Association between the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and coffee consumption among Korean adults: results from the Health Examinees study

Association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Studies examining the association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS), considering different coffee types, have reported inconsistent results. We investigated the relationship between coffee consumption and MetS, taking into account coffee types, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2016 to 2021 among 14,631 adults aged 19-64 years.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

We used a 24-h dietary recall method to assess diet, including the type and quantity of coffee consumed. Coffee was categorized into black coffee and coffee with sugar and/or cream (non-drinkers, ≤1, 2-3, and >3 cups/day). Multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and MetS, defined by the harmonized criteria.

RESULTS

After adjusting for potential covariates, for women, 2-3 cups/day of black coffee were inversely associated with MetS (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.46-0.96). Three or fewer cups per day of black coffee were inversely associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated triglycerides in women. Coffee consumption was not significantly associated with MetS in men. Consumption of coffee with sugar and/or cream or more than three cups per day of coffee was not significantly associated with MetS overall.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that moderate of 2-3 cups/day of black coffee consumption is inversely associated with MetS in women, possibly due to its favorable impact on HDL-C and triglycerides. Further prospective studies examining the consumption of different coffee types in relation to MetS are warranted to offer definitive evidence.

Regulatory Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of Tea and Its Active Compounds on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease, is a multifactorial disease resulting from the interaction between environment, genetic background, and metabolic stress. Most treatments for NAFLD include dietary intervention and exercise show limited efficacy due to the complex mechanisms involved in NAFLD. Meanwhile, drug therapy is accompanied by serious side effects. The development of high-efficiency natural supplements is a sustainable strategy for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. As the second most consumed beverage, tea has health benefits that have been widely recognized. Nevertheless, the intervention of tea active compounds in NAFLD has received limited attention. Tea contains abundant bioactive compounds with potential effects on NAFLD, such as catechins, flavonoids, theanine, tea pigments, and tea polysaccharides. We reviewed the intrinsic and environmental factors and pathogenic mechanisms that affect the occurrence and development of NAFLD, and summarized the influences of exercise, drugs, diet, and tea drinking on NAFLD. On this basis, we further analyzed the potential effects and molecular regulatory mechanisms of tea active compounds on NAFLD and proposed future development directions. This review hopes to provide novel insights into the development and application of tea active compounds in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Dietary antioxidant consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes in South Korean adults: a prospective cohort study based on the Health Examinees study

OBJECTIVES

Antioxidants are common dietary compounds with multiple health benefits. This study aimed to identify the association between dietary antioxidant consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus (defined using the Korean Diabetes Association criteria) in South Korean adults.

DESIGN

Baseline and follow-up data from the Health Examinees (HEXA) study, a large-scale community-based genomic cohort study conducted in South Korea SETTING: A South Korean community.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 20 594 participants, aged 40-79 years, who participated in the baseline and follow-up surveys of the HEXA study were included. After an average of 5 years of follow-up, there were 332 men and 360 women with T2D.

RESULTS

Participants with the highest total flavonoid consumption (Q5) had a lower risk of T2D (men: HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.93; p value for trend=0.0169; and women: HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.438 to 0.78; p value for trend=0.0001) than those with the lowest consumption (Q1). Dietary total antioxidant capacity was significantly inversely associated with the development of T2D mellitus in women participants alone (HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.40 to 0.83; p value for trend=0.0004). Stratified analyses according to age and body mass index (BMI) showed that dietary total flavonoid consumption and total antioxidant capacity had a negative association with the development of T2D in women aged >52 years and women with BMI >25 kg/m².

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary flavonoid consumption and total antioxidant capacity were associated with a lower risk of T2D in South Korean adults, especially in women aged >52 years and overweight. The findings of this study may provide reference data for the modification of dietary guidelines for South Koreans.

The Relationship between Habitual Coffee Drinking and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Taiwanese Adults: Evidence from the Taiwan Biobank Database

Previous studies revealed inconsistent results between coffee drinking and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between habitual coffee drinking and the prevalence of MetS among men and women. We conducted a nationwide, cross-sectional study using 23,073 adults obtained from the Taiwan Biobank database (mean ± SD (range) age, 54.57 ± 0.07 (30–79) years; 8341 men and 14,731 (63.8%) women). Adults who drank more than one cup of coffee per day (n = 5118) and those who drank less than one cup per day (n = 4515) were compared with nondrinkers (n = 13,439). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the risk of MetS between the two groups. Separate models were also estimated for sex-stratified and habitual coffee-type-stratified (black coffee (BC), coffee with creamer (CC), and coffee with milk (CM)) subgroup analyses. The MetS diagnosis was based on at least three of the five metabolic abnormalities. Coffee drinkers (≥1 cup/day) had a significantly lower prevalence of MetS than nondrinkers (AOR (95% CI): 0.80 (0.73–0.87)). Women who drank any amount of coffee and any type of coffee were more likely to have a significantly lower prevalence of MetS than nondrinkers. Only men who drank more than one cup of coffee per day or black coffee drinkers were more likely to have a lower prevalence of MetS. Our study results indicate that adults with habitual coffee drinking behaviors of more than one cup per day were associated with a lower prevalence of MetS. Moreover, women could benefit from habitual coffee drinking of all three coffee types, whereas men could only benefit from drinking BC.

The relationship of coffee consumption and CVD risk factors in elderly patients with T2DM

OBJECTIVE

Clinical studies suggest increasing prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and diabetes among the elderly. Meanwhile, some food compounds, such as coffee, can also have beneficial effects on CVD risk factors. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between coffee consumption and CVD risk factors in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was performed during 2017 on 300 elderly people above 60 years of age with T2DM in Isfahan, Iran. Dietary assessment was performed using a food frequency questionnaire. Coffee consumption was classified into three groups including < 1, 1-3, and > 3 cups/day. Partial correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between CVD risk factors and usual coffee consumption.

RESULTS

The mean age and body mass index of participants were 70.04 ± 4.87 years and 24.74 ± 3.34 kg/m2 respectively. Coffee consumption had a significant inverse relationship with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the elderly with T2DM (r: - 0.117, 0.134; p: 0.046, 0.022). Triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) had a significant positive relationship with coffee consumption levels (r: 0.636, 0.128; p: 0.028, 0.029). These results were obtained after controlling for potential confounders.

CONCLUSION

Increasing coffee consumption was linked to improved status of some CVD risk factors including FPG, HDL-C, and DBP in the elderly with T2DM. Nevertheless, increasing coffee consumption was also associated with higher TG level and had no significant effect on other risk factors. Further studies are required to confirm these results.

Coffee Consumption and the Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the Korean Population

BACKGROUND

There is a dearth of information regarding the association between coffee consumption and its health effects with respect to mortality among Korean people.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine the association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality risks in the Korean population.

DESIGN

This prospective cohort study had a median follow-up period of 9.1 years.

PARTICIPANTS/SETTING

In total, 173,209 participants aged 40 years and older from the Health Examinees study were enrolled between 2004 and 2013. The analytic sample included 110,920 participants without diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), or cancer at baseline who could be linked with their death information.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Deaths of participants until December 31, 2018 were ascertained using the death certificate database of the National Statistical Office. Cause of death was classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision.

STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED

Participants were categorized according to the amount and type of coffee consumed. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95%CI of all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality, such as CVD and cancer mortality.

RESULTS

Compared with nonconsumers of coffee, participants who consumed > 3 cups/day had a reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.95). Participants who consumed ≤1 cup/day and 1 to 3 cups/day had a reduced risk of CVD mortality (≤1 cup/day: HR 0.58, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.94; 1 to 3 cups/day: HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.96).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides evidence that greater coffee consumption is associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality and moderate coffee consumption (approximately 3 cups/day) is associated with a decreased risk of CVD mortality, regardless of the type of coffee, in a Korean population.

Association of Coffee Consumption and Its Types According to Addition of Sugar and Creamer with Metabolic Syndrome Incidence in a Korean Population from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study

Coffee is widely consumed worldwide, and numerous studies indicate that coffee consumption may potentially affect the development of chronic diseases. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) may constitute a risk factor for chronic diseases. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association between coffee consumption and MetS incidence. All participants were selected from the Health Examinees study. MetS was defined by the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the relationship between coffee consumption and MetS incidence. In comparison with non-consumers, male moderate consumers (≤3 cups/day) showed a lower risk for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (≤1 cup/day, hazard ratio (HR): 0.445, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.254-0.780; 1-3 cups/day, HR: 0.507, 95% CI: 0.299-0.859) and high fasting blood glucose (FPG) (≤1 cup/day, HR: 0.694, 95% CI: 0.538-0.895; 1-3 cups/day, HR: 0.763, 95% CI: 0.598-0.972). Male 3-in-1 coffee (coffee with sugar and creamer) consumers also showed a lower risk for low HDL-C (HR: 0.423, 95% CI: 0.218-0.824) and high FPG (HR: 0.659, 95% CI: 0.497-0.874). These findings indicate a negative association between moderate coffee consumption and low HDL-C and high FPG among Korean male adults.

The prevalence and related factors of metabolic syndrome in outpatients with first-episode drug-naive major depression comorbid with anxiety

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with depression, but its role in major depressive disorder comorbid with anxiety (AMD) is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and clinical correlates of MetS in first-episode drug-naive (FEDN) patients with AMD in a Chinese Han population. In total, 1380 FEDN outpatients with AMD were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The sociodemographic features, clinical characteristics, history of suicide attempts, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, and MetS parameters of each subject were evaluated. All subjects were rated on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive symptom subscale. The prevalence of MetS among AMD patients was 8.04%. Compared to the non-MetS group, age, age of onset, TSH level, HAM-A and HAM-D scores, history of attempted suicide, and comorbid psychiatric symptoms were higher in the MetS group. Those in this group were also more likely to be married, and they had a lower educational level. Furthermore, age, psychiatric symptoms, suicide attempts, and higher TSH levels were independently associated with MetS in AMD patients. This study suggests a lower prevalence of MetS in FEDN patients with AMD in a Chinese Han population. Older age, comorbid psychiatric symptoms, history of attempted suicide, and higher TSH levels are related factors for MetS in AMD patients.

Metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Dessie Referral Hospital, Amhara region, Ethiopia

Background

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is rising at an alarming rate and more common among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in the world. The risk for cardiovascular disease is greater among individuals who have a combination of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and metabolic syndrome compared to those who have either alone.

Objective

To assess the proportion of metabolic syndrome and lifestyle factors among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Dessie Referral Hospital, Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

Methods

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March 2017 among 343 randomly selected Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Three definitions of Metabolic syndrome were considered. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported to show the strength of association. Statistical significance was declared at P-value < 0.05.

Result

The proportion of metabolic syndrome was 50.3%, 59.4% and 64.5% according to 2005 International Diabetes Federation, revised ATP III and 2009 harmonized criteria, respectively. Being female (AOR = 2.43; 95% CI = 1.40, 4.21), consumption of red meat (AOR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.28, 5.33), sedentary leisure time activity (AOR = 2.65; 95% CI = 1.47, 4.78), coffee intake (AOR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.21, 0.86), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (AOR = 9.59; 95% CI = 4.98, 18.47), 40–49 years of age (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI = (1.02, 7.37), 50–59 years of age (AOR = 4.22; 95% CI = 1.60, 11.11) and ≥70 years of age (AOR = 4.51, 95% CI = 1.44, 14.15) were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome.

Conclusion and recommendation

The proportion of metabolic syndrome was high among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Overweight and obesity, being female, age of respondent, intake of coffee, regular red meat consumption, and sedentary leisure-time activity were factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Counseling of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients on the need for spending leisure time with activities, intake of coffee, control of body weight, and avoidance of regular red meat consumption is recommended.

The Association Between Coffee Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Previous meta-analyses that found an inverse association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome pooled data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, which could lead to potentially misleading conclusions. Hence, this work aimed to reassess this association by analyzing data from the 2 types of studies separately and including recent studies. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Plus, and Science Direct were searched for relevant studies published up to July 2020. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were included if published after 1999, reported both effect estimates and CIs, and presented results adjusted for confounding variables. Data of the highest coffee consumption level in each study, as well as those of medium consumption levels in studies with ≥3 consumption categories, were pooled using random-effect models, with sex-stratified and sex-adjusted results being analyzed separately. Results were obtained based on data from 13 cross-sectional studies involving 280,803 participants and 2 longitudinal studies involving 17,014 participants. The overall sex-adjusted association of the highest consumption level was not significant (n = 9 studies; OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.70, 1.10; I2: 91.5%) and the 2 longitudinal studies both yielded no association. Subgroup analysis revealed inverse associations in both males and females, as well as in Caucasians with medium coffee consumption (n = 4 studies, OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.93; I2: 0%). Although residual confounding could affect the results of this meta-analysis, our findings suggested with a low certainty that coffee consumption may not be associated with metabolic syndrome, a finding that is different from those of previous meta-analyses and could be due to variation in characteristics of study participants. More longitudinal studies are also needed to further assess the temporal association between coffee consumption and metabolic syndrome. This meta-analysis was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42018110650.

Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in the Time of COVID-19: Should We Add a Cup of Coffee?

Recent evidence shows that COVID-19 patients with existing metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome, are exposed to a high risk of morbidity and mortality. At the same time, in order to manage the pandemic, the health authorities around the world are advising people to stay at home. This results in decreased physical activity and an increased consumption of an unhealthy diet, which often leads to an increase in body weight, risk for diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, and thus, paradoxically, to a high risk of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 complications. Here we summarize the evidence demonstrating that the promotion of a healthy life style, including physical activity and a dietary intake of natural polyphenols present in coffee and tea, has the potential to improve the prevention and management of insulin resistance and diabetes in the time of COVID-19 pandemic. Particularly, it would be pertinent to evaluate further the potential positive effects of coffee beverages, rich in natural polyphenols, as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19, which appear not to be studied sufficiently.

Effects of Coffee Intake on Dyslipidemia Risk According to Genetic Variants in the ADORA Gene Family among Korean Adults

Current evidence on the effects of coffee intake on cardiovascular diseases is not consistent, in part contributed by the genetic variability of the study subjects. While adenosine receptors (ADORAs) are involved in caffeine signaling, it remains unknown how genetic variations at the ADORA loci correlate the coffee intake with cardiovascular diseases. The present study examined the associations of coffee intake with dyslipidemia risk depending on genetic variants in the ADORA gene family. The study involved a population-based cohort of 4898 Korean subjects. Consumption of more than or equal to a cup of coffee per day was associated with lower dyslipidemia risk in females carrying the ADORA2B minor allele rs2779212 (OR: 0.645, 95% CI: 0.506-0.823), but not in those with the major allele. At the ADORA2A locus, male subjects with the minor allele of rs5760423 showed instead an increased risk of dyslipidemia when consuming more than or equal to a cup of coffee per day (OR: 1.352, 95% CI: 1.014-1.802). The effect of coffee intake on dyslipidemia risk differs depending on genetic variants at the ADORA loci in a sex-specific manner. Our study suggests that a dietary guideline for coffee intake in the prevention and management of dyslipidemia ought to consider ADORA-related biomarkers carefully.

Associations of Dietary Intake with Cardiovascular Disease, Blood Pressure, and Lipid Profile in the Korean Population: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

Previous studies have separately reported the contributions of dietary factors to the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its markers, including blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile. This study systematically reviewed the current evidence on this issue in the Korean population.

METHODS

Sixty-two studies from PubMed and Embase were included in this meta-analysis. We performed a random-effects model to analyze pooled odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the consumption of 14 food items, three macro- and eight micro-nutrients, two dietary patterns, and three dietary indices.

RESULTS

An analysis of pooled effect sizes from at least four individual study populations showed significant associations between coffee consumption and CVD (OR/HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52-0.97) and elevated/high triglycerides (TG) (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.78-0.90), sugar-sweetened beverage intake and elevated BP (OR/HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.09-1.33), and milk and dairy intake and elevated/high TG and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR/HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.76-0.89 for both). Carbohydrate consumption and the low-carbohydrate-diet score were consistently related to an approximately 25% risk reduction for elevated TG and low HDL-C. A lower risk of elevated total cholesterol, but not low-density lipoprotein, was additionally observed for those with a higher low-carbohydrate-diet score. A healthy dietary pattern was only associated with a reduced risk of elevated TG in the Korea National Cancer Screenee Cohort (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.98).

CONCLUSION

This study showed that milk and dairy and coffee had protective effects for CVD and its risk factors, such as BP and lipid profile, while sugar-sweetened beverages exerted harmful effects.