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Physical Exercise Is a Potential "Medicine" for Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 999:269-286. [PMID: 29022268 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4307-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been recognized as the number one killer for decades. The most well-known risk factor is atherosclerosis. Unlike the acuity of CVD, atherosclerosis is a chronic, progressive pathological change. This process involves inflammatory response, oxidative reaction, macrophage activity, and different interaction of inflammatory factors. Physical exercise has long been known as good for health in general. In recent studies, physical exercise has been demonstrated to be a therapeutic tool for atherosclerosis. However, its therapeutic effect has dosage-dependent effect. Un-proper over exercise might also cause damage to the heart. Here we summarize the mechanism of Physical exercise's beneficial effects and its potential clinical use.
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Abreu P, Mendes SVD, Leal-Cardoso JH, Ceccatto VM. Anaerobic threshold employed on exercise training prescription and performance assessment for laboratory rodents: A short review. Life Sci 2016; 151:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bachi ALL, Sierra APR, Rios FJO, Gonçalves DA, Ghorayeb N, Abud RL, Victorino AB, Dos Santos JMB, Kiss MADP, Pithon-Curi TC, Vaisberg M. Athletes with higher VO 2max present reduced oxLDL after a marathon race. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2015; 1:bmjsem-2015-000014. [PMID: 27900109 PMCID: PMC5117006 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During a session of prolonged and exhaustive exercise, such as a marathon race, large quantities of free radicals are produced and can oxidise (ox) several molecules, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL). To prevent oxidative damage, athletes present higher antioxidant levels. However, the effect of marathon running on the natural IgM or IgG anti-oxLDL autoantibodies is not understood. Thus, we investigated the effect of a marathon race on oxidative stress and the mechanisms of control of this stress. Methods Blood samples of 20 marathon runners were collected 24 hours before, immediately and 72 hours after a marathon race to evaluate: plasma lipid profile; serum levels of oxLDL and anti-oxLDL autoantibodies (IgM and IgG isotype) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) was also determined. Results Immediately after the race, oxLDL and TAC levels decreased in comparison to the basal levels; however, the IgM or IgG anti-oxLDL levels remain unchanged. Whereas no differences were observed in the IgM or IgG anti-oxLDL levels 72h after the marathon, the oxLDL and TAC levels returned to the basal values. Significant positive correlations were observed between oxLDL and LDL-cholesterol before, and 72h after the marathon. Significant negative correlations were observed between oxLDL and VO2max immediately after the marathon and 72 h later, as well as between oxLDL and TAC 72 h after the race. Conclusions Athletes with a higher VO2max and total antioxidant activity presented reduced LDL oxidation. The levels of IgM or IgG anti-oxLDL autoantibodies were not affected by running the marathon.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L L Bachi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula R Sierra
- School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Francisco J O Rios
- Department of Immunology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Nabil Ghorayeb
- Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ronaldo L Abud
- Institute of Preventive Medicine of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Angélica B Victorino
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery , Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Juliana M B Dos Santos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Tania C Pithon-Curi
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Post-Graduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mauro Vaisberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Mahgoub MSED, Aly S. The effects of continuous vs intermittent exercise on lipid profile in obese children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERAPY AND REHABILITATION 2015. [DOI: 10.12968/ijtr.2015.22.6.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methods: A randomised pretest–posttest design was implemented to compare the effects of continuous and intermittent exercise, measuring lipid profiles in obese children before and after the intervention. Thirty obese children (11 male and 19 female; age range: 12–15 years; body mass index ≥25) were randomised into two exercise intervention groups to engage in an 8-week exercise programme consisting of either continuous exercise (Group A) or intermittent exercise (Group B). Results: Data showed that there was a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in both groups following intervention. There was a significant improvement in the lipid profile results of Group B compared with Group A. Conclusions: Intermittent exercise programmes are more effective than continuous exercise programmes in improving lipid profiles in children with obesity. Findings from this research could lead to improved health outcomes in obese patients by increasing aerobic capacity, wellness and metabolic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sobhy Aly
- Physiotherapy lecturer, Department of Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt
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Swimming training prevents alterations in ecto-NTPDase and adenosine deaminase activities in lymphocytes from Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride induced hypertension rats. J Hypertens 2015; 33:763-72; discussion 772. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hoddy KK, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Barnosky A, Bhutani S, Varady KA. Meal timing during alternate day fasting: Impact on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk in obese adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2524-31. [PMID: 25251676 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alternate day fasting (ADF; 24-h feeding/24-h 25% energy intake at lunchtime), is effective for weight loss, but diet tolerability is questionable. Moving the fast day meal to dinnertime, or dividing it into smaller meals, may improve tolerability. Accordingly, this study compared the effects of ADF with three meal times on body weight and heart disease risk. METHODS Obese subjects (n = 74) were randomized to 1 of 3 groups for 8 weeks: 1) ADF-L: lunch, 2) ADF-D: dinner, or 3) ADF-SM: small meals. RESULTS Body weight decreased similarly (P < 0.001) in all groups (ADF-L: 3.5 ± 0.4 kg, ADF-D 4.1 ± 0.5 kg, ADF-SM 4.0 ± 0.5 kg). Reductions (P < 0.001) in fat mass and visceral fat were also comparable. Plasma lipids remained unchanged, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size increased (P < 0.05) in all groups (1.3 ± 0.5 Å). Systolic blood pressure decreased (P < 0.05) by ADF-SM only. Fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Thus, allowing individuals to consume the fast day meal at dinner or small meals produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as consuming the meal at lunch. This flexibility in meal timing may increase tolerability and long-term adherence to ADF protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Hoddy
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Shi ZM, Wen HP, Liu FR, Yao CX. The effects of tai chi on the renal and cardiac functions of patients with chronic kidney and cardiovascular diseases. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:1733-6. [PMID: 25435688 PMCID: PMC4242943 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To assess the effects of Tai Chi on the renal and cardiac functions of patients
with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). [Subjects and Methods]
Twenty-one patients with CKD and CVD were randomly divided into control and exercise
groups. The exercise group performed Tai Chi training for 30 minutes three to five times a
week for 12 weeks, while the control group did not. All patients’ renal and cardiac
functions and blood lipid parameters were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks.
[Results] The 12 weeks Tai Chi intervention improved the estimated glomerular filtration
rate (eGFR), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and the high density lipoprotein
(HDL) level, and decreased the serum creatintine (Scr) level, heart rate (HR), systolic
blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the total cholesterol (CH),
triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. The change in eGFR correlated
negatively with the changes in CH, TG and LDL, and positively with the change in HDL. In
addition, the change in SBP correlated positively with the changes in CH, TG and LDL, and
negatively with the change in HDL. [Conclusion] Tai Chi training might improve the renal
and cardiac functions of CKD and CVD patients via improved regulation of lipid
metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Shi
- Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering, China
| | - Hai-Ping Wen
- Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering, China
| | | | - Chun-Xia Yao
- Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering, China
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Kroeger CM, Hoddy KK, Varady KA. Impact of weight regain on metabolic disease risk: a review of human trials. J Obes 2014; 2014:614519. [PMID: 25197563 PMCID: PMC4147362 DOI: 10.1155/2014/614519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction interventions are effective for weight loss and reduction of chronic disease risk. Unfortunately, most people tend to regain much of this lost weight within one year after intervention. While some studies suggest that minor degrees of weight regain have no effect on metabolic disease risk parameters, other studies demonstrate a complete reversal in metabolic benefits. In light of these conflicting findings, it is of interest to determine how complete weight maintenance versus mild weight regain affects key risk parameters. These findings would have important clinical implications, as they could help identify a weight regain threshold that could preserve the metabolic benefits of weight loss. Accordingly, this review examined the impact of no weight regain versus mild regain on various metabolic disease risk parameters, including plasma lipids, blood pressure, glucose, and insulin concentrations, in adult subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Kroeger
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Room 506F, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kristin K. Hoddy
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Room 506F, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Krista A. Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Room 506F, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- *Krista A. Varady:
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Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Panayiotou G, Kyparos A, Patikas D, Grivas GV, Nikolaidis MG, Vrabas IS. Stair descending exercise using a novel automatic escalator: effects on muscle performance and health-related parameters. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56218. [PMID: 23437093 PMCID: PMC3578864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel automatic escalator was designed, constructed and used in the present investigation. The aim of the present investigation was to compare the effect of two repeated sessions of stair descending versus stair ascending exercise on muscle performance and health-related parameters in young healthy men. Twenty males participated and were randomly divided into two equal-sized groups: a stair descending group (muscle-damaging group) and a stair ascending group (non-muscle-damaging group). Each group performed two sessions of stair descending or stair ascending exercise on the automatic escalator while a three week period was elapsed between the two exercise sessions. Indices of muscle function, insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile and redox status were assessed before and immediately after, as well as at day 2 and day 4 after both exercise sessions. It was found that the first bout of stair descending exercise caused muscle damage, induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress as well as affected positively blood lipid profile. However, after the second bout of stair descending exercise the alterations in all parameters were diminished or abolished. On the other hand, the stair ascending exercise induced only minor effects on muscle function and health-related parameters after both exercise bouts. The results of the present investigation indicate that stair descending exercise seems to be a promising way of exercise that can provoke positive effects on blood lipid profile and antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology – Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Research Center European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasios A. Theodorou
- Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Research Center European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George Panayiotou
- Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Research Center European University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Patikas
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Gerasimos V. Grivas
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G. Nikolaidis
- Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology – Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis S. Vrabas
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Cardoso AM, Bagatini MD, Roth MA, Martins CC, Rezer JFP, Mello FF, Lopes LFD, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Acute effects of resistance exercise and intermittent intense aerobic exercise on blood cell count and oxidative stress in trained middle-aged women. Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:1172-82. [PMID: 23090122 PMCID: PMC3854236 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of an intermittent intense aerobic exercise session and a resistance exercise session on blood cell counts and oxidative stress parameters in middle-aged women. Thirty-four women were selected and divided into three groups: RE group (performing 60 min of resistance exercises, N = 12), spinning group (performing 60 min of spinning, N = 12), and control group (not exercising regularly, N = 10). In both exercise groups, lymphocytes and monocytes decreased after 1-h recuperation (post-exercise) compared to immediately after exercise (P < 0.05). Immediately after exercise, in both exercised groups, a significant increase in TBARS (from 16.5 ± 2 to 25 ± 2 for the spinning group and from 18.6 ± 1 to 28.2 ± 3 nmol MDA/mL serum for the RE group) and protein carbonyl (from 1.0 ± 0.3 to 1.6 ± 0.2 for the spinning group and from 0.9 ± 0.2 to 1.5 ± 0.2 nmol/mg protein for the RE group) was observed (P < 0.05). A decrease in antioxidant activities (non-protein sulfhydryl, superoxide dismutase, catalase) was also demonstrated with a negative correlation between damage markers and antioxidant body defenses (P < 0.05). These results indicate that an acute bout of intermittent or anaerobic exercise induces immune suppression and increases the production of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress in middle-aged and trained women. Furthermore, we demonstrated that trained women show improved antioxidant capacity and lower oxidative damage than sedentary ones, demonstrating the benefits of chronic regular physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cardoso
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Cardoso AM, Martins CC, Fiorin FDS, Schmatz R, Abdalla FH, Gutierres J, Zanini D, Fiorenza AM, Stefanello N, Serres JDDS, Carvalho F, Castro VP, Mazzanti CM, Royes LFF, Belló-Klein A, Goularte JF, Morsch VM, Bagatini MD, Schetinger MRC. Physical training prevents oxidative stress in L-NAME-induced hypertension rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:136-51. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Caroline Curry Martins
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Roberta Schmatz
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Fátima Husein Abdalla
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Jessié Gutierres
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Daniela Zanini
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Amanda Maino Fiorenza
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Naiara Stefanello
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Jonas Daci da Silva Serres
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Fabiano Carvalho
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Verônica Paiva Castro
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Cinthia Melazzo Mazzanti
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Health Basic Sciences Institut, Department of Physiology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - Jeferson Ferraz Goularte
- Health Basic Sciences Institut, Department of Physiology; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
| | | | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Post-Graduation Program in Toxicological Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry of the Center of Natural and Exact Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
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Vaisberg M, Bachi ALL, Latrilha C, Dioguardi GS, Bydlowski SP, Maranhão RC. Lipid transfer to HDL is higher in marathon runners than in sedentary subjects, but is acutely inhibited during the run. Lipids 2012; 47:679-86. [PMID: 22684913 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although exercise increases HDL-cholesterol, exercise-induced changes in HDL metabolism have been little explored. Lipid transfer to HDL is essential for HDL's role in reverse cholesterol transport. We investigated the effects of acute exhaustive exercise on lipid transfer to HDL. We compared plasma lipid, apolipoprotein and cytokine levels and in vitro transfer of four lipids from a radioactively labeled lipid donor nanoemulsion to HDL in sedentary individuals (n = 28) and in marathon runners (n = 14) at baseline, immediately after and 72 h after a marathon. While HDL-cholesterol concentrations and apo A1 levels were higher in marathon runners, LDL-cholesterol, apo B and triacylglycerol levels were similar in both groups. Transfers of non-esterified cholesterol [6.8 (5.7-7.2) vs. 5.2 (4.5-6), p = 0.001], phospholipids [21.7 (20.4-22.2) vs. 8.2 (7.7-8.9), p = 0.0001] and triacylglycerol [3.7 (3.1-4) vs. 1.3 (0.8-1.7), p = 0.0001] were higher in marathon runners, but esterified-cholesterol transfer was similar. Immediately after the marathon, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations and apo A1 levels were unchanged, but apo B and triacylglycerol levels increased. Lipid transfer of non-esterified cholesterol [6.8 (5.7-7.2) vs. 5.8 (4.9-6.6), p = 0.0001], phospholipids [21.7 (20.4-22.2) vs. 19.1 (18.6-19.3), p = 0.0001], esterified-cholesterol [3.2 (2.2-3.8) vs. 2.3 (2-2.9), p = 0.02] and triacylglycerol [3.7 (3.1-4) vs. 2.6 (2.1-2.8), p = 0.0001] to HDL were all reduced immediately after the marathon but returned to baseline 72 h later. Running a marathon increased IL-6 and TNF-α levels, but after 72 h these values returned to baseline. Lipid transfer, except esterified-cholesterol transfer, was higher in marathon runners than in sedentary individuals, but the marathon itself acutely inhibited lipid transfer. In light of these novel observations, further study is required to clarify how these metabolic changes can influence HDL composition and anti-atherogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Vaisberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bhutani S, Varady KA. Nibbling versus feasting: which meal pattern is better for heart disease prevention? Nutr Rev 2009; 67:591-8. [PMID: 19785690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary interventions that limit saturated fat, cholesterol, and energy are generally implemented as the first line of therapy to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Another form of diet therapy that may be effective in protecting against CHD is altering meal frequency without limiting energy. Meal-frequency regimens are classified into two major forms: 1) feasting, i.e., consuming all energy needs in one meal/day, and 2) nibbling, i.e., consuming all energy needs in three, six, nine, 12, or 17 regimented meals/day. Whether one meal pattern, feasting or nibbling, is more effective at improving indicators of CHD risk than the other, remains unresolved. Moreover, whether a dose-dependent relationship exists between biomarker improvement and the number of meals consumed per day also remains unknown. The objective of the present review was to determine which meal pattern, nibbling or feasting, is more effective at improving key indicators of CHD risk in normal-weight and obese, non-diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Bhutani
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Coen PM, Flynn MG, Markofski MM, Pence BD, Hannemann RE. Adding exercise training to rosuvastatin treatment: influence on serum lipids and biomarkers of muscle and liver damage. Metabolism 2009; 58:1030-8. [PMID: 19411087 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Statin treatment and exercise training can improve lipid profile when administered separately. The efficacy of exercise and statin treatment combined, and its impact on myalgia and serum creatine kinase (CK) have not been completely addressed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of statin treatment and the addition of exercise training on lipid profile, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), and levels of CK and alanine transaminase. Thirty-one hypercholesterolemic and physically inactive subjects were randomly assigned to rosuvastatin (R) or rosuvastatin/exercise (RE) group. A third group of physically active hypercholesterolemic subjects served as an active control group (AC). The R and RE groups received rosuvastatin treatment (10 mg/d) for 20 weeks. From week 10 to week 20, the RE group also participated in a combined endurance and resistive exercise training program (3 d/wk). Lipid profile was determined for all subjects at week 0 (Pre), week 10 (Mid), and week 20 (Post). The CK and alanine transaminase levels were measured at the same time points in the RE and R groups and 48 hours after the first and fifth exercise bout in the RE group. Each RE subject was formally queried about muscle fatigue, soreness, and stiffness before each training session. Total, LDL, and oxLDL cholesterol was lower in the RE and R groups at Mid and Post time points when compared with Pre. Oxidized LDL was lower in the RE group compared with the R group at the Post time point. When treatment groups (R and RE) were combined, high-density lipoprotein levels were increased and triglycerides decreased across time. Creatine kinase increased in the RE group 48 hours after the first exercise bout, but returned to baseline levels 48 hours after the fifth exercise bout. Rosuvastatin treatment decreased total, LDL, and oxLDL cholesterol. The addition of an exercise training program resulted in a further decrease in oxLDL. There was no abnormal sustained increase in CK or reports of myalgia after the addition of exercise training to rosuvastatin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Coen
- Wastl Human Performance Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Paschalis V, Nikolaidis MG, Giakas G, Theodorou AA, Sakellariou GK, Fatouros IG, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. Beneficial changes in energy expenditure and lipid profile after eccentric exercise in overweight and lean women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 20:e103-11. [PMID: 19422638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to compare lean and overweight females in regard to the effects of eccentric exercise on muscle damage indices, resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) as well as blood lipid and lipoprotein profile. Lean and overweight females (deviated by their body mass index) performed an eccentric exercise session. Muscle damage, energy cost and lipid profile were assessed pre-exercise and up to 72 h post-exercise. After eccentric exercise (i) muscle damage indices were affected more in the overweight subjects compared with the lean subjects; (ii) the elevation of absolute and relative REE was larger and more prolonged in the overweight group compared with the lean group; (iii) after 24 h, RQ had significantly declined, with the overweight subjects exhibiting a larger reduction compared with the lean group; and (iv) the blood lipid profile was favorably modified, with the overweight group exhibiting more favorable responses compared with the lean group. The differences between the lean and the overweight subjects may be partly due to the fact that overweight individuals experienced greater muscle damage than lean individuals. Eccentric exercise may be a promising lifestyle factor to combat obesity and dyslipidemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Paschalis
- Center for Research and Technology-Thessaly, Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Trikala, Greece
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Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V, Giakas G, Fatouros IG, Sakellariou GK, Theodorou AA, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. Favorable and prolonged changes in blood lipid profile after muscle-damaging exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008; 40:1483-9. [PMID: 18614942 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31817356f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effect of repeated muscle-damaging exercise on the time-course changes in blood lipid and lipoprotein profile and compare them with changes in indices of muscle function and damage. METHODS Twelve women underwent an isokinetic exercise session consisting of 75 eccentric knee flexions, which was repeated after 3 wk. Triacylglycerols (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) in plasma were measured before, immediately, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 d after muscle-damaging exercise. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and TC/HDLC were also calculated. RESULTS The largest changes in TG and lipoproteins appeared 3 d after exercise, returning toward baseline thereafter. The magnitudes of these changes at 3 d compared with rest were -18% and -8% for TG, -14% and -10% for TC, 8% and 7% for HDLC, -25% and -18% for LDLC, and -20% and -15% for TC/HDLC after sessions 1 and 2, respectively. In addition, the incremental or decremental area under the curve for the TG and lipoproteins measured after the first session was higher than that after the second session--except for HDLC concentration. CONCLUSION These findings reveal that lipid and lipoprotein profile was favorably affected by both sessions of muscle-damaging exercise but relatively less so after a repeated session of muscle-damaging exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Institute of Human Performance and Rehabilitation, Center for Research and Technology-Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.
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Ferreira JCB, Rolim NPL, Bartholomeu JB, Gobatto CA, Kokubun E, Brum PC. Maximal lactate steady state in running mice: effect of exercise training. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:760-5. [PMID: 17600553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) corresponds to the highest blood lactate concentration (MLSSc) and workload (MLSSw) that can be maintained over time without continual blood lactate accumulation and is considered an important marker of endurance exercise capacity. The present study was undertaken to determine MLSSw and MLSSc in running mice. In addition, we provide an exercise training protocol for mice based on MLSSw. 2. Maximal lactate steady state was determined by blood sampling during multiple sessions of constant-load exercise varying from 9 to 21 m/min in adult male C57BL/6J mice. The constant-load test lasted at least 21 min. The blood lactate concentration was analysed at rest and then at 7 min intervals during exercise. 3. The MLSSw was found to be 15.1 +/- 0.7 m/min and corresponded to 60 +/- 2% of maximal speed achieved during the incremental exercise testing. Intra- and interobserver variability of MLSSc showed reproducible findings. Exercise training was performed at MLSSw over a period of 8 weeks for 1 h/day and 5 days/week. Exercise training led to resting bradycardia (21%) and increased running performance (28%). Of interest, the MLSSw of trained mice was significantly higher than that in sedentary littermates (19.0 +/- 0.5 vs 14.2 +/- 0.5 m/min; P = 0.05), whereas MLSSc remained unchanged (3.0 mmol/L). 4. Altogether, we provide a valid and reliable protocol to improve endurance exercise capacity in mice performed at highest workload with predominant aerobic metabolism based on MLSS assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C B Ferreira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Biodynamics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lee RP, Lin NT, Chao YFC, Lin CC, Harn HJ, Chen HI. High-density lipoprotein prevents organ damage in endotoxemia. Res Nurs Health 2007; 30:250-60. [PMID: 17514720 DOI: 10.1002/nur.20187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) may decrease organ injury in sepsis. This study was designed using an animal model to mimic people who had a high HDL level and to test HDL effects on preventing organ damage in endotoxemia. Endotoxemia was induced by an infusion of lipopolysac-charide (LPS) after HDL or LDL administration. Levels of blood biochemical substances, nitrate/nitrite, and TNF-alpha in sera were measured. Pathological examinations were performed 72 hours after LPS infusion. HDL decreased the endotoxin-induced elevation of AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, LDH, CPK, nitrate/nitrite, and TNF-alpha. On histological examination, neutrophil infiltration was lower in the HDL group. HDL had a significant effect in preventing endotoxin-induced organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ping Lee
- Tzu Chi University Nursing, 701, Sec. 3, Chung-Yang Rd., Hualien, Taiwan, Province of China
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