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Rösch S, Woitas J, Neumann S, Alef M, Kiefer I, Oechtering G. Diagnostic benefits of platelet-to-lymphocyte, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte, and albumin-to-globulin ratios in dogs with nasal cavity diseases. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:44. [PMID: 38310231 PMCID: PMC10837884 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03876-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multimodal approach for diagnostic tests under anesthesia is required to diagnose nasal cavity pathology (NP) reliably in dogs. Blood test results may provide clues to the suspected NP. METHODS This prospective blinded study assessed 72 dogs with chronic nasal discharge due to NPs, and 10 healthy dogs as the control group (CG). NPs were diagnosed using whole-body computed tomography (CT), upper airway endoscopy, examination of nasal mucosal swabs by bacterial and fungal culture, and histopathological examination of nasal mucosa biopsies. The exclusion criteria were the presence of any additional diseases or corticosteroid pre-treatment. In consideration of these exclusion criteria, 55 dogs entered the study. Dogs were classified into benign (benign tumors, idiopathic rhinitis (IR), and others) and malignant (carcinomas and sarcomas) NP groups. Blood count and blood chemistry tests were performed. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) were calculated and compared. RESULTS 25 dogs with malignant NP (13 and 12 with carcinomas and sarcomas, respectively) and 30 dogs with benign NP (seven with benign tumors,13 with IR, and 10 others) were included. In general, in dogs with NP there were only slight abnormalities in complete blood count. However, PLR was significantly higher in dogs with malignant NP (carcinoma and sarcoma) than in those with benign NP and in the CG. Compared with the CG, the NLR was significantly increased in all dogs with NP, and the AGR was mild but significantly lower, except in dogs with sarcomas and benign tumors. CONCLUSIONS In dogs with nasal disease alone, there are usually no marked abnormalities in blood count. However, while mildly increased NLR and decreased AGR can be observed in almost all NPs, an increased PLR may indicate a malignant NP and can be used as an additional screening tool in dogs with nasal discharge due to nasal cavity pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rösch
- Small Animal Department, ENT-Unit, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE- 04103, Germany.
- Current affiliation: Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 9, Hannover, NI, DE-30559, Germany.
| | - Julia Woitas
- Small Animal Department, ENT-Unit, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE- 04103, Germany
| | - Stephan Neumann
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, Goettingen, NI, DE-37077, Germany
| | - Michaele Alef
- Small Animal Department, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE-04103, Germany
| | - Ingmar Kiefer
- Small Animal Department, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE-04103, Germany
| | - Gerhard Oechtering
- Small Animal Department, ENT-Unit, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 23, Leipzig, SN, DE- 04103, Germany.
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Mirkov I, Popov Aleksandrov A, Lazovic B, Glamoclija J, Kataranovski M. Usefulness of animal models of aspergillosis in studying immunity against Aspergillus infections. J Mycol Med 2019; 29:84-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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3
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Savelieff MG, Pappalardo L, Azmanis P. The current status of avian aspergillosis diagnoses: Veterinary practice to novel research avenues. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:342-362. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Pappalardo
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Sciences; American University of Sharjah; Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Panagiotis Azmanis
- Dubai Falcon Hospital/Wadi Al Safa Wildlife Center; Dubai United Arab Emirates
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4
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Soler L, García N, Unzueta A, Piñeiro M, Álava M, Lampreave F. Purification and determination of C-reactive protein and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 in dogs after major surgery through generation of specific antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 179:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Fischer D, Lierz M. Diagnostic Procedures and Available Techniques for the Diagnosis of Aspergillosis in Birds. J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Hillström A, Hagman R, Söder J, Häggström J, Ljungvall I, Kjelgaard-Hansen M. Validation and application of a canine-specific automated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein assay. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:182-90. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715575751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of low concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dogs has previously been performed with nonautomated assays. The aim of this study was to validate an automated high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) assay, developed by modifying a routinely used canine-specific immunoturbidimetric CRP test (cCRP). Imprecision, linearity under dilution, limit of blank (LOB), limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined for the hsCRP test, as well as the presence of prozone effect and interferences. The imprecision, measured as intra-assay variation, was ≤2.7%. The assay was acceptably linear under dilution. An analytically relevant prozone effect was present for samples with CRP concentration >150 mg/L, and there were mild interferences from hemolysis and lipemia. The LOB, LOD, and LOQ were 0.10 mg/L, 0.22 mg/L, and 0.50 mg/L, respectively. A method comparison study with a canine-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed, showing poor agreement between the hsCRP test and the ELISA. An additional aim of the study was to apply the hsCRP test to clinical research samples. Serum samples from 7 dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy were collected pre- and postoperatively, and CRP was measured with both the cCRP and hsCRP assay. The expected postoperative increase in CRP was detected earlier with the hsCRP test, compared with the cCRP test. The hsCRP assay was further applied on samples from 6 lean and 9 overweight dogs. There was no significant difference in CRP concentration between the groups ( P = 0.06). In conclusion, the hsCRP test had acceptable analytical performance, and the assay was successfully applied to clinical research samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hillström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Ragnvi Hagman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Josefin Söder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Jens Häggström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Ingrid Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
| | - Mads Kjelgaard-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Hillström, Hagman, Häggström, Ljungvall)
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (Söder)
- Translational Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (Kjelgaard-Hansen)
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7
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Fischer D, Van Waeyenberghe L, Cray C, Gross M, Usleber E, Pasmans F, Martel A, Lierz M. Comparison of Diagnostic Tools for the Detection of Aspergillosis in Blood Samples of Experimentally Infected Falcons. Avian Dis 2014; 58:587-98. [DOI: 10.1637/10831-032714-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Serum insulin-like growth factor-I, iron, C-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A for prediction of outcome in dogs with pyometra. Theriogenology 2014; 82:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Plickert HD, Tichy A, Hirt RA. Characteristics of canine nasal discharge related to intranasal diseases: a retrospective study of 105 cases. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:145-52. [PMID: 24423057 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare characteristics of nasal discharge caused by different intranasal aetiologies in dogs. METHODS Medical records of 105 dogs with nasal discharge due to intranasal disease were retrospectively reviewed with special focus on composition, severity, duration and localisation of discharge. On the basis of diagnostic findings, cases were classified into different disease groups and characteristics of discharge were compared between groups. RESULTS Cases were classified as having non-specific rhinitis (n=42), nasal neoplasia (n=23), foreign bodies (n=21), nasal mycosis (n=7) and miscellaneous disorders (n=13). Dogs with foreign bodies or nasal mycosis were significantly younger. Mucous components of discharge occurred more often in non-specific rhinitis and nasal neoplasia, although haemorrhagic components predominated in nasal neoplasia when discharge lasted ê14 days. Pure or mixed haemorrhagic discharge was significantly more common with nasal neoplasia, foreign bodies and nasal mycosis. Purulent components were associated with longer duration of discharge and predominantly seen in non-specific rhinitis and foreign bodies. Dogs with foreign bodies were presented earlier and sneezing was more frequent. Nasal stridor was significantly more often observed in dogs with nasal neoplasia. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Characteristics of nasal discharge and associated clinical signs might aid in planning the diagnostic approach, but a combination of diagnostic techniques is still required to confirm a diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Plickert
- Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Clinic for Small Animals - Internal Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Crawford K, Warman SM, Marques AI, Yool DA, Eckersall PD, McCulloch E, Lynn K, Mellanby RJ, Gow AG. Serum haptoglobin concentrations in dogs with liver disease. Vet Rec 2013; 173:579. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Crawford
- Northwest Surgeons; Delamere House, Ashville Point Sutton Weaver Cheshire WA7 3FW UK
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - S. M. Warman
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - A. I. Marques
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - D. A. Yool
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - P. D. Eckersall
- Division of Animal Production & Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - E. McCulloch
- ReactivLab Ltd; Garscube Estate, Bearsden Rd Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - K. Lynn
- ReactivLab Ltd; Garscube Estate, Bearsden Rd Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - R. J. Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - A. G. Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
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11
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Goetting V, Lee KA, Woods L, Clemons KV, Stevens DA, Tell LA. Inflammatory marker profiles in an avian experimental model of aspergillosis. Med Mycol 2013; 51:696-703. [DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.788257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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Selting KA, Sharp CR, Ringold R, Knouse J. Serum thymidine kinase 1 and C-reactive protein as biomarkers for screening clinically healthy dogs for occult disease. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:373-84. [PMID: 23859156 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine kinase (TK1) is a biomarker that correlates well with diagnosis and prognosis in certain canine cancers. Canine C-reactive protein (cCRP) is a widely accepted marker of inflammation correlated with increased risk and severity of various diseases. We evaluated serum TK1 and cCRP concentrations in apparently healthy dogs (n = 360). All dogs were followed up for a minimum of 6 months by health questionnaire. All dogs with cancer were identified using a proprietary dual-biomarker algorithm [termed Neoplasia Index (NI)]. Specificity of positive NI is 0.91 and high positive is 0.98. All-cause mortality was 20% in dogs with elevated cCRP and 3% in dogs with low cCRP. The performance of serum TK1 and cCRP as tools for screening for occult cancer is improved when evaluated together. Serum TK1 and cCRP (unified in the NI) are useful in the screening of occult canine cancer. cCRP is useful in screening for other serious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Selting
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - C R Sharp
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - R Ringold
- Veterinary Diagnostics Institute, Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | - J Knouse
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Chase D, McLauchlan G, Eckersall PD, Parkin T, Pratschke K, Pratschke J. Acute phase protein levels in dogs with mast cell tumours and sarcomas. Vet Rec 2012; 170:648. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Chase
- Pride Veterinary Centre; Riverside Road Derby Derbyshire DE24 8HX UK
| | - G. McLauchlan
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - P. D. Eckersall
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - T. Parkin
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - K. Pratschke
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - J. Pratschke
- Department of Economics and Statistics; University of Salerno; Via ponte don Melillo Fisciano 84084 SA Italy
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Gow AG, Marques AI, Yool DA, Crawford K, Warman SM, Eckersall PD, Jalan R, Mellanby RJ. Dogs with congenital porto-systemic shunting (cPSS) and hepatic encephalopathy have higher serum concentrations of C-reactive protein than asymptomatic dogs with cPSS. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:227-9. [PMID: 22354751 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with liver disorders and a wide range of rodent models of HE have been described to facilitate studies into the pathogenesis and treatment of HE. However, it is widely acknowledged that no individual model perfectly mimics human HE and there is a particular need for spontaneous, larger animal models. One common congenital abnormality in dogs is the portosystemic shunt (cPSS) which causes clinical signs that are similar to human HE such as ataxia, disorientation, lethargy and occasionally coma. As inflammation has recently been shown to be associated with HE in humans, we hypothesised that inflammation would similarly be associated with HE in dogs with cPSS. To examine this hypothesis we measured C-reactive protein (CRP) in 30 healthy dogs, 19 dogs with a cPSS and no HE and 27 dogs with a cPSS and overt HE. There was a significant difference in CRP concentration between healthy dogs and dogs with HE (p < 0.001) and between dogs with HE and without HE (p < 0.05). The novel finding that there is an association between inflammation and canine HE strengthens the concept that HE in dogs with cPSS shares a similar pathogenesis to humans with HE. Consequently, dogs with a cPSS may be a good spontaneous model of human HE in which to further examine the role of inflammation and development of HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
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Lewis D, Chan D, Pinheiro D, Armitage‐Chan E, Garden O. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:457-82. [PMID: 22428780 PMCID: PMC7166777 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the systemic inflammatory response to infection, represents the major cause of death in critically ill veterinary patients. Whereas important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome have been made, much remains to be elucidated. There is general agreement on the key interaction between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and cells of the innate immune system, and the amplification of the host response generated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. More recently, the concept of immunoparalysis in sepsis has also been advanced, together with an increasing recognition of the interplay between regulatory T cells and the innate immune response. However, the heterogeneous nature of this syndrome and the difficulty of modeling it in vitro or in vivo has both frustrated the advancement of new therapies and emphasized the continuing importance of patient-based clinical research in this area of human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.H. Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Present address:
Langford Veterinary ServicesSmall Animal HospitalLangford HouseLangfordBristol, BS40 5DUUK
| | - D.L. Chan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
| | - D. Pinheiro
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
| | - E. Armitage‐Chan
- Davies Veterinary SpecialistsManor Farm Business ParkHertfordshireSG5 3HR, UK (Armitage‐Chan)
| | - O.A. Garden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfield CampusHertfordshire,UK (Lewis, Chan, Garden)
- Regulatory T Cell LaboratoryThe Royal Veterinary CollegeCamden Campus, LondonNW1 OTUUK (Pinheiro, Garden)
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Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) were first identified in the early 1900s as early reactants to infectious disease. They are now understood to be an integral part of the acute phase response (APR) which is the cornerstone of innate immunity. APP have been shown to be valuable biomarkers as increases can occur with inflammation, infection, neoplasia, stress, and trauma. All animals--from fish to mammals--have demonstrable APP, but the type of major APP differs by species. While the primary application of these proteins in a clinical setting is prognostication, studies in animals have demonstrated relevance to diagnosis and detection and monitoring for subclinical disease. APP have been well documented in laboratory, companion, and large animals. With the advent of standardized and automated assays, these biomarkers are available for use in all fields of veterinary medicine as well as basic and clinical research.
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