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Sidorova YS, Petrov NA, Markova YM, Kolobanov AI, Zorin SN. The Influence of a High-Cholesterol Diet and Forced Training on Lipid Metabolism and Intestinal Microbiota in Male Wistar Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5383. [PMID: 38791421 PMCID: PMC11121228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Adequate experimental animal models play an important role in an objective assessment of the effectiveness of medicines and functional foods enriched with biologically active substances. The aim of our study was a comparative assessment of the effect of consumption of 1 or 2% cholesterol with and without regular (two times a week), moderate running exercise on the main biomarkers of lipid and cholesterol metabolism, as well as the intestinal microbiota of male Wistar rats. In experimental rats, a response of 39 indicators (body weight, food consumption, serum biomarkers, liver composition, and changes in intestinal microbiota) was revealed. Total serum cholesterol level increased 1.8 times in animals consuming cholesterol with a simultaneous increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (2 times) and decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.3 times) levels compared to the control animals. These animals had 1.3 times increased liver weight, almost 5 times increased triglycerides level, and more than 6 times increased cholesterol content. There was a tendency towards a decrease in triglycerides levels against the background of running exercise. The consumption of cholesterol led to a predominance of the Bacteroides family, due to a decrease in F. prausnitzii (1.2 times) and bifidobacteria (1.3 times), as well as an increase in Escherichia family (1.2 times). The running exercise did not lead to the complete normalization of microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya S. Sidorova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, 109240 Moscow, Russia; (N.A.P.); (Y.M.M.); (A.I.K.); (S.N.Z.)
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Nikroo H, Hosseini SRA, Fathi M, Sardar MA, Khazaei M. The effect of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on PPAR-α, SIRT1 gene expression, and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD male rats. Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Oh S, Oshida N, Someya N, Maruyama T, Isobe T, Okamoto Y, Kim T, Kim B, Shoda J. Whole-body vibration for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a 6-month prospective study. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14062. [PMID: 31087530 PMCID: PMC6513769 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has demonstrated benefits for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, in daily life maintaining exercise without help may be difficult. A whole-body vibration device (WBV) has been recently introduced as an exercise modality that may be suitable for patients who have difficulty engaging in exercise. We tested WBV in patients with NAFLD and estimated its effectiveness. We studied the effects of a 6-month WBV program on hepatic steatosis and its underlying pathophysiology in 25 patients with NAFLD. Seventeen patients with NAFLD were designated as a control group. After WBV exercise, body weight in the study group decreased by only 2.5% compared with the control group. However, we found significant increases in muscle area (+2.6%) and strength (+20.5%) and decreases in fat mass (-6.8%). The hepatic (-9.9%) and visceral (-6.2%) fat content also significantly decreased (P < 0.05). There was substantial lowering of hepatic stiffness (-15.7%), along with improvements in the levels of inflammatory markers; tumor necrosis factor alpha (-50.9%), adiponectin (+12.0%), ferritin (-33.2%), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (-43.0%) (P < 0.05). These results suggest that WBV is an exercise option for patients with NAFLD that is effective, efficient, and convenient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sechang Oh
- The Center of Sports Medicine and Health SciencesTsukuba University HospitalTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Natsumi Oshida
- The Center of Sports Medicine and Health SciencesTsukuba University HospitalTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Noriko Someya
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maruyama
- Department of RehabilitationUniversity of Tsukuba HospitalTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Tomonori Isobe
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Department of Diagnostic RadiologyUniversity of Tsukuba HospitalTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Yoshikazu Okamoto
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Department of Diagnostic RadiologyUniversity of Tsukuba HospitalTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Taeho Kim
- The Center of Sports Medicine and Health SciencesTsukuba University HospitalTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Bokun Kim
- Faculty of Sports Health CareInje UniversityGimhaeGyeongsangnamdoRepublic of Korea
| | - Junichi Shoda
- The Center of Sports Medicine and Health SciencesTsukuba University HospitalTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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How Does Addition of Regular Aerobic Exercises, Influence the Efficacy of Calorie-Restricted Diet in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatatis (NASH)? HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.45339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Effects of physical activity upon the liver. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:1-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sun WH, Song MQ, Jiang CQ, Xin YN, Ma JL, Liu YX, Ma L, Lin ZH, Li CY, Liu L, Zhang M, Chu LL, Jiang XJ, Wan Q, Zhou L, Ren R, Meng LF. Lifestyle intervention in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Chengyang District, Qingdao, China. World J Hepatol 2012; 4:224-30. [PMID: 22855698 PMCID: PMC3409357 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v4.i7.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of a 6 and 12 mo lifestyle modification intervention in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) in Chengyang District of Qingdao. METHODS Participants with NAFLD who had resided in Chengyang District for more than 5 years were enrolled in this study. After the 6 and 12 mo lifestyle modification intervention based on physical activity, nutrition and behavior therapy, parameters such as body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase values, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and visceral fat area (VFA), the liver-spleen ratio and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were evaluated and compared between participants with and without the intervention. RESULTS Seven hundred and twenty-four participants were assigned to the lifestyle intervention group (LS) and 363 participants were assigned to the control group (CON). After the intervention, body weights in the LS group were significantly decreased compared to those in the CON group at 6 mo (11.59% ± 4.7% vs 0.4% ± 0.2%, P = 0.001) and at 12 mo (12.73% ± 5.6% vs 0.9% ± 0.3%, P = 0.001). Compared with the CON group, BMI was more decreased in the LS group after 6 and 12 mo (P = 0.043 and P = 0.032). Waist circumference was more reduced in the LS group than in CON (P = 0.031 and P = 0.017). After the 6 and 12 mo intervention, ALT decreased significantly in the LS group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.002). After 6 and 12 mo, the metabolic syndrome rate had decreased more in the LS group compared with the CON group (P = 0.026 and P = 0.017). After 12 mo, the HOMA-IR score decreased more obviously in the LS group (P = 0.041); this result also appeared in the VFA after 12 mo in the LS group (P = 0.035). CONCLUSION Lifestyle intervention was effective in improving NAFLD in both 6 and 12 mo interventions. This intervention offered a practical approach for treating a large number of NAFLD patients in the Chengyang District of Qingdao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Sun
- Wei-Hui Sun, Jian-Lin Ma, Ying-Xun Liu, Lei Ma, Qiang Wan, Lin Zhou, Rong Ren, Ling-Fang Meng, Hepatology Department, Qingdao Chengyang People's Hospital, Qingdao 266100, Shandong Province, China
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Snel M, Jonker JT, Schoones J, Lamb H, de Roos A, Pijl H, Smit JWA, Meinders AE, Jazet IM. Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:983814. [PMID: 22675355 PMCID: PMC3366269 DOI: 10.1155/2012/983814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The storage of triglyceride (TG) droplets in nonadipose tissues is called ectopic fat storage. Ectopic fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Not the triglycerides per se but the accumulation of intermediates of lipid metabolism in organs, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and heart seem to disrupt metabolic processes and impair organ function. We describe the mechanisms of ectopic fat depositions in the liver, skeletal muscle, and in and around the heart and the consequences for each organs function. In addition, we systematically reviewed the literature for the effects of diet-induced weight loss and exercise on ectopic fat depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Snel
- Departments of Endocrinology & Metabolism and General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. T. Jonker
- Departments of Endocrinology & Metabolism and General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. Schoones
- Walaeus Library, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H. Lamb
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. de Roos
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H. Pijl
- Departments of Endocrinology & Metabolism and General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. W. A. Smit
- Departments of Endocrinology & Metabolism and General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A. E. Meinders
- Departments of Endocrinology & Metabolism and General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I. M. Jazet
- Departments of Endocrinology & Metabolism and General Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- *I. M. Jazet:
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Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Willis LH, Shields AT, Tanner CJ, Piner LW, Hawk VH, Muehlbauer MJ, Samsa GP, Nelson RC, Huffman KM, Bales CW, Houmard JA, Kraus WE. Effects of aerobic vs. resistance training on visceral and liver fat stores, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance by HOMA in overweight adults from STRRIDE AT/RT. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E1033-9. [PMID: 21846904 PMCID: PMC3214001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While the benefits of exercise are clear, many unresolved issues surround the optimal exercise prescription. Many organizations recommend aerobic training (AT) and resistance training (RT), yet few studies have compared their effects alone or in combination. The purpose of this study, part of Studies Targeting Risk Reduction Interventions Through Defined Exercise-Aerobic Training and/or Resistance Training (STRRIDE/AT/RT), was to compare the effects of AT, RT, and the full combination (AT/RT) on central ectopic fat, liver enzymes, and fasting insulin resistance [homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)]. In a randomized trial, 249 subjects [18-70 yr old, overweight, sedentary, with moderate dyslipidemia (LDL cholesterol 130-190 mg/dl or HDL cholesterol ≤ 40 mg/dl for men or ≤ 45 mg/dl for women)] performed an initial 4-mo run-in period. Of these, 196 finished the run-in and were randomized into one of the following 8-mo exercise-training groups: 1) RT, which comprised 3 days/wk, 8 exercises, 3 sets/exercise, 8-12 repetitions/set, 2) AT, which was equivalent to ∼19.2 km/wk (12 miles/wk) at 75% peak O(2) uptake, and 3) full AT + full RT (AT/RT), with 155 subjects completing the intervention. The primary outcome variables were as follows: visceral and liver fat via CT, plasma liver enzymes, and HOMA. AT led to significant reductions in liver fat, visceral fat, alanine aminotransferase, HOMA, and total and subcutaneous abdominal fat (all P < 0.05). RT resulted in a decrease in subcutaneous abdominal fat (P < 0.05) but did not significantly improve the other variables. AT was more effective than RT at improving visceral fat, liver-to-spleen ratio, and total abdominal fat (all P < 0.05) and trended toward a greater reduction in liver fat score (P < 0.10). The effects of AT/RT were statistically indistinguishable from the effects of AT. These data show that, for overweight and obese individuals who want to reduce measures of visceral fat and fatty liver infiltration and improve HOMA and alanine aminotransferase, a moderate amount of aerobic exercise is the most time-efficient and effective exercise mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris A Slentz
- Div. of Cardiology, Dept. of Medicine, PO Box 3022, Duke Univ. Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Putative factors that may modulate the effect of exercise on liver fat: insights from animal studies. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2012:827417. [PMID: 21912741 PMCID: PMC3168901 DOI: 10.1155/2012/827417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content is the hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is strongly associated with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Although regular aerobic exercise improves metabolic function, its role in regulating fat accumulation in the liver is incompletely understood, and human data are scarce. Results from exercise training studies in animals highlight a number of potential factors that could possibly mediate the effect of exercise on liver fat, but none of them has been formally tested in man. The effect of exercise on IHTG content strongly depends on the background diet, so that exercise is more effective in reducing IHTG under conditions that favor liver fat accretion (e.g., when animals are fed high-fat diets). Concurrent loss of body weight or visceral fat does not appear to mediate the effect of exercise on IHTG, whereas sex (males versus females), prandial status (fasted versus fed), and duration of training, as well as the time elapsed from the last bout of exercise could all be affecting the observed exercise-induced changes in IHTG content. The potential importance of these factors remains obscure, thus providing a wide array of opportunities for future research on the effects of exercise (and diet) on liver fat accumulation.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fat accumulation in the liver is strongly associated with metabolic dysfunction. Regular exercise improves many cardiometabolic risks factors; however, its effect on intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content remains elusive. This article summarizes available data regarding the effects of exercise on IHTG. RECENT FINDINGS Several but not all observational studies report negative associations of habitual physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with IHTG and the prevalence of fatty liver. Aerobic exercise training in combination with hypocaloric diet reduces IHTG by a considerable amount (20-60%), even when weight loss is mild (<5%); hence weight loss per se may not be a critical factor. Longitudinal studies involving exercise training without dietary restriction and no weight loss demonstrate that increased cardiorespiratory fitness and reduced intra-abdominal adiposity are not invariably associated with liver fat depletion, whereas relatively large exercise-induced reductions in IHTG content (20-40%) can occur even in the absence of changes in body weight, body composition, or visceral adipose tissue. Although the majority of studies have examined aerobic training, resistance exercise has also been shown to be inversely associated with the prevalence of fatty liver in humans and effectively reduces IHTG content in animals. SUMMARY Exercise does hold promise as an effective treatment for hepatic steatosis; this field of research is still in its infancy, and there is much more to be learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faidon Magkos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Finucane FM, Sharp SJ, Purslow LR, Horton K, Horton J, Savage DB, Brage S, Besson H, De Lucia Rolfe E, Sleigh A, Martin HJ, Aihie Sayer A, Cooper C, Ekelund U, Griffin SJ, Wareham NJ. The effects of aerobic exercise on metabolic risk, insulin sensitivity and intrahepatic lipid in healthy older people from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2010; 53:624-31. [PMID: 20052455 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We sought to determine the effect of an aerobic exercise intervention on clustered metabolic risk and related outcomes in healthy older adults in a single-centre, explanatory randomised controlled trial. METHODS Participants from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (born 1931-1939) were randomly assigned to 36 supervised 1 h sessions on a cycle ergometer over 12 weeks or to a non-intervention control group. Randomisation and group allocation were conducted by the study co-ordinator, using a software programme. Those with prevalent diabetes, unstable ischaemic heart disease or poor mobility were excluded. All data were collected at our clinical research facility in Cambridge. Components of the metabolic syndrome were used to derive a standardised composite metabolic risk score (zMS) as the primary outcome. Trial status: closed to follow-up. RESULTS We randomised 100 participants (50 to the intervention, 50 to the control group). Mean age was 71.4 (range 67.4-76.3) years. Overall, 96% of participants attended for follow-up measures. There were no serious adverse events. Using an intention-to-treat analysis, we saw a non-significant reduction in zMS in the exercise group compared with controls (0.07 [95% CI -0.03, 0.17], p = 0.19). However, the exercise group had significantly decreased weight, waist circumference and intrahepatic lipid, with increased aerobic fitness and a 68% reduction in prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism (OR 0.32 [95% CI 0.11-0.92], p = 0.035) compared with controls. Results were similar in per-protocol analyses. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Enrolment in a supervised aerobic exercise intervention led to weight loss, increased fitness and improvements in some but not all metabolic outcomes. In appropriately screened older individuals, such interventions appear to be safe. TRIAL REGISTRATION Controlled-trials.com ISRCTN60986572 FUNDING Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Finucane
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 285, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Leisure-time physical activity and high-risk fat: a longitudinal population-based twin study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2009; 33:1211-8. [PMID: 19721451 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Omagari K, Morikawa SI, Nagaoka S, Sadakane Y, Sato M, Hamasaki M, Kato S, Masuda JI, Osabe M, Kadota T, Sera K. Predictive factors for the development or regression of Fatty liver in Japanese adults. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 45:56-67. [PMID: 19590708 PMCID: PMC2704327 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.08-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver is commonly associated with alcohol or metabolic syndrome. We aimed to examine the longitudinal aspects of fatty liver, and clarify the independent predictors for the development or regression of fatty liver. In the present study, the clinical features of 1578 Japanese adults (1208 men and 370 women; 35 to 69 years of age) who visited our center both in 2000 and 2007–2008 were recorded and compared, including liver status diagnosed by ultrasonography. Of the 1578 participants, 217 (13.8%) showed fatty liver development, and 74 (4.7%) showed fatty liver regression. Logistic regression analysis revealed that body mass index and percentage body fat were strongly associated with the development or regression of fatty liver. Metabolic syndrome-related disorders such as serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, and fasting blood glucose were also associated with clinical course to some degree. However, the history of alcohol intake, the presence of metabolic syndrome, blood pressure, and habitual physical exercise were not independent predictors for the development or regression of fatty liver. Our present data suggest that control of body weight in men and the percentage body fat in women are particularly important for the prevention or treatment of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Omagari
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Siebold, 1-1-1 Manabino, Nagayo-cho, Nagasaki 851-2195, Japan
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