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Shabbir MZ, Yu H, Lighty ME, Dunn PA, Wallner-Pendleton EA, Lu H. Diagnostic investigation of avian reovirus field variants circulating in broiler chickens in Pennsylvania of United States between 2017 and 2022. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:400-407. [PMID: 38629680 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2342889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) has been continuously affecting the poultry industry in Pennsylvania (PA) in recent years. This report provides our diagnostic investigation on monitoring ARV field variants from broiler chickens in Pennsylvania. Genomic characterization findings of 72 ARV field isolates obtained from broiler cases during the last 6 years indicated that six distinct cluster variant strains (genotype I-VI), which were genetically diverse and distant from the vaccine and vaccine-related field strains, continuously circulated in PA poultry. Most of the variants clustered within genotype V (24/72, 33.3%), followed by genotype II (16/72, 22.2%), genotype IV (13/72, 18.1%), genotype III (13/72, 18.1%), genotype VI (05/72, 6.94%), and genotype I (1/72, 1.38%). The amino acid identity between 72 field variants and the vaccine strains (1133, 1733, 2408, 2177) varied from 45.3% to 99.7%, while the difference in amino acid counts ranged from 1-164. Among the field variants, the amino acid identity and count difference ranged from 43.3% to 100% and 0 to 170, respectively. Variants within genotype V had maximum amino acid identity (94.7-100%), whereas none of the variants within genotypes II and VI were alike. These findings indicate the continuing occurrence of multiple ARV genotypes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Tianjin Ringpu Bio-Technology Co, Ltd., Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Megan E Lighty
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Patricia Ann Dunn
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Huaguang Lu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Rafique S, Rashid F, Wei Y, Zeng T, Xie L, Xie Z. Avian Orthoreoviruses: A Systematic Review of Their Distribution, Dissemination Patterns, and Genotypic Clustering. Viruses 2024; 16:1056. [PMID: 39066218 PMCID: PMC11281703 DOI: 10.3390/v16071056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian orthoreviruses have become a global challenge to the poultry industry, causing significant economic impacts on commercial poultry. Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are resistant to heat, proteolytic enzymes, a wide range of pH values, and disinfectants, so keeping chicken farms free of ARV infections is difficult. This review focuses on the global prevalence of ARVs and associated clinical signs and symptoms. The most common signs and symptoms include tenosynovitis/arthritis, malabsorption syndrome, runting-stunting syndrome, and respiratory diseases. Moreover, this review also focused on the characterization of ARVs in genotypic clusters (I-VI) and their relation to tissue tropism or viral distribution. The prevailing strains of ARV in Africa belong to all genotypic clusters (GCs) except for GC VI, whereas all GCs are present in Asia and the Americas. In addition, all ARV strains are associated with or belong to GC I-VI in Europe. Moreover, in Oceania, only GC V and VI are prevalent. This review also showed that, regardless of the genotypic cluster, tenosynovitis/arthritis was the predominant clinical manifestation, indicating its universal occurrence across all clusters. Globally, most avian reovirus infections can be prevented by vaccination against four major strains: S1133, 1733, 2408, and 2177. Nevertheless, these vaccines may not a provide sufficient defense against field isolates. Due to the increase in the number of ARV variants, classical vaccine approaches are being developed depending on the degree of antigenic similarity between the vaccine and field strains, which determines how successful the vaccination will be. Moreover, there is a need to look more closely at the antigenic and pathogenic properties of reported ARV strains. The information acquired will aid in the selection of more effective vaccine strains in combination with biosecurity and farm management methods to prevent ARV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Rafique
- SB Diagnostic Laboratory, Sadiq Poultry Pvt. Ltd., Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Farooq Rashid
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
| | - You Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (F.R.); (Y.W.); (T.Z.); (L.X.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Nanning 530001, China
- Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Nanning 530001, China
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de Matos TRA, Palka APG, de Souza C, Fragoso SP, Pavoni DP. Detection of avian reovirus (ARV) by ELISA based on recombinant σB, σC and σNS full-length proteins and protein fragments. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38935078 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Avian reovirus (ARV) is associated with arthritis/tenosynovitis and malabsorption syndrome in chickens. The σC and σB proteins, both exposed to the virus capsid, are highly immunogenic and could form the basis for diagnostic devices designed to assess the immunological status of the flock.Gap Statement. Commercial ARV ELISAs cannot distinguish between vaccinated and infected animals and might not detect circulating ARV strains.Aim. We aimed to develop a customized test to detect the circulating field ARV strains as well as distinguish between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals.Methodology. We developed ELISA assays based on recombinant (r) σB, σC and the nonstructural protein σNS and tested them using antisera of vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens as well as negative controls. Fragments of σB and σC proteins were also used to study regions that could be further exploited in diagnostic tests.Results. Vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were positive by commercial ELISA, with no difference in optical density values. In contrast, samples of unvaccinated animals showed lower absorbance in the rσB and rσC ELISA tests and higher absorbance in the rσNS ELISA test than the vaccinated animals. Negative control samples were negative in all tests. Fragmentation of σB and σC proteins showed that some regions can differentiate between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals. For example, σB amino acids 128-179 (σB-F4) and σC amino acids 121-165 (σC-F4) exhibited 85 and 95% positivity among samples of vaccinated animals but only 5% and zero positivity among samples of unvaccinated animals, respectively.Conclusion. These data suggest that unvaccinated birds might have been exposed to field strains of ARV. The reduction in absorbance in the recombinant tests possibly reflects an increased specificity of our test since unvaccinated samples showed less cross-reactivity with the vaccine proteins immobilized on ELISAs. The discrepant results obtained with the protein fragment tests between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals are discussed in light of the diversity between ARV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Reichert Assunção de Matos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gori Palka
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
- Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná/Tecpar, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
| | - Claudemir de Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
| | - Stenio Perdigão Fragoso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Parada Pavoni
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz Paraná, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná/UFPR, Curitiba/PR, Brazil
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Franzo G, Tucciarone CM, Faustini G, Poletto F, Baston R, Cecchinato M, Legnardi M. Reconstruction of Avian Reovirus History and Dispersal Patterns: A Phylodynamic Study. Viruses 2024; 16:796. [PMID: 38793677 PMCID: PMC11125613 DOI: 10.3390/v16050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) infection can cause significant losses to the poultry industry. Disease control has traditionally been attempted mainly through vaccination. However, the increase in clinical outbreaks in the last decades demonstrated the poor effectiveness of current vaccination approaches. The present study reconstructs the evolution and molecular epidemiology of different ARV genotypes using a phylodynamic approach, benefiting from a collection of more than one thousand sigma C (σC) sequences sampled over time at a worldwide level. ARVs' origin was estimated to occur several centuries ago, largely predating the first clinical reports. The origins of all genotypes were inferred at least one century ago, and their emergence and rise reflect the intensification of the poultry industry. The introduction of vaccinations had only limited and transitory effects on viral circulation and further expansion was observed, particularly after the 1990s, likely because of the limited immunity and the suboptimal and patchy vaccination application. In parallel, strong selective pressures acted with different strengths and directionalities among genotypes, leading to the emergence of new variants. While preventing the spread of new variants with different phenotypic features would be pivotal, a phylogeographic analysis revealed an intricate network of viral migrations occurring even over long distances and reflecting well-established socio-economic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (C.M.T.); (G.F.); (F.P.); (R.B.); (M.C.); (M.L.)
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Farnoushi Y, Heller D, Lublin A. Genetic characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants in chickens with viral arthritis/tenosynovitis in Israel. Virology 2024; 589:109908. [PMID: 37952464 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new avian reovirus (ARV) variants caused a variety of symptoms in chickens worldwide, the most important of which was Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis which caused substantial economic losses and has become a concern to the worldwide chicken industry. In this study, we characterized emerging ARV variants in Israel and analyzed their genetic relationship with reference strains. One hundred thirty-four ARV variants were isolated from tendons and synovial fluids of commercial broiler chickens with signs of arthritis/tenosynovitis. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial segment of the sigma C (σC) gene confirmed that these field isolates from Israel could be clustered into all six known clusters. The majority of ARV isolates in Israel belonged to the genotypic cluster 5 (GC5). The strains in this study had a low sequence identity when compared to the commercial vaccine (strain S1133). The findings of this study demonstrated the genetic diversity of ARV strains in Israel from 2015 to 2022. It is reasonable to conclude from the preliminary results of this investigation that Israel has not been subject to selection pressure or the emergence of new ARV variants since the introduction of the live vaccine (ISR-7585). Due to the ongoing emergence of ARV variants, a robust epidemiological monitoring program supported by molecular biology techniques is required to track ARV strains in Israeli poultry flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigal Farnoushi
- Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, 5025001, Israel; Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Dan Heller
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Avishai Lublin
- Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, 5025001, Israel
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Wang X, Yu H, Zhang W, Fu L, Wang Y. Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Vertically Transmitted Viruses in Ducks. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:6. [PMID: 38200736 PMCID: PMC10777988 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the distribution and genetic variation in four vertically transmitted duck pathogens, including duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), duck circovirus (DuCV), duck hepatitis A virus 3 (DHAV-3), and avian reoviruses (ARV), we conducted an epidemiology study using PCR and RT-PCR assays on a duck population. We found that DHBV was the most prevalent virus (69.74%), followed by DuCV (39.48%), and then ARV (19.92%) and DHAV-3 (8.49%). Among the 271 duck samples, two, three or four viruses were detected in the same samples, indicating that the coinfection of vertical transmission agents is common in ducks. The genetic analysis results showed that all four identified DuCV strains belonged to genotype 1, the DHAV-3 strain was closely clustered with previously identified strains from China, and the ARV stain was clustered under genotype 1. These indicate that different viral strains are circulating among the ducks. Our findings will improve the knowledge of the evolution of DuCV, DHAV-3, and ARV, and help choose suitable strains for vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150068, China
| | - Lizhi Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 408599, China;
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Nour I, Alvarez-Narvaez S, Harrell TL, Conrad SJ, Mohanty SK. Whole Genomic Constellation of Avian Reovirus Strains Isolated from Broilers with Arthritis in North Carolina, USA. Viruses 2023; 15:2191. [PMID: 38005869 PMCID: PMC10675200 DOI: 10.3390/v15112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is an emerging pathogen which causes significant economic challenges to the chicken and turkey industry in the USA and globally, yet the molecular characterization of most ARV strains is restricted to a single particular gene, the sigma C gene. The genome of arthrogenic reovirus field isolates (R18-37308 and R18-38167), isolated from broiler chickens in North Carolina (NC), USA in 2018, was sequenced using long-read next-generation sequencing (NGS). The isolates were genotyped based on the amino acid sequence of sigma C (σC) followed by phylogenetic and amino acid analyses of the other 11 genomically encoded proteins for whole genomic constellation and genetic variation detection. The genomic length of the NC field strains was 23,494 bp, with 10 dsRNA segments ranging from 3959 bp (L1) to 1192 bp (S4), and the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) of all the segments were found to be conserved. R18-37308 and R18-38167 were found to belong to genotype (G) VI based on the σC analysis and showed nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity ranging from 84.91-98.47% and 83.43-98.46%, respectively, with G VI strains. Phylogenetic analyses of individual genes of the NC strains did not define a single common ancestor among the available completely sequenced ARV strains. Nevertheless, most sequences supported the Chinese strain LY383 as a probable ancestor of these isolates. Moreover, amino acid analysis revealed multiple amino acid substitution events along the entirety of the genes, some of which were unique to each strain, which suggests significant divergence owing to the accumulation of point mutations. All genes from R18-37308 and R18-38167 were found to be clustered within genotypic clusters that included only ARVs of chicken origin, which negates the possibility of genetic pooling or host variation. Collectively, this study revealed sequence divergence between the NC field strains and reference ARV strains, including the currently used vaccine strains could help updating the vaccination regime through the inclusion of these highly divergent circulating indigenous field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sujit K. Mohanty
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (I.N.); (S.A.-N.); (T.L.H.); (S.J.C.)
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Zhu D, Sun R, Wang M, Jia R, Chen S, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Tian B, Cheng A. First isolation and genomic characterization of avian reovirus from black swans (Cygnus atratus) in China. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102947. [PMID: 37598551 PMCID: PMC10458333 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification and analysis of the avian reovirus from black swan. Isolation of the strain through the chorioallantoic membrane route of duck embryos, identified through transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR based on the ARV S2 gene. The complete genome of the ARV strain was obtained using next-generation sequencing technology. The isolated strain of ARV was named CD200801 and was identified through transmission electron microscopy and RT-PCR based on the ARV S2 gene. Experimental infection with CD200801 resulted in the death of ducklings with serious spleen and liver focal necrosis. BLAST analysis of CD200801 sequences showed a 35.5 to 98.6% similarity to a novel duck reovirus that was isolated in recent years. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CD200801 was closely related to ARV isolates YL, GX-Y7, and XT-18. We report the first avian reovirus infection in the black swan. This study provides important new insights into the evolutionary relationships among different ARV strains and highlights the need for continued surveillance and monitoring of these viruses in both domestic and wild bird flocks. These findings have significant implications for the development of effective strategies for disease prevention and control in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Joint Research Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Gál B, Varga-Kugler R, Ihász K, Kaszab E, Domán M, Farkas S, Bányai K. Marked Genotype Diversity among Reoviruses Isolated from Chicken in Selected East-Central European Countries. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2137. [PMID: 37443935 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The concern that the vaccines currently used against Avian orthoreovirus (ARV) infections are less efficient in the field justifies the need for the close monitoring of circulating ARV strains. In this study, we collected necropsy samples from various chicken breeds and tested for ARV by virus isolation, RT-PCR assay and sequence analysis. ARVs were isolated from birds showing runting-stunting syndrome, uneven growth, lameness or increased mortality, with relative detection rates of 38%, 35%, 6% and 25%, respectively. Partial σC gene sequences were determined for nearly 90% of ARV isolates. The isolates could be classified into one of the major genetic clusters. Interestingly, cluster 2 and cluster 5 were isolated from vaccinated broiler breeders, while clusters 1 to 4 were isolated from unvaccinated broilers. The isolates shared less than 75% amino acid identities with the vaccine strains (range, 44.3-74.6%). This study reaffirms the global distribution of the major genetic clusters of ARVs in chicken. The diversity of ARV strains isolated from unvaccinated broilers was greater than those detected from vaccinated animals, however, the relative importance of passive and active immunity on the selection of novel strains in different chicken breeds needs to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Gál
- Intervet Hungária Kft, Lechner Ödön fasor 10/b, H-1095 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renáta Varga-Kugler
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ihász
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marianna Domán
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Farkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Recombinant characteristics, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of a variant goose orthoreovirus derived from inter-lineage recombination. Vet Microbiol 2023; 277:109620. [PMID: 36543090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since March 2021, an infectious characterized by white necrotic foci throughout the goose body has appeared in the major goose-producing regions in China. This disease has caused economic hardship for goose farms in many regions of China with approximately 50 % mortality. A novel goose-origin orthoreovirus was isolated from the spleen of diseased geese and designated as N-GRV/HN/Goose/2021/China (N-GRV-HN21) strain. Next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate was a reassortant virus containing viral gene segments from three ARV serotypes that infect duck, muscovy duck, and goose. Geese infection test showed that both N-GRV-HN21-infected and contacted geese displayed whole-body white necrotic foci. N-GRV RNA was detected in different organs of both infected and contacted geese, indicating that the N-GRV isolate is pathogenic and transmissible in geese. Seroconversion was also observed in experimentally infected and contacted geese. A prevalence study of 323 goose serum samples collected from different goose breeding areas showed that 86 % of the geese were positive for N-GRV. In conclusion, all results warrant the necessity to monitor orthoreovirus epidemiology and reassortment as the orthoreovirus could be an important pathogen for the waterfowl industry and a novel orthoreovirus might emerge to threaten animal and public health.
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11
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Kovács E, Varga-Kugler R, Mató T, Homonnay Z, Tatár-Kis T, Farkas S, Kiss I, Bányai K, Palya V. Identification of the main genetic clusters of avian reoviruses from a global strain collection. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1094761. [PMID: 36713877 PMCID: PMC9878682 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1094761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Avian reoviruses (ARV), an important pathogen of poultry, have received increasing interest lately due to their widespread occurrence, recognized genetic diversity, and association to defined disease conditions or being present as co-infecting agents. The efficient control measures require the characterization of the available virus strains. Methods The present study describes an ARV collection comprising over 200 isolates from diagnostic samples collected over a decade from 34 countries worldwide. One hundred and thirty-six ARV isolates were characterized based on σC sequences. Results and discussion The samples represented not only arthritis/tenosynovitis and runting-stunting syndrome, but also respiratory symptoms, egg production problems, and undefined disease conditions accompanied with increased mortality, and were obtained from broiler, layer or breeder flocks. In 31 percent of the cases other viral or bacterial agents were demonstrated besides ARV. The most frequent co-infectious agent was infectious bronchitis virus followed by infectious bursal disease virus and adenoviruses. All isolates could be classified in one of the major genetic clusters, although we observed marked discrepancies in the genotyping systems currently in use, a finding that made genotype assignment challenging. Reovirus related clinical symptoms could not be unequivocally connected to any particular virus strains belonging to a specific genetic group, suggesting the lack of strict association between disease forms of ARV infection and the investigated genetic features of ARV strains. Also, large genetic differences were seen between field and vaccine strains. The presented findings reinforce the need to establish a uniform, widely accepted molecular classification scheme for ARV and further, highlight the need for ARV strain identification to support more efficient control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Szilvia Farkas
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., Budapest, Hungary,*Correspondence: István Kiss ✉
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Mosad SM, Elmahallawy EK, Alghamdi AM, El-Khayat F, El-Khadragy MF, Ali LA, Abdo W. Molecular and pathological investigation of avian reovirus (ARV) in Egypt with the assessment of the genetic variability of field strains compared to vaccine strains. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1156251. [PMID: 37138631 PMCID: PMC10150020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1156251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian orthoreovirus (ARV) is among the important viruses that cause drastic economic losses in the Egyptian poultry industry. Despite regular vaccination of breeder birds, a high prevalence of ARV infection in broilers has been noted in recent years. However, no reports have revealed the genetic and antigenic characteristics of Egyptian field ARV and vaccines used against it. Thus, this study was conducted to detect the molecular nature of emerging ARV strains in broiler chickens suffering from arthritis and tenosynovitis in comparison to vaccine strains. Synovial fluid samples (n = 400) were collected from 40 commercial broiler flocks in the Gharbia governorate, Egypt, and then pooled to obtain 40 samples, which were then used to screen ARV using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with the partial amplification of ARV sigma C gene. The obtained RT-PCR products were then sequenced, and their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed together with other ARV field and vaccine strains from GenBank. RT-PCR successfully amplified the predicted 940 bp PCR products from all tested samples. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the analyzed ARV strains were clustered into six genotypic clusters and six protein clusters, with high antigenic diversity between the genotypic clusters. Surprisingly, our isolates were genetically different from vaccine strains, which aligned in genotypic cluster I/protein cluster I, while our strains were aligned in genotypic cluster V/protein cluster V. More importantly, our strains were highly divergent from vaccine strains used in Egypt, with 55.09-56.23% diversity. Sequence analysis using BioEdit software revealed high genetic and protein diversity between our isolates and vaccine strains (397/797 nucleotide substitutions and 148-149/265 amino acid substitutions). This high genetic diversity explains the vaccination failure and recurrent circulation of ARV in Egypt. The present data highlight the need to formulate a new effective vaccine from locally isolated ARV strains after a thorough screening of the molecular nature of circulating ARV in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah M. Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
| | - Abeer M. Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fares El-Khayat
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Manal F. El-Khadragy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lobna A. Ali
- Cell Biology and Histochemistry, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- Walied Abdo
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13
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Lunge VR, De Carli S, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N. Avian Reoviruses in Poultry Farms from Brazil. Avian Dis 2022; 66:459-464. [PMID: 36715480 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is highly disseminated in commercial Brazilian poultry farms, causing arthritis/tenosynovitis, runting-stunting syndrome, and malabsorption syndrome in different meat- and egg-type birds (breeders, broilers, grillers, and layers). In Brazil, ARV infection was first described in broilers in the 1970s but was not considered an important poultry health problem for decades. A more concerning outcome of field infections has been observed in recent years, including condemnations at slaughterhouses because of the unsightly appearance of chicken body parts, mainly the legs. Analyses of the performance of poultry flocks have further evidenced economic losses to farms. Genetic and antigenic characterization of ARV field strains from Brazil demonstrated a high diversity of lineages circulating in the entire country, including four of the five main phylogenetic groups previously described (I, II, III, and V). It is still unclear if all of them are associated with different diseases affecting flocks' performance in Brazilian poultry. ARV infections have been controlled in Brazilian poultry farms by immunization of breeders and young chicks with classical commercial live vaccine strains (S1133, 1733, 2408, and 2177) used elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. However, genetic and antigenic variations of the field isolates have prevented adequate protection against associated diseases, so killed autogenous vaccines are being produced from isolates obtained on specific farms. In conclusion, ARV field variants are continuously challenging poultry farming in Brazil. Epidemiological surveillance combined with molecular biological analyses from the field samples, as well as the development of vaccine strains directed toward the ARV circulating variants, are necessary to control this economically important poultry pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner R Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, .,Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Goldenberg D. Avian Reovirus in Israel, Variants and Vaccines-A Review. Avian Dis 2022; 66:447-451. [PMID: 36715478 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) has been determined to be the etiologic agent of viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. In Israel, meat-type chickens, including broilers and breeders, are the most affected. Severe disease symptoms can appear in broiler flocks at a very young age because of early exposure and vertical transmission, causing significant welfare problems. Jewish laws define birds with inflamed, damaged, or torn gastrocnemius and digital flexor tendons as religious condemnations (non-kosher), resulting in severe economic losses for the poultry industry. Vaccination of breeders is a strategy to control the disease by reducing vertical transmission and providing maternal-derived antibodies to the progeny. This review describes Israel's ARV variants and the various vaccines developed over the years. Identification of co-circulating variants triggered the development of multivalent autogenous inactivated vaccines. However, the genotype-matched vaccines failed to provide protection, resulting in an increased prevalence of Cluster II ARV (classified as genotyping cluster 5 in the ARV common world classification). Since 2014, ARV Cluster II has been dominant in Israel. In 2015, the dominant variant s7585 tropism changed the virus pathogenesis and affected broilers with severe clinical signs between 12 and 15 days of age. A new vaccine approach developed in Israel used controlled exposure of the breeding flock to virulent ARV at the age when they are resistant to infection. This approach significantly reduced clinical field cases and reovirus isolations of breeding and broiler flocks between 2020 and 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Goldenberg
- Phibro Animal Health Corporation, Airport City, 7010000 Israel,
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15
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Dawe WH, Kapczynski DR, Linnemann EG, Gauthiersloan VR, Sellers HS. Analysis of the Immune Response and Identification of Antibody Epitopes Against the Sigma C Protein of Avian Orthoreovirus Following Immunization with Live or Inactivated Vaccines. Avian Dis 2022; 66:465-478. [PMID: 36715481 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Avian orthoreoviruses are causative agents of tenosynovitis and viral arthritis in both chickens and turkeys. Current commercial reovirus vaccines do not protect against disease caused by emerging variants. Custom-made inactivated reovirus vaccines are commonly utilized to help protect commercial poultry against disease. Antibody epitopes located on the viral attachment protein, σC, involved in virus neutralization, have not been clearly identified. In this study, the S1133 vaccine strain (Genetic Cluster 1 [GC1], a GC1 field isolate (117816), and a GC5 field isolate (94826) were determined to be genetically and serologically unrelated. In addition, chickens were vaccinated with either a commercial S1133 vaccine, 117816 GC1, or 94826 GC5, and sera were used in peptide microarrays to identify linear B-cell epitopes within the σC protein. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were vaccinated twice with either: 1) live and live, 2) inactivated and inactivated, or 3) a combination of live and inactivated vaccines. Epitope mapping was performed on individual serum samples from birds in each group using S1133, 117816, and 94826 σC sequences translated into an overlapping peptides and spotted onto microarray chips. Vaccination with a combination of live and inactivated viruses resulted in a greater number of B-cell binding sites on the outer-capsid domains of σC for 117816 and 94826, but not for S1133. In contrast, the S1133-vaccinated birds demonstrated fewer epitopes, and those epitopes were located in the stalk region of the protein. However, within each of the vaccinated groups, the highest virus-neutralization titers were observed in the live/inactivated groups. This study demonstrates differences in antibody binding sites within σC between genetically and antigenically distinct reoviruses and provides initial antigenic characterization of avian orthoreoviruses and insight into the inability of vaccine-induced antibodies to provide adequate protection against variant reovirus-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Dawe
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - D R Kapczynski
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605
| | - E G Linnemann
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - V R Gauthiersloan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - H S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
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16
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Gallardo RA. Molecular Characterization of Variant Avian Reoviruses and Their Relationship with Antigenicity and Pathogenicity. Avian Dis 2022; 66:443-446. [PMID: 36715477 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Avian reovirus variants (ARVs) are important pathogens currently causing losses in poultry production. These variants escape protection elicited by conventional vaccines, i.e., S1133, 2408, and 1733 in chickens. Historically, ARVs have been classified according to their antigenic type and relative pathogenicity. Due to the virus variability, antigenic testing is difficult and laboratory specific, while pathotyping is costly and complex. Current molecular classification methods focus only on one gene, and genomic changes within this gene are not predictive of changes in antigenicity and pathogenicity. This review focuses on existing literature on reovirus antigenicity, pathogenicity, and molecular assessments as an aid to provide insights on how to predict antigenic and pathogenic phenotypes based on genomic information and future focus on development of new and comprehensive classification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA, 95616,
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17
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Palomino-Tapia V, Nickel L, Schlegel B, Mitevski D, Inglis T, Abdul-Careem MF. Review of Viral Arthritis in Canada. Avian Dis 2022; 66:452-458. [PMID: 36715479 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-99997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, a disease caused by avian reovirus (ARV), leads to great economic losses for the chicken industry worldwide. Since autumn 2011, the poultry industries in the United States and Canada have sustained significant economic losses in the progeny of broiler breeders vaccinated with classic strains of ARV. Vaccination failure has been caused by field challenge with variant ARVs. The variant field ARVs are refractory to the immunity stimulated by classic vaccines and have become the prevalent challenge in the field. Because all genotypes described in the literature have been reported to be circulating in Canada, genotyping of circulating ARVs is paramount for the selection of appropriate isolates, representative of the field challenge, for use in autogenous vaccines. In this review, the history of ARVs and the current situation in Canada are discussed. On the basis of recent field data, inadequate measures commonly used in the field are discussed, and successful vaccination strategies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Poultry Health Services, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G8, .,The Institute of Applied Poultry Technologies, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G1
| | - Luke Nickel
- Poultry Health Services, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G8
| | - Ben Schlegel
- Poultry Health Services, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G8
| | - Darko Mitevski
- Poultry Health Services, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G8
| | - Tom Inglis
- The Institute of Applied Poultry Technologies, Airdrie, Alberta, Canada T4A 2G1
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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18
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Efficacy and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Pichinde Virus-Vectored Turkey Arthritis Reovirus Subunit Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040486. [PMID: 35455235 PMCID: PMC9030058 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We created a recombinant live pichinde virus-vectored bivalent codon optimized subunit vaccine that expresses immunogenic Sigma C and Sigma B proteins of turkey arthritis reovirus. The vaccine virus could be transmitted horizontally immunizing the non-vaccinated pen mates. The vaccine was tested for efficacy against homologous (TARV SKM121) and heterologous (TARV O’Neil) virus challenge. Immunized poults produced serum neutralizing antibodies capable of neutralizing both viruses. The vaccinated and control birds showed similar body weights indicating no adverse effect on feed efficiency. Comparison of virus gene copy numbers in intestine and histologic lesion scores in tendons of vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds showed a decrease in the replication of challenge viruses in the intestine and tendons of vaccinated birds. These results indicate the potential usefulness of this vaccine.
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19
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Choi YR, Kim SW, Shang K, Park JY, Zhang JF, Jang HK, Wei B, Cha SY, Kang M. Avian Reoviruses From Wild Birds Exhibit Pathogenicity to Specific Pathogen Free Chickens by Footpad Route. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:844903. [PMID: 35280152 PMCID: PMC8907544 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.844903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) are ubiquitous in domestic poultry with 80% of them being non-pathogenic and they are frequently found in clinically healthy birds. ARVs have also been known to be the etiological agents of viral arthritis (VA), tenosynovitis, myocarditis, runting-stunting syndrome (RSS), and respiratory and enteric disease in chickens. Significant economic losses during the process of poultry husbandry are due, in part, to unmitigated ARV infections throughout the poultry industry. Recently, many isolates shared genetic similarities between those recovered from wild birds and those recovered from poultry. One explanation may be that there is a degree of spillover and spillback of ARVs between the two groups. However, studies on the role of wild birds in the epidemiology and pathogenicity of ARVs are insufficient. Here, we describe the pathogenicity in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens of ARV originating from wild birds. The challenge experiment was conducted in six groups including a negative control group, a positive control group (reference strain of S1133), and four groups (A15-157, A18-13, A18-205, A19-106) infected with ARVs from wild birds. The 7-day-old SPF chickens were inoculated with 106TCID50 ARV to evaluate the clinical signs, changes in weight gain, gross lesions, histological changes, virus replication, and serum antibody levels. The peak of clinical signs was from 3 to 5 days post infection (dpi). In addition, the death of one chicken was found in the group infected with the A18-13 isolate. Reduced body weight was also found in chickens infected with ARVs from wild birds compared to the negative control group. All the ARVs infection groups showed noticeable swelling of the footpad. In addition, ARVs were detected in the bursa, tendon, and hock joint by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all infected groups at 5 and 15 dpi. Histopathological observations revealed acute inflammatory responses on the synovium covering the joint surfaces (arthritis) and tendon sheaths (tenosynovitis), as well as bursa atrophy and lymphocyte depletion. The analysis of the humoral response was performed by ELISA assay, and chickens infected with ARVs showed seroconverted. In conclusion, this study described the typical severe disease of acute VA and tenosynovitis in SPF chickens infected with ARVs derived from wild birds. This study confirmed the pathogenicity of ARVs infection in SPF chickens for the first time, and these results enrich our understanding of the pathogenicity of ARVs derived from wild birds.
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20
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Kim SW, Choi YR, Park JY, Wei B, Shang K, Zhang JF, Jang HK, Cha SY, Kang M. Isolation and Genomic Characterization of Avian Reovirus From Wild Birds in South Korea. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:794934. [PMID: 35155656 PMCID: PMC8831841 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.794934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) cause severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis, and depressed growth in chickens, and these conditions have become increasingly frequent in recent years. Studies on the role of wild birds in the epidemiology of ARVs are insufficient. This study provides information about currently circulating ARVs in wild birds by gene detection using diagnostic RT-PCR, virus isolation, and genomic characterization. In this study, we isolated and identified 10 ARV isolates from 7,390 wild birds' fecal samples, including migratory bird species (bean goose, Eurasian teal, Indian spot-billed duck, and mallard duck) from 2015 to 2019 in South Korea. On comparing the amino acid sequences of the σC-encoding gene, most isolates, except A18-13, shared higher sequence similarity with the commercial vaccine isolate S1133 and Chinese isolates. However, the A18-13 isolate is similar to live attenuated vaccine av-S1133 and vaccine break isolates (SD09-1, LN09-1, and GX110116). For the p10- and p17-encoding genes, all isolates have identical fusion associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein and nuclear localization signal (SNL) motif to chicken-origin ARVs. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of the σC-encoding gene revealed that all isolates were belonged to genotypic cluster I. For the p10- and p17-encoding genes, the nucleotide sequences of all isolates indicated close relationship with commercial vaccine isolate S1133 and Chinese isolates. For the σNS-encoding gene, the nucleotide sequences of all isolates indicated close relationship with the Californian chicken-origin isolate K1600657 and belonged to chicken-origin ARV cluster. Our data indicates that wild birds ARVs were derived from the chicken farms. This finding suggests that wild birds serve as natural carriers of such viruses for domestic poultry.
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21
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Zhang J, Li T, Wang W, Xie Q, Wan Z, Qin A, Ye J, Shao H. Isolation and Molecular Characteristics of a Novel Recombinant Avian Orthoreovirus From Chickens in China. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:771755. [PMID: 34950724 PMCID: PMC8688761 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.771755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of avian orthoreovirus (ARV) has caused significant losses to the poultry industry worldwide. In this study, a novel ARV isolate, designated as AHZJ19, was isolated and identified from domestic chicken with viral arthritis syndrome in China. AHZJ19 can cause typical syncytial cytopathic effect in the chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, LMH. High-throughput sequencing using Illumina technology revealed that the genome size of AHZJ19 is about 23,230 bp, which codes 12 major proteins. Phylogenetic tree analysis found that AHZJ19 was possibly originated from a recombination among Hungarian strains, North American strains, and Chinese strains based on the sequences of the 12 proteins. Notably, the σC protein of AHZJ19 shared only about 50% homology with that of the vaccine strains S1133 and 1733, which also significantly differed from other reported Chinese ARV strains. The isolation and molecular characteristics of AHZJ19 provided novel insights into the molecular epidemiology of ARV and laid the foundation for developing efficient strategies for control of ARV in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tuofan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weikang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhimin Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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22
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Egaña-Labrin S, Jerry C, Roh HJ, da Silva AP, Corsiglia C, Crossley B, Rejmanek D, Gallardo RA. Avian Reoviruses of the Same Genotype Induce Different Pathology in Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 65:530-540. [DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.4.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Egaña-Labrin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C. Jerry
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branch, University of California, Davis, 1550 N Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - H. J. Roh
- CEVA Scientific Support and Investigation Unit (SSIU) and Science and Investigation Department (SID), CEVA Animal Health USA, 8930 Rosehill Road, Lenexa, KS 66215
| | - A. P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C. Corsiglia
- Foster Farms, 14519 Collier Road, Delhi, CA 95315
| | - B. Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis branch, University of California, Davis, 620 W Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - D. Rejmanek
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis branch, University of California, Davis, 620 W Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R. A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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23
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Egaña-Labrin S, Jerry C, Roh HJ, da Silva AP, Corsiglia C, Crossley B, Rejmanek D, Gallardo RA. Avian Reoviruses of the Same Genotype Induce Different Pathology in Chickens. Avian Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Egaña-Labrin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C. Jerry
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branch, University of California, Davis, 1550 N Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - H. J. Roh
- CEVA Scientific Support and Investigation Unit (SSIU) and Science and Investigation Department (SID), CEVA Animal Health USA, 8930 Rosehill Road, Lenexa, KS 66215
| | - A. P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C. Corsiglia
- Foster Farms, 14519 Collier Road, Delhi, CA 95315
| | - B. Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis branch, University of California, Davis, 620 W Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - D. Rejmanek
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis branch, University of California, Davis, 620 W Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - R. A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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24
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Mase M, Gotou M, Inoue D, Masuda T, Watanabe S, Iseki H. Genetic Analysis of Avian Reovirus Isolated from Chickens in Japan. Avian Dis 2021; 65:346-350. [PMID: 34427406 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sigma C protein-coding sequences have been used to phylogenetically classify avian reovirus (ARV) strains. However, the relationship between serotype and phylogenetic cluster classification of the five prototype serotype strains of ARV in Japan has not been established. Thus, we used sigma C protein-coding sequences to characterize avian reoviruses (ARVs) isolated from chickens with tendonitis in Japan together with the five prototype serotype strains of ARV in Japan. Phylogenetic analysis of ARVs based on the sigma C protein-coding sequences revealed that the five prototype serotype strains of ARV were each classified into different, independent clusters. Two field isolates (JP/Tottori/2016 and JP/Nagasaki/2017) that were isolated from chickens with arthritis/tenosynovitis were classified into different clusters. JP/Tottori/2016 was classified into cluster VI with the CS-108 strain, and JP/Nagasaki/2017 was classified into cluster I with strain TS-142. Serologically, JP/Tottori/2016 was well-neutralized by antisera against the CS-108 strain, whereas JP/Nagasaki/2017 cross-reacted with antisera against both the CS-108 and TS-142 strains. Embryo lethality test revealed that the two field isolates induced 80% and 67% embryo mortality, respectively, whereas the five prototype strains induced 0%-33% embryo mortality. Our findings will contribute to understanding the characteristics of ARV strains in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaji Mase
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan, .,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Makiko Gotou
- Tokushima Animal Hygiene Service Center of Tokushima Prefecture, Minamisyoumachi, Tokushima, 770-0045, Japan
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- Chuo Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Nagasaki Prefecture, Isahaya, Nagasaki 854-0063, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Seibu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hoki-cho, Saihakugun, Tottori 689-4213, Japan
| | - Satoko Watanabe
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iseki
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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25
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Mase M, Gotou M, Inoue D, Masuda T, Watanabe S, Iseki H. Genetic Analysis of Avian Reovirus Isolated from Chickens in Japan. Avian Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-65.3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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De Carli S, Wolf JM, Gräf T, Lehmann FKM, Fonseca ASK, Canal CW, Lunge VR, Ikuta N. Genotypic characterization and molecular evolution of avian reovirus in poultry flocks from Brazil. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:611-620. [PMID: 32746617 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1804528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is one of the main causes of infectious arthritis/tenosynovitis and malabsorption syndrome (MAS) in poultry. ARVs have been disseminated in Brazilian poultry flocks in the last years. This study aimed to genotype ARVs and to evaluate the molecular evolution of the more frequent ARV lineages detected in Brazilian poultry-producing farms. A total of 100 poultry flocks with clinical signs of tenosynovitis/MAS, from all Brazilian poultry-producing regions were positive for ARV by PCR. Seventeen bird tissues were submitted to cell culture and ARV RNA detection/genotyping by two PCRs. The phylogenetic classification was based on σC gene alignment using a dataset with other Brazilian and worldwide ARVs sequences. ARVs were specifically detected by both PCRs from the 17 cell cultures, and σC gene partial fragments were sequenced. All these sequences were aligned with a total of 451 ARV σC gene data available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated five well-defined clusters that were classified into lineages I, II, III, IV, and V. Three lineages could be further divided into sub-lineages: I (I vaccine, Ia, Ib), II (IIa, IIb, IIc) and IV (IVa and IVb). Brazilian ARVs were from four lineages/sub-lineages: Ib (48.2%), IIb (22.2%), III (3.7%) and V (25.9%). The Bayesian analysis demonstrated that the most frequent sub-lineage Ib emerged in the world around 1968 and it was introduced into Brazil in 2010, with increasing spread soon after. In conclusion, four different ARV lineages are circulating in Brazilian poultry flocks, all associated with clinical diseases. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS One-hundred ARV-positive flocks were detected in all main poultry-producing regions from Brazil. A large dataset of 468 S1 sequences was constructed and divided ARVs into five lineages. Four lineages/sub-lineages (Ib, IIb, III and V) were detected in commercial poultry flocks from Brazil. Brazilian lineages shared a low identity with the commercial vaccine lineage (I vaccine). Sub-lineage Ib emerged around 1968 and was introduced into Brazil in 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia De Carli
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jonas Michel Wolf
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - Tiago Gräf
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernanda K M Lehmann
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vagner R Lunge
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil.,Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | - Nilo Ikuta
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil.,Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
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27
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Crispo M, Stoute ST, Hauck R, Egaña-Labrin S, Sentíes-Cué CG, Cooper GL, Bickford AA, Corsiglia C, Shivaprasad HL, Crossley B, Gallardo RA. Partial Molecular Characterization and Pathogenicity Study of an Avian Reovirus Causing Tenosynovitis in Commercial Broilers. Avian Dis 2020; 63:452-460. [PMID: 31967428 DOI: 10.1637/12013-121418-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the molecular characterization of avian reoviruses (ARVs) isolated during an outbreak in commercial chickens between 2015 and 2016. In addition, a pathogenicity study of a selected ARV strain isolated from a field case of viral tenosynovitis in commercial broiler chickens was performed. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of a 1088-bp fragment of the ARV S1 gene, the investigated sequences were differentiated into five distinct genotypic clusters (GCs), namely GC1, GC2, GC3, GC4, and GC6. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial broiler chickens were challenged with the GC1 genetic type MK247011, at 14 days of age via the interdigital toe web. No significant effects in body weight gain and feed conversion were detected in both chicken types. The Δ interdigital web thickness was most severe at 4 days postchallenge (DPC) in both the SPF and broiler subgroups. The inflammation in SPF birds was slightly more severe compared with broilers. Neither mortality nor clinical signs occurred in the infected groups for the duration of the experiment, despite the presence of significant microscopic lesions in challenged birds. Microscopic changes of tenosynovitis became evident at 3 DPC, with the highest incidence and severity detected at 14 and 21 DPC, respectively. Seroconversion against ARV occurred 3 wk postchallenge, and the microscopic lesions detected in tendon and heart sections were highly compatible with those described in the field. Increased severity of tenosynovitis and epicarditis lesions were noted in the ARV-challenged groups compared with the control groups. Although SPF and broiler chickens showed comparable responses to the challenge with an ARV genetic variant, detected lesions were subclinical, denoting the limitations of our challenge approach. The age selected in this experiment possibly influenced the course of the infection. Data from this study highlight the genotypic diversity of isolates in California, and the outcome of the pathogenicity study can be used as a basis to improve protocols for pathogenicity studies to characterize ARV variants causing clinical disease in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Crispo
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - Simone T Stoute
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Sofia Egaña-Labrin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C Gabriel Sentíes-Cué
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - George L Cooper
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | - Arthur A Bickford
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA 95382
| | | | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Tulare Branch, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis Branch, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616,
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28
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Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of partial S1 genes of avian orthoreovirus isolates in Shandong province during 2015-2017. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2416-2423. [PMID: 32359576 PMCID: PMC7597403 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of avian orthoreovirus (ARV) infection with primary symptoms of arthritis/tenosynovitis syndrome have been occurring more frequently in broiler flocks in China in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the genetic characteristics of ARV field strains in broiler flocks exhibiting arthritis/tenosynovitis syndrome from 9 cities in Shandong province during 2015 to 2017. A total of 64 synovial and tendon samples were obtained from broilers with significant arthritis/tenosynovitis syndrome, and 21 ARV field strains were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis of the σC nt/aa sequences revealed that only 4 isolates were clustered in genotype I, including vaccine strains S1133, 1733, and most of the ARV field strains identified previously in China. Eleven and 6 ARV field isolates were identified in genotypes II and V, sharing 70.9 to 76.0% and 53.0 to 55.2% nt identities with the vaccine strains, respectively. Previous studies in China have not reported these 2 serotypes of field strains, and prevalence of these ARV variants may be increasing in Chinese broiler flocks. Results of this study suggest that large-scale investigation of epidemic ARV should be conducted to explore the genetic diversity of ARV field isolates in China.
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29
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Zhang X, Lei X, Ma L, Wu J, Bao E. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of newly emerging avian reovirus from infected chickens with clinical arthritis in China. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5321-5329. [PMID: 31222278 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, emerging avian reovirus (ARV) strains causing viral arthritis have become a challenge to the worldwide chicken industry, and were responsible for significant economic losses. In this study, we characterized emerging variant ARV strains and examined their genetic relationship and pathogenicity variation with reference strains. A total of 18 emerging variant ARV strains were isolated from tendon and capsular synovial fluid of broiler chickens with clinical cases of arthritis/tenosynovitis at commercial farms in China. Comparative analysis based on σC sequence showed that 4/18 isolates were in the same cluster (Cluster 1) as vaccine strains (S1133), whereas 14 of 18 isolates were in Clusters 2, 3, and 6. The field isolates shared a rather low identity (38.1 to 81.9%) with S1133 in Cluster 1, especially for those from Cluster 6 (38.1 to 67.2%). A higher ARV isolation rate was observed in chicken embryos (47/61) compared to cell culture (37/61) through PCR with a detection primer. A total of 3 isolates were selected to infect specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, showing that the tested isolates, especially that from Cluster 6, displayed greater pathogenicity than S1133 strain, characterized by higher incidence. These findings suggest that the virulence of Chinese ARVs has been increasing rapidly in recent years, and the vaccine need to be updated correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangdong Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lifang Ma
- Tianjin Ruipu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Endong Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Tianjin Ruipu Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300350, China
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30
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Mirbagheri SA, Hosseini H, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A. Molecular characterization of avian reovirus causing tenosynovitis outbreaks in broiler flocks, Iran. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:15-20. [PMID: 31393165 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1654086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) cause arthritis, tenosynovitis, retarded growth, and malabsorption syndrome. After a long time of effective prevention and low rates of viral arthritis/ tenosynovitis in Iran, outbreaks of tenosynovitis in broiler flocks have increased in recent years. Lameness, splay legs, high rate of cull birds, poor performance, uneven birds at harvest, and condemnation at processing cause huge economic losses. In this study, ARVs from the tendons of birds from 23 broiler flocks with marked tenosynovitis were characterized, and their genetic relationship was examined. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of Sigma C protein revealed that all ARVs detected in affected broiler flocks shared genetic homogeneity and this suggests that a single genotype is involved in recent outbreaks. This genotype, so-called "Ardehal strain", is grouped in cluster I with vaccine strains. The amino acid sequence similarity between Ardehal and vaccine strains, including S1133, 1733, and 2408 was less than 80%. As the outbreaks have occurred in progenies of vaccinated flocks, it is proposed here that the difference between vaccine and field strains might contribute to the failure of currently available vaccines to induce protective immunity against Ardehal strain and this led to widespread viral tenosynovitis in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Abed Mirbagheri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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31
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Wang H, Gao B, Chen H, Diao Y, Tang Y. Isolation and characterization of a variant duck orthoreovirus causing spleen necrosis in Peking ducks, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2033-2044. [PMID: 31131546 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since December 2017, an infectious disease has caused economic hardship for duck farms and breeding ducks in many regions of China. This disease characterized by spleen necrosis and swelling, is due to a variant strain of duck orthoreovirus (DRV) (Duck/N-DRV-XT18/China/2018), which we isolated from the spleen of diseased ducks. After isolating the virus, we used next-generation sequencing technology to determine the entire genomic of the virus. Our phylogenetic analysis of 10 genomic segments showed that the N-DRV-XT18 strain is closely related to orthoreovirus isolates derived from ducks and geese, with nucleotide sequence identities for 10 genomic fragments ranging between 49.8% and 99.3%. In contract, the nucleotide sequence of N-DRV-XT18 genomic fragments are only 38.6% to 78.8% similar to the chicken orthoreovirus isolate. Therefore, we determined that this pathogen, causing duck spleen necrosis, is a new variant of a duck orthoreovirus that is significantly different from any previously reported waterfowl-derived othoreovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bin Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Youxiang Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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32
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Egaña-Labrin S, Hauck R, Figueroa A, Stoute S, Shivaprasad HL, Crispo M, Corsiglia C, Zhou H, Kern C, Crossley B, Gallardo RA. Genotypic Characterization of Emerging Avian Reovirus Genetic Variants in California. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9351. [PMID: 31249323 PMCID: PMC6597705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45494-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on virus isolation of avian reoviruses from a tenosynovitis outbreak between September 2015 and June 2018, the molecular characterization of selected isolates based on partial S1 gene sequences, and the full genome characterization of seven isolates. A total of 265 reoviruses were detected and isolated, 83.3% from tendons and joints, 12.3% from the heart and 3.7% from intestines. Eighty five out of the 150 (56.6%) selected viruses for sequencing and characterization were successfully detected, amplified and sequenced. The characterized reoviruses grouped in six distinct genotypic clusters (GC1 to GC6). The most represented clusters were GC1 (51.8%) and GC6 (24.7%), followed by GC2 (12.9%) and GC4 (7.2%), and less frequent GC5 (2.4%) and GC3 (1.2%). A shift on cluster representation throughout time occurred. A reduction of GC1 and an increase of GC6 classified strains was noticed. The highest homologies to S1133 reovirus strain were detected in GC1 (~77%) while GC2 to GC6 homologies ranged between 58.5 and 54.1%. Over time these homologies have been maintained. Seven selected isolates were full genome sequenced. Results indicated that the L3, S1 and M2 genes, coding for proteins located in the virus capsid accounted for most of the variability of these viruses. The information generated in the present study helps the understanding of the epidemiology of reoviruses in California. In addition, provides insights on how other genes that are not commonly studied add variability to the reovirus genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Egaña-Labrin
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - R Hauck
- Auburn University Department of Pathobiology and Department of Poultry Science, Auburn, 36832, AL, USA
| | - A Figueroa
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - S Stoute
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, 95380, CA, Turlock, USA
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, 93274, CA, Tulare, USA
| | - M Crispo
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, 95380, CA, Turlock, USA
| | | | - H Zhou
- University of California, Davis, School of Agriculture, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - C Kern
- University of California, Davis, School of Agriculture, Davis, 95616, CA, United States
| | - B Crossley
- University of California, Davis, California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, 95616, CA, Davis, USA
| | - R A Gallardo
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, 95616, CA, United States.
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Palomino-Tapia V, Mitevski D, Inglis T, van der Meer F, Abdul-Careem MF. Molecular characterization of emerging avian reovirus variants isolated from viral arthritis cases in Western Canada 2012-2017 based on partial sigma (σ)C gene. Virology 2018; 522:138-146. [PMID: 30029013 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral Arthritis (VA), a disease caused by Avian Reovirus (ARV), has emerged as a significant cause of economic losses in broiler chicken flocks in Western Canada. These outbreaks were characterized by 4-13% morbidity, followed by a spike in mortality/culling that in extreme cases required total flock depopulation. From 2012-2017, 38 ARV isolates were recovered. Molecular characterization of a partial segment of the sigma (σ)C gene shows all six previously known ARV clusters in Western Canadian broiler chickens. The most numerous clusters were Cluster#4 and Cluster #5 while the most variable clusters were Cluster#1 (76.7-100% identity), Cluster#2 (66-99.3%), and Cluster#4 (62-100%). This variation suggests that an autogenous vaccine may not protect against a same-cluster challenge virus. This is the first publication showing the wide genetic diversity of ARV Cluster#4, the circulation of all six worldwide reported ARV clusters in Canada, and important differences in ARV Cluster classification among researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center, 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Darko Mitevski
- Poultry Health Services, 1-4 East Lake Ave NE, Airdrie, AB, Canada T4A 2G8
| | - Tom Inglis
- The Institute of Applied Poultry Technologies, 201-151 East Lake Blvd, Airdrie AB, Canada T4A 2G1
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center, 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center, 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
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Sellers HS. Current limitations in control of viral arthritis and tenosynovitis caused by avian reoviruses in commercial poultry. Vet Microbiol 2016; 206:152-156. [PMID: 28024855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian reoviruses are the causative agent of viral arthritis/tenosynovitis in chickens and turkeys. Clinical signs of disease include swelling of the hock joints accompanied by lesions in the gastrocnemius and digital flexor tendons causing lameness in addition to hydropericardium. The economic impact is significant as it results in poor weight gain, increased feed conversion ratios and condemnations at the processing plant. Vaccination with both live attenuated and inactivated oil emulsion vaccines have been used successfully for decades to control the disease. Current commercial vaccine strains belong to the same serotype and are antigenically and serologically distinct from circulating variant field viruses isolated from clinical cases of tenosynovitis. Since 2012, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of clinical cases of tenosynovitis in commercial poultry and commercial vaccines are unable to provide adequate levels of protection against disease. Producers have elected to use custom inactivated vaccines in the absence of any commercially available homologous vaccines. Identification and selection of field isolates for use in autogenous vaccines can be difficult especially when multiple reoviruses are co-circulating among flocks. In addition, field data suggests that in some cases the custom vaccines are providing adequate protection against disease but as new genetic variants emerge, new vaccines are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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35
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Farkas SL, Marton S, Dandár E, Kugler R, Gál B, Jakab F, Bálint Á, Kecskeméti S, Bányai K. Lineage diversification, homo- and heterologous reassortment and recombination shape the evolution of chicken orthoreoviruses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36960. [PMID: 27830770 PMCID: PMC5103266 DOI: 10.1038/srep36960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The near complete genome sequences of ten field avian orthoreovirus (ARV) strains collected from young chicken between 2002 and 2011 in Hungary have been determined in order to explore the genetic diversity and evolutionary mechanisms affecting ARVs in this region. Sequence analyses and phylogenetic calculations revealed similar geographic distribution and distinct evolution in case of eight studied strains that were closely related to the recently described Hungarian strain T1781. The remaining two strains showed the highest similarity with the US origin AVS-B. The topology of the phylogenetic trees of certain segments was affected by several potential homologous reassortment events between strains of Hungarian, Chinese and US origin. Analyzing the μB gene a possible heterologous reassortment event was identified in three Hungarian strains. Recombination events were detected in as much as a dozen cases implying that beside point mutations and reassorment this mechanism also plays an important role in the diversification of ARVs. All these mechanisms in concert may explain the reduced effectiveness of immunization using commercial vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia L Farkas
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Eszter Dandár
- United Szent István és Szent László Hospital - Clinic, Nagyvárad tér 1, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Renáta Kugler
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Bence Gál
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Ádám Bálint
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Tábornok u. 2, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kecskeméti
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, Bornemissza u. 3-7, Debrecen 4031, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
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Goldenberg D, Lublin A, Rosenbluth E, Heller ED, Pitcovski J. Optimized polypeptide for a subunit vaccine against avian reovirus. Vaccine 2016; 34:3178-3183. [PMID: 27155492 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is a disease-causing agent. The disease is prevented by vaccination with a genotype-specific vaccine while many variants of ARV exist in the field worldwide. Production of new attenuated vaccines is a long-term process and in the case of fast-mutating viruses, an impractical one. In the era of molecular biology, vaccines may be produced by using only the relevant protein for induction of neutralizing antibodies, enabling fast adjustment to the emergence of new genetic strains. Sigma C (SC) protein of ARV is a homotrimer that facilitates host-cell attachment and induce the production and secretion of neutralizing antibodies. The aim of this study was to identify the region of SC that will elicit a protective immune response. Full-length (residues 1-326) and two partial fragments of SC (residues 122-326 and 192-326) were produced in Escherichia coli. The SC fragment of residues 122-326 include the globular head, shaft and hinge domains, while eliminating intra-capsular region. This fragment induces significantly higher levels of anti-ARV antibodies than the shorter fragment or full length SC, which neutralized embryos infection by the virulent strain to a higher extent compared with the antibodies produced in response to the whole virus vaccine. Residues 122-326 fragment is assumed to be folded correctly, exposing linear as well as conformational epitopes that are identical to those of the native protein, while possibly excluding suppressor sequences. The results of this study may serve for the development of a recombinant subunit vaccine for ARV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Goldenberg
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Avishai Lublin
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ezra Rosenbluth
- Division of Avian and Fish Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - E Dan Heller
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacob Pitcovski
- Migal - Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, Israel; Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel.
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37
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Tang Y, Lin L, Sebastian A, Lu H. Detection and characterization of two co-infection variant strains of avian orthoreovirus (ARV) in young layer chickens using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Sci Rep 2016; 6:24519. [PMID: 27089943 PMCID: PMC4835796 DOI: 10.1038/srep24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) for full genomic characterization studies of the newly emerging avian orthoreovirus (ARV) field strains isolated in Pennsylvania poultry, we identified two co-infection ARV variant strains from one ARV isolate obtained from ARV-affected young layer chickens. The de novo assembly of the ARV reads generated 19 contigs of two different ARV variant strains according to 10 genome segments of each ARV strain. The two variants had the same M2 segment. The complete genomes of each of the two variant strains were 23,493 bp in length, and 10 dsRNA segments ranged from 1192 bp (S4) to 3958 bp (L1), encoding 12 viral proteins. Sequence comparison of nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences of all 10 genome segments revealed 58.1–100% and 51.4–100% aa identity between the two variant strains, and 54.3–89.4% and 49.5–98.1% aa identity between the two variants and classic vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a moderate to significant nt sequence divergence between the two variant and ARV reference strains. These findings have demonstrated the first naturally occurring co-infection of two ARV variants in commercial young layer chickens, providing scientific evidence that multiple ARV strains can be simultaneously present in one host species of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Wiley Lab/Avian Virology, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Lin Lin
- Wiley Lab/Avian Virology, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Huaguang Lu
- Wiley Lab/Avian Virology, Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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38
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Kugler R, Dandár E, Fehér E, Jakab F, Mató T, Palya V, Bányai K, Farkas SL. Phylogenetic analysis of a novel reassortant orthoreovirus strain detected in partridge (Perdix perdix). Virus Res 2015; 215:99-103. [PMID: 26597720 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian orthoreoviruses cause various diseases in wild birds and domesticated poultry. In this study we report the detection and genomic characterization of a partridge (Perdix perdix) origin reovirus strain, D1007/2008. The virus was isolated on cell culture from acute pneumonia and infra-orbital sinusitis. The 23,497 nucleotide long genome sequence was obtained by combined use of semiconductor and capillary sequencing. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses showed that the partridge reovirus strain was related to orthoreoviruses of gallinaceous birds. In fact, five (λB, λC, μB, σC, σNS) and one (σB) out of 10 genes clustered definitely with turkey or chicken origin orthoreoviruses, respectively, whereas in the λA, μA, μNS and σA phylogenies a more distant genetic relationship was observed. Our data indicate that the identified reovirus strain is composed of a mixture of chicken and turkey orthoreovirus related alleles. This finding implies that partridges may serve as natural reservoirs for orthoreoviruses of domesticated poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Kugler
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre of Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Eszter Dandár
- United Szent István és Szent László Hospital-Clinic, Nagyvárad tér 1, Budapest 1097, Hungary
| | - Enikő Fehér
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre of Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- János Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 20, Pécs 7642, Hungary
| | - Tamás Mató
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. LTD, Szállás u. 5, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. LTD, Szállás u. 5, Budapest 1107, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre of Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
| | - Szilvia L Farkas
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre of Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary
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Tang Y, Lu H, Sebastian A, Yeh YT, Praul CA, Albert IU, Zheng SY. Genomic characterization of a turkey reovirus field strain by Next-Generation Sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:313-21. [PMID: 25841748 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The genome of a turkey arthritis reovirus (TARV) field strain (Reo/PA/Turkey/22342/13), isolated from a turkey flock in Pennsylvania (PA) in 2013, has been sequenced using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The genome of the PA TARV field strain was 23,496bp in length with 10 dsRNA segments encoding 12 viral proteins. The lengths of the genomic segments ranged from 1192bp (S4) to 3959bp (L1). The 5' and 3' conserved terminal sequences of the PA TARV field strain were similar to the two Minnesota (MN) TARVs (MN9 and MN10) published recently and avian orthoreovirus (ARV) reference strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of all 10 genome segments revealed that there was a low to significant nucleotide sequence divergence between the PA TARV field strain and reference TARV and ARV strains. Analysis of the PA TARV sequence indicates that this PA TARV field strain is a unique strain and is different from the TARV MN9 or MN10 in M2 segment genes and ARV S1133 vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Wiley Lab/Avian Virology, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Huaguang Lu
- Wiley Lab/Avian Virology, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Yin-Ting Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Craig A Praul
- Genomics Core Facility, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Istvan U Albert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Si-Yang Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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Mor SK, Marthaler D, Verma H, Sharafeldin TA, Jindal N, Porter RE, Goyal SM. Phylogenetic analysis, genomic diversity and classification of M class gene segments of turkey reoviruses. Vet Microbiol 2015; 176:70-82. [PMID: 25655814 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
From 2011 to 2014, 13 turkey arthritis reoviruses (TARVs) were isolated from cases of swollen hock joints in 2-18-week-old turkeys. In addition, two isolates from similar cases of turkey arthritis were received from another laboratory. Eight turkey enteric reoviruses (TERVs) isolated from fecal samples of turkeys were also used for comparison. The aims of this study were to characterize turkey reovirus (TRV) based on complete M class genome segments and to determine genetic diversity within TARVs in comparison to TERVs and chicken reoviruses (CRVs). Nucleotide (nt) cut off values of 84%, 83% and 85% for the M1, M2 and M3 gene segments were proposed and used for genotype classification, generating 5, 7, and 3 genotypes, respectively. Using these nt cut off values, we propose M class genotype constellations (GCs) for avian reoviruses. Of the seven GCs, GC1 and GC3 were shared between the TARVs and TERVs, indicating possible reassortment between turkey and chicken reoviruses. The TARVs and TERVs were divided into three GCs, and GC2 was unique to TARVs and TERVs. The proposed new GC approach should be useful in identifying reassortant viruses, which may ultimately be used in the design of a universal vaccine against both chicken and turkey reoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Mor
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Harsha Verma
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Tamer A Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125 004, India
| | - Robert E Porter
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States.
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Lawson B, Dastjerdi A, Shah S, Everest D, Núñez A, Pocknell A, Hicks D, Horton DL, Cunningham AA, Irvine RM. Mortality associated with avian reovirus infection in a free-living magpie (Pica pica) in Great Britain. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:20. [PMID: 25880683 PMCID: PMC4336486 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian reoviruses (ARVs) cause a range of disease presentations in domestic, captive and free-living bird species. ARVs have been reported as a cause of significant disease and mortality in free-living corvid species in North America and continental Europe. Until this report, there have been no confirmed cases of ARV-associated disease in British wild birds. CASE PRESENTATION Sporadic individual magpie (Pica pica) mortality was detected at a single site in Buckinghamshire, England, April-September 2013. An adult female magpie was found moribund and subsequently died. Post-mortem examination identified hepatomegaly and splenomegaly as the most severe macroscopic abnormalities. Histopathological examination revealed extensive hepatic and splenic necrosis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified virions of a size (circa 78 nm diameter) and morphology consistent with ARV in both the liver and the small intestinal (SI) contents. Nucleic acid extracted from pooled liver and spleen was positive on both a pan-reovirus nested PCR targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene and a PCR using primers specific to the ARV sigma C protein gene. Virus isolated from the liver and the SI contents was characterised by a syncytial-type cytopathic effect, a reovirus-like appearance on TEM and sequence identical to that from PCR of tissues. In situ hybridisation confirmed co-localisation of ARV with lesions in the liver and spleen, implicating ARV as the causative agent. Splenic lymphoid atrophy and necrotic stomatitis associated with Aspergillus fumigatus infection were consistent with generalised immunosuppression and resultant opportunistic infection. CONCLUSIONS The pathology and comprehensive virus investigations in this case indicate ARV as the primary pathogen in this magpie, with concurrent secondary infection subsequent to immunosuppression, as has been observed with reoviral infections in other bird species. ARV should be considered as a differential diagnosis for magpie, and potentially other corvid, disease and mortality incidents. This is the first demonstration of ARV-associated mortality in a wild bird in Britain. The prevalence and significance of ARV infection in British wild birds, and its implications for poultry and captive bird health, are currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becki Lawson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Sonal Shah
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - David Everest
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Ann Pocknell
- Finn Pathologists, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk, IP21 5TT, UK.
| | - Daniel Hicks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Daniel L Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Richard M Irvine
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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42
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Molecular characterization of L class genome segments of a newly isolated turkey arthritis reovirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Mor SK, Verma H, Sharafeldin TA, Porter RE, Jindal N, Ziegler A, Goyal SM. Characterization of S class gene segments of a newly isolated turkey arthritis reovirus. Virology 2014; 464-465:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Unusual presentation of S Dublin infection in a calf. Vet Rec 2014; 174:573-6. [PMID: 24903174 DOI: 10.1136/vr.g3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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