizi
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert P Clayton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine and the Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ludwik K Branski
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lars-P Kamolz
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Celeste C Finnerty
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine and the Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David N Herndon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jong O Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
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Munawwar A, Singh S. Human Herpesviruses as Copathogens of HIV Infection, Their Role in HIV Transmission, and Disease Progression. J Lab Physicians 2016; 8:5-18. [PMID: 27013807 PMCID: PMC4785766 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2727.176228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Of eight human herpesviruses (HHVs), often, only herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) find mention in medical literature as both of these viruses are commonly associated with genital lesions and oral ulcers, commonly known as cold sores. However, role of human herpesviruses as copathogens and in aggravation and in the transmission of other human diseases, especially the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has only very recently been recognized. Therefore, screening and treating subclinical HHV infections may offer slowing of HIV infection, disease progression, and its transmission. Beside HSV-1 and HSV-2, HHV-3 a causative agent of herpes zoster remained one of the first manifestations of HIV disease before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HHV-5 also known as human Cytomegalovirus infection remains a significant risk factor for HIV-associated mortality and morbidity even in HAART era. It is proposed that Cytomegalovirus viremia could be a better predictor of HIV disease progression than CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. The role of HHV-4 or Epstein-Burr virus and HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8 is still being investigated in HIV disease progression. This review provides insight into the current understanding about these 8 HHVs, their co-pathogenesis, and role in HIV/AIDS disease progression. The review also covers recent literature in favor and against administering anti-HHV treatment along with HAART for slower AIDS progression and interrupted sexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshi Munawwar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarman Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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25
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A prospective study of the clinical characteristics of patients with herpes simplex and varicella zoster keratitis, presenting to a New Zealand emergency eye clinic. Cornea 2015; 34:279-84. [PMID: 25532996 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the demographic and clinical associations of patients presenting with herpetic keratitis in New Zealand compared with presentations of presumed microbial keratitis. METHODS A prospective, 6-month, observational case series of presumed microbial keratitis (including marginal keratitis), specifically identifying all cases of herpes simplex and varicella zoster keratitis attending an emergency eye clinic was conducted. Main outcome measures included demographics, presenting signs and symptoms, and medical, ocular, and drug history. RESULTS A total of 140 cases of herpetic keratitis were identified, which comprised 125 cases of herpes simplex virus (89%) and 15 cases of varicella zoster virus (11%). Herpes simplex keratitis was associated with a history of keratitis (n = 58, phi = 0.24, P < 0.0001), Maori ethnicity (n = 27, phi = 0.26, P < 0.0001), respiratory disease (n = 18, phi = 0.14, P = 0.009), corticosteroid use (n = 23, phi = 0.22, P < 0.0001), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (n = 10, phi = 0.11, P = 0.03). Inverse association was observed between herpes simplex keratitis and ocular surface disease (n = 8, phi = -0.16, P < 0.002) and Asian ethnicity (n = 4, phi = -0.11, P = 0.04). Varicella zoster keratitis was associated with CVD (n = 3, phi = 0.15, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Patients with asthma, CVD, on long-term corticosteroid inhalers or creams, or of Maori ethnicity need particular assessment to investigate herpes simplex as a possible cause of keratitis. Clinicians prescribing inhaled corticosteroids or topical corticosteroid creams should be aware of possible association with herpes simplex keratitis.
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26
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Shen JH, Huang KYA, Chao-Yu C, Chen CJ, Lin TY, Huang YC. Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and 2 in Taiwan and Risk Factor Analysis, 2007. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134178. [PMID: 26252011 PMCID: PMC4529201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) are common human pathogens and might cause severe illness. Following primary infection, the viruses establish lifelong latent infection and are transmitted by close contact, both sexual and nonsexual. However, the information about the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 across all age groups is limited. Methods Residual sera collected during the nationwide serosurvey in 2007 in Taiwan were selected for the study. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 type-specific glycoprotein IgG. Demographics and personal health data were used for risk analysis. Results A total of 1411 and 1072 serum samples were included for anti-HSV-1 and anti-HSV-2 seroprevalence analysis, respectively. The weighted overall seroprevalence was 63.2% for HSV-1, and 7.7% for HSV-2, respectively. The HSV-1 seropositive rate was 19.2% for those less than 5 years old, increased to 46.4% for those aged 5–13 years, 60.9% for those aged 14–29 years, and reached as much as 95.0% for those aged over 30 years. In contrast, the HSV-2 seropositve rate was 1.6% for those less than 30 years old, rose to 10.1% for those age 30–39 years, and was up to 31.2% for those aged over 60 years. A significantly higher HSV-2 seropositive rate was noted in females than males aged over 40 years (26.3% v.s. 16.8%), and the overall HSV-2 seropositive rate was almost twice higher in females than males. Smoking history, drinking habit, and educational level were associated with the HSV-1 seropositivity. Female gender and rural residence were independent factors for the HSV-2 seropositivity. Conclusions An obvious increase of primary HSV-1 infection occurred in late adolescents and young adults, joined by the rise of HSV-2 infection in middle-aged adults, especially females. The acquistion and transmission of HSV warrant further studies in the susceptible population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Hsiang Shen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Arthur Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Centre, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chen Chao-Yu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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27
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Hollier LM, Eppes C. Genital herpes: oral antiviral treatments. BMJ CLINICAL EVIDENCE 2015; 2015:1603. [PMID: 25853497 PMCID: PMC4389798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genital herpes is an infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2), and is among the most common sexually transmitted diseases. METHODS AND OUTCOMES We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of different oral antiviral treatments versus each other for a first episode of genital herpes in HIV-negative people? What are the effects of different antiviral treatments for genital herpes in HIV-positive people? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS We found eight studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: aciclovir, famciclovir, and valaciclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Hollier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, US
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28
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Vogel K, Thomann S, Vogel B, Schuster P, Schmidt B. Both plasmacytoid dendritic cells and monocytes stimulate natural killer cells early during human herpes simplex virus type 1 infections. Immunology 2015; 143:588-600. [PMID: 24943264 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a member of the herpes virus family, is characterized by a short replication cycle, high cytopathogenicity and distinct neurotropism. Primary infection and reactivation may cause severe diseases in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed individuals. This study investigated the role of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in the activation of natural killer (NK) cells for the control of herpesviral infections. Within peripheral blood mononuclear cells, UV-inactivated HSV-1 and CpG-A induced CD69 up-regulation on NK cells, whereas infectious HSV-1 was particularly active in inducing NK cell effector functions interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion and degranulation. The pDC-derived IFN-α significantly contributed to NK cell activation, as evident from neutralization and cell depletion experiments. In addition, monocyte-derived tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced after exposure to infectious HSV-1 was found to stimulate IFN-γ secretion. A minority of monocytes was shown to be non-productively infected in experiments using fluorescently labelled viruses and quantitative PCR analyses. HSV-1-exposed monocytes up-regulated classical HLA-ABC and non-classical HLA-E molecules at the cell surface in an IFN-α-dependent manner, whereas stress molecules MICA/B were not induced. Notably, depletion of monocytes reduced NK cell effector functions induced by infectious HSV-1 (P < 0.05). Altogether, our data suggest a model in which HSV-1-stimulated pDC and monocytes activate NK cells via secretion of IFN-α and TNF-α. In addition, infection of monocytes induces NK cell effector functions via TNF-α-dependent and TNF-α-independent mechanisms. Hence, pDC and monocytes, which are among the first cells infiltrating herpetic lesions, appear to have important bystander functions for NK cells to control these viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Vogel
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Russell TA, Stefanovic T, Tscharke DC. Engineering herpes simplex viruses by infection-transfection methods including recombination site targeting by CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases. J Virol Methods 2014; 213:18-25. [PMID: 25479355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are frequent human pathogens and the ability to engineer these viruses underpins much research into their biology and pathogenesis. Often the ultimate aim is to produce a virus that has the desired phenotypic change and no additional alterations in characteristics. This requires methods that minimally disrupt the genome and, for insertions of foreign DNA, sites must be found that can be engineered without disrupting HSV gene function or expression. This study advances both of these requirements. Firstly, the use of homologous recombination between the virus genome and plasmids in mammalian cells is a reliable way to engineer HSV such that minimal genome changes are made. This has most frequently been achieved by cotransfection of plasmid and isolated viral genomic DNA, but an alternative is to supply the virus genome by infection in a transfection-infection method. Such approaches can also incorporate CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering methods. Current descriptions of infection-transfection methods, either with or without the addition of CRISPR/Cas9 targeting, are limited in detail and the extent of optimization. In this study it was found that transfection efficiency and the length of homologous sequences improve the efficiency of recombination in these methods, but the targeting of the locus to be engineered by CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases has an overriding positive impact. Secondly, the intergenic space between UL26 and UL27 was reexamined as a site for the addition of foreign DNA and a position identified that allows insertions without compromising HSV growth in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany A Russell
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Bldg #134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Tijana Stefanovic
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Bldg #134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - David C Tscharke
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Bldg #134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Nakku-Joloba E, Kambugu F, Wasubire J, Kimeze J, Salata R, Albert JM, Rimm A, Whalen C. Sero-prevalence of herpes simplex type 2 virus (HSV-2) and HIV infection in Kampala, Uganda. Afr Health Sci 2014; 14:782-9. [PMID: 25834483 PMCID: PMC4370054 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v14i4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of herpes simplex type 2 virus (HSV-2) is high worldwide. Previous studies in Uganda were rural or in women. We estimated age and sex-specific sero-prevalence of HSV-2 in Kampala, Uganda. METHODS Using two-stage random sampling stratified on population density, a survey of persons 15-65 years was conducted. Type-specific serological tests for HSV-2, HSV-1(HerpeSelect2 and 1 ELISA), HIV (Rapid tests and ELISA), syphilis (RPR and TPHA) were done. Additional prevalence analysis included post-stratification weighting on the Uganda 2002 Census gender distribution. RESULTS Among 1124 persons, HSV-2 prevalence was 58% (95% CI: 55, 60), HSV-1; 98% (95% CI: 97.6, 99.1), HIV; 17.7% (95% CI: 14.8, 19.2) and syphilis; 1.7% (95% CI: 1.4, 1.9). Weighted HSV-2 prevalence was 53.8% (Women; 63.8%, men; 43.2%), similar to unweighted data. Weighted HIV prevalence was 20.7% in women, 8.6% in men. Of 165 HIV infected persons, 85.4% had HSV-2. Risk factors for HSV-2 were being a woman (OR 2.0; 95% CI: 1.42, 2.78), age (OR 3.3; 95% CI: 2.43, 4.53), education (OR 1.70; 95% CI: 1.34, 2.34) and HIV (OR 4.5; 95% CI: 2.70, 7.50). CONCLUSION Prevalence of HSV-2 and HIV was high especially in women. Syphilis was rare. Awareness of herpes was low. Interventions in young people are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred Kambugu
- STD Clinic/Ward 12, Mulago National Referral Hospital
| | - Julius Wasubire
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Computer Science
| | - Joshua Kimeze
- STD Clinic/Ward 12, Mulago National Referral Hospital
| | | | | | - Alfred Rimm
- Case Western Reserve University, Epidemiology
| | - Christopher Whalen
- University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Epidemiology and Biostatistics
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Abstract
Genital herpes is a relatively common infection caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type one or two (HSV-1, HSV-2) respectively. It is acquired most commonly via sexual activity. More recently there has been an increase in infections due to HSV-1. Most new cases of genital HSV are not diagnosed due to HSV infections having short-lived signs and symptoms, or in many instances are asymptomatic. Hence many people infected with HSV are unaware that they have it. The risk of transmission to a partner is highest during outbreak periods, when there are visible lesions, although genital HSV can also be transmitted during asymptomatic periods. Use of condoms and antiviral medications assist in preventing transmission. Antiviral agents are effective in controlling clinical episodes, but do not eradicate infection, which remains latent for the life of a patient. Despite the surge in vaccine research, there is unfortunately no readily available preventative or therapeutic vaccine for HSV to date.
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Samandary S, Kridane-Miledi H, Sandoval JS, Choudhury Z, Langa-Vives F, Spencer D, Chentoufi AA, Lemonnier FA, BenMohamed L. Associations of HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles frequency with prevalence of herpes simplex virus infections and diseases across global populations: implication for the development of an universal CD8+ T-cell epitope-based vaccine. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:715-29. [PMID: 24798939 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A significant portion of the world's population is infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 and/or type 2 (HSV-1 and/or HSV-2), that cause a wide range of diseases including genital herpes, oro-facial herpes, and the potentially blinding ocular herpes. While the global prevalence and distribution of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections cannot be exactly established, the general trends indicate that: (i) HSV-1 infections are much more prevalent globally than HSV-2; (ii) over a half billion people worldwide are infected with HSV-2; (iii) the sub-Saharan African populations account for a disproportionate burden of genital herpes infections and diseases; (iv) the dramatic differences in the prevalence of herpes infections between regions of the world appear to be associated with differences in the frequencies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. The present report: (i) analyzes the prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections across various regions of the world; (ii) analyzes potential associations of common HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles with the prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections in the Caucasoid, Oriental, Hispanic and Black major populations; and (iii) discusses how our recently developed HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C transgenic/H-2 class I null mice will help validate HLA/herpes prevalence associations. Overall, high prevalence of herpes infection and disease appears to be associated with high frequency of HLA-A(∗)24, HLA-B(∗)27, HLA-B(∗)53 and HLA-B(∗)58 alleles. In contrast, low prevalence of herpes infection and disease appears to be associated with high frequency of HLA-B(∗)44 allele. The finding will aid in developing a T-cell epitope-based universal herpes vaccine and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Samandary
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hédia Kridane-Miledi
- UNITE INSERM 1016, Institut Cochin, Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 82, Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Jacqueline S Sandoval
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Zareen Choudhury
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Francina Langa-Vives
- Plate-Forme Technologique, Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine, Département de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Doran Spencer
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Aziz A Chentoufi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - François A Lemonnier
- UNITE INSERM 1016, Institut Cochin, Hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, 82, Avenue Denfert-Rochereau, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Amirjannati N, Yaghmaei F, Akhondi MM, Nasiri M, Heidari-Vala H, Sehhat Z. Molecular and serologic diagnostic approaches; the prevalence of herpes simplex in idiopathic men infertile. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2014; 12:327-34. [PMID: 25031577 PMCID: PMC4094658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pathogens that can cause infertility may also affect sperm count and quality. Viral infections can be considered as direct and/or indirect cause of male factor infertility. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to investigate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus in the semen of infertile men attending the Avicenna Infertility Clinic, and to compare it with the herpes virus serology results. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross sectional study was conducted during 2009-2010. Infertile men participating without any clinical signs of infection with herpes simplex virus, and no obvious cause for their infertility were included. Semen and blood samples were used for Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and serologic testing for these people. Two samples were collected: one ml semen sample to verify the existence of genital herpes simplex virus in infertile men, and blood samples of 217 individuals tested for antibodies to herpes simplex virus. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16. RESULTS According to the PCR results of semen samples the prevalence of herpes simplex in semen was 12% and serologic test showed 3.2% prevalence within blood. Nine to 10% of IgM negative were PCR positive and only 2-3% of IgM positive were PCR positive. Between herpes serologic studies with positive controls and negative controls by using both tests, there was a significant positive relationship (r=0.718 and p<0.001). The relationship between semen PCR test results and serological survey of herpes patients with a negative control in both Pearson and Spearman tests was positive and significant (r=0.229 and p=0.001). Correlation between the PCR results of semen samples with two positive control subjects and a positive IgM test was statistically confirmed (r=0.235 and p<0.001). CONCLUSION We recommend that if there is suspicion to herpes simplex as a microorganism that theoretically could impact semen parameters and cause infertility it is prudent to use PCR technique on semen sample rather than ELISA on serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Amirjannati
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farhad Yaghmaei
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Akhondi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahboubeh Nasiri
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Heidari-Vala
- Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Sehhat
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Santella AJ, Pollack A, Harrison C, Sawleshwarkar SN, Britt HC, Hillman RJ. Management rates of sexually transmissible infections by Australian general practitioners, 2000-2012. Sex Health 2014; 11:52-7. [PMID: 24618039 DOI: 10.1071/sh13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background In Australia, general practitioners (GPs) manage the majority of sexually transmissible infections (STIs). Most STIs are diagnosed and treated by GPs as a result of symptom recognition or risk identification. We aimed to determine how frequently six common STIs were managed by GPs, the characteristics of the GPs and patients, and any changes over time. METHODS Data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program for April 2000-March 2012 were analysed. BEACH is a national study of GP activity. The overall management rates of genital herpes (herpes simplex virus, HSV), genital warts, HIV, chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), gonorrhoea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) and syphilis were calculated. RESULTS In total, 11784 GPs recorded details of 1178400 patient encounters. These included: 115 cases of genital HSV per 100000 encounters, 92 of genital warts, 67 of HIV, 39 of chlamydia, 6 of gonorrhoea and 7 of syphilis. Higher management rates occurred among patients who were male, 15-24 years old, more socially advantaged, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander, resident in a major city or of English-speaking background. GPs who were female and those aged under 60 years had higher STI management rates than their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS HSV and warts were the most common STIs managed. Lower management rates for the other STIs may reflect lower incidence or lower testing rates, because these other STIs are frequently asymptomatic. It is important to determine whether existing approaches effectively target the most at-risk communities and what barriers to presentation exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Santella
- Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Parramatta, Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
| | - Allan Pollack
- Family Medicine Research Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Parramatta, Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
| | - Christopher Harrison
- Family Medicine Research Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Parramatta, Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
| | - Shailendra N Sawleshwarkar
- Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Parramatta, Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
| | - Helena C Britt
- Family Medicine Research Centre, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Parramatta, Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
| | - Richard J Hillman
- Western Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Parramatta, Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
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Dickson N, Righarts A, van Roode T, Paul C, Taylor J, Cunningham AL. HSV-2 incidence by sex over four age periods to age 38 in a birth cohort: Table 1. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 90:243-5. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Shearer LS, Simmons L, Mindel A, Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Reducing the stigma of herpes simplex virus infection: lessons from an online video contest. Sex Health 2013; 9:438-44. [PMID: 23036138 DOI: 10.1071/sh11188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common sexually transmisible infections worldwide. HSV-associated stigma negatively impacts emotional and sexual health, suggesting a need for novel approaches to reducing stigma. The aims of this study were to describe the range of destigmatising strategies used by the public in brief online videos, and to describe videos that were successful or unsuccessful in creating a destigmatising message. METHODS A thematic content analysis was performed on 103 publicly produced YouTube videos designed to destigmatise HSV infection for an Australian online contest. RESULTS Five destigmatising strategies were identified: providing information, normalising through familiarity, promoting disclosure, negating a negative perception and expressing moral indignation. Most videos employed multiple strategies. Regarding the degree of destigmatisation achieved, videos were coded as unsuccessful, successful, mixed or neutral. Unsuccessful and successful videos often employed the same strategies, but differed in their ability to balance positive and negative messages about HSV and to manage affective content. Some videos were successful despite not providing information about HSV. Mixed videos were appreciated differently in different contexts, and the use of humour was especially problematic. Neutral videos tended to exclusively provide information while avoiding affective content. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to reduce HSV-associated stigma may be unsuccessful and may even perpetuate stigma. Special attention must be paid to balance and to affective content, specifically humour, when attempting to convey a destigmatising message. Doing so may help reduce the role stigma plays as a barrier to appropriate care for patients with HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Shearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of New York at New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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Adhin MR, Grunberg MG, Labadie-Bracho M, Pawiroredjo J. Incidence of Alpha-Herpes virus induced ocular disease in Suriname. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1937-42. [PMID: 23080500 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the corneal stroma is the most prominent cause of scar formation impairing visual acuity and HSV keratitis is the leading cause of corneal opacity throughout the world. Suriname lacked test systems for microbial causes of ocular disease, therefore a polymerase chain reaction-based Herpes virus assay was introduced, enabling prompt recognition, and timely treatment, preventing progressive eye damage. The incidence and epidemiology of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), type 2 (HSV-2), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) in ocular disease in Suriname was assessed. In a cross-sectional prospective study, ocular swabs were collected from 91 patients with a presumptive α-Herpes virus ocular infection attending the Academic Hospital between November 2008 and August 2010 and were tested by a PCR-based α-Herpes virus assay. Alpha-Herpes virus ophthalmic infections were caused predominantly by HSV-1 with a prevalence of 31%. The prevalences of VZV, HSV-2, and a mixed HSV-1/HSV-2 infection were 4%, 3%, and 2%, respectively. The first reported annual incidence of herpetic induced ocular disease in Suriname was estimated at 11.4 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI, 4.8-18.1). No clear age, ethnic or gender dependent difference in incidence was observed. The information obtained on α-Herpes virus positive ocular infections and the distribution of subtypes provided the first insight in the South American situation of α-Herpes virus induced ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malti R Adhin
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Anton de Kom Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname.
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Stanberry LR. Genital and Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mindel A, Dwyer D, Herring B, Cunningham AL. Global Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Karsten E, Watson SL, Foster LJR. Diversity of microbial species implicated in keratitis: a review. Open Ophthalmol J 2012; 6:110-24. [PMID: 23248737 PMCID: PMC3520035 DOI: 10.2174/1874364101206010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Microbial keratitis is an infectious disease of the cornea characterised by inflammation and is considered an ophthalmic emergency requiring immediate attention. While a variety of pathogenic microbes associated with microbial keratitis have been identified, a comprehensive review identifying the diversity of species has not been completed. Methods: A search of peer-reviewed publications including case reports and research articles reporting microorganims implicated in keratitis was conducted. Search engines including PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science with years ranging from 1950-2012 were used. Results: 232 different species from 142 genera, representing 80 families were found to be implicated in microbial keratitis. Fungi exhibited the largest diversity with 144 species from 92 genera. In comparison, 77 species of bacteria from 42 genera, 12 species of protozoa from 4 genera and 4 types of virus were identified as the infectious agents. A comparison of their aetiologies shows reports of similarities between genera. Conclusions: The diversity of microbial species implicated in keratitis has not previously been reported and is considerably greater than suggested by incidence studies. Effective treatment is heavily reliant upon correct identification of the responsible microorganisms. Species identification, the risk factors associated with, and pathogenesis of microbial keratitis will allow the development of improved therapies. This review provides a resource for clinicians and researchers to assist in identification and readily source treatment information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Karsten
- Bio/Polymer Research Group, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science
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Chung E, Sen J. The ongoing pursuit of a prophylactic HSV vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:285-300. [PMID: 22396215 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HSV is among the most common human pathogens in the world. It is known to cause painful, persistent skin lesions, while also being the most common cause of fatal non-epidemic encephalitis as well as the leading cause of corneal blindness. The development of prophylactic vaccines could substantially reduce global health problems associated with HSV. So far, HSV vaccine strategies have shown noticeable efficacy in early development during preclinical phases but remained unsuccessful or unproven in human trials. New understanding of how the immune system mounts a defence against HSV offers practical strategies for vaccine development. A number of promising vaccine candidates are currently awaiting clinical development or already undergoing clinical testing. Therefore, this is a suitable time to assess the progress of HSV vaccine development and consider existing challenges and future improvements needed to achieve an effective prophylactic HSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Chung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Structural abnormalities in the cuneus associated with Herpes Simplex Virus (type 1) infection in people at ultra high risk of developing psychosis. Schizophr Res 2012; 135:175-80. [PMID: 22244184 PMCID: PMC3405258 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that some cases of schizophrenia may be caused by an interaction between physiological risk factors and exposure to certain neurotropic infectious agents such as Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV1). This study investigated whether HSV1 exposure was associated with structural brain abnormalities in individuals who, because of genetic or other factors, were deemed at ultra high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis. Twenty-five UHR individuals with a history of HSV1 exposure (HSV1+), 33 UHR participants without a history of HSV1 exposure (HSV1-) and 19 healthy controls participated in the study. All participants underwent a T1-weighted structural MRI scan, and HSV1 exposure was determined based on the presence of IgG class antibodies in the blood serum. Voxel based morphometry revealed that the HSV1+ participants exhibited volumetric gray matter reductions in the cuneus, relative to both the HSV1--and healthy control participants (p<0.05, small volume corrected for familywise error). The results of the study suggest that a history of HSV1 infection is associated with volumetric gray matter reductions in individuals at ultra-high risk for developing psychosis, and are consistent with previous studies that have identified structural gray matter abnormalities in HSV1-infected patients with established schizophrenia.
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Zhang L, Wilson DP. Trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China: implications for surveillance and population health policy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31076. [PMID: 22359565 PMCID: PMC3281048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context. Both English and Chinese literature was searched and diseases were categorised according to the type of disease or transmission route. Temporal trends of morbidity and mortality rates were calculated for eight major infectious diseases types. Strong government commitment to public health responses and improvements in quality of life has led to the eradication or containment of a wide range of infectious diseases in China. The overall infectious diseases burden experienced a dramatic drop during 1975-1995, but since then, it reverted and maintained a gradual upward trend to date. Most notifiable diseases are contained at a low endemic level; however, local small-scale outbreaks remain common. Tuberculosis, as a bacterial infection, has re-emerged since the 1990s and has become prevalent in the country. Sexually transmitted infections are in a rapid, exponential growth phase, spreading from core groups to the general population. Together human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), they account for 39% of all death cases due to infectious diseases in China in 2008. Zoonotic infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), rabies and influenza, pose constant threats to Chinese residents and remain the most deadly disease type among the infected individuals. Therefore, second-generation surveillance of behavioural risks or vectors associated with pathogen transmission should be scaled up. It is necessary to implement public health interventions that target HIV and relevant coinfections, address transmission associated with highly mobile populations, and reduce the risk of cross-species transmission of zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The Kirby Institute for infection and immunity in society, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Belshe RB, Leone PA, Bernstein DI, Wald A, Levin MJ, Stapleton JT, Gorfinkel I, Morrow RLA, Ewell MG, Stokes-Riner A, Dubin G, Heineman TC, Schulte JM, Deal CD. Efficacy results of a trial of a herpes simplex vaccine. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:34-43. [PMID: 22216840 PMCID: PMC3287348 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1103151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two previous studies of a herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) subunit vaccine containing glycoprotein D in HSV-discordant couples revealed 73% and 74% efficacy against genital disease in women who were negative for both HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 antibodies. Efficacy was not observed in men or HSV-1 seropositive women. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind efficacy field trial involving 8323 women 18 to 30 years of age who were negative for antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2. At months 0, 1, and 6, some subjects received the investigational vaccine, consisting of 20 μg of glycoprotein D from HSV-2 with alum and 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant; control subjects received the hepatitis A vaccine, at a dose of 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) units. The primary end point was occurrence of genital herpes disease due to either HSV-1 or HSV-2 from month 2 (1 month after dose 2) through month 20. RESULTS The HSV vaccine was associated with an increased risk of local reactions as compared with the control vaccine, and it elicited ELISA and neutralizing antibodies to HSV-2. Overall, the vaccine was not efficacious; vaccine efficacy was 20% (95% confidence interval [CI], -29 to 50) against genital herpes disease. However, efficacy against HSV-1 genital disease was 58% (95% CI, 12 to 80). Vaccine efficacy against HSV-1 infection (with or without disease) was 35% (95% CI, 13 to 52), but efficacy against HSV-2 infection was not observed (-8%; 95% CI, -59 to 26). CONCLUSIONS In a study population that was representative of the general population of HSV-1- and HSV-2-seronegative women, the investigational vaccine was effective in preventing HSV-1 genital disease and infection but not in preventing HSV-2 disease or infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and GlaxoSmithKline; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00057330.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Belshe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Cunningham A, Griffiths P, Leone P, Mindel A, Patel R, Stanberry L, Whitley R. Current management and recommendations for access to antiviral therapy of herpes labialis. J Clin Virol 2012; 53:6-11. [PMID: 21889905 PMCID: PMC3423903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes labialis is a common skin infective condition, worldwide, which is primarily caused by HSV-1. Recurrent episodes of herpes labialis, also known as cold sores, can be frequent, painful, long-lasting and disfiguring for infected patients. At present, there are two types of antivirals for the treatment of herpes labialis, topical and oral, which are available over the counter or as prescription-only. The aim of antiviral therapy is to block viral replication to enable shortening the duration of symptoms and to accelerate healing of the lesions associated with herpes labialis. This review examines the evidence for the effectiveness of current topical and oral antivirals in the management of recurrent episodes of herpes labialis. In most countries, oral antivirals for herpes labialis are available as prescription-only. However, in early 2010, the oral antiviral famciclovir was reclassified from prescription-only medicine to pharmacist-controlled status in New Zealand. The benefits and risks associated with moving an antiviral therapy for herpes labialis from prescription-only to pharmacist-controlled status are reviewed here, and the implications for patients, general physicians and pharmacists are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cunningham
- Westmead Millennium Institute and University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Paul Griffiths
- Centre for Virology, University College London Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Peter Leone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adrian Mindel
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Research Centre, University of Sydney, Marian Villa, Westmead Hospital, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Rajul Patel
- University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 0YG, UK
| | - Lawrence Stanberry
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CHB 303, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Morris BJ, Wodak AD, Mindel A, Schrieber L, Duggan KA, Dilley A, Willcourt RJ, Lowy M, Cooper DA, Lumbers ER, Russell CT, Leeder SR. Infant male circumcision: An evidence-based policy statement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2012.21012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Janbakhash A, Mansouri F, Vaziri S, Sayad B, Afsharian M, Abedanpor A. Seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2) in HIV infected patients in Kermanshah-Iran. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2012; 3:546-549. [PMID: 24009932 PMCID: PMC3755864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HSV2 has an important role in acquiring and transmitting HIV through genital ulcers. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of this virus in HIV infected subject in Kermanshah, Iran. METHODS This descriptive study was performed among 170 HIV positive patients (case group) and 165 non-HIV cases (control group)) referred to Behavioral Counseling Center of Kermanshah, western of Iran. For the evaluation of HSV2 infection, blood sample was obtained and assessed for IgG antibody of HSV2 using ELISA method. The data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Out of 170 cases, 11 were seropositive for HSV2 (6.5%) in case group and 2 of 165 (1.21%) in control group (p=0.015). Seropositivity was 17.6% in female and 5.2% in male, 59% under and 8% age over 40. In HIV infected subjects, seroprevalence in female was 17.6% and in male was 5.2% (p=0.083). CONCLUSION It can be derived that the seroprevalence of HSV2 in HIV positive patients in our region is relatively low. Hence, we do not recommend that HSV2 needs to be considered in HIV pretreatment evaluation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Janbakhash
- Department of Infectious Diseases Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Feizollah Mansouri
- Department of Infectious Diseases Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Siavash Vaziri
- Department of Infectious Diseases Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Babak Sayad
- Department of Infectious Diseases Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mandana Afsharian
- Department of Infectious Diseases Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Abedanpor
- Department of Infectious Diseases Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent a major global health problem leading to morbidity, mortality and stigma. Prior to this study there was no information on the prevalence and knowledge of STIs in Faisalabad, Pakistan. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective, cross-sectional study in patients attending STI clinics from July 2006 to September 2009. PATIENTS AND METHODS After obtaining consent, patients completed structured questionnaires used for behavioral surveys. Blood and urethral swabs were collected and tested for syphilis, gonococcus, genital herpes, chlamydia and chancroid. RESULT Mean (standard deviation) age of the 1532 participants was 38.9 (9.4) years, including 37.8 (10.2) years for males and 35.5 (6.3) years females. Male gender (n=1276, 83.3%), low socioeconomic class (n=1026, 67.0%) and residence in rural suburbs (n=970, 63.3%) were more common. Most (n=913, 59.6%) were aware of the modes of transmission of STIs and the associated complications, 20% (n=306) were condom users, and 21.2% (n=324) had knowledge of safe sex. Opposite-sex partners were preferred by 972 (63.4%) patients, while 29.9% (n=458) had both homosexual and heterosexual sex partners. Syphilis was present in 29.5% of patients (n=452); gonorrhea, in 13% (n=200), HSV-2, in 3.2% (n=49), chlamydia, in 4.7% (n=72) and chancroid, in 1.3% (n=20). CONCLUSION This report establishes baseline local prevalence rates for STIs. Syphilis emerged as the most prevalent STI in Faisalabad. Population-based studies are required to study the epidemiology of STIs, along with initiation of national health-education campaign.
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Hollier LM, Straub H. Genital herpes. BMJ CLINICAL EVIDENCE 2011; 2011:1603. [PMID: 21496359 PMCID: PMC3217751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genital herpes is an infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2), and is among the most common sexually transmitted diseases. METHODS AND OUTCOMES We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of interventions to prevent sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus? What are the effects of interventions to prevent transmission of herpes simplex virus from mother to neonate? What are the effects of antiviral treatment in people with a first episode of genital herpes? What are the effects of interventions to reduce the impact of recurrence? What are the effects of treatments in people with genital herpes and HIV? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to January 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). RESULTS We found 35 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions. CONCLUSIONS In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antivirals, caesarean delivery, condoms, oral aciclovir, psychotherapy, recombinant glycoprotein vaccines, serological screening, and counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Hollier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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Ward J, Akre SP, Kaldor JM. Guarding against an HIV epidemic within an Aboriginal community and cultural framework; lessons from NSW. NSW PUBLIC HEALTH BULLETIN 2011; 21:78-82. [PMID: 20513306 DOI: 10.1071/nb10015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The rate of HIV diagnosis in the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population in Australia has been stable over the past 5 years. It is similar to the rate in non-Indigenous people overall, but there are major differences in the demographical and behaviour patterns associated with infection, with a history of injecting drug use and heterosexual contact much more prominent in Aboriginal people with HIV infection. Moreover there are a range of factors, such as social disadvantage, a higher incidence of sexually transmitted infections and poor access to health services that place Aboriginal people at special risk of HIV infection. Mainstream and Aboriginal community-controlled health services have an important role in preventing this epidemic. Partnerships developed within NSW have supported a range of services for Aboriginal people. There is a continuing need to support these services in their response to HIV, with a particular focus on Aboriginal Sexual Health Workers, to ensure that the prevention of HIV remains a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ward
- National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales.
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