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Freitas-Lemos R, Tegge AN, Tomlinson DC, Yeh YH, Stein JS, Michael Cummings K, Fong GT, Shields PG, Hatsukami DK, Bickel WK. Illegal product purchasing in the experimental tobacco marketplace: Effects of menthol cigarette and cigarette ventilation ban. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 253:111015. [PMID: 37951005 PMCID: PMC10885639 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco regulations may increase demand for illegal cigarettes. We use the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace to estimate the impact of banning menthol cigarettes (Experiment 1) and decreasing allowable cigarette filter ventilation levels (Experiment 2). METHODS Crowdsourced participants were randomized into one of four groups (2×2 factorial design). Experiment 1 included menthol availability (yes/no) by purchasing option (legal only vs illegal available). Experiment 2 included filter-vented cigarettes availability (yes/no) by purchasing option (legal only vs illegal available). Participants were given an individualized budget to purchase tobacco. Percent budget spent was the outcome measure. RESULTS Experiment 1, with a legal marketplace only, non-menthol cigarette purchasing was lower (p=0.010) and electronic-cigarette purchasing was higher (p=0.016), when cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. With an illegal marketplace, switching to legal non-menthol cigarettes was less likely (p<0.001) and purchasing illegal menthol cigarettes was higher (p<0.001), when cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. Experiment 2, with a legal marketplace only, cigarette purchasing was lower (p=0.010), when the participant's filtered vented cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available. With an illegal marketplace, purchasing the legal low-ventilated cigarette option was lower (p<0.001) and significant differences in illegal filter-vented cigarette purchasing were not observed, when their filter-vented cigarettes were banned compared to when they were available legally. CONCLUSIONS Without an illegal option, both restrictions decreased cigarette purchasing, but the menthol ban increased e-cigarette purchasing. With an illegal option, a menthol ban increased illegal cigarette purchasing, but decreasing filter ventilation did not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Yeh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology and School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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Page MK, Paul EE, Leigh NJ, Meza LR, Galimov A, Sussman S, Leventhal A, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML. Still 'Cool': tobacco industry responds to state-wide menthol ban with synthetic coolants. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-058149. [PMID: 37500508 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In December 2022, California (CA) enforced a voter-approved regulation restricting the retail sale of flavoured tobacco products, including menthol cigarettes. Shortly after, new products emerged on the market containing similar blue and green package colours yet with 'non-menthol' descriptors. Using chemical analyses, we measured the content of menthol and 15 other cooling chemicals in Californian cigarettes with 'non-menthol' descriptors and compared concentrations to similar 'menthol'-labelled counterparts available in New York State (NY). METHODS A convenience sample of 10 brands and types of cigarettes in CA were purchased based on package colours suggesting a cooling effect and/or 'non-menthol' descriptors. The exact brand and type of cigarettes (with menthol descriptors) were purchased in NY. Cigarettes from CA were compared with equivalent cigarettes from NY on package design and colours, cigarette physical characteristics and the presence of cooling additives. RESULTS Menthol was not detected in any CA cigarette, except for Maverick-green box type, while its presence was confirmed in most NY counterpart products. A synthetic cooling chemical WS-3 was not detected in any NY cigarettes but was detected in four CA brands and types with implied cooling effect, ranging from 1.24±0.04 to 1.97±0.05 mg/cigarette. CONCLUSION While manufacturers have removed menthol descriptors from CA packaging and the menthol ingredient from cigarettes, synthetic cooling chemicals detected in several CA brands suggest that cooling sensory effects may still be sustained. Policymakers must consider both the chemical ingredients themselves and sensory effects in future regulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Page
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Emily E Paul
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Noel J Leigh
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Leah R Meza
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Artur Galimov
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, and School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Pasadena, California, USA
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adam Leventhal
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Carroll DM, Tessier KM, Cummings KM, O'Connor RJ, Reisinger S, Shields PG, Stepanov IS, Luo X, Hatsukami DK, Rees VW. Risk perceptions and continued smoking as a function of cigarette filter ventilation level among US youth and young adults who smoke. Tob Control 2023; 32:473-479. [PMID: 34857645 PMCID: PMC9160200 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While evidence demonstrates that the industry's marketing of cigarettes with higher filter ventilation (FV) misleads adults about their health risks, there is no research on the relationships between FV, risk perceptions and smoking trajectories among youth (ages 12-17) and young adults (ages 18-24). METHODS Data on FV levels of major US cigarette brands/sub-brands were merged with the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study to examine whether FV level in cigarettes used by wave 1 youth/young adults (n=1970) predicted continued smoking at waves 2-4, and whether those relationships were mediated by perceived risk of their cigarette brand. FV was modelled based on tertiles (0.2%-11.8%, low; 11.9%-23.2%, moderate; 23.3%-61.1%, high) to predict daily smoking, past 30-day smoking and change in number of days smoking at successive waves. RESULTS The odds of perceiving one's brand as less harmful than other cigarette brands was 2.21 times higher in the high versus low FV group (p=0.0146). Relationships between FV and smoking outcomes at successive waves were non-significant (all p>0.05). CONCLUSION Youth and young adults who use higher FV cigarettes perceived their brand as less harmful compared with other brands. However, level of FV was not associated with continued smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Mowls Carroll
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - K Michael Cummings
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sarah Reisinger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter G Shields
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Irina S Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Xianghua Luo
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Freitas-Lemos R, Tegge AN, Athamneh LN, Yeh YH, Craft WH, Stein JS, Smith TT, Stepanov I, Rees VW, Cummings KM, O'Connor RJ, Shields PG, Hatsukami DK, Bickel WK. Is perception reality? Associations among "light" cigarettes and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 244:109709. [PMID: 36642000 PMCID: PMC10081565 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette filter ventilation and light descriptors are associated with lowered perceptions of risk and smoking more cigarettes per day (CPD). This study examined the relationship between usual cigarette ventilation, perception, and CPD. METHODS A crowdsourced sample (N = 995) of individuals who smoke higher-ventilated (=>20% ventilation) or lower-ventilated (=<10% ventilation) cigarettes identified their usual cigarette as "light" or "full flavor", and reported their average CPD. RESULTS We found: 1) no association between ventilation status and perception of light versus full flavor (AUC=0.58), with the inaccurate perception being more prevalent in younger individuals (p = 0.041) and those who smoke L&M (73%, p < 0.001) and Camel (61%, p = 0.006) brands; and 2) perception, but not ventilation of usual cigarette, was significantly associated with CPD (p = 0.006), with individuals who perceived their cigarettes as light reporting an average of 13% more cigarettes per day (2.6 CPD), compared to those who perceived their cigarette as full flavor. CONCLUSIONS Perceptions of light versus full-flavor, but not ventilation status, predicted CPD. These findings may inform anti-smoking health communication strategies and smoking cessation interventions. IMPLICATIONS Tobacco control policies should eradicate the perception of cigarettes as light or full-flavored. Future research investigating the associations between cigarette filter ventilation and smoking behavior should consider the confounding effects that may lie in an individual's perceptions of their cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Yeh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Tracy T Smith
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Peter G Shields
- James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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5
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van der Eijk Y. Standardised cigarettes: the next step for tobacco policy? Tob Control 2022:tobaccocontrol-2022-057417. [PMID: 35768214 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As tobacco marketing restrictions intensify, tobacco companies increasingly turn to the cigarette product itself as a marketing medium with new flavours, capsules, novelty filter features and attractive cigarette stick designs. This paper considers a 'standardised cigarettes' policy as a potential next step in restricting tobacco marketing. This policy would remove from cigarette products all the elements that increase their appeal and addictiveness: added flavours, nicotine, and visual designs and branding. The result would be a cigarette that is flavourless, not especially addicting, and visually off-putting. This paper discusses what a standardised cigarettes policy might look like from a regulatory standpoint, and how it fits into current policy obligations under the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van der Eijk
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Hatsukami DK, Carroll DM. Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future. Prev Med 2020; 140:106099. [PMID: 32335031 PMCID: PMC7581601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction remains a controversial topic in tobacco control. Tobacco harm reduction involves providing tobacco users who are unwilling or unable to quit using nicotine products with less harmful nicotine-containing products for continued use. The skepticism towards harm reduction is based in part on the experience with low-yield tar/nicotine cigarettes, which were presumed to be associated with lower health risks than higher yield cigarettes and marketed as such by cigarette manufacturers. Only later did the field learn that these cigarettes were a deceptive way for cigarette manufacturers to allay the health concerns over cigarette smoking. Since this experience, there has been a proliferation of tobacco products that might potentially serve as a means to reduce tobacco harm. Some members of the tobacco control community believe that these products have great potential to reduce mortality and morbidity among smokers who completely switch to them. Others believe that we will be addicting another generation to tobacco products. This paper reviews the past history, the current tobacco landscape and controversies, and an approach that might rapidly reduce the yearly half-million deaths associated with cigarette smoking in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
| | - Dana M Carroll
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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7
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Carroll DM, Stepanov I, O'Connor R, Luo X, Cummings KM, Rees VW, Bickel WK, Berman ML, Ashley DL, Bansal-Travers M, Shields PG, Hatsukami DK. Impact of Cigarette Filter Ventilation on U.S. Smokers' Perceptions and Biomarkers of Exposure and Potential Harm. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 30:38-44. [PMID: 33093163 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relationships between cigarette filter ventilation levels, biomarkers of exposure (BOE) and potential harm (BOPH), and harm perceptions were examined. METHODS Filter ventilation levels in cigarette brands were merged with Wave 1 (2013-2014) Population Assessment of Tobacco Use and Health study. Data were restricted to smokers who reported a usual brand and not regular users of other tobacco products. BOEs included nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile organic compounds (VOC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. BOPHs measured inflammation and oxidative stress. Perceived harm was assessed as self-reported risk of one's usual brand compared with other brands. RESULTS Filter ventilation ranged from 0.2% to 61.1% (n = 1,503). Adjusted relationships between filter ventilation and BOE or BOPH were nonsignificant except for VOC N-acetyl-S-(phenyl)-L-cysteine (PHMA) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). In pairwise comparisons, PHMA was higher in quartile (Q) 4 (4.23 vs. 3.36 pmol/mg; P = 0.0103) and Q3 (4.48 vs. 3.36 pmol/mg; P = 0.0038) versus Q1 of filter ventilation and hsCRP comparisons were nonsignificant. Adjusted odds of perceiving one's own brand as less harmful was 26.87 (95% confidence interval: 4.31-167.66), 12.55 (3.01-52.32), and 19.18 (3.87-95.02) times higher in the Q2, Q3, and Q4 of filter ventilation compared with Q1 (P = 0.0037). CONCLUSIONS Filter ventilation was not associated with BOE or BOPH, yet smokers of higher ventilated cigarettes perceived their brand as less harmful than other brands compared with smokers of lower ventilated cigarettes. IMPACT Research to understand the impact of this misperception is needed, and remedial strategies, potentially including a ban on filter ventilation, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Carroll
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Richard O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Xianghua Luo
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute of Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Micah L Berman
- College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David L Ashley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Lei X, Goel R, Sun D, Bhangu G, Bitzer ZT, Trushin N, Ma L, Richie JP, Xiu G, Muscat J. Free Radical and Nicotine Yields in Mainstream Smoke of Chinese Marketed Cigarettes: Variation with Smoking Regimens and Cigarette Brands. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1791-1797. [PMID: 32363856 PMCID: PMC10037311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and nicotine are components of cigarette smoke that are thought to contribute to the development of smoking-induced diseases. China has the largest number of smokers in the world, yet little is known about the yields of tobacco smoke constituents in different Chinese brands of cigarettes. In this study, gas-phase and particulate-phase free radicals as well as nicotine yields were quantified in mainstream cigarette smoke from five popular Chinese brands and two research cigarettes (3R4F and 1R6F). Mainstream smoke was generated under International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens using a linear smoking machine. Levels of free radicals and nicotine were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection, respectively. Under the ISO puffing regimen, Chinese brand cigarettes produced an average of 3.0 ± 1.2 nmol/cig gas-phase radicals, 118 ± 44.7 pmol/cig particulate-phase radicals, and 0.6 ± 0.2 mg/cig nicotine. Under the CI puffing regimen, Chinese brand cigarettes produced an average of 5.6 ± 1.2 nmol/cig gas-phase radicals, 282 ± 92.1 pmol/cig particulate-phase radicals, and 2.1 ± 0.4 mg/cig nicotine. Overall, both gas- and particulate-phase free radicals were substantially lower compared to the research cigarettes under both regimens, whereas no significant differences were observed for nicotine levels. When Chinese brands were compared, the highest free radical and nicotine yields were found in "LL" and "BS" brands, while lowest levels were found in "YY". These results suggested that the lower radical delivery by Chinese cigarettes compared to United States reference cigarettes may be associated with reductions in oxidant-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
- Dr. Lei is currently with School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Gurkirat Bhangu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Lin Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - John P. Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Guangli Xiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kastner
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rydhwana Hossain
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Cardiothoracic Imaging, Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
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10
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Abstract
Objectives This paper describes the effects of non-tobacco, physical cigarette design features on smoke emissions, product appeal, and smoking behaviors - 3 factors that determine smoker's exposure and related health risks. Methods We reviewed available evidence for the impact of filter ventilation, new filter types, and cigarettes dimensions on toxic emissions, smoker's perceptions, and behavior. For evidence sources we used scientific literature and websites providing product characteristics and marketing information. Results Whereas filter ventilation results in lower machine-generated emissions, it also leads to perceptions of lighter taste and relative safety in smokers who can unwittingly employ more intense smoking behavior to obtain the desired amount of nicotine and sensory appeal. Filter additives that modify smoke emissions can also modify sensory cues, resulting in changes in smoking behavior. Flavor capsules increase the cigarette's appeal and novelty, and lead to misperceptions of reduced harm. Slim cigarettes have lower yields of some smoke emissions, but smoking behavior can be more intense than with standard cigarettes. Conclusions Physical design features significantly impact machine-measured emission yields in cigarette smoke, product appeal, smoking behaviors, and exposures in smokers. The influence of current and emerging design features is important in understanding the effectiveness of regulatory actions to reduce smoking-related harm.
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11
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Reilly SM, Goel R, Trushin N, Elias RJ, Foulds J, Muscat J, Liao J, Richie JP. Brand variation in oxidant production in mainstream cigarette smoke: Carbonyls and free radicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:147-154. [PMID: 28528972 PMCID: PMC5532802 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress/damage resulting from exposure to cigarette smoke plays a critical role in the development of tobacco-caused diseases. Carbonyls and free radicals are two major classes of oxidants in tobacco smoke. There is little information on the combined delivery of these oxidants across different cigarette brands; thus, we set out to measure and compare their levels in mainstream smoke from popular US cigarettes. Mainstream smoke from 28 different cigarette brands produced by smoking (FTC protocol) was analyzed for five important, abundant carbonyls, and levels were compared to previously determined free radical for the same brands. Overall, there were large variations (3- to 6-fold) in carbonyl levels across brands with total carbonyl levels ranging from 275 to 804 μg/cigarette, which persisted even after adjusting for ventilation. Individual carbonyl levels were highly correlated with each other (r2: 0.40-0.95, P < 0.003) except for formaldehyde. Both gas-phase (r2: 0.37, P = 0.006) and particulate-phase (r2: 0.27, P = 0.005) free radicals were correlated to total carbonyl content; however, this correlation disappeared after adjusting for ventilation. These data show that overall oxidant production varies widely by cigarette brand and the resulting difference in oxidant burden could potentially lead to differences in disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.
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12
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Song MA, Benowitz NL, Berman M, Brasky TM, Cummings KM, Hatsukami DK, Marian C, O'Connor R, Rees VW, Woroszylo C, Shields PG. Cigarette Filter Ventilation and its Relationship to Increasing Rates of Lung Adenocarcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3836090. [PMID: 28525914 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2014 Surgeon General's Report on smoking and health concluded that changing cigarette designs have caused an increase in lung adenocarcinomas, implicating cigarette filter ventilation that lowers smoking machine tar yields. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now has the authority to regulate cigarette design if doing so would improve public health. To support a potential regulatory action, two weight-of-evidence reviews were applied for causally relating filter ventilation to lung adenocarcinoma. Published scientific literature (3284 citations) and internal tobacco company documents contributed to causation analysis evidence blocks and the identification of research gaps. Filter ventilation was adopted in the mid-1960s and was initially equated with making a cigarette safer. Since then, lung adenocarcinoma rates paradoxically increased relative to other lung cancer subtypes. Filter ventilation 1) alters tobacco combustion, increasing smoke toxicants; 2) allows for elasticity of use so that smokers inhale more smoke to maintain their nicotine intake; and 3) causes a false perception of lower health risk from "lighter" smoke. Seemingly not supportive of a causal relationship is that human exposure biomarker studies indicate no reduction in exposure, but these do not measure exposure in the lung or utilize known biomarkers of harm. Altered puffing and inhalation may make smoke available to lung cells prone to adenocarcinomas. The analysis strongly suggests that filter ventilation has contributed to the rise in lung adenocarcinomas among smokers. Thus, the FDA should consider regulating its use, up to and including a ban. Herein, we propose a research agenda to support such an effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ae Song
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Micah Berman
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Catalin Marian
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Richard O'Connor
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Vaughan W Rees
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Casper Woroszylo
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
| | - Peter G Shields
- Affiliations of authors: Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH (MAS, MB, TMB, CM, PGS); Division of Epidemiology, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, OH (MAS, CW); Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA (NLB); College of Public Health and Moritz College of Law, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (MB); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (KMC); Tobacco Research Programs and Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (DH); Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania, (CM); Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY (RO); Center for Global Tobacco Control, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (VWR)
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13
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Goel R, Bitzer Z, Reilly SM, Trushin N, Foulds J, Muscat J, Liao J, Elias RJ, Richie JP. Variation in Free Radical Yields from U.S. Marketed Cigarettes. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1038-1045. [PMID: 28269983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals in tobacco smoke are thought to be an important cause of smoking-induced diseases, yet the variation in free radical exposure to smokers from different brands of commercially available cigarettes is unknown. We measured the levels of highly reactive gas-phase and stable particulate-phase radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with and without the spin-trapping agent phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), respectively, in 27 popular US cigarettes and the 3R4F research cigarette, machine-smoked according to the FTC protocol. We find a 12-fold variation in the levels of gas-phase radicals (1.2 to 14 nmol per cigarette) and a 2-fold variation in the amounts of particulate-phase radicals (44 to 96 pmol per cigarette) across the range of cigarette brands. Gas and particulate-phase radicals were highly correlated across brands (ρ = 0.62, p < 0.001). Both radicals were correlated with TPM (gas-phase: ρ = 0.38, p = 0.04; particulate-phase: ρ = 0.44, p = 0.02) and ventilation (gas- and tar-phase: ρ = -0.58, p = 0.001), with ventilation explaining nearly 30% of the variation in radical levels across brands. Overall, our findings of significant brand variation in free radical delivery under standardized machine-smoked conditions suggest that the use of certain brands of cigarettes may be associated with greater levels of oxidative stress in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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14
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Coffa BG, Coggins CRE, Werley MS, Oldham MJ, Fariss MW. Chemical, physical, and in vitro characterization of research cigarettes containing denicotinized tobacco. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:64-73. [PMID: 27181452 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of very low nicotine tobacco cigarettes is currently being investigated as a possible harm reduction strategy. Here, we report the smoke chemistry, toxicity, and physical characteristics of very low nicotine cigarettes that were made using blended tobacco processed through a supercritical CO2 fluid extraction, which resulted in elimination of 96% of nicotine content (denicotinized (denic) tobacco). Three types of test cigarettes (TCs) were manufactured with tobacco filler containing 100% denic tobacco (TC100), 50% denic tobacco and 50% unextracted tobacco (TC50/50), and 100% unextracted tobacco (TC0). Mainstream smoke (MS) was generated for measurement of 46 analytes and cytotoxicity and mutagenicity determination. Analysis of physical characteristics of TCs demonstrated they were well made with <5% variability among cigarettes for most parameters measured. We observed significant changes in the levels of smoke constituents, including decreases in formaldehyde, nitrosamines, and phenol, and increases in aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic nitrogen compounds, aromatic amines, halogen compounds, and metals. Use of denic tobacco resulted in changes in the chemical composition of MS, but these changes did not modify biological activity as measured in the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays.
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15
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Agnew-Heard KA, Lancaster VA, Bravo R, Watson C, Walters MJ, Holman MR. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Cigarette Design Feature Influence on ISO TNCO Yields. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1051-63. [PMID: 27222918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore how differences in cigarette physical design parameters influence tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields in mainstream smoke (MSS) using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) smoking regimen. Standardized smoking methods were used to evaluate 50 U.S. domestic brand cigarettes and a reference cigarette representing a range of TNCO yields in MSS collected from linear smoking machines using a nonintense smoking regimen. Multivariate statistical methods were used to form clusters of cigarettes based on their ISO TNCO yields and then to explore the relationship between the ISO generated TNCO yields and the nine cigarette physical design parameters between and within each cluster simultaneously. The ISO generated TNCO yields in MSS are 1.1-17.0 mg tar/cigarette, 0.1-2.2 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 1.6-17.3 mg CO/cigarette. Cluster analysis divided the 51 cigarettes into five discrete clusters based on their ISO TNCO yields. No one physical parameter dominated across all clusters. Predicting ISO machine generated TNCO yields based on these nine physical design parameters is complex due to the correlation among and between the nine physical design parameters and TNCO yields. From these analyses, it is estimated that approximately 20% of the variability in the ISO generated TNCO yields comes from other parameters (e.g., filter material, filter type, inclusion of expanded or reconstituted tobacco, and tobacco blend composition, along with differences in tobacco leaf origin and stalk positions and added ingredients). A future article will examine the influence of these physical design parameters on TNCO yields under a Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimen. Together, these papers will provide a more robust picture of the design features that contribute to TNCO exposure across the range of real world smoking patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Agnew-Heard
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vicki A Lancaster
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Roberto Bravo
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers For Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Clifford Watson
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers For Disease Control and Prevention , 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Matthew J Walters
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Matthew R Holman
- Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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16
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Schneller LM, Zwierzchowski BA, Caruso RV, Li Q, Yuan J, Fong GT, O'Connor RJ. Changes in tar yields and cigarette design in samples of Chinese cigarettes, 2009 and 2012. Tob Control 2015; 24 Suppl 4:iv60-3. [PMID: 25352560 PMCID: PMC4693290 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is home to the greatest number of smokers as well as the greatest number of smoking-related deaths. An active and growing market of cigarettes marketed as 'light' or 'low tar' may keep health-concerned smokers from quitting, wrongly believing that such brands are less harmful. OBJECTIVE This study sought to observe changes in cigarette design characteristics and reported tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) levels in a sample of cigarette brands obtained in seven Chinese cities from 2009 to 2012. METHODS Cigarettes were purchased and shipped to Roswell Park Cancer Institute, where 91 pairs of packs were selected for physical cigarette design characteristic testing and recording of TNCO values. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS, and was initially characterised using descriptive statistics, correlations and generalised estimating equations to observe changes in brand varieties over time. FINDINGS Reported TNCO values on packs saw mean tar, nicotine and CO levels decrease from 2009 to 2012 by 7.9%, 4.5% and 6.0%, respectively. Ventilation was the only cigarette design feature that significantly changed over time (p<0.001), with an increase of 31.7%. Significant predictors of tar and CO yield overall were ventilation and per-cigarette tobacco weight, while for nicotine tobacco moisture was also an independent predictor of yield. CONCLUSIONS The use of ventilation to decrease TNCO emissions is misleading smokers to believe that they are smoking a 'light/low' tar cigarette that is healthier, and is potentially forestalling the quitting behaviours that would begin to reduce the health burden of tobacco in China, and so should be prohibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane M. Schneller
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Rosalie V. Caruso
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PRC
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PRC
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard J. O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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17
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Caruso RV, O'Connor RJ, Travers MJ, Delnevo CD, Stephens WE. Design Characteristics and Tobacco Metal Concentrations in Filtered Cigars. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1331-6. [PMID: 25649053 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While U.S. cigarette consumption has declined, cigar use has steadily increased, for reasons including price compared to cigarettes and the availability of filtered varieties resembling cigarettes, and flavors that have been banned in cigarettes (excluding menthol). Little published data exists on the design characteristics of such cigars. METHODS A variety of filtered cigar brands were tested for design characteristics such as whole cigar weight, ventilation, and per-cigar tobacco weight. Cigar sticks were then sent to the University of St. Andrews for metal concentration testing of As, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cd. RESULTS Large and small cigars were statistically different between cigar weight (p ≤ .001), per-cigar tobacco weight (p = .001), rod diameter (p = .006), and filter diameter (p = .012). The differences in mean ventilation (overall mean = 19.6%, min. = 0.84%, max. = 57.6%) across filtered cigar brands were found to be statistically significant (p = .031), and can be compared to the ventilation of the average of 2013 U.S. Marlboro Red, Gold, and Silver packs at 29% ventilation. There were no significant differences for metal concentrations between cigar types (p = .650), with Pb and As levels being similar to U.S. 2009 cigarette concentrations, Cd cigar levels being slightly higher, and Cr and Ni levels much lower than cigarette levels. CONCLUSIONS With cigar use rising, and filtered cigars displaying substantial similarities to filtered cigarettes, more research on product characteristics is warranted. Future plans include testing tobacco alkaloid and more observation of cigar weight for tax bracket purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie V Caruso
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY;
| | - Mark J Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Cristine D Delnevo
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
| | - W Edryd Stephens
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews, Fife, UK
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18
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Changes in cigarette and alcohol use during cannabis abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 138:54-60. [PMID: 24613633 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis causes lower mortality and morbidity than alcohol and tobacco so it is clinically important if quitting cannabis is associated with substitution with these substances. This study tests if cannabis is substituted with alcohol and/or tobacco during cannabis abstinence, and factors predicting such substitution. METHOD A secondary analysis of a prospective community based study quantified cannabis, alcohol and tobacco use with Timeline Follow-back during a two-week voluntary cannabis abstinence and at one-month follow-up in non-treatment seeking cannabis users (n=45). Cannabis use was verified by urine THC-COOH levels. RESULTS Alcohol use increased by 8 standard units (SU; d=0.48)/week and cigarette use by 14 cigarettes/week (d=0.29) during cannabis abstinence. Those using less of each substance at baseline had greater increases during cannabis abstinence (alcohol P<0.0001, tobacco P=0.01). There was a decrease in alcohol (-4.8 SU, d=-0.29) and tobacco (-13 cigarettes/week, d=-0.26) use at follow-up, when most participants (87%, n=39) had resumed cannabis use. Increased cigarette use was predicted by cannabis withdrawal related sleep difficulty (insomnia) (P=0.05), restlessness (P=0.03) and physical symptoms (P=0.02). Neither alcohol nor cigarette use increased significantly in those (13.3%, n=6) who remained abstinent from cannabis through to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Abstaining from cannabis was associated with increases in alcohol and tobacco use that decreased with resumption of cannabis use; however there were no increases in individuals who remained abstinent from cannabis at one-month follow-up. Tobacco use did not increase in those experiencing milder cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Research on substitution in treatment seekers during outpatient cannabis abstinence is needed.
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Toxic metal concentrations in cigarettes obtained from U.S. smokers in 2009: results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States survey cohort. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 11:202-17. [PMID: 24452255 PMCID: PMC3924441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Smoking-related diseases can be attributed to the inhalation of many different toxins, including heavy metals, which have a host of detrimental health effects. The current study reports the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in cigarettes obtained from adult smokers participating in the 2009 wave of the ITC United States Survey (N = 320). The mean As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb levels were 0.17, 0.86, 2.35, 2.21, and 0.44 µg/g, respectively. There were some differences in metal concentrations of cigarette brands produced by different manufacturers, suggesting differences in the source of tobaccos used by different companies. For Ni, there were significant pairwise differences between Philip Morris U.S. (PMUSA) and R.J. Reynolds (RJR) brands (PMUSA higher; p < 0.001), PMUSA and other manufacturer (OM) brands (PMUSA higher; p < 0.001), and RJR and OM brands (RJR higher; p = 0.006). For Cr, RJR brands had higher levels than did OM brands (p = 0.02). Levels of As, Cd, and Pb did not differ significantly across manufacturer groups (p > 0.10). Because of the variety of toxic heavy metals in cigarette tobacco, and their numerous negative health effects, metal content in cigarette tobacco should be reduced.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Super slim cigarettes are a relatively new type of cigarette in Canada, and an analysis of select toxicants in the mainstream smoke emissions of the super slim cigarette was conducted. METHOD The yields of selected toxicants in the mainstream smoke emissions of six brands of super slim cigarettes were compared with the Canadian Benchmark, which represents the cigarette designs most commonly found in Canada. A super slim cigarette was also compared with a 'Reference Cigarette' to study the impact of the significantly reduced circumference on mainstream smoke emissions. RESULTS Compared with the Canadian Benchmark, the yields of carbon monoxide, the carbonyls, volatiles and the aromatic amines were significantly lower for the super slim cigarette, but the yields of formaldehyde and ammonia were significantly higher. For brands containing a mixed tobacco blend, the yields of tobacco-specific nitrosamines were increased significantly. The reduced circumference of the super slim cigarette resulted in a lower tobacco weight, which together with filter ventilation resulted in lower yields of many toxicants. However, the reduced circumference increased significantly the yields of formaldehyde and phenols in mainstream smoke emissions. CONCLUSIONS The notably slimmer design of the super slim cigarette resulted in lower yields of some toxicants in the mainstream smoke emissions. However, there were also significant increases in some toxicant levels in the mainstream smoke emissions including formaldehyde, ammonia and the phenols. There are no changes in emission levels that have been shown to reduce exposure or risk in a way that is meaningful, and therefore, the super slim cigarette should not be considered a 'less harmful' cigarette.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Siu
- Tobacco Research Division, Office of Research and Surveillance, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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O'Connor RJ, Caruso RV, Borland R, Cummings KM, Bansal-Travers M, Fix BV, King B, Hammond D, Fong GT. Relationship of cigarette-related perceptions to cigarette design features: findings from the 2009 ITC U.S. Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1943-7. [PMID: 23943847 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many governments around the world have banned the use of misleading cigarette descriptors such as "light" and "mild" because the cigarettes so labeled were found not to reduce smokers' health risks. However, underlying cigarette design features, which are retained in many brands, likely contribute to ongoing belief that these cigarettes are less harmful by producing perceptions of lightness/smoothness through lighter taste and reduced harshness and irritation. METHODS Participants (N = 320) were recruited from the International Tobacco Control U.S. Survey conducted in 2009 and 2010, when they answered questions about smoking behavior, attitudes and beliefs about tobacco products, and key mediators and moderators of tobacco use behaviors. Participants also submitted an unopened pack of their usual brand of cigarettes for analysis using established methods. RESULTS Own-brand filter ventilation level (M 29%, range 0%-71%) was consistently associated with perceived lightness (p < .001) and smoothness (p = .005) of own brand. Those whose brand bore a light/mild label (55% of participants) were more likely to report their cigarettes were lighter [71.9% vs. 41.9%; χ(2)(2) = 38.1, p < .001] and smoother than other brands [75.5% vs. 68.7%; χ(2)(2) = 7.8, p = .020]. CONCLUSION Product design features, particularly filter ventilation, influence smokers' beliefs about product attributes such as lightness and smoothness, independent of package labels. Regulation of cigarette design features such as filter ventilation should be considered as a complement to removal of misleading terms in order to reduce smokers' misperceptions regarding product risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
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22
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Coggins CRE, McKinney WJ, Oldham MJ. A comprehensive evaluation of the toxicology of experimental, non-filtered cigarettes manufactured with different circumferences. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25 Suppl 2:69-72. [PMID: 24341849 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.854436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Historical work indicates that cigarette circumference may affect the toxicological profile of experimental cigarettes. OBJECTIVE Studies were conducted to examine the effect of different cigarette circumferences on (1) selected mainstream smoke constituents including concentrations of tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in smoke and (2) mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of cigarette smoke condensate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Analytical chemistry, Salmonella mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays were used to evaluate the composition and biological activity of mainstream smoke from experimental, non-filtered cigarettes manufactured with four different circumferences (17.0-27.1 mm). RESULTS Most smoke constituents, including TSNA, decreased with decreasing cigarette circumference; however, amounts of hydrogen cyanide increased in a non-circumference dependent manner. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity also decreased slightly with decreasing cigarette circumference. CONCLUSION Cigarette circumference may have a minor role in the toxicological profile of experimental cigarettes, with a so-far-unidentified mechanism.
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Caruso RV, O'Connor RJ. Cigarette design features in low-, middle-, and high-income countries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 2012:269576. [PMID: 22645621 PMCID: PMC3356900 DOI: 10.1155/2012/269576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that country income grouping is correlated with cigarette engineering. Cigarettes (N = 111 brands) were purchased during 2008-2010 from 11 low-, middle-, and high-income countries to assess physical dimensions and an array of cigarette design features. Mean ventilation varied significantly across low- (7.5%), middle- (15.3%), and high-income (26.2%) countries (P ≤ 0.001). Differences across income groups were also seen in cigarette length (P = 0.001), length of the tipping paper (P = 0.01), filter weight (P = 0.017), number of vent rows (P = 0.003), per-cigarette tobacco weight (P = 0.04), and paper porosity (P = 0.008). Stepwise linear regression showed ventilation and tobacco length as major predictors of ISO tar yields in low-income countries (P = 0.909, 0.047), while tipping paper (P < 0.001), filter length (P < 0.001), number of vent rows (P = 0.014), and per-cigarette weight (P = 0.015) were predictors of tar yields in middle-income countries. Ventilation (P < 0.001), number of vent rows (P = 0.009), per-cigarette weight (P < 0.001), and filter diameter (P = 0.004) predicted tar yields in high-income countries. Health officials must be cognizant of cigarette design issues to provide effective regulation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie V. Caruso
- Department Of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Richard J. O'Connor
- Department Of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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24
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Bansal-Travers M, O'Connor R, Fix BV, Cummings KM. What do cigarette pack colors communicate to smokers in the U.S.? Am J Prev Med 2011; 40:683-9. [PMID: 21565662 PMCID: PMC3124844 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New legislation in the U.S. prohibits tobacco companies from labeling cigarette packs with terms such as light, mild, or low after June 2010. However, experience from countries that have removed these descriptors suggests that different terms, colors, or numbers communicating the same messages may replace them. PURPOSE The main purpose of this study was to examine how cigarette pack colors are perceived by smokers to correspond to different descriptive terms. METHODS Newspaper advertisements and CraigsList.org postings directed interested current smokers to a survey website. Eligible participants were shown an array of six cigarette packages (altered to remove all descriptive terms) and asked to link package images with their corresponding descriptive terms. Participants were then asked to identify which pack in the array they would choose if they were concerned with health, tar, nicotine, image, and taste. RESULTS A total of 193 participants completed the survey from February to March 2008 (data were analyzed from May 2008 through November 2010). Participants were more accurate in matching descriptors to pack images for Marlboro brand cigarettes than for unfamiliar Peter Jackson brand (sold in Australia). Smokers overwhelmingly chose the "whitest" pack if they were concerned about health, tar, and nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Smokers in the U.S. associate brand descriptors with colors. Further, white packaging appears to most influence perceptions of safety. Removal of descriptor terms but not the associated colors will be insufficient in eliminating misperceptions about the risks from smoking communicated to smokers through packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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25
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van Dijk WD, Gopal S, Scheepers PTJ. Nanoparticles in cigarette smoke; real-time undiluted measurements by a scanning mobility particle sizer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:3573-8. [PMID: 21308367 PMCID: PMC3056990 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of smoke constituents, often characterised by size-resolved particle distributions. Since descriptions of ultrafine particles <50 nm are absent, our aim was to explore the existence of these nanoparticles in fresh and undiluted cigarette smoke. We measured undiluted smoke particles real-time by a scanning mobility particle sizer with Faraday cup electrometer, integrated in our custom-made smoking machine. Cigarettes were smoked by 2 s puffs, 30 s puff intervals and 50 ml puff volume. We tested six different cigarettes (1-10 mg tar per cigarette) at ten particle size-ranges between 6 and 50 nm, and repeated measurements five times. The formation of nanoparticles in fresh cigarette smoke was observed over the entire range between 6 and 50 nm, and reproduced in all cigarettes. The highest mean yield was 8.8 × 10(9) (SD = 1.1 × 10(9)) particles per cigarette at the largest particle size range by high-tar cigarettes. Nanoparticle counts appear to increase with particle size, claimed tar values and blocking of filter ventilation holes, and inversely with butt length. Fresh undiluted cigarette smoke contains large amounts of potentially toxic nanoparticles <50 nm. We recommend to further study nanoparticles in the characterisation of cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter D van Dijk
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Internal postal code 117, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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26
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O'Connor RJ, Wilkins KJ, Caruso RV, Cummings KM, Kozlowski LT. Cigarette characteristic and emission variations across high-, middle- and low-income countries. Public Health 2010; 124:667-74. [PMID: 21030055 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The public health burden of tobacco use is shifting to the developing world, and the tobacco industry may apply some of its successful marketing tactics, such as allaying health concerns with product modifications. This study used standard smoking machine tests to examine the extent to which the industry is introducing engineering features that reduce tar and nicotine to cigarettes sold in middle- and low-income countries. STUDY DESIGN Multicountry observational study. METHODS Cigarettes from 10 different countries were purchased in 2005 and 2007 with low-, middle- and high-income countries identified using the World Bank's per capita gross national income metric. Physical measurements of each brand were tested, and tobacco moisture and weight, paper porosity, filter ventilation and pressure drop were analysed. Tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide emission levels were determined for each brand using International Organization for Standardization and Canadian Intensive methods. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS Among cigarette brands with filters, more brands were ventilated in high-income countries compared with middle- and low-income countries [χ(2)(4)=25.92, P<0.001]. Low-income brands differed from high- and middle-income brands in engineering features such as filter density, ventilation and paper porosity, while tobacco weight and density measures separated the middle- and high-income groups. Smoke emissions differed across income groups, but these differences were largely negated when one accounted for design features. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that as a country's income level increases, cigarettes become more highly engineered and the emissions levels decrease. In order to reduce the burden of tobacco-related disease and further effective product regulation, health officials must understand cigarette design and function within and between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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27
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O'Connor RJ, Wilkins KJ, Caruso RV, Cummings KM, Kozlowski LT. Cigarette characteristic and emission variations across high-, middle- and low-income countries. Public Health 2010. [PMID: 21030055 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2010.08.018s0033-3506(10)00290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The public health burden of tobacco use is shifting to the developing world, and the tobacco industry may apply some of its successful marketing tactics, such as allaying health concerns with product modifications. This study used standard smoking machine tests to examine the extent to which the industry is introducing engineering features that reduce tar and nicotine to cigarettes sold in middle- and low-income countries. STUDY DESIGN Multicountry observational study. METHODS Cigarettes from 10 different countries were purchased in 2005 and 2007 with low-, middle- and high-income countries identified using the World Bank's per capita gross national income metric. Physical measurements of each brand were tested, and tobacco moisture and weight, paper porosity, filter ventilation and pressure drop were analysed. Tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide emission levels were determined for each brand using International Organization for Standardization and Canadian Intensive methods. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. RESULTS Among cigarette brands with filters, more brands were ventilated in high-income countries compared with middle- and low-income countries [χ(2)(4)=25.92, P<0.001]. Low-income brands differed from high- and middle-income brands in engineering features such as filter density, ventilation and paper porosity, while tobacco weight and density measures separated the middle- and high-income groups. Smoke emissions differed across income groups, but these differences were largely negated when one accounted for design features. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that as a country's income level increases, cigarettes become more highly engineered and the emissions levels decrease. In order to reduce the burden of tobacco-related disease and further effective product regulation, health officials must understand cigarette design and function within and between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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28
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O'Connor RJ, Li Q, Stephens WE, Hammond D, Elton-Marshall T, Cummings KM, Giovino GA, Fong GT. Cigarettes sold in China: design, emissions and metals. Tob Control 2010; 19 Suppl 2:i47-53. [PMID: 20935196 PMCID: PMC2976001 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China is the home to the world's largest cigarette maker, China National Tobacco Company (CNTC), yet little is known publicly about the design and emissions of Chinese cigarettes. CNTC is currently in the process of consolidating its brands and has ambitions to export its cigarettes. Machine-measured tar yields of many of its cigarette brands have also been reduced, similar to what occurred in Western countries from the 1970s through the 1990s with so-called 'low-tar' cigarettes introduced to address consumer concerns about health risks from smoking. METHOD The current study examines the design and physical characteristics, labelled smoke emissions and tobacco metals content of leading brands of Chinese cigarettes from seven cities purchased in 2005-6 and in 2007. RESULTS Findings suggest that similar to most countries, tar levels of Chinese cigarettes are predicted primarily by tobacco weight and filter ventilation. Ventilation explained approximately 50% of variation observed in tar and 60% variation in carbon monoxide yields. We found little significant change in key design features of cigarettes purchased in both rounds. We observed significant levels of various metals, averaging 0.82 μg/g arsenic (range 0.3-3.3), 3.21 μg/g cadmium (range 2.0-5.4) and 2.65 μg/g lead (range 1.2-6.5) in a subsample of 13 brands in 2005-6, substantially higher than contemporary Canadian products. CONCLUSION Results suggest that cigarettes in China increasingly resemble those sold in Western countries, but with tobacco containing higher levels of heavy metals. As CNTC looks to export its product around the world, independent surveillance of tobacco product characteristics, including tobacco blend characteristics, will become increasingly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Lauterbach JH, Bao M, Joza PJ, Rickert WS. Free-base nicotine in tobacco products. Part I. Determination of free-base nicotine in the particulate phase of mainstream cigarette smoke and the relevance of these findings to product design parameters. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 58:45-63. [PMID: 20621585 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The free-base nicotine (FBN) content of mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS) has been discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and popular press. It has been alleged that manufacturers adjust product design features to increase the percentage of total nicotine (TN) in the MSS gas-vapor phase that is unprotonated [P(g)(,nic)(%)] and/or the fraction of nicotine in the MSS total particulate matter (TPM) that is unprotonated (FBN/TN). Our research showed the Health Canada Intensive smoking conditions negated the effects of blend and cigarette design features reported to raise the pH of TPM collected under ISO or US FTC conditions. Our research also showed that when additive-free Canadian cigarettes were smoked under ISO conditions, the FBN/TN ratio increased as the tar/nicotine ratio decreased. Our findings are in line with other studies that have questioned allegations of a relationship between use of ammonia and its compounds as tobacco additives and amounts of unprotonated nicotine in MSS. In addition, the experimental work demonstrated how use of solid-phase microextraction to estimate FBN can yield erroneously high results due to improper conditioning and/or smoking of the cigarettes. Our research showed that there is no longer any scientific support for regulators to require smoke pH and FBN determinations on cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lauterbach
- Lauterbach & Associates, LLC, 211 Old Club Court, Macon, GA 31210-4708, USA.
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30
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Pauly JL, O'Connor RJ, Paszkiewicz GM, Cummings KM, Djordjevic MV, Shields PG. Cigarette filter-based assays as proxies for toxicant exposure and smoking behavior--a literature review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 18:3321-33. [PMID: 19959679 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarettes are being marketed with filters that differ in composition and design. The filters have different toxicant trapping efficiencies, and smoking stains reflect variations in smoking behavior. Presented herein are the results of a structured literature review that was done to identify cigarette filter-based assays that may serve as proxies for mouth-level exposure and assessing smoking methods. METHODS A search of the published scientific literature and internal tobacco company documents from 1954 to 2009 was carried out. RESULTS The literature search identified diverse schemes for assessing cigarette filters, including visual inspection and digital imaging of smoked-stained spent filters, and quantitative determinations for total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, and solanesol. The results also showed that: (a) there are sufficient data to link filter-based chemical measures to standardized smoking machine-measured yields of tar and nicotine; (b) TPM eluted from filters or in chemical digest of filters can be used to estimate the efficiency of the filter for trapping smoke solids; (c) visual and digital inspection of spent filters is useful in finding indicators of variations in smoking behaviors; and (d) there is a correlation between solanesol and nicotine measured in filters and exposure biomarkers in smokers. CONCLUSIONS The cigarette filter may prove useful in estimating smoking behaviors such as filter vent blocking and puffing intensity, and may have utility as proxy measures of mouth-level smoke exposure in clinical trials. Additional investigations are needed to compare the different proposed assay schemes and the assay results with measurements of human biomarker assays of smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Pauly
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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31
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O'Connor RJ, Cummings KM, Rees VW, Connolly GN, Norton KJ, Sweanor D, Parascandola M, Hatsukami DK, Shields PG. Surveillance methods for identifying, characterizing, and monitoring tobacco products: potential reduced exposure products as an example. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3334-48. [PMID: 19959680 PMCID: PMC4637821 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco products are widely sold and marketed, yet integrated data systems for identifying, tracking, and characterizing products are lacking. Tobacco manufacturers recently have developed potential reduced exposure products (PREP) with implied or explicit health claims. Currently, a systematic approach for identifying, defining, and evaluating PREPs sold at the local, state, or national levels in the United States has not been developed. Identifying, characterizing, and monitoring new tobacco products could be greatly enhanced with a responsive surveillance system. This article critically reviews available surveillance data sources for identifying and tracking tobacco products, including PREPs, evaluating strengths and weaknesses of potential data sources in light of their reliability and validity. With the absence of regulations mandating disclosure of product-specific information, it is likely that public health officials will need to rely on a variety of imperfect data sources to help identify, characterize, and monitor tobacco products, including PREPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. Richard.O'
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32
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Baker TB, Cummings KM, Hatsukami DK, Johnson CA, Lerman C, Niaura R, O'Malley SS. Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Centers: research achievements and future implications. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:1231-44. [PMID: 19633277 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Baker
- Center for Tobacco and Intervention, Department of Medicine, 1930 Monroe Street, Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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Cummings KM, Fong GT, Borland R. Environmental Influences on Tobacco Use: Evidence from Societal and Community Influences on Tobacco Use and Dependence. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2009; 5:433-58. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Michael Cummings
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263;
| | - Geoffrey T. Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1, and Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Ron Borland
- VicHealth Center for Tobacco Control, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia 3053;
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