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Yuan L, Zhao T, Yang J, Wu N, Zhang P, Zhang H, Xu T. Characteristics of the Perianthic Endophytic Fungal Communities of the Rare Horticultural Plant Lirianthe delavayi and Their Changes under Artificial Cultivation. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1491. [PMID: 39065259 PMCID: PMC11278761 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Flower endophytic fungi play a major role in plant reproduction, stress resistance, and growth and development. However, little is known about how artificial cultivation affects the endophytic fungal community found in the tepals of rare horticultural plants. In this research, we used high-throughput sequencing technology combined with bioinformatics analysis to reveal the endophytic fungal community of tepals in Lirianthe delavayi and the effects of artificial cultivation on the community composition and function of these plants, using tepals of L. delavayi from wild habitat, cultivated campus habitat, and cultivated field habitat as research objects. The results showed that the variety of endophytic fungi in the tepals of L. delavayi was abundant, with a total of 907 Amplicon sequencing variants (ASVs) obtained from all the samples, which were further classified into 4 phyla, 23 classes, 51 orders, 97 families, 156 genera, and 214 species. We also found that artificial cultivation had a significant impact on the community composition of endophytic fungi. Although there was no significant difference at the phylum level, with Ascomycota and Basidiomycota being the main phyla, there were significant differences in dominant and unique genera. Artificial cultivation has led to the addition of new pathogenic fungal genera, such as Phaeosphaeria, Botryosphaeria, and Paraconiothyrium, increasing the risk of disease in L. delavayi. In addition, the abundance of the endophytic fungus Rhodotorula, which is typical in plant reproductive organs, decreased. Artificial cultivation also altered the metabolic pathways of endophytic fungi, decreasing their ability to resist pests and diseases and reducing their ability to reproduce. A comparison of endophytic fungi in tepals and leaves revealed significant differences in community composition and changes in the endophytic diversity caused by artificial cultivation. To summarize, our results indicate that endophytic fungi in the tepals of L. delavayi mainly consist of pathogenic and saprophytic fungi. Simultaneously, artificial cultivation introduces a great number of pathogenic fungi that alter the metabolic pathways associated with plant resistance to disease and pests, as well as reproduction, which can increase the risk of plant disease and reduce plant reproductive capacity. Our study provides an important reference for the conservation and breeding of rare horticultural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650106, China (J.Y.)
| | - Tongxing Zhao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650106, China (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650106, China (J.Y.)
| | - Nannan Wu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650106, China (J.Y.)
| | - Pinzheng Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650106, China (J.Y.)
| | - Hanbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650106, China (J.Y.)
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Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Christoph E, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P. Commodity risk assessment of maple veneer sheets from Canada. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8892. [PMID: 39081817 PMCID: PMC11287824 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to deliver a risk assessment on the likelihood of pest freedom from Union quarantine pests and pests subject to measures adopted pursuant to Article 30 of Regulation (EU) No 2016/2031 for the maple veneer sheets manufactured according to the process set out by Canada, with emphasis on the freedom from Davidsoniella virescens and Phytophthora ramorum (non-EU isolates). The assessment was conducted for veneer sheets of up to 0.7 mm and up to 6 mm thickness, taking into account the different phases in the veneer production in a systems approach. Some of those phases, taken alone, including the heat treatment of logs in a water bath, the cutting into thin veneer sheets and the final high heat drying of veneer sheets are expected to be effective against some of the pests, without uncertainties, making the system approach fully effective. The panel considers that no insects would survive cutting of logs into thin veneer sheets of 0.7 mm and that Xylella fastidiosa will not survive the temperatures in the water bath and final drying of veneers. The degree of pest freedom for the different groups of organisms is generally very high with slightly lower degree of pest freedom for veneer sheets of 6 mm thickness because of lower temperatures reached in the final drying of veneer sheets compared to thinner sheets. P. ramorum is not expected to survive the high heat drying of thin veneer sheets, but it may survive the lower temperatures inside thicker veneer sheets. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation (EKE) indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9989 and 10,000 veneer sheets (thickness 6 mm) per 10,000 will be free from living P. ramorum. For D. virescens, the EKE indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9984 and 10,000 veneer sheets (0.7 mm) per 10,000 and that between 9954 and 10,000 veneer sheets (6 mm) per 10,000 will be free from living inoculum. For other relevant groups of pests, the greatest likelihood of pest presence was observed for wood decay fungi. The EKE indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9967 and 10,000 veneer sheets (0.7 mm) per 10,000 and that between 9911 and 10,000 veneer sheets (6 mm) per 10,000 will be free from living wood decay fungi.
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Soil Mycobiome Diversity under Different Tillage Practices in the South of West Siberia. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081169. [PMID: 36013348 PMCID: PMC9409700 DOI: 10.3390/life12081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Managing soil biodiversity by reduced or no tillage is an increasingly popular approach. Soil mycobiome in Siberian agroecosystems has been scarcely studied; little is known about its changes due to tillage. We studied mycobiome in Chernozem under natural steppe vegetation and cropped for wheat by conventional or no tillage in a long-term field trial in West Siberia, Russia, by using ITS2 rDNA gene marker (Illumina MiSeq sequencing). Half of the identified OTUs were Ascomycota with 82% of the total number of sequence reads and showing, like other phyla (Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Mortierellomycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota), field-related differential abundance. Several dominant genera (Mortierella, Chaetomium, Clonostachys, Gibberella, Fusarium, and Hypocrea) had increased abundance in both cropped soils as compared with the undisturbed one and therefore can be safely assumed to be associated with wheat residues. Fungal OTUs' richness in cropped soils was less than in the undisturbed one; however, no tillage shifted soil mycobiome composition closer to the latter, albeit, it was still similar to the ploughed soil, despite different organic matter and wheat residue content. The study provided the first inventory of soil mycobiome under different tillage treatments in the south of West Siberia, where wheat production is an important section of the regional economy.
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Peel MJ, Adams L, Stevens B, Garner MM, Maguire C. Systemic phaeohyphomycosis in splitnose rockfish (Sebastes diploproa) caused by Devriesia sp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:639-644. [PMID: 33501653 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel pathogen was documented after two wild-caught, juvenile, splitnose rockfish presented with buphthalmia, grey corneal endothelial plaques and evidence of uveitis. Cytologic evaluation of ocular contents revealed fungal hyphae. Histologic evaluation identified multiple fungal granulomas and granulomatous inflammation in the globes, periocular tissue and heart. Fungi were slender, hyphenated and branched at angles, had parallel cell walls and had brown pigmentation in haematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections. Both fish were diagnosed with phaeohyphomycosis. Culture with nuclear ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) segment identification further classified the fungus as Devriesia sp., which has not been previously documented as a cause of disease in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Peel
- Veterinary Department, Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Sanibel, FL, USA
| | - Lance Adams
- Husbandry Department, Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Brittany Stevens
- Husbandry Department, Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Veterinary Department, California Science Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Maguire
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
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Improved strategies to efficiently isolate thermophilic, thermotolerant, and heat-resistant fungi from compost and soil. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThermophilic, thermotolerant and heat-resistant fungi developed different physiological traits, enabling them to sustain or even flourish under elevated temperatures, which are life-hostile for most other eukaryotes. With the growing demand of heat-stable molecules in biotechnology and industry, the awareness of heat-adapted fungi as a promising source of respective enzymes and biomolecules is still increasing. The aim of this study was to test two different strategies for the efficient isolation and identification of distinctly heat-adapted fungi from easily accessible substrates and locations. Eight compost piles and ten soil sites were sampled in combination with different culture-dependent approaches to describe suitable strategies for the isolation and selection of thermophilous fungi. Additionally, an approach with a heat-shock treatment, but without elevated temperature incubation led to the isolation of heat-resistant mesophilic species. The cultures were identified based on morphology, DNA barcodes, and microsatellite fingerprinting. In total, 191 obtained isolates were assigned to 31 fungal species, from which half are truly thermophilic or thermotolerant, while the other half are heat-resistant fungi. A numerous amount of heat-adapted fungi was isolated from both compost and soil samples, indicating the suitability of the used approaches and that the richness and availability of those organisms in such environments are substantially high.
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Feng J, Wang B, Zhang D, Chu S, Zhi Y, Hayat K, Wang J, Chen X, Hui N, Zhou P. Streptomyces griseorubens JSD-1 promotes rice straw composting efficiency in industrial-scale fermenter: Evaluation of change in physicochemical properties and microbial community. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124465. [PMID: 33296775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Streptomyces griseorubens JSD-1 on microbial community succession during rice straw composting in an industrial-scale fermenter was assessed by high-throughput sequencing technology. Compared to uninoculated control, JSD-1 inoculation effectively raised composting temperature and improved other maturation indices. JSD-1 inoculation increased the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in thermophilic phase and Firmicutes in cooling and maturation phases. At the genus level, JSD-1 inoculation increased the abundance of organic matter degrading bacteria (Virgibacillus) and lignocellulose degrading fungi (Chaetomium and Melanocarpus); while it decreased the abundance of pathogenic fungi (Geosmithia and Acremonium). Moreover, JSD-1 changed microbes that differed significantly and altered the key connecting nodes of microbial community. Organic matter and temperature were the most significant indices that had mutual influences on bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. This study demonstrated that JSD-1 was an effective inoculant on rice straw fast composting in the industrial-scale fermenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Chu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuee Zhi
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kashif Hayat
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juncai Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunfeng Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Hui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Bor S. Luh Food Safety Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Day NJ, Dunfield KE, Johnstone JF, Mack MC, Turetsky MR, Walker XJ, White AL, Baltzer JL. Wildfire severity reduces richness and alters composition of soil fungal communities in boreal forests of western Canada. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2310-2324. [PMID: 30951220 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire is the dominant disturbance in boreal forests and fire activity is increasing in these regions. Soil fungal communities are important for plant growth and nutrient cycling postfire but there is little understanding of how fires impact fungal communities across landscapes, fire severity gradients, and stand types in boreal forests. Understanding relationships between fungal community composition, particularly mycorrhizas, and understory plant composition is therefore important in predicting how future fire regimes may affect vegetation. We used an extreme wildfire event in boreal forests of Canada's Northwest Territories to test drivers of fungal communities and assess relationships with plant communities. We sampled soils from 39 plots 1 year after fire and 8 unburned plots. High-throughput sequencing (MiSeq, ITS) revealed 2,034 fungal operational taxonomic units. We found soil pH and fire severity (proportion soil organic layer combusted), and interactions between these drivers were important for fungal community structure (composition, richness, diversity, functional groups). Where fire severity was low, samples with low pH had higher total fungal, mycorrhizal, and saprotroph richness compared to where severity was high. Increased fire severity caused declines in richness of total fungi, mycorrhizas, and saprotrophs, and declines in diversity of total fungi and mycorrhizas. The importance of stand age (a surrogate for fire return interval) for fungal composition suggests we could detect long-term successional patterns even after fire. Mycorrhizal and plant community composition, richness, and diversity were weakly but significantly correlated. These weak relationships and the distribution of fungi across plots suggest that the underlying driver of fungal community structure is pH, which is modified by fire severity. This study shows the importance of edaphic factors in determining fungal community structure at large scales, but suggests these patterns are mediated by interactions between fire and forest stand composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Day
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jill F Johnstone
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
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Trovão J, Tiago I, Soares F, Paiva DS, Mesquita N, Coelho C, Catarino L, Gil F, Portugal A. Description of Aeminiaceae fam. nov., Aeminium gen. nov. and Aeminiumludgeri sp. nov. (Capnodiales), isolated from a biodeteriorated art-piece in the Old Cathedral of Coimbra, Portugal. MycoKeys 2019:57-73. [PMID: 30728746 PMCID: PMC6361875 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.45.31799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When colonizing stone monuments, microcolonial black fungi are considered one of the most severe and resistant groups of biodeteriorating organisms, posing a very difficult challenge to conservators and biologists working with cultural heritage preservation. During an experimental survey aimed to isolate fungi from a biodeteriorated limestone art piece in the Old Cathedral of Coimbra, Portugal (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), an unknown microcolonial black fungus was retrieved. The isolated fungus was studied through a complete examination based on multilocus phylogeny of a combined dataset of ITS rDNA, LSU and rpb2, in conjunction with morphological, physiological, and ecological characteristics. This integrative analysis allows for the description of a new family, Aeminiaceae fam. nov., a new genus Aeminium gen. nov., and a new species, Aeminiumludgeri sp. nov., in the order Capnodiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Trovão
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People and the Planet, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Igor Tiago
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People and the Planet, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Fabiana Soares
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People and the Planet, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Diana Sofia Paiva
- Laboratory for Plant Health (Fitolab), Instituto Pedro Nunes, Coimbra, Portugal Instituto Pedro Nunes Coimbra Portugal
| | - Nuno Mesquita
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People and the Planet, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Catarina Coelho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People and the Planet, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Lídia Catarino
- Geosciences Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Francisco Gil
- Center for Physics of the University of Coimbra (CfisUC), Coimbra, Portugal Instituto Pedro Nunes Coimbra Portugal
| | - António Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Science for People and the Planet, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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Jayawardena RS, Purahong W, Zhang W, Wubet T, Li X, Liu M, Zhao W, Hyde KD, Liu J, Yan J. Biodiversity of fungi on Vitis vinifera L. revealed by traditional and high-resolution culture-independent approaches. FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Abstract
As part of a worldwide survey of the indoor mycobiota about 520 new Cladosporium isolates from indoor environments mainly collected in China, Europe, New Zealand, North America and South Africa were investigated by using a polyphasic approach to determine their species identity. All Cladosporium species occurring in indoor environments are fully described and illustrated. Fourty-six Cladosporium species are treated of which 16 species are introduced as new. A key for the most common Cladosporium species isolated from indoor environments is provided. Cladosporium halotolerans proved to be the most frequently isolated Cladosporium species indoors.
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11
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Wang MM, Shenoy BD, Li W, Cai L. Molecular phylogeny of Neodevriesia, with two new species and several new combinations. Mycologia 2018; 109:965-974. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2017.1415075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Belle Damodara Shenoy
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre, No. 176, Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam, 530017, India
| | - Wei Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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12
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Fan L, Martynenko A, Doucette C, Hughes T, Fillmore S. Microbial Quality and Shelf Life of Blueberry Purée Developed Using Cavitation Technology. J Food Sci 2018; 83:732-739. [PMID: 29469934 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Blueberry purée was developed using hydrodynamic cavitation technology. The product was made from entire blueberries without adding any food additives. In this study, microbial reduction following each processing stage (at the industry setting) and after product pasteurization at 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, and 96 °C was investigated. Microbial quality including total plate counts, yeast and molds, and heat-resistant molds counts was determined. Shelf life of pasteurized products stored for up to 24 weeks at room temperature were assessed for microbial quality, soluble solids (°Brix), titratable acidity (citric acid %), pH, viscosity (cP) and flow rate (cm/30 s). Our results indicated that heat-resistant molds, initially present in frozen blueberries with counts at 2.03 log CFU/200g, were totally inactivated at 94 to 96 °C with 1 to 2 min holding time. Shelf life study showed that no product spoilage was caused by bacteria, yeasts and heat-resistant molds along with non-significant changes of textural characteristics. This study provided useful information for the food industry to develop variety of fruit purée products with no wastes of fruit materials. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study provides useful information for the food industry to develop safe liquid food products using cavitation technology without wasting any raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Fan
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - Alex Martynenko
- the Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie Univ., Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Craig Doucette
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - Timothy Hughes
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
| | - Sherry Fillmore
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5, Canada
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13
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Capitulocladosporium clinodiplosidis gen. et sp. nov., a hyphomyceteous ustilaginomycete from midge. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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14
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Tranquillini R, Scaramuzza N, Berni E. Occurrence and ecological distribution of Heat Resistant Moulds Spores (HRMS) in raw materials used by food industry and thermal characterization of two Talaromyces isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 242:116-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Scott JA, Untereiner WA, Ewaze JO, Wong B, Doyle D. Baudoinia, a new genus to accommodate Torula compniacensis. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2007.11832553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scott
- Department ofPUBLIC Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R4, and Sporometrics Inc., 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ontario, M6K 1Y9 Canada
| | | | | | - Bess Wong
- Department ofPUBLIC Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 1R4, and Sporometrics Inc., 219 Dufferin Street, Suite 20C, Toronto, Ontario, M6K 1Y9 Canada
| | - David Doyle
- Hiram Walker & Sons Ltd./Pernod Ricard North America, Windsor, Ontario, N8Y 4S5 Canada
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Coutinho ML, Miller AZ, Martin-Sanchez PM, Mirão J, Gomez-Bolea A, Machado-Moreira B, Cerqueira-Alves L, Jurado V, Saiz-Jimenez C, Lima A, Phillips AJL, Pina F, Macedo MF. A multiproxy approach to evaluate biocidal treatments on biodeteriorated majolica glazed tiles. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4794-4816. [PMID: 27235544 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The Fishing House located on the grounds of the Marquis of Pombal Palace, Oeiras, Portugal, was built in the 18th century. During this epoch, Portuguese gardens, such as the one surrounding the Fishing House, were commonly ornamented with glazed wall tile claddings. Currently, some of these outdoor tile panels are covered with dark colored biofilms, contributing to undesirable aesthetic changes and eventually inducing chemical and physical damage to the tile surfaces. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the investigated biofilms are mainly composed of green algae, cyanobacteria and dematiaceous fungi. With the aim of mitigating biodeterioration, four different biocides (TiO2 nanoparticles, Biotin® T, Preventol® RI 80 and Albilex Biostat® ) were applied in situ to the glazed wall tiles. Their efficacy was monitored by visual examination, epifluorescence microscopy and DNA-based analysis. Significant changes in the microbial community composition were observed 4 months after treatment with Preventol® RI 80 and Biotin® T. Although the original community was inactivated after these treatments, an early stage of re-colonization was detected 6 months after the biocide application. TiO2 nanoparticles showed promising results due to their self-cleaning effect, causing the detachment of the biofilm from the tile surface, which remained clean 6 and even 24 months after biocide application. © 2013 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Coutinho
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.,Research Unit VICARTE (Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Z Miller
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, IRNAS-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - P M Martin-Sanchez
- BAM - Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 4.1 Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Mirão
- Laboratório HÉRCULES, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - A Gomez-Bolea
- Department of Plant Biology (Botany), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Machado-Moreira
- CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Cerqueira-Alves
- C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V Jurado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, IRNAS-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - C Saiz-Jimenez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, IRNAS-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Lima
- Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.,Research Unit VICARTE (Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A J L Phillips
- UCIBIO, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F Pina
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M F Macedo
- Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.,Research Unit VICARTE (Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal
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17
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Su H, Hyde KD, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Ariyawansa HA, Luo Z, Promputtha I, Tian Q, Lin C, Shang Q, Zhao Y, Chai H, Liu X, Bahkali AH, Bhat JD, McKenzie EHC, Zhou D. The families Distoseptisporaceae fam. nov., Kirschsteiniotheliaceae, Sporormiaceae and Torulaceae, with new species from freshwater in Yunnan Province, China. FUNGAL DIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-016-0362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Malacrinò A, Schena L, Campolo O, Laudani F, Palmeri V. Molecular analysis of the fungal microbiome associated with the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Bensch K, Groenewald JZ, Braun U, Dijksterhuis J, de Jesús Yáñez-Morales M, Crous PW. Common but different: The expanding realm of Cladosporium. Stud Mycol 2015; 82:23-74. [PMID: 26955200 PMCID: PMC4774271 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cladosporium (Cladosporiaceae, Dothideomycetes), which represents one of the largest genera of dematiaceous hyphomycetes, has been intensively investigated during the past decade. In the process, three major species complexes (C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum and C. sphaerospermum) were resolved based on morphology and DNA phylogeny, and a monographic revision of the genus (s. lat.) published reflecting the current taxonomic status quo. In the present study a further 19 new species are described based on phylogenetic characters (nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences) and morphological differences. For a selection of the species with ornamented conidia, scanning electron microscopic photos were prepared to illustrate the different types of surface ornamentation. Surprisingly, during this study Cladosporium ramotenellum was found to be a quite common saprobic species, being widely distributed and occurring on various substrates. Therefore, an emended species description is provided. Furthermore, the host range and distribution data for several previously described species are also expanded.
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Key Words
- C. aggregatocicatricatum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. angustiherbarum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. angustiterminale Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. austroafricanum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. austrohemisphaericum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. ipereniae Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. limoniforme Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. longicatenatum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. longissimum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. montecillanum Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. parapenidielloides Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. penidielloides Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. pseudochalastosporoides Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. puyae Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. rhusicola Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. ruguloflabelliforme Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. rugulovarians Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- C. versiforme Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- Cladosporiaceae
- Cladosporium aciculare Bensch, Crous & U. Braun
- Emendation
- Phylogeny
- Taxonomic novelties
- Taxonomy
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bensch
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638 München, Germany; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Z Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J Dijksterhuis
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M de Jesús Yáñez-Morales
- Colegio de Postgraduados, Km. 36.5 Carr, Mexico-Texcoco, Montecillo, Mpio. de Texcoco, Edo. de Mexico 56230, Mexico
| | - P W Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Gonçalves VN, Cantrell CL, Wedge DE, Ferreira MC, Soares MA, Jacob MR, Oliveira FS, Galante D, Rodrigues F, Alves TMA, Zani CL, Junior PAS, Murta S, Romanha AJ, Barbosa EC, Kroon EG, Oliveira JG, Gomez-Silva B, Galetovic A, Rosa CA, Rosa LH. Fungi associated with rocks of the Atacama Desert: taxonomy, distribution, diversity, ecology and bioprospection for bioactive compounds. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:232-45. [PMID: 26235221 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the diversity of cultivable rock-associated fungi from Atacama Desert. A total of 81 fungal isolates obtained were identified as 29 Ascomycota taxa by sequencing different regions of DNA. Cladosporium halotolerans, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium cf. citrinum were the most frequent species, which occur at least in four different altitudes. The diversity and similarity indices ranged in the fungal communities across the latitudinal gradient. The Fisher-α index displayed the higher values for the fungal communities obtained from the siltstone and fine matrix of pyroclastic rocks with finer grain size, which are more degraded. A total of 23 fungal extracts displayed activity against the different targets screened. The extract of P. chrysogenum afforded the compounds α-linolenic acid and ergosterol endoperoxide, which were active against Cryptococcus neoformans and methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus respectively. Our study represents the first report of a new habitat of fungi associated with rocks of the Atacama Desert and indicated the presence of interesting fungal community, including species related with saprobes, parasite/pathogen and mycotoxigenic taxa. The geological characteristics of the rocks, associated with the presence of rich resident/resilient fungal communities suggests that the rocks may provide a favourable microenvironment fungal colonization, survival and dispersal in extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vívian N Gonçalves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Charles L Cantrell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - David E Wedge
- United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Mariana C Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Soares
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Melissa R Jacob
- National Center for Natural Products Research, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Fabio S Oliveira
- Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Douglas Galante
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Rodrigues
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia M A Alves
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos L Zani
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Silvane Murta
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alvaro J Romanha
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Emerson C Barbosa
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, FIOCRUZ-MG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erna G Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Benito Gomez-Silva
- Biomedical Department and Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexandra Galetovic
- Biomedical Department and Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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22
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Abdelfattah A, Li Destri Nicosia MG, Cacciola SO, Droby S, Schena L. Metabarcoding Analysis of Fungal Diversity in the Phyllosphere and Carposphere of Olive (Olea europaea). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131069. [PMID: 26132745 PMCID: PMC4489200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal diversity associated with leaves, flowers and fruits of olive (Olea europaea) was investigated in different phenological stages (May, June, October and December) using an implemented metabarcoding approach. It consisted of the 454 pyrosequencing of the fungal ITS2 region and the subsequent phylogenetic analysis of relevant genera along with validated reference sequences. Most sequences were identified up to the species level or were associated with a restricted number of related taxa enabling supported speculations regarding their biological role. Analyses revealed a rich fungal community with 195 different OTUs. Ascomycota was the dominating phyla representing 93.6% of the total number of detected sequences followed by unidentified fungi (3.6%) and Basidiomycota (2.8%). A higher level of diversity was revealed for leaves compared to flowers and fruits. Among plant pathogens the genus Colletotrichum represented by three species (C. godetiae syn. C. clavatum, C. acutatum s.s and C. karstii) was the most abundant on ripe fruits but it was also detected in other organs. Pseudocercospora cladosporioides was detected with a high frequency in all leaf samples and to a less extent in ripe fruits. A much lower relative frequency was revealed for Spilocaea oleagina and for other putative pathogens including Fusarium spp., Neofusicoccum spp., and Alternaria spp. Among non-pathogen taxa, Aureobasidium pullulans, the species complex of Cladosporium cladosporioides and Devriesia spp. were the most represented. This study highlights the existence of a complex fungal consortium including both phytopathogenic and potentially antagonistic microorganisms that can have a significant impact on olive productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Li Destri Nicosia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Santa Olga Cacciola
- Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agroalimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Leonardo Schena
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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23
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Egidi E, de Hoog GS, Isola D, Onofri S, Quaedvlieg W, de Vries M, Verkley GJM, Stielow JB, Zucconi L, Selbmann L. Phylogeny and taxonomy of meristematic rock-inhabiting black fungi in the Dothideomycetes based on multi-locus phylogenies. FUNGAL DIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Nguyen HDT, Tanney JB, Chabot D, Nickerson NL, Seifert KA. Paratritirachium curvibasidium, a new heat-resistant basidiomycete from flare pit soils in Alberta, Canada. Mycol Prog 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-013-0941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Cladophialophora abundans, a novel species of Chaetothyriales isolated from the natural environment. Mycol Prog 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-013-0924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Nguyen HDT, Nickerson NL, Seifert KA. Basidioascus and Geminibasidium: a new lineage of heat-resistant and xerotolerant basidiomycetes. Mycologia 2013; 105:1231-50. [PMID: 23709525 DOI: 10.3852/12-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Using a heat-treatment method, two genera of heat-resistant and xerotolerant basidiomycetes were isolated from soil samples. These two genera, Basidioascus and Geminibasidium gen. nov., are morphologically similar and phylogenetically related. The genus Basidioascus originally was described as an ascomycete, but the structures originally interpreted as single-spored asci appear to represent basidiospores. Morphologically both genera are characterized by the lack of a fruiting body, conspicuously granular and deciduous basidia with a unique basal lateral projection and apparently double-walled basidiospores. The basidia, rather than the basidiospores, are forcibly discharged in Basidioascus species but not in Geminibasidium species. In Geminibasidium species a putative basidium arises from a primary cell. These are novel forms of basidia ontogenesis previously unseen in basidiomycetes. The rDNA (SSU + 5.8S + LSU) Bayesian phylogenetic analysis suggests that these fungi are distantly related to Wallemia, another xerotolerant basidiomycete genus commonly found in indoor air dust, dried foods and natural hypersaline environments. Given the physiological similarity and phylogenetic relationships, Basidioascus and Geminibasidium are classified in a new order, Geminibasidiales, and are taxonomically assigned to the class Wallemiomycetes. Based on morphological observations and molecular phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), two species of Basidioascus (B. undulatus, B. magus sp. nov.) and two species of Geminibasidium (G. donsium sp. nov., G. hirsutum sp. nov.) are described. A key to these species is provided using micromorphological and cultural characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai D T Nguyen
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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28
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Hujslová M, Kubátová A, Kostovčík M, Kolařík M. Acidiella bohemica gen. et sp. nov. and Acidomyces spp. (Teratosphaeriaceae), the indigenous inhabitants of extremely acidic soils in Europe. FUNGAL DIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-012-0176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
A monographic revision of the hyphomycete genus Cladosporium s. lat. (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is presented. It includes a detailed historic overview of Cladosporium and allied genera, with notes on their phylogeny, systematics and ecology. True species of Cladosporium s. str. (anamorphs of Davidiella), are characterised by having coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, i.e., with a convex central dome surrounded by a raised periclinal rim. Recognised species are treated and illustrated with line drawings and photomicrographs (light as well as scanning electron microscopy). Species known from culture are described in vivo as well as in vitro on standardised media and under controlled conditions. Details on host range/substrates and the geographic distribution are given based on published accounts, and a re-examination of numerous herbarium specimens. Various keys are provided to support the identification of Cladosporium species in vivo and in vitro. Morphological datasets are supplemented by DNA barcodes (nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences) diagnostic for individual species. In total 993 names assigned to Cladosporium s. lat., including Heterosporium (854 in Cladosporium and 139 in Heterosporium), are treated, of which 169 are recognized in Cladosporium s. str. The other taxa are doubtful, insufficiently known or have been excluded from Cladosporium in its current circumscription and re-allocated to other genera by the authors of this monograph or previous authors. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES Cladosporium allicinum (Fr.: Fr.) Bensch, U. Braun & Crous, comb. nov., C. astroideum var. catalinense U. Braun, var. nov., Fusicladium tectonicola (Yong H. He & Z.Y. Zhang) U. Braun & Bensch, comb. nov., Septoidium uleanum (Henn.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium adeniae (Hansf.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium dianellae (Sawada & Katsuki) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium lythri (Westend.) U. Braun & H.D. Shin, comb. nov., Zasmidium wikstroemiae (Petch) U. Braun, comb. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Bensch
- Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, D-80638 München, Germany
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - U. Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Crous PW, Braun U, Schubert K, Groenewald JZ. Delimiting Cladosporium from morphologically similar genera. Stud Mycol 2011; 58:33-56. [PMID: 18490995 PMCID: PMC2104746 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.58.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cladosporium is restricted to dematiaceous hyphomycetes
with a coronate scar type, and Davidiella teleomorphs. In the present
study numerous cladosporium-like taxa are treated, and allocated to different
genera based on their morphology and DNA phylogeny derived from the LSU nrRNA
gene. Several species are introduced in new genera such as
Hyalodendriella, Ochrocladosporium, Rachicladosporium,
Rhizocladosporium, Toxicocladosporium and
Verrucocladosporium. A further new taxon is described in
Devriesia (Teratosphaeriaceae). Furthermore, Cladosporium
castellanii, the etiological agent of tinea nigra in humans, is
confirmed as synonym of Stenella araguata, while the type species of
Stenella is shown to be linked to the Teratosphaeriaceae
(Capnodiales), and not the Mycosphaerellaceae as formerly
presumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Crous
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Crous PW, Verkley GJM, Groenewald JZ. Eucalyptus microfungi known from culture. 1. Cladoriella and Fulvoflamma genera nova, with notes on some other poorly known taxa. Stud Mycol 2011; 55:53-63. [PMID: 18490971 PMCID: PMC2104730 DOI: 10.3114/sim.55.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of microfungi associated with living Eucalyptus leaves and leaf litter revealed several novel and interesting taxa. Cladoriella eucalypti gen. et sp. nov. is described as a Cladosporium-like genus associated with litter collected in South Africa, while Fulvoflamma eucalypti gen. et. sp. nov. is newly described from leaf litter collected in Spain. Beta-conidia are newly reported for species of Pestalotiopsis, namely Pestalotiopsis disseminata in New Zealand, and a Pestalotiopsis sp. from Colombia. Satchmopsis brasiliensis is reported from litter in Colombia and Indonesia, while Torrendiella eucalypti is reported from leaf litter in Indonesia, and shown to have a Sporothrix-like anamorph. Leptospora rubella is reported from living Eucalyptus leaves in Colombia, where it is associated with leaf spots of Mycosphaerella longibasalis, while Macrohilumeucalypti is reported from leaf spots of Eucalyptus in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro W Crous
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zalar P, de Hoog GS, Schroers HJ, Crous PW, Groenewald JZ, Gunde-Cimerman N. Phylogeny and ecology of the ubiquitous saprobe Cladosporium sphaerospermum, with descriptions of seven new species from hypersaline environments. Stud Mycol 2011; 58:157-83. [PMID: 18490999 PMCID: PMC2104741 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.58.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprobic Cladosporium isolates morphologically similar to C.
sphaerospermum are phylogenetically analysed on the basis of DNA
sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster, including the internal
transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S rDNA (ITS) and the small
subunit (SSU) rDNA as well as β-tubulin and actin gene introns and exons.
Most of the C. sphaerospermum-like species show halotolerance as a
recurrent feature. Cladosporium sphaerospermum, which is
characterised by almost globose conidia, is redefined on the basis of its
ex-neotype culture. Cladosporium dominicanum, C.
psychrotolerans, C. velox, C. spinulosum and C.
halotolerans, all with globoid conidia, are newly described on the basis
of phylogenetic analyses and cryptic morphological and physiological
characters. Cladosporium halotolerans was isolated from hypersaline
water and bathrooms and detected once on dolphin skin. Cladosporium
dominicanum and C. velox were isolated from plant material and
hypersaline water. Cladosporium psychrotolerans, which grows well at
4 °C but not at 30 °C, and C. spinulosum, having
conspicuously ornamented conidia with long digitate projections, are currently
only known from hypersaline water. We also newly describe C. salinae
from hypersaline water and C. fusiforme from hypersaline water and
animal feed. Both species have ovoid to ellipsoid conidia and are therefore
reminiscent of C. herbarum. Cladosporium langeronii (=
Hormodendrum langeronii) previously described as a pathogen on human
skin, is halotolerant but has not yet been recorded from hypersaline
environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zalar
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Vecna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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33
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Ren SC, Ma J, Ma LG, Zhang YD, Zhang XG. Sativumoides and Cladosporiopsis, two new genera of hyphomycetes from China. Mycol Prog 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-011-0759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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34
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Badali H, Carvalho VO, Vicente V, Attili-Angelis D, Kwiatkowski IB, Gerrits Van Den Ende AHG, De Hoog GS. Cladophialophora saturnica sp. nov., a new opportunistic species of Chaetothyriales revealed using molecular data. Med Mycol 2009; 47:51-62. [PMID: 18720218 DOI: 10.1080/13693780802291452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While many members of the black yeasts genus Cladophialophora have been reported to cause diseases in humans, understanding of their natural niche is frequently lacking. Some species can be recovered from the natural environment by means of selective isolation techniques. The present study focuses on a Cladophialophora strain that caused an interdigital tinea nigra-like lesion in a HIV-positive Brazilian child. The fungal infection was successfully treated with oxiconazole. Similar strains had been recovered from the environment in Brazil, Uruguay and the Netherlands. The strains were characterized by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions and the small subunit (SSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, as well as the elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1alpha) gene. Since no match with any known species was found, it is described as the new species, Cladophialophora saturnica.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Badali
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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35
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Crous P, Schoch C, Hyde K, Wood A, Gueidan C, de Hoog G, Groenewald J. Phylogenetic lineages in the Capnodiales. Stud Mycol 2009; 64:17-47S7. [PMID: 20169022 PMCID: PMC2816965 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2009.64.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Capnodiales incorporates plant and human pathogens, endophytes, saprobes and epiphytes, with a wide range of nutritional modes. Several species are lichenised, or occur as parasites on fungi, or animals. The aim of the present study was to use DNA sequence data of the nuclear ribosomal small and large subunit RNA genes to test the monophyly of the Capnodiales, and resolve families within the order. We designed primers to allow the amplification and sequencing of almost the complete nuclear ribosomal small and large subunit RNA genes. Other than the Capnodiaceae (sooty moulds), and the Davidiellaceae, which contains saprobes and plant pathogens, the order presently incorporates families of major plant pathological importance such as the Mycosphaerellaceae, Teratosphaeriaceae and Schizothyriaceae. The Piedraiaceae was not supported, but resolves in the Teratosphaeriaceae. The Dissoconiaceae is introduced as a new family to accommodate Dissoconium and Ramichloridium. Lichenisation, as well as the ability to be saprobic or plant pathogenic evolved more than once in several families, though the taxa in the upper clades of the tree lead us to conclude that the strictly plant pathogenic, nectrotrophic families evolved from saprobic ancestors (Capnodiaceae), which is the more primitive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.W. Crous
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
- Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of
Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The
Netherlands
| | - C.L. Schoch
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of
Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 45 Center Drive, MSC 6510, Bethesda,
Maryland 20892-6510, U.S.A.
| | - K.D. Hyde
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Tasud, Muang, Chiang Rai
57100, Thailand
| | - A.R. Wood
- ARC – Plant Protection Research Institute, P. Bag X5017,
Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
| | - C. Gueidan
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - G.S. de Hoog
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
| | - J.Z. Groenewald
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The
Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
This study dealt with the isolation, characterization, and identification of the fungal microflora of frozen blueberries imported from Canada. The thermal inactivation rates of the rarely studied isolated heat-resistant molds, Devriesia spp. and Hamigera striata, in naturally and artificially contaminated blueberry slurries were also determined. The D-values of naturally contaminating Devriesia spp. at 70, 80, 85, and 90 degrees C were 714, 114, 44.4, and 14.1 min, respectively. The D-values of H. striata at 70, 80, 85, and 90 degrees C were 909, 286, 42.6, and 10.3 min, respectively. The z-values calculated from the thermal death time curves were 11.0 and 6.9 degrees C for Devriesia spp. and H. striata, respectively. Results also showed that in both test mold species, the naturally occurring molds had significantly higher thermal resistance than did the artificially contaminated counterparts. The results established by this study may be used by blueberry processors to prevent losses due to spoilage caused by the heat-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kikoku
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima-shi, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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37
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Badali H, Gueidan C, Najafzadeh MJ, Bonifaz A, van den Ende AHGG, de Hoog GS. Biodiversity of the genus Cladophialophora. Stud Mycol 2008; 61:175-91. [PMID: 19287540 PMCID: PMC2610306 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2008.61.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladophialophora is a genus of black yeast-like fungi comprising a number of clinically highly significant species in addition to environmental taxa. The genus has previously been characterized by branched chains of ellipsoidal to fusiform conidia. However, this character was shown to have evolved several times independently in the order Chaetothyriales. On the basis of a multigene phylogeny (nucLSU, nucSSU, RPB1), most of the species of Cladophialophora (including its generic type C. carrionii) belong to a monophyletic group comprising two main clades (carrionii- and bantiana-clades). The genus includes species causing chromoblastomycosis and other skin infections, as well as disseminated and cerebral infections, often in immunocompetent individuals. In the present study, multilocus phylogenetic analyses were combined to a morphological study to characterize phenetically similar Cladophialophora strains. Sequences of the ITS region, partial Translation Elongation Factor 1-alpha and beta-Tubulin genes were analysed for a set of 48 strains. Four novel species were discovered, originating from soft drinks, alkylbenzene-polluted soil, and infected patients. Membership of the both carrionii and bantiana clades might be indicative of potential virulence to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Badali
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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Abstract
Mycosphaerella, one of the largest genera of ascomycetes, encompasses several thousand species and has anamorphs residing in more than 30 form genera. Although previous phylogenetic studies based on the ITS rDNA locus supported the monophyly of the genus, DNA sequence data derived from the LSU gene distinguish several clades and families in what has hitherto been considered to represent the Mycosphaerellaceae. Several important leaf spotting and extremotolerant species need to be disposed to the genus Teratosphaeria, for which a new family, the Teratosphaeriaceae, is introduced. Other distinct clades represent the Schizothyriaceae, Davidiellaceae, Capnodiaceae, and the Mycosphaerellaceae. Within the two major clades, namely Teratosphaeriaceae and Mycosphaerellaceae, most anamorph genera are polyphyletic, and new anamorph concepts need to be derived to cope with dual nomenclature within the Mycosphaerella complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Crous
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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39
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de Hoog GS, Nishikaku AS, Fernandez-Zeppenfeldt G, Padín-González C, Burger E, Badali H, Richard-Yegres N, van den Ende AHGG. Molecular analysis and pathogenicity of the Cladophialophora carrionii complex, with the description of a novel species. Stud Mycol 2007; 58:219-34. [PMID: 18491001 PMCID: PMC2104744 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.58.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cladophialophora carrionii is one of the four major etiologic agents of human chromoblastomycosis in semi-arid climates. This species was studied using sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA, the partial beta-tubulin gene and an intron in the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene, in addition to morphology. With all genes a clear bipartition was observed, which corresponded with minute differences in conidiophore morphology. A new species, C. yegresii, was introduced, which appeared to be, in contrast to C. carrionii, associated with living cactus plants. All strains from humans, and a few isolates from dead cactus debris, belonged to C. carrionii, for which a lectotype was designated. Artificial inoculation of cactus plants grown from seeds in the greenhouse showed that both fungi are able to persist in cactus tissue. When reaching the spines they produce cells that morphologically resemble the muriform cells known as the "invasive form" in chromoblastomycosis. The tested clinical strain of C. carrionii proved to be more virulent in cactus than the environmental strain of C. yegresii that originated from the same species of cactus, Stenocereus griseus. The muriform cell expressed in cactus spines can be regarded as the extremotolerant survival phase, and is likely to play an essential role in the natural life cycle of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S de Hoog
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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The Editors. Preface. Stud Mycol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0616(14)60116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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41
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Davey ML, Currah RS. A new species of Cladophialophora (hyphomycetes) from boreal and montane bryophytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 111:106-16. [PMID: 17169546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During a survey of bryophilous fungi from boreal and montane habitats in central Alberta, a hitherto undescribed species of Cladophialophora was recovered from Polytrichum juniperinum, Aulacomnium palustre, and Sphagnum fuscum. On potato dextrose agar (PDA) colonies grew slowly, attaining a diameter of 25 mm after 30 d, were dark grey, velvety, radially sulcate, and convolute and cracked at the centre. Micronematous conidiophores gave rise to branched chains of small (1-2 x 8-22 microm), cylindrical to fusiform conidia with truncate, swollen scars at each end. Phylogenies built on the ITS and ribosomal SSU regions indicate the isolates form a monophyletic clade within the family Herpotrichiellaceae (Chaetothyriales) that is composed of two geographically based groups, each with 99% within-group sequence similarity and 97-98% between-group sequence similarity. A teleomorph has not been found but would likely be similar to species of Capronia. In vitro inoculation of the isolates onto axenically grown P. juniperinum produced no discernible host symptoms, and host penetration could not be detected using light microscopy. The production of polyphenol oxidases by the fungus and the role of other Cladophialophora species as latent endophytes and saprobes suggest that a potential role for the fungus is the degradation of the polyphenol-rich cell walls of mosses. A dichotomous key to species of the genus Cladophialophora is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Davey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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42
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Crous PW, Schroers HJ, Groenewald JZ, Braun U, Schubert K. Metulocladosporiella gen. nov. for the causal organism of Cladosporium speckle disease of banana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 110:264-75. [PMID: 16483752 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cladosporium musae, a widespread leaf-spotting hyphomycete on Musa spp., is genetically and morphologically distinct from Cladosporium s. str. (Davidiella anamorphs, Mycosphaerellaceae, Dothideales). DNA sequence data derived from the ITS and LSU gene regions of C. musae isolates show that this species is part of a large group of hyphomycetes in the Chaetothyriales with dematiaceous blastoconidia in acropetal chains. Cladosporium adianticola, a foliicolous hyphomycete known from leaf litter in Cuba is also a member of this clade and is closely related to C. musae. A comparison with other genera in the Cladosporium complex revealed that C. musae belongs to a lineage for which no generic name is currently available, and for which the genus Metulocladosporiella gen. nov. is proposed. Two species of Metulocladosporiella are currently known, namely M. musae, which is widely distributed, and M. musicola sp. nov., which is currently known from Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro W Crous
- Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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43
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Hambleton S, Nickerson NL, Seifert KA. Leohumicola, a new genus of heat-resistant hyphomycetes. Stud Mycol 2005. [DOI: 10.3114/sim.53.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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