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Barenie MJ, Escalera A, Carter SJ, Grange HE, Paris HL, Krinsky D, Sogard AS, Schlader ZJ, Fly AD, Mickleborough TD. Grass-Fed and Non-Grass-Fed Whey Protein Consumption Do Not Attenuate Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Soreness in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Diet Suppl 2023; 21:344-373. [PMID: 37981793 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2282470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric muscle contractions can cause structural damage to muscle cells resulting in temporarily decreased muscle force production and soreness. Prior work indicates pasture-raised dairy products from grass-fed cows have greater anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties compared to grain-fed counterparts. However, limited research has evaluated the utility of whey protein from pasture-raised, grass-fed cows to enhance recovery compared to whey protein from non-grass-fed cows. Therefore, using a randomized, placebo-controlled design, we compared the effect of whey protein from pasture-raised, grass-fed cows (PRWP) to conventional whey protein (CWP) supplementation on indirect markers of muscle damage in response to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in resistance-trained individuals. Thirty-nine subjects (PRWP, n = 14; CWP, n = 12) completed an eccentric squat protocol to induce EIMD with measurements performed at 24, 48, and 72 h of recovery. Dependent variables included: delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), urinary titin, maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC), potentiated quadriceps twitch force, countermovement jump (CMJ), and barbell back squat velocity (BBSV). Between-condition comparisons did not reveal any significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in markers of EIMD via DOMS, urinary titin, MIVC, potentiated quadriceps twitch force, CMJ, or BBSV. In conclusion, neither PRWP nor CWP attenuate indirect markers of muscle damage and soreness following eccentric exercise in resistance-trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Barenie
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Center for the Study of Obesity, College of Public Health, University of AR for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Albaro Escalera
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen J Carter
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Hope E Grange
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health-Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California, USA
| | - Danielle Krinsky
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Abigail S Sogard
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Timothy D Mickleborough
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health-Bloomington, IN University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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2
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Rivero-Pino F, Villanueva Á, Montserrat-de-la-Paz S, Sanchez-Fidalgo S, Millán-Linares MC. Evidence of Immunomodulatory Food-Protein Derived Peptides in Human Nutritional Interventions: Review on the Outcomes and Potential Limitations. Nutrients 2023; 15:2681. [PMID: 37375585 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is somehow related to all the metabolic pathways, in a bidirectional way, and the nutritional interventions affecting these pathways might have a relevant impact on the inflammatory status of the individuals. Food-derived peptides have been demonstrated to exert several bioactivities by in vitro or animal studies. Their potential to be used as functional food is promising, considering the simplicity of their production and the high value of the products obtained. However, the number of human studies performed until now to demonstrate effects in vivo is still scarce. Several factors must be taken into consideration to carry out a high-quality human study to demonstrate immunomodulatory-promoting properties of a test item. This review aims to summarize the recent human studies published in which the purpose was to demonstrate bioactivity of protein hydrolysates, highlighting the main results and the limitations that can restrict the relevance of the studies. Results collected are promising, although in some studies, physiological changes could not be observed. When responses were observed, they sometimes did not refer to relevant parameters and the immunomodulatory properties could not be clearly established with the current evidence. Well-designed clinical trials are needed in order to evaluate the role of protein hydrolysates in immunonutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rivero-Pino
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Álvaro Villanueva
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. Utrera Km. 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Sergio Montserrat-de-la-Paz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Susana Sanchez-Fidalgo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Maria C Millán-Linares
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Av. Sanchez Pizjuan s/n, 41009 Seville, Spain
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3
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Lim G, Lim Y. Effects of Whey Peptide Supplementation on Sarcopenic Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:4402. [PMID: 36297085 PMCID: PMC9611493 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of sarcopenic obesity gradually increased in parallel with the aged population. This research examined the effects of whey peptide (WP) supplementation with/without resistant exercise (RE) on sarcopenic obesity. Male 8-month-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (10 kcal% fat) or a high-fat diet (60 kcal% fat) for 8 weeks. High-fat diet-fed mice were randomly divided into four groups: obesity control group (OB), RE (RE only), WP (WP only), and WPE (RE and WP). WP supplementation (1500 mg/day/kg B.W.) gavage and RE (ladder climbing, five times weekly, 8−10 repetitions, 10−20% B.W. load) were conducted for an additional 8 weeks. Protein and mRNA levels of markers related to energy, protein, and lipid metabolism were analyzed in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). WP supplementation regardless of RE significantly suppressed the increasing fat mass (p = 0.016) and decreasing lean mass (p = 0.014) and alleviated abnormal morphological changes in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue (p < 0.001). In adipose tissue, WP supplementation regardless of RE ameliorated dysregulated energy metabolism and contributed to the reduction in adipocyte differentiation (PPAR-γ (p = 0.017), C/EBPα (p = 0.034)). In skeletal muscle, WP supplementation regardless of RE alleviated energy metabolism dysregulation and resulted in down-regulated protein degradation (Atrogin-1 (p = 0.003), MuRF1 (p = 0.006)) and apoptosis (Bax) (p = 0.004). Taken together, the current study elucidated that WP supplementation regardless of RE has potential anti-obesity and anti-sarcopenic effects in sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yunsook Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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4
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Ormsbee MJ, Saracino PG, Morrissey MC, Donaldson J, Rentería LI, McKune AJ. Pre-sleep protein supplementation after an acute bout of evening resistance exercise does not improve next day performance or recovery in resistance trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:164-178. [PMID: 35599912 PMCID: PMC9116400 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2036451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the effect of pre-sleep protein supplementation after an acute bout of evening resistance training on next day performance and recovery the following day in physically active men. Methods Eighteen resistance trained men performed a single bout of resistance exercise then received either a pre-sleep protein (PRO) supplement containing 40 g of casein protein (PRO; n = 10; mean ± SD; age = 24 ± 4 yrs; height = 1.81 ± 0.08 m; weight = 84.9 ± 9.5 kg) or a non-caloric, flavor matched placebo (PLA; n = 8; age = 28 ± 10 yrs; height = 1.81 ± 0.07 m; weight = 86.7 ± 11.0 kg) 30 min before sleep (1 h after a standard recovery drink). Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise and the following morning (+12-h) to measure creatine kinase and C-reactive protein. Visual analog scales were utilized to assess perceived pain, hunger, and recovery. One-repetition maximum (1RM) tests for barbell bench press and squat were performed pre-exercise and the following morning (+12-h). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (V.23) and p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results There were no significant differences between the groups in next morning performance or muscle damage biomarkers. However, pre-sleep PRO resulted in a lower perception of hunger that approached significance the following morning when compared to PLA (PRO:43.6 ± 31.2, PLA: 69.4 ± 2.22; 95% C.I. = −53.6, 2.0; p = 0.07; d = 0.95). Conclusions Following an evening bout of exercise, pre-sleep PRO did not further improve next morning muscle damage biomarkers or maximal strength performance in resistance trained men compared to a non-caloric PLA. However, there may be implications for lower perceived hunger the next morning with pre-sleep PRO consumption compared to PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Ormsbee
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Patrick G. Saracino
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | | | - Jaymie Donaldson
- School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Liliana I. Rentería
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Andrew J. McKune
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
- School of Health Sciences, Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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5
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León-López A, Pérez-Marroquín XA, Estrada-Fernández AG, Campos-Lozada G, Morales-Peñaloza A, Campos-Montiel RG, Aguirre-Álvarez G. Milk Whey Hydrolysates as High Value-Added Natural Polymers: Functional Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061258. [PMID: 35335587 PMCID: PMC8955172 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two types of milk whey obtained from cheese manufacture: sweet and acid. It retains around 55% of the nutrients of the milk. Milk whey is considered as a waste, creating a critical pollution problem, because 9 L of whey are produced from every 10 L of milk. Some treatments such as hydrolysis by chemical, fermentation process, enzymatic action, and green technologies (ultrasound and thermal treatment) are successful in obtaining peptides from protein whey. Milk whey peptides possess excellent functional properties such as antihypertensive, antiviral, anticancer, immunity, and antioxidant, with benefits in the cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, immune, and nervous system. This review presents an update of the applications of milk whey hydrolysates as a high value-added peptide based on their functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arely León-López
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Xóchitl Alejandra Pérez-Marroquín
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Ana Guadalupe Estrada-Fernández
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior del Oriente del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Apan-Tepeapulco Km 3.5, Colonia Las Peñitas, Apan C.P. 43900, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Gieraldin Campos-Lozada
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Alejandro Morales-Peñaloza
- Escuela Superior de Apan, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Apan-Calpulalpan s/n, Colonia Chimalpa Tlalayote, Apan C.P. 43920, Hidalgo, Mexico;
| | - Rafael G. Campos-Montiel
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
| | - Gabriel Aguirre-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad Km 1, Tulancingo C.P. 43600, Hidalgo, Mexico; (A.L.-L.); (X.A.P.-M.); (G.C.-L.); (R.G.C.-M.)
- Uni-Collagen S.A. de C.V., Arnulfo González No. 203, El Paraíso, Tulancingo C.P. 43684, Hidalgo, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-775-145-9265
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6
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Minari ALA, Thomatieli-Santos RV. From skeletal muscle damage and regeneration to the hypertrophy induced by exercise: What is the role of different macrophages subsets? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 322:R41-R54. [PMID: 34786967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00038.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the top players when considering immune cells involved with tissue homeostasis. Recently, increasing evidence has demonstrated that these macrophages could also present two major subsets during tissue healing; proliferative macrophages (M1-like), which are responsible for increasing myogenic cell proliferation, and restorative macrophages (M2-like), which are accountable for the end of the mature muscle myogenesis. The participation and characterization of these macrophage subsets is critical during myogenesis, not only to understand the inflammatory role of macrophages during muscle recovery but also to create supportive strategies that can improve mass muscle maintenance. Indeed, most of our knowledge about macrophage subsets comes from skeletal muscle damage protocols, and we still do not know how these subsets can contribute to skeletal muscle adaptation. This narrative review aims to collect and discuss studies demonstrating the involvement of different macrophage subsets during the skeletal muscle damage/regeneration process, showcasing an essential role of these macrophage subsets during muscle adaptation induced by acute and chronic exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Araujo Minari
- Universidade estadual Paulista, Campus Presidente Prudente, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psicobiologia, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo V Thomatieli-Santos
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Campus Baixada Santista, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Psicobiologia, Brazil
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7
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König D, Kohl J, Jerger S, Centner C. Potential Relevance of Bioactive Peptides in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113997. [PMID: 34836255 PMCID: PMC8622853 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides are physiologically active peptides mostly derived from proteins following gastrointestinal digestion, fermentation or hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. It has been shown that bioactive peptides can be resorbed in their intact form and have repeatedly been shown to have a positive effect on health-related parameters such as hypertension, dyslipoproteinemia, inflammation and oxidative stress. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that biologically active peptides could also play an important role in sports nutrition. Current studies have shown that bioactive peptides could have a positive impact on changes in body composition and muscular performance, reduce muscle damage following exercise and induce beneficial adaptions within the connective tissue. In the following overview, potential mechanisms as well as possible limitations regarding the sports-related effect of bioactive peptides and their potential mechanisms are presented and discussed. In addition, practical applications will be discussed on how bioactive peptides can be integrated into a nutritional approach in sports to enhance athletic performance as well as prevent injuries and improve the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel König
- Centre for Sports Science and University Sports, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz, 61150 Vienna, Austria
- Department for Nutritional Science, Institute for Nutrition, Exercise and Health, University of Vienna, 61150 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-4277-59130
| | - Jan Kohl
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Simon Jerger
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany; (J.K.); (S.J.); (C.C.)
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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8
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Randell RK, Clifford T, Drust B, Moss SL, Unnithan VB, De Ste Croix MBA, Datson N, Martin D, Mayho H, Carter JM, Rollo I. Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1377-1399. [PMID: 33844195 PMCID: PMC8222040 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female soccer has seen a substantial rise in participation, as well as increased financial support from governing bodies over the last decade. Thus, there is an onus on researchers and medical departments to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics and demands, and the health and performance needs of female soccer players. In this review, we discuss the current research, as well as the knowledge gaps, of six major topics: physical demands, talent identification, body composition, injury risk and prevention, health and nutrition. Data on female talent identification are scarce, and future studies need to elucidate the influence of relative age and maturation selection across age groups. Regarding the physical demands, more research is needed on the pattern of high-intensity sprinting during matches and the contribution of soccer-specific movements. Injuries are not uncommon in female soccer players, but targeting intrinsically modifiable factors with injury prevention programmes can reduce injury rates. The anthropometric and physical characteristics of female players are heterogeneous and setting specific targets should be discouraged in youth and sub-elite players. Menstrual cycle phase may influence performance and injury risk; however, there are few studies in soccer players. Nutrition plays a critical role in health and performance and ensuring adequate energy intake remains a priority. Despite recent progress, there is considerably less research in female than male soccer players. Many gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and manage the health and performance of female soccer players remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Thomas Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha L Moss
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Hannah Mayho
- Sports Science Department, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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9
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Morgan PT, Breen L. The role of protein hydrolysates for exercise-induced skeletal muscle recovery and adaptation: a current perspective. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:44. [PMID: 33882976 PMCID: PMC8061049 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein supplement industry is expanding rapidly and estimated to have a multi-billion market worth. Recent research has centred on understanding how the manufacturing processes of protein supplements may impact muscle recovery and remodeling. The hydrolysed forms of protein undergo a further heating extraction process during production which may contribute to amino acids (AA) appearing in circulation at a slightly quicker rate, or greater amplitude, than the intact form. Whilst the relative significance of the rate of aminoacidemia to muscle protein synthesis is debated, it has been suggested that protein hydrolysates, potentially through the more rapid delivery and higher proportion of di-, tri- and smaller oligo-peptides into circulation, are superior to intact non-hydrolysed proteins and free AAs in promoting skeletal muscle protein remodeling and recovery. However, despite these claims, there is currently insufficient evidence to support superior muscle anabolic properties compared with intact non-hydrolysed proteins and/or free AA controls. Further research is warranted with appropriate protein controls, particularly in populations consuming insufficient amounts of protein, to support and/or refute an important muscle anabolic role of protein hydrolysates. The primary purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a current perspective on the potential anabolic effects of protein hydrolysates in individuals wishing to optimise recovery from, and maximise adaptation to, exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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10
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Wohlgemuth KJ, Arieta LR, Brewer GJ, Hoselton AL, Gould LM, Smith-Ryan AE. Sex differences and considerations for female specific nutritional strategies: a narrative review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33794937 PMCID: PMC8015182 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is a plethora of information available regarding the impact of nutrition on exercise performance, many recommendations are based on male needs due to the dominance of male participation in the nutrition and exercise science literature. Female participation in sport and exercise is prevalent, making it vital for guidelines to address the sex-specific nutritional needs. Female hormonal levels, such as estrogen and progesterone, fluctuate throughout the mensural cycle and lifecycle requiring more attention for effective nutritional considerations. Sex-specific nutritional recommendations and guidelines for the active female and female athlete have been lacking to date and warrant further consideration. This review provides a practical overview of key physiological and nutritional considerations for the active female. Available literature regarding sex-specific nutrition and dietary supplement guidelines for women has been synthesized, offering evidenced-based practical information that can be incorporated into the daily lives of women to improve performance, body composition, and overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealey J Wohlgemuth
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Luke R Arieta
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Gabrielle J Brewer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrew L Hoselton
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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11
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The Effect of Protein Supplementation versus Carbohydrate Supplementation on Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness Following a 15-km Road Race: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030858. [PMID: 33807745 PMCID: PMC7999032 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed whether a protein supplementation protocol could attenuate running-induced muscle soreness and other muscle damage markers compared to iso-caloric placebo supplementation. A double-blind randomized controlled trial was performed among 323 recreational runners (age 44 ± 11 years, 56% men) participating in a 15-km road race. Participants received milk protein or carbohydrate supplementation, for three consecutive days post-race. Habitual protein intake was assessed using 24 h recalls. Race characteristics were determined and muscle soreness was assessed with the Brief Pain Inventory at baseline and 1-3 days post-race. In a subgroup (n = 149) muscle soreness was measured with a strain gauge algometer and creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations were measured. At baseline, no group-differences were observed for habitual protein intake (protein group: 79.9 ± 26.5 g/d versus placebo group: 82.0 ± 26.8 g/d, p = 0.49) and muscle soreness (protein: 0.45 ± 1.08 versus placebo: 0.44 ± 1.14, p = 0.96). Subjects completed the race with a running speed of 12 ± 2 km/h. With the Intention-to-Treat analysis no between-group differences were observed in reported muscle soreness. With the per-protocol analysis, however, the protein group reported higher muscle soreness 24 h post-race compared to the placebo group (2.96 ± 2.27 versus 2.46 ± 2.38, p = 0.039) and a lower pressure muscle pain threshold in the protein group compared to the placebo group (71.8 ± 30.0 N versus 83.9 ± 27.9 N, p = 0.019). No differences were found in concentrations of CK and LDH post-race between groups. Post-exercise protein supplementation is not more preferable than carbohydrate supplementation to reduce muscle soreness or other damage markers in recreational athletes with mostly a sufficient baseline protein intake running a 15-km road race.
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Martin-Arrowsmith PW, Lov J, Dai J, Morais JA, Churchward-Venne TA. Ketone Monoester Supplementation Does Not Expedite the Recovery of Indices of Muscle Damage After Eccentric Exercise. Front Nutr 2020; 7:607299. [PMID: 33364251 PMCID: PMC7752861 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.607299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a ketone monoester supplement on indices of muscle damage during recovery after eccentric exercise. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, independent group design, 20 moderately active healthy young adults consumed 360 mg per kg−1 bodyweight of a ketone monoester (KET) or energy-matched carbohydrate (CON) supplement twice daily following eccentric exercise (drop jumps). Maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) torque, counter-movement jump (CMJ) height, and muscle soreness were measured before (PRE), and immediately (POST), 24 h and 48 h post-exercise. Blood samples were collected for analysis of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), creatine kinase (CK), and select pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Results: Peak blood β-OHB concentration after supplement intake was greater (P < 0.001) in KET (4.4 ± 0.8 mM) vs. CON (0.4 ± 0.3 mM). Exercise increased CK concentration at 24 h and 48 h vs. PRE (time: P < 0.001) with no difference between KET and CON. Exercise reduced MIVC (KET: −19.9 ± 14.6; CON: −22.6 ± 11.1%) and CMJ (KET: −11.0 ± 7.5; CON: −13.0 ± 8.7%) at POST relative PRE; however, there was no difference between KET and CON on the recovery of MIVC at 24 h (KET: −15.4 ± 20.4; CON: −18.7 ± 20.1%) or 48 h (KET: −7.2 ± 21.2; CON: −11.8 ± 20.2%), or CMJ at 24 h (KET: −9.2 ± 11.5; CON: −13.4 ± 10.8) or 48 h (KET: −12.5 ± 12.4; CON: −9.1 ± 11.7). Muscle soreness was increased during post-exercise recovery (time: P < 0.001) with no differences between KET and CON. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was greater (group: P = 0.007) in CON (236 ± 11 pg/mL) vs. KET (187 ± 11 pg/mL). Conclusion: In conclusion, twice daily ingestion of a ketone monoester supplement that acutely elevates blood β-OHB concentration does not enhance the recovery of muscle performance or reduce muscle soreness following eccentric exercise in moderately active, healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Lov
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiaying Dai
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - José A Morais
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tyler A Churchward-Venne
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Mercer D, Convit L, Condo D, Carr AJ, Hamilton DL, Slater G, Snipe RMJ. Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3527. [PMID: 33207749 PMCID: PMC7696053 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic literature review aimed to determine the protein requirements of pre-menopausal (e.g., 18-45 years) female athletes and identify if the menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptive use influence protein requirements. Four databases were searched for original research containing pre-menopausal female athletes that ingested protein alongside exercise. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist was used to determine study quality. Fourteen studies, which included 204 recreationally active or competitive females, met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review, and all were assessed as positive quality. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein intake of pre-menopausal recreational and/or competitive female athletes is similar for those undertaking aerobic endurance (1.28-1.63 g/kg/day), resistance (1.49 g/kg/day) and intermittent exercise (1.41 g/kg/day) of ~60-90 min duration. The optimal acute protein intake and influence of menstrual cycle phase or hormonal contraceptive use on protein requirements could not be determined. However, pre- and post-exercise protein intakes of 0.32-0.38 g/kg have demonstrated beneficial physiological responses in recreational and competitive female athletes completing resistance and intermittent exercise. The protein requirements outlined in this review can be used for planning and assessing protein intakes of recreational and competitive pre-menopausal female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Mercer
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Amelia J. Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore 4558, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Rhiannon M. J. Snipe
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
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Soluble Whey Protein Hydrolysate Ameliorates Muscle Atrophy Induced by Immobilization via Regulating the PI3K/Akt Pathway in C57BL/6 Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113362. [PMID: 33139592 PMCID: PMC7692342 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is prevalent in older people and associated with functional decline and mortality. Protein supplementation is necessary to maintain skeletal muscle mass and whey protein hydrolysates have the best nutrient quality among food proteins. In the first study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to immobilization for 1 week to induce muscle atrophy. Then, mice were administered with four different whey protein hydrolysates for 2 weeks with continuous immobilization. Among them, soluble whey protein hydrolysate (WP-S) had the greatest increase in grip strength, muscle weight, and cross-sectional area of muscle fiber than other whey protein hydrolysates. To investigate the molecular mechanism, we conducted another experiment with the same experimental design. WP-S significantly promoted the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and inhibited the PI3K/Akt/forkhead box O (FoxO) pathway. In addition, it increased myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression in both the soleus and quadriceps and changed MyHC isoform expressions. In conclusion, WP-S attenuated muscle atrophy induced by immobilization by enhancing the net protein content regulating muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Thus, it is a necessary and probable candidate for developing functional food to prevent sarcopenia.
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15
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Muscle Injury in Bodybuilding Based on Mesoporous Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Sports Rehabilitation Training. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/1784036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important means of treating diseases, chemical-based drugs have always guaranteed people’s health and longevity. However, due to the nature of some drugs, their use in the medical field is limited. This study mainly discusses the treatment of muscle damage based on sports rehabilitation training mesoporous multifunctional nanomaterials in bodybuilding. The biological characteristics of the targeted control of mesoporous multifunctional nanomaterials for target drugs were studied by analyzing the regeneration of skeletal muscles of mice after gastrocnemius strain under computer control. The electrostatic interactions modified by the consensus binding between AS1411 and Dimer-PPTcDA on the surface of mesoporous silicon are used to block the pores, and the release of objective molecules depends on the concentration of the drug in the tendon cells and the time of action. In this system, AS1411 has both the characteristics of the target substance and the active site of the targeted stimulus response in the cell. After FAM is labeled AS1411, the fluorescence of FAM can be used to monitor the release of the drug in real time, so as to directly release the drug to the lesion, maintain local effectiveness, and greatly improve the biological activity of the drug. In addition, in the safety analysis of mesoporous multifunctional nanomaterials on cells, if the concentration of nanoparticles is 90 μg/mL, the cell survival rate is almost 100%. The results show that the mesoporous multifunctional nanomaterials have low cytotoxicity and cell activity is not affected. The smaller the particle size of mesoporous silicon, the easier it is to invade the focus cells. In addition, confocal microscopy imaging has also effectively demonstrated the targeting effect of mesoporous multifunctional nanomaterials on cells.
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Effects of Post-Exercise Whey Protein Consumption on Recovery Indices in Adolescent Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217761. [PMID: 33114186 PMCID: PMC7660601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined the effect of whey protein consumption following high-intensity interval swimming (HIIS) on muscle damage, inflammatory cytokines and performance in adolescent swimmers. Methods: Fifty-four swimmers (11-17 years-old) were stratified by age, sex and body mass to a whey protein (PRO), isoenergetic carbohydrate (CHO) or a water/placebo (H2O) group. Following baseline blood samples (06:00 h) and a standardised breakfast, participants performed a maximal 200 m swim, followed by HIIS. A total of two post-exercise boluses were consumed following HIIS and ~5 h post-baseline. Blood and 200 m performance measurements were repeated at 5 h, 8 h and 24 h from baseline. Muscle soreness was assessed at 24 h. Creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured in plasma. Results: No difference in 200 m swim performance was observed between groups. CK activity was elevated at 5 h compared to baseline and 24 h and at 8 h compared to all other timepoints, with no differences between groups. Muscle soreness was lower in PRO compared to H2O (p = 0.04). Anti-inflammatory IL-10 increased at 8 h in PRO, while it decreased in CHO and H2O. Conclusions: Post-exercise consumption of whey protein appears to have no additional benefit on recovery indices following HIIS compared to isoenergetic amounts of carbohydrate in adolescent swimmers. However, it may assist with the acute-inflammatory response.
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Hilkens L, De Bock J, Kretzers J, Kardinaal AFM, Floris-Vollenbroek EG, Scholtens PAMJ, Horstman AMH, van Loon LJC, van Dijk JW. Whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:322-331. [PMID: 33012216 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1820184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with two parallel groups aimed to assess the impact of whey protein supplementation on recovery of muscle function and muscle soreness following eccentric exercise. During a 9-day period, forty recreationally active males received twice daily supplementation with either whey protein (PRO; 60 g/day) or an iso-energetic amount of carbohydrate (CON). Muscle function and soreness were assessed before, and 0, 3, 24, 48, and 72 h after performing 100 drop jumps. Recovery of isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) did not significantly differ between groups (timextreatment, P = 0.56). In contrast, the recovery of isokinetic MVC at 90°·s-1 was faster in CON as opposed to PRO (timextreatment interaction, P = 0.044). Recovery of isokinetic MVC at 180°·s-1 was also faster in CON as opposed to PRO (timextreatment interaction, P = 0.011). Recovery of countermovement jump performance did not differ between groups (timextreatment interaction, P = 0.52). Muscle soreness, CK and CRP showed a transient increase over time (P < 0.001), with no differences between groups. In conclusion, whey protein supplementation does not accelerate recovery of muscle function or attenuate muscle soreness and inflammation during 3 days of recovery from a single bout of eccentric exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Hilkens
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien De Bock
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Kretzers
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Dijk
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Huecker M, Sarav M, Pearlman M, Laster J. Protein Supplementation in Sport: Source, Timing, and Intended Benefits. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 8:382-396. [PMID: 31713177 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-00293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide background on the present literature regarding the utility and effectiveness of protein supplements, including protein source and nutrient timing. RECENT FINDINGS In the setting of adequate dietary protein consumption, research suggests some benefit particularly in sport or exercise activities. Protein supplements command a multi-billion-dollar market with prevalent use in sports. Many individuals, including athletes, do not consume optimal dietary protein on a daily basis. High-protein diets are remarkably safe in healthy subjects, especially in the short term. Some objective outcomes are physiologic and may not translate to clinically relevant outcomes. Athletes should, however, consider long-term implications when consuming high quantities of protein in dietary or supplement form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Huecker
- Dept of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 530 S Jackson St C1H17, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Menaka Sarav
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, NorthShore University HealthSystem-University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michelle Pearlman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Miami Health Systems, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Zare F, Parvizi MM, Saki N, Jaladat AM. Applications of Ma'aljobon, a natural remedy from traditional Persian medicine, in dermatology: A journey from past to modernity. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13931. [PMID: 32662602 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ma'aljobon, a handmade substance, is the liquid portion of coagulated milk after adding vinegar to the heated milk. In traditional Persian medicine (TPM) it has been known as a useful remedy for the treatment of some skin disorders. The aim of this study was to review the applications of Ma'aljobon for skin diseases according to the sages of TPM and modern medicine. Main TPM sources were reviewed with the keyword of "Ma'aljobon." Furthermore, electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, SID, and Google Scholar were searched with the keyword "Whey protein" during 2000 to 2018. According to TPM sources, Ma'aljobon was used by Iranian sages as a safe and effective remedy to treat a wide range of skin diseases, such as pimples, and ulcers. Meantime, recent evidence has also shown the effectiveness of whey protein in treating some skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Gastrointestinal discomfort was the most adverse effect of Ma'aljobon mentioned in TPM sources. In conclusion, there were several applications for Ma'aljobon in treatment of dermatologic disease according to TPM, as well as modern medicine. These finding could be the basis of future clinical trials on the effects of Ma'aljobon in the treatment of skin problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Zare
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Saki
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Jaladat
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Bongiovanni T, Genovesi F, Nemmer M, Carling C, Alberti G, Howatson G. Nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage and accelerate recovery in athletes: current knowledge, practical application and future perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1965-1996. [PMID: 32661771 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the nutritional strategies to treat the signs and symptoms related to EIMD. These strategies have been organized into the following sections based upon the quality and quantity of the scientific support available: (1) interventions with a good level of evidence; (2) interventions with some evidence and require more research; and (3) potential nutritional interventions with little to-no-evidence to support efficacy. METHOD Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science were used. The search terms 'EIMD' and 'exercise-induced muscle damage' were individually concatenated with 'supplementation', 'athletes', 'recovery', 'adaptation', 'nutritional strategies', hormesis'. RESULT Supplementation with tart cherries, beetroot, pomegranate, creatine monohydrate and vitamin D appear to provide a prophylactic effect in reducing EIMD. β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, and the ingestion of protein, BCAA and milk could represent promising strategies to manage EIMD. Other nutritional interventions were identified but offered limited effect in the treatment of EIMD; however, inconsistencies in the dose and frequency of interventions might account for the lack of consensus regarding their efficacy. CONCLUSION There are clearly varying levels of evidence and practitioners should be mindful to refer to this evidence-base when prescribing to clients and athletes. One concern is the potential for these interventions to interfere with the exercise-recovery-adaptation continuum. Whilst there is no evidence that these interventions will blunt adaptation, it seems pragmatic to use a periodised approach to administering these strategies until data are in place to provide and evidence base on any interference effect on adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tindaro Bongiovanni
- Department of Health, Performance and Recovery, Parma Calcio 1913, Parma, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Monika Nemmer
- Nutrition Department Liverpool Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Carling
- Centre for Elite Performance, French Football Federation, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Nutritional and Pharmacological Interventions to Expedite Recovery Following Muscle-Damaging Exercise in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of the Literature. J Aging Phys Act 2019; 27:914-928. [PMID: 30859892 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) manifests as muscle soreness, inflammation, and reductions in force generating capacity that can last for several days after exercise. The ability to recover and repair damaged tissues following EIMD is impaired with age, with older adults (≥50 years old) experiencing a slower rate of recovery than their younger counterparts do for the equivalent exercise bout. This narrative review discusses the literature examining the effect of nutritional or pharmacological supplements taken to counter the potentially debilitating effects of EIMD in older adults. Studies have assessed the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, vitamin C and/or E, or higher protein diets on recovery in older adults. Each intervention showed some promise for attenuating EIMD, but, overall, there is a paucity of available data in this population, and more studies are required to determine the influence of nutrition or pharmacological interventions on EIMD in older adults.
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Effectiveness of Whey Protein Hydrolysate and Milk-Based Formulated Drinks on Recovery of Strength and Power Following Acute Resistance Exercise. J Hum Kinet 2019; 68:193-202. [PMID: 31531144 PMCID: PMC6724581 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive resistance exercise can result in exercise-induced-muscle-damage, which commonly leads to reductions in acute muscle function. Post-exercise ingestion of carbohydrate-protein mixtures intends to attenuate these effects. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of whey protein hydrolysate and milk-based formulated drinks on recovery of muscle function following resistance exercise. Thirty resistance-trained males were randomly assigned to either whey hydrolysate and dextrose drink (WH), milk-based drink (MB) or flavored-dextrose (CHO), and performed baseline assessments of perceived-muscle-soreness, the countermovement jump, the seated-medicine-ball throw and isokinetic assessment of the knee extensors and flexors maximal strength. Subsequently, participants performed resistance exercise consisting of various multi-joint barbell exercises. Following resistance exercise participants then consumed either WH (533 Kcal, 32.6 g Protein, 98.3 g Carbohydrate, 1.1 g Fat), MB (532 Kcal, 32.8 g Protein, 98.4 g Carbohydrate, 0.6 g Fat) or CHO (531 Kcal, 0 g Protein, 132.7 g Carbohydrate, 0 g Fat). All assessments were repeated 24 and 48 h post-resistance exercise. Muscle soreness was markedly increased at 24 h and 48 h in all groups (p < 0.001). However, for dynamic power measures (countermovement jump, seated-medicine-ball throw), CHO experienced a decrease for the countermovement jump only at 48 h, whereas WH and MB experienced significant decreases across the countermovement jump and the seated-medicine-ball throw (p < 0.05). All groups experienced significant decreases in isokinetic-extension torque at both 24 h and 48 h; however, flexion torque was decreased for CHO only at these time points (p < 0.05). Consumption of WH or MB did not enhance recovery of dynamic power-producing ability or soreness compared to CHO. Based on within-group effects WH and MB ingestion had seemingly marginal to small positive effects on recovery of isokinetic strength, however, there were no between-group differences for these variables.
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Lappa IK, Papadaki A, Kachrimanidou V, Terpou A, Koulougliotis D, Eriotou E, Kopsahelis N. Cheese Whey Processing: Integrated Biorefinery Concepts and Emerging Food Applications. Foods 2019; 8:E347. [PMID: 31443236 PMCID: PMC6723228 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheese whey constitutes one of the most polluting by-products of the food industry, due to its high organic load. Thus, in order to mitigate the environmental concerns, a large number of valorization approaches have been reported; mainly targeting the recovery of whey proteins and whey lactose from cheese whey for further exploitation as renewable resources. Most studies are predominantly focused on the separate implementation, either of whey protein or lactose, to configure processes that will formulate value-added products. Likewise, approaches for cheese whey valorization, so far, do not exploit the full potential of cheese whey, particularly with respect to food applications. Nonetheless, within the concept of integrated biorefinery design and the transition to circular economy, it is imperative to develop consolidated bioprocesses that will foster a holistic exploitation of cheese whey. Therefore, the aim of this article is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the conversion of whey to high value-added products, focusing on food applications. Moreover, novel integrated biorefining concepts are proposed, to inaugurate the complete exploitation of cheese whey to formulate novel products with diversified end applications. Within the context of circular economy, it is envisaged that high value-added products will be reintroduced in the food supply chain, thereby enhancing sustainability and creating "zero waste" processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliada K Lappa
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papadaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Kachrimanidou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece.
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Antonia Terpou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece
| | | | - Effimia Eriotou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kopsahelis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, Argostoli, 28100 Kefalonia, Greece.
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Grubic TJ, Sowinski RJ, Nevares BE, Jenkins VM, Williamson SL, Reyes AG, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Murano PS, Earnest CP, Kreider RB. Comparison of ingesting a food bar containing whey protein and isomalto-oligosaccharides to carbohydrate on performance and recovery from an acute bout of resistance-exercise and sprint conditioning: an open label, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover pilot study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:34. [PMID: 31409363 PMCID: PMC6693099 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that consuming a food bar (FB) containing whey protein and the plant fiber isomalto-oligosaccharides [IMO] had a lower glycemic (GI) but similar insulinemic response as a high GI carbohydrate. Therefore, we hypothesized that ingestion of this FB before, during, and following intense exercise would better maintain glucose homeostasis and performance while hastening recovery in comparison to the common practice of ingesting carbohydrate alone. METHODS Twelve resistance-trained males participated in an open label, randomized, counterbalanced, crossover trial with a 7-d washout period. Participants consumed a carbohydrate matched dextrose comparitor (CHO) or a FB containing 20 g of whey, 25 g of IMO, and 7 g of fat 30-min before, mid-way, and following intense exercise. Participants performed 11 resistance-exercises (3 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1RM) followed by agility and sprint conditioning drills for time. Participants donated blood to assess catabolic and inflammatory markers, performed isokinetic strength tests, and rated perceptions of muscle soreness, hypoglycemia before, and following exercise and after 48 h of recovery. Data were analyzed using general linear models (GLM) for repeated measures and mean changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a one-way analysis of variance. Data are reported as mean change from baseline with 95% CI. RESULTS GLM analysis demonstrated that blood glucose was significantly higher 30-min post-ingestion for CHO (3.1 [2.0, 4.3 mmol/L,] and FB (0.8 [0.2, 1.5, mmol/L, p = 0.001) while the post-exercise ratio of insulin to glucose was greater with FB (CHO 0.04 [0.00, 0.08], FB 0.11 [0.07, 0.15], p = 0.013, η2 = 0.25). GLM analysis revealed no significant interaction effects between treatments in lifting volume of each resistance-exercise or total lifting volume. However, analysis of mean changes from baseline with 95% CI's revealed that leg press lifting volume (CHO -130.79 [- 235.02, - 26.55]; FB -7.94 [- 112.17, 96.30] kg, p = 0.09, η2 = 0.12) and total lifting volume (CHO -198.26 [- 320.1, - 76.4], FB -81.7 [- 203.6, 40.1] kg, p = 0.175, η2 = 0.08) from set 1 to 3 was significantly reduced for CHO, but not for the FB. No significant interaction effects were observed in ratings of muscle soreness. However, mean change analysis revealed that ratings of soreness of the distal vastus medialis significantly increased from baseline with CHO while being unchanged with FB (CHO 1.88 [0.60, 3.17]; FB 0.29 [- 0.99, 1.57] cm, p = 0.083, η2 = 0.13). No significant GLM interaction or mean change analysis effects were seen between treatments in sprint performance, isokinetic strength, markers of catabolism, stress and sex hormones, or inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION Pilot study results provide some evidence that ingestion of this FB can positively affect glucose homeostasis, help maintain workout performance, and lessen perceptions of muscle soreness. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, # NCT03704337 . Retrospectively registered 12, July 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Grubic
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA
| | - Ryan J Sowinski
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ben E Nevares
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA
| | - Victoria M Jenkins
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA
| | - Susannah L Williamson
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA
| | - Aimee G Reyes
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA
| | - Peter S Murano
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4243, USA.
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Fassina P, Quadros Nunes G, Scherer Adami F, Goettert MI, Volken de Souza CF. Importance of Cheese Whey Processing: Supplements for Sports Activities – a Review. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns-2019-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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26
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Xia Z, Cholewa JM, Dardevet D, Huang T, Zhao Y, Shang H, Yang Y, Ding X, Zhang C, Wang H, Liu S, Su Q, Zanchi NE. Effects of oat protein supplementation on skeletal muscle damage, inflammation and performance recovery following downhill running in untrained collegiate men. Food Funct 2019; 9:4720-4729. [PMID: 30094437 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00786a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The positive influence of animal-based protein supplementation during muscle-damaging exercise has been widely studied. However, the effects of plant-based proteins remain unclear and require further clarification. This study investigated the protective role of oat protein against exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD), subsequent inflammation, and loss of performance induced by downhill running. Subjects consumed either oat protein (25 g protein) or a placebo for 14 days prior to a downhill running test and then for 4 days thereafter. Treatments with oat protein for 19 days markedly alleviated eccentric exercise induced skeletal muscle soreness, and reduced the elevation of plasma IL-6 concentrations and serum creatine kinase, myoglobin and C reactive protein contents. In addition, oat protein supplementation significantly inhibited limb edema following damaging exercise, and the adverse effects on muscle strength, knee-joint range of motion, and vertical jump performance were lessened. Furthermore, the administration of oat protein facilitated recovery from exhaustive downhill running in this study. These findings demonstrated that oat protein supplementation has the potential to alleviate the negative effects of eccentric exercise in untrained young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, College of Physical Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
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Apweiler E, Wallace D, Stansfield S, Allerton DM, Brown MA, Stevenson EJ, Clifford T. Pre-Bed Casein Protein Supplementation Does Not Enhance Acute Functional Recovery in Physically Active Males and Females When Exercise is Performed in the Morning. Sports (Basel) 2018; 7:sports7010005. [PMID: 30597848 PMCID: PMC6359469 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether consuming casein protein (CP) pre-sleep could accelerate acute recovery following muscle-damaging exercise. Thirty-nine active males and females performed 100 drop jumps in the morning, consumed their habitual diet during the day, and then within 30 min pre-bed consumed either ~40 g of CP (n = 19) or ~40 g of a carbohydrate-only control (CON) (n = 20). Maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MIVC), countermovement jumps (CMJ), pressure-pain threshold (PPT), subjective muscle soreness and the brief assessment of mood adapted (BAM+) were measured pre, 24 and 48 h following the drop jumps. MIVC decreased in CP and CON post-exercise, peaking at 24 h post (CP: -8.5 ± 3.5 vs. CON: -13.0 ± 2.9%, respectively); however, no between-group differences were observed (p = 0.486; ηp² =0.02). There were also no group differences in the recovery of CMJ height, PPT and BAM+ (p > 0.05). Subjective muscle soreness increased post-exercise, but no group differences were present at 24 h (CP: 92 ± 31 mm vs. CON: 90 ± 46 mm) or 48 h (CP: 90 ± 44 mm vs. CON: 80 ± 58 mm) (p > 0.05). These data suggest that pre-bed supplementation with ~40 g of CP is no more beneficial than CON for accelerating the recovery following muscle-damaging exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Apweiler
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - David Wallace
- Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarah Stansfield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Dean M Allerton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Meghan A Brown
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester GL2 9HW, UK.
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Tom Clifford
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK.
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28
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Davies RW, Carson BP, Jakeman PM. The Effect of Whey Protein Supplementation on the Temporal Recovery of Muscle Function Following Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020221. [PMID: 29462923 PMCID: PMC5852797 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein (WP) is a widely consumed nutritional supplement, known to enhance strength and muscle mass during resistance training (RT) regimens. Muscle protein anabolism is acutely elevated following RT, which is further enhanced by WP. As a result, there is reason to suggest that WP supplementation may be an effective nutritional strategy for restoring the acute loss of contractile function that occurs following strenuous RT. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a synthesis of the literature to date, investigating the effect of WP supplementation on the recovery of contractile function in young, healthy adults. Eight studies, containing 13 randomised control trials (RCTs) were included in this review and meta-analysis, from which individual standardised effect sizes (ESs) were calculated, and a temporal overall ES was determined using a random-effects model. Whilst only half of the individual studies reported beneficial effects for WP, the high-quality evidence taken from the 13 RCTs was meta-analysed, yielding overall positive small to medium effects for WP from < 24 to 96 h (ES range = 0.4 to 0.7), for the temporal restoration of contractile function compared to the control treatment. Whilst the effects for WP were shown to be consistent over time, these results are limited to 13 RCTs, principally supporting the requirement for further comprehensive research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Davies
- Human Science Research Unit, Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
- Food, Health Ireland, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Brian P Carson
- Human Science Research Unit, Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
- Food, Health Ireland, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Philip M Jakeman
- Human Science Research Unit, Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation & Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
- Food, Health Ireland, Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
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