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Fang Y, Zhang X, Guo Y, Dong Y, Liu W, Hu X, Li X, Gao D. PKMYT1: A Potential Target for CCNE1 Amplificated Colorectal Tumors. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:569-576. [PMID: 37572218 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a malignant tumor with higher morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether inhibition of Protein Kinase, Membrane Associated Tyrosine/Threonine 1 (PKMYT1) affects tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration in colon tumors with high Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) expression. PcDNA3.1-CCNE1 vector and si-PKMYT1 were transfected in SW480 cells by Lipofectamine 2000. Q-PCR and western blot assay were processed to detect the expression. Transwell assay and Edu assay were undertaken to verify the migration and proliferation. CCNE1 promotes the proliferation and migration of SW480. Silencing of PKMYT1 inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells. Silencing the expression of PKMYT1 under the premise of overexpression of CCNE1, the level of Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1)-PT14 was reduced, indicating that the cell cycle was blocked. The expression of γH2AX increased significantly, indicating that the DDR pathway of tumor cells was activated and DNA damage accumulated. The results of immunofluorescence microscopy showed significantly increased expression of DNA damage-associated marker (γH2AX: H2AX Variant Histone). In CCNE1 amplificated colorectal tumor cells, knockdown of PKMYT1 reduced cells in S phase, inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis, confirming that PKMYT1 was a potential therapeutic target for colorectal tumor. This study may verify a potential therapeutic target and provide a new idea for the treatment of colorectal cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fang
- Department of General Surgery, The 305 hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The 305 hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Yuyang Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The 305 hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The 305 hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Wenfei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The 305 hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Xihua Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The 305 hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Xuxin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The 305 hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100017, China
| | - Daifeng Gao
- Department of Health, Guard Bureau of the Joint Staff of the Central Military Commission, Beijing, 100013, China.
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Weng W, Hong J, Owusu-Ansah KG, Chen B, Zheng S, Jiang D. Pralatrexate mediates effective killing of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer: role of mTOR/4E-BP1 signal pathway. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12064. [PMID: 36544829 PMCID: PMC9761725 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. However, gemcitabine-resistance frequently leads to poor prognosis. Exploring new chemotherapeutic agents is important for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer. In this study, we established a new acquired gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell line BxPC-GEM-20 from parental BxPC-3. We found that pralatrexate significantly inhibited the growth of BxPC-GEM-20. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration of pralatrexate on BxPC-GEM-20 cell was about 3.43 ± 0.25 nM. Pralatrexate was found to effectively inhibit the clonal growth of BxPC-GEM-20 cell. Additionally, pralatrexate at 20 mg/kg had an excellent tumor inhibitory effect with an inhibitory rate of 76.92% in vivo. This pralatrexate therapy showed good safety profile that with little to no additional influence on the hepatic, renal function as well as body weight changes in nude mice. Pralatrexate was confirmed to prevent cells from entering the G2/M phase, leading to the promotion of apoptosis and autophagy. Further analysis demonstrated that the reduced phosphorylation of mTOR played a significant role in the tumor cell damage caused by pralatrexate. Pralatrexate effectively inhibited the mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway. Activation of mTOR pathway can further obstruct the repressive effect of pralatrexate on gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer. In summary, pralatrexate induces effective inhibition of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer. This may lead to the expansion of pralatrexate's application and offer benefit to gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwen Weng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China,Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiawei Hong
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kwabena G. Owusu-Ansah
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Elizabeth Youngstown Hospital, Youngstown, OH, USA,Department of Medicine, Northeastern Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Bingjie Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Donghai Jiang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China,Corresponding author.
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Li M, Li S, He Y, Wang Y, Zhang T, Li P, He Y. ZmSPO11-2 is critical for meiotic recombination in maize. Chromosome Res 2022; 30:415-428. [PMID: 35674907 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-022-09694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Most plant species have three or more SPO11/TOPOVIA homologs and two TOPOVIB homologs, which associate to trigger meiotic double-strand break (DSB) formation and subsequent meiotic recombination. In Zea mays L. (maize), ZmSPO11-1 and ZmMTOPVIB have been reported to be indispensable for the initiation of meiotic recombination, yet the function of ZmSPO11-2 remains unclear. In this study, we characterized meiotic functions of ZmSPO11-2 during male meiosis in maize. Two independent Zmspo11-1 knock-out mutants exhibited normal vegetative growth but both male and female sterility. The formation of meiotic DSBs of DNA molecules was fully abolished in the Zmspo11-2 plants, leading to the defective homologous chromosome paring, synapsis, recombination, and segregation. However, the bipolar spindle assembly was not noticeably affected in Zmspo11-2 meiocytes. Overall, our results demonstrate that as its partner ZmSPO11-1 and ZmMTOPVIB, ZmSPO11-2 plays essential roles in DSB formation and homologous recombination in maize meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China.,College of Plant Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, China
| | - Shuyue Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Yan He
- College of Plant Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Plant Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, China.
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100094, China.
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Evaluation of the Heat Shock Protein 90 Inhibitor Ganetespib as a Sensitizer to Hyperthermia-Based Cancer Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215250. [PMID: 36358669 PMCID: PMC9654690 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hyperthermia boosts the effects of radio- and chemotherapy regimens, but its clinical potential is hindered by the ability of (cancer) cells to activate a protective mechanism known as the heat stress response. Strategies that inhibit its activation or functions have the potential, therefore, to improve the overall efficacy of hyperthermia-based treatments. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib in promoting the effects of radiotherapy or cisplatin combined with hyperthermia in vitro and in a cervix cancer mouse model. Abstract Hyperthermia is being used as a radio- and chemotherapy sensitizer for a growing range of tumor subtypes in the clinic. Its potential is limited, however, by the ability of cancer cells to activate a protective mechanism known as the heat stress response (HSR). The HSR is marked by the rapid overexpression of molecular chaperones, and recent advances in drug development make their inhibition an attractive option to improve the efficacy of hyperthermia-based therapies. Our previous in vitro work showed that a single, short co-treatment with a HSR (HSP90) inhibitor ganetespib prolongs and potentiates the effects of hyperthermia on DNA repair, enhances hyperthermic sensitization to radio- and chemotherapeutic agents, and reduces thermotolerance. In the current study, we first validated these results using an extended panel of cell lines and more robust methodology. Next, we examined the effects of hyperthermia and ganetespib on global proteome changes. Finally, we evaluated the potential of ganetespib to boost the efficacy of thermo-chemotherapy and thermo-radiotherapy in a xenograft murine model of cervix cancer. Our results revealed new insights into the effects of HSR inhibition on cellular responses to heat and show that ganetespib could be employed to increase the efficacy of hyperthermia when combined with radiation.
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Lu PS, Wang Y, Jiao L, Sun SC. Nivalenol affects Cyclin B1 level and activates SAC for cell cycle progression in mouse oocyte meiosis. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13277. [PMID: 35746834 PMCID: PMC9436911 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nivalenol (NIV) is a secondary metabolite of type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium genera, which is widely found in contaminated food and crops such as corn, wheat and peanuts. NIV is reported to have hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, genotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Previous studies indicate that NIV disturbs mammalian oocyte maturation. Here, we reported that delayed cell cycle progression might be the reason for oocyte maturation defect caused by NIV exposure. METHODS AND RESULTS We set up a NIV exposure model and showed that NIV did not affect G2/M transition for meiosis resumption, but disrupted the polar body extrusion of oocytes. Further analysis revealed that oocytes were arrested at metaphase I, which might be due to the lower expression of Cyclin B1 after NIV exposure. After cold treatment, the microtubules were disassembled in the NIV-exposed oocytes, indicating that NIV disrupted microtubule stability. Moreover, NIV affected the attachment between kinetochore and microtubules, which further induced the activation of MAD2/BUBR1 at the kinetochores, suggesting that spindle assemble checkpoint (SAC) was continuously activated during oocyte meiotic maturation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study demonstrated that exposure to NIV affected Cyclin B1 expression and activated microtubule stability-dependent SAC to ultimately disturb cell cycle progression in mouse oocyte meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Shuang Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Bisht D, Patne K, Rakesh R, Muthuswami R. On the Interaction Between SMARCAL1 and BRG1. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:870815. [PMID: 35784471 PMCID: PMC9243424 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.870815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SMARCAL1 and BRG1, both classified as ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling proteins, play a role in double-strand break DNA damage response pathways. Mutations in SMARCAL1 cause Schimke Immuno-osseous Dysplasia (SIOD) while mutations in BRG1 are associated with Coffin-Siris Syndrome (CSS4). In HeLa cells, SMARCAL1 and BRG1 co-regulate the expression of ATM, ATR, and RNAi genes on doxorubicin-induced DNA damage. Both the proteins are found to be simultaneously present on the promoter of these genes. Based on these results we hypothesized that SMARCAL1 and BRG1 interact with each other forming a complex. In this paper, we validate our hypothesis and show that SMARCAL1 and BRG1 do indeed interact with each other both in the absence and presence of doxorubicin. The formation of these complexes is dependent on the ATPase activity of both SMARCAL1 and BRG1. Using deletion constructs, we show that the HARP domains of SMARCAL1 mediate interaction with BRG1 while multiple domains of BRG1 are probably important for binding to SMARCAL1. We also show that SIOD-associated mutants fail to form a complex with BRG1. Similarly, CSS4-associated mutants of BRG1 fail to interact with SMARCAL1, thus, possibly contributing to the failure of the DNA damage response pathway and pathophysiology associated with SIOD and CSS4.
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Camero S, Vitali G, Pontecorvi P, Ceccarelli S, Anastasiadou E, Cicchetti F, Flex E, Pomella S, Cassandri M, Rota R, Marampon F, Marchese C, Schiavetti A, Megiorni F. DNMT3A and DNMT3B Targeting as an Effective Radiosensitizing Strategy in Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cells 2021; 10:2956. [PMID: 34831178 PMCID: PMC8616246 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood. Recently, we demonstrated the overexpression of both DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) and 3B (DNMT3B) in RMS tumour biopsies and cell lines compared to normal skeletal muscle. Radiotherapy may often fail due to the abnormal expression of some molecules able to drive resistance mechanisms. The aim of this study was to analyse the involvement of DNMT3A and DNMT3B in radioresistance in RMS. RNA interference experiments against DNMT3A/3B were performed in embryonal RMS cells, upon ionizing radiation (IR) exposure and the effects of the combined treatment on RMS cells were analysed. DNMT3A and DNMT3B knocking down increased the sensitivity of RMS cells to IR, as indicated by the drastic decrease of colony formation ability. Interestingly, DNMT3A/3B act in two different ways: DNMT3A silencing triggers the cellular senescence program by up-regulating p16 and p21, whilst DNMT3B depletion induces significant DNA damage and impairs the DNA repair machinery (ATM, DNA-PKcs and Rad51 reduction). Our findings demonstrate for the first time that DNMT3A and DNMT3B overexpression may contribute to radiotherapy failure, and their inhibition might be a promising radiosensitizing strategy, mainly in the treatment of patients with metastatic or recurrent RMS tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Camero
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Giulia Vitali
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Paola Pontecorvi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Simona Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Flex
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Pomella
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Via San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Matteo Cassandri
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Via San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Rossella Rota
- Group of Epigenetics of Pediatric Sarcomas, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Via San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (M.C.); (R.R.)
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Amalia Schiavetti
- Department of Maternal, Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (P.P.); (S.C.); (E.A.); (C.M.)
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Restoration of HDAC1 Enzymatic Activity after Stroke Protects Neurons from Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage and Attenuates Behavioral Deficits in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910654. [PMID: 34638996 PMCID: PMC8508747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A therapeutic approach for promoting neuroprotection and brain functional regeneration after strokes is still lacking. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), which belongs to the histone deacetylase family, is involved in the transcriptional repression of cell-cycle-modulated genes and DNA damage repair during neurodegeneration. Our previous data showed that the protein level and enzymatic activity of HDAC1 are deregulated in stroke pathogenesis. A novel compound named 5104434 exhibits efficacy to selectively activate HDAC1 enzymatic function in neurodegeneration, but its potential in stroke therapy is still unknown. In this study, we adopted an induced rat model with cerebral ischemia using the vessel dilator endothelin-1 to evaluate the potential of compound 5104434. Our results indicated compound 5104434 selectively restored HDAC1 enzymatic activity after oxygen and glucose deprivation, preserved neurite morphology, and protected neurons from ischemic damage in vitro. In addition, compound 5104434 attenuated the infarct volume, neuronal loss, apoptosis, DNA damage, and DNA breaks in cerebral ischemia rats. It further ameliorated the behavioral outcomes of neuromuscular response, balance, forepaw strength, and functional recovery. Collectively, our data support the efficacy of compound 5104434 in stroke therapy and contend that it can be considered for clinical trial evaluation.
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Mohiuddin M, Kasahara K. The Mechanisms of the Growth Inhibitory Effects of Paclitaxel on Gefitinib-resistant Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:661-673. [PMID: 34479918 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses a great challenge for the treatment of cancer patients. It presents as a severe respiratory infection in aged individuals, including some lung cancer patients. COVID-19 may be linked to the progression of aggressive lung cancer. In addition, the side effects of chemotherapy, such as chemotherapy resistance and the acceleration of cellular senescence, can worsen COVID-19. Given this situation, we investigated the role of paclitaxel (a chemotherapy drug) in the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cellular senescence of gefitinib-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (PC9-MET) to clarify the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS PC9-MET cells were treated with paclitaxel for 72 h and then evaluated by a cell viability assay, DAPI staining, Giemsa staining, apoptosis assay, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, SA-β-Gal staining, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay and Western blotting. RESULTS Paclitaxel significantly reduced the viability of PC9-MET cells and induced morphological signs of apoptosis. The apoptotic effects of paclitaxel were observed by increased levels of cleaved caspase-3 (Asp 175), cleaved caspase-9 (Asp 330) and cleaved PARP (Asp 214). In addition, paclitaxel increased ROS production, leading to DNA damage. Inhibition of ROS production by N-acetylcysteine attenuates paclitaxel-induced DNA damage. Importantly, paclitaxel eliminated cellular senescence, as observed by SA-β-Gal staining. Cellular senescence elimination was associated with p53/p21 and p16/pRb signaling inactivation. CONCLUSION Paclitaxel may be a promising anticancer drug and offer a new therapeutic strategy for managing gefitinib-resistant NSCLC during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mohiuddin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kasahara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Chen JS, Wang HK, Hsu CY, Su YT, Chen JS, Liang CL, Hsieh PCH, Wu CC, Kwan AL. HDAC1 deregulation promotes neuronal loss and deficit of motor function in stroke pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16354. [PMID: 34381129 PMCID: PMC8357973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common cause of death worldwide and leads to disability and cognitive dysfunction. Ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke are major categories of stroke, accounting for 68% and 32% of strokes, respectively. Each year, 15 million people experience stroke worldwide, and the stroke incidence is rising. Epigenetic modifications regulate gene transcription and play a major role in stroke. Accordingly, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) participates in DNA damage repair and cell survival. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of HDAC1 in stroke pathogenesis are still controversial. Therefore, we investigated the role of HDAC1 in stroke by using a rat model of endothelin-1-induced brain ischemia. Our results revealed that HDAC1 was deregulated following stroke, and its expressional level and enzymatic activity were decreased. We also used MS-275 to inhibit HDAC1 function in rats exposed to ischemic insult. We found that HDAC1 inhibition promoted the infarct volume, neuronal loss, DNA damage, neuronal apoptosis after stroke, and levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammation cytokines. Additionally, HDAC1 inhibition deteriorated the behavioral outcomes of rats with ischemic insult. Overall, our findings demonstrate that HDAC1 participates in ischemic pathogenesis in the brain and possesses potential for use as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Sheng Chen
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan ,grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Kuang Wang
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsu
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Su
- grid.145695.aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Shing Chen
- grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Loong Liang
- grid.414686.90000 0004 1797 2180Department of Neurosurgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Patrick Ching-Ho Hsieh
- grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chun Wu
- grid.411447.30000 0004 0637 1806School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- grid.412019.f0000 0000 9476 5696Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ,grid.412027.20000 0004 0620 9374Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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11
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Yoblinski AR, Chung S, Robinson SB, Forester KE, Strahl BD, Dronamraju R. Catalysis-dependent and redundant roles of Dma1 and Dma2 in maintenance of genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100721. [PMID: 33933452 PMCID: PMC8165551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the deleterious lesions that are both endogenous and exogenous in origin and are repaired by nonhomologous end joining or homologous recombination. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for maintaining genome stability remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the role of two E3 ligases, Dma1 and Dma2 (homologs of human RNF8), in the maintenance of genome stability in budding yeast. Using yeast spotting assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and plasmid and chromosomal repair assays, we establish that Dma1 and Dma2 act in a redundant and a catalysis-dependent manner in the maintenance of genome stability, as well as localize to transcribed regions of the genome and increase in abundance upon phleomycin treatment. In addition, Dma1 and Dma2 are required for the normal kinetics of histone H4 acetylation under DNA damage conditions, genetically interact with RAD9 and SAE2, and are in a complex with Rad53 and histones. Taken together, our results demonstrate the requirement of Dma1 and Dma2 in regulating DNA repair pathway choice, preferentially affecting homologous recombination over nonhomologous end joining, and open up the possibility of using these candidates in manipulating the repair pathways toward precision genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Yoblinski
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seoyoung Chung
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sophie B Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kaitlyn E Forester
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian D Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Raghuvar Dronamraju
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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12
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Radioprotective effects of Cryptosporidium parvum lysates on normal cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:121-135. [PMID: 33636272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two fractions, small and big (CpL-S, CpL-B), from Cryptosporidium parvum lysate (CpL) were prepared and its radioprotective activity was evaluated on normal cells. Both fractions improved cell viability of normal cells in a dose-dependent manner. 20 μg CpL-S and CpL-B improved cell viability of 10 Gy irradiated COS-7 cells by 38% and 34% respectively, while in HaCat cells 16% and 18% improved cell viability was observed, respectively. CpL-S scavenged IR-induced ROS more effectively compared to the CpL-B, 50% more in COS-7 cells and 15% more in HaCat cells. There was a significant reduction of γH2AX, Rad51, and pDNA-PKcs foci in CpL-S treated cells compared to control or CpL-B group at an early time point as well as late time point. In 3D skin tissue, CpL-S reduced the number of γH2AX positive cells by 31%, compared to control, while CpL-B reduced by 9% (p < 0.005) at 1 h post 10 Gy irradiation and 22% vs 6% at 24 h post-IR (p < 0.005). Taken together, CpL-S significantly improved cell viability and prevented radiation-induced DNA damage in normal cells as well as 3D skin tissues by effectively scavenging ROS generated by ionizing radiation. CpL-S can be a candidate for radioprotector development.
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13
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Song Y, Park SY, Wu Z, Liu KH, Seo YH. Hybrid inhibitors of DNA and HDACs remarkably enhance cytotoxicity in leukaemia cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1069-1079. [PMID: 32314611 PMCID: PMC7191901 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1754812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorambucil is a nitrogen mustard-based DNA alkylating drug, which is widely used as a front-line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Despite its widespread application and success for the initial treatment of leukaemia, a majority of patients eventually develop acquired resistance to chlorambucil. In this regard, we have designed and synthesised a novel hybrid molecule, chloram-HDi that simultaneously impairs DNA and HDAC enzymes. Chloram-HDi efficiently inhibits the proliferation of HL-60 and U937 leukaemia cells with GI50 values of 1.24 µM and 1.75 µM, whereas chlorambucil exhibits GI50 values of 21.1 µM and 37.7 µM against HL-60 and U937 leukaemia cells, respectively. The mechanism behind its remarkably enhanced cytotoxicity is that chloram-HDi not only causes a significant DNA damage of leukaemia cells but also downregulates DNA repair protein, Rad52, resulting in the escalation of its DNA-damaging effect. Furthermore, chloram-HDi inhibits HDAC enzymes to induce the acetylation of α-tubulin and histone H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Song
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun You Park
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhexue Wu
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Young Ho Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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14
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Niss F, Zaidi W, Hallberg E, Ström AL. Polyglutamine expanded Ataxin-7 induces DNA damage and alters FUS localization and function. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 110:103584. [PMID: 33338633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, such as Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7), are caused by expansions of polyQ repeats in disease specific proteins. The sequestration of vital proteins into aggregates formed by polyQ proteins is believed to be a common pathological mechanism in these disorders. The RNA-binding protein FUS has been observed in polyQ aggregates, though if disruption of this protein plays a role in the neuronal dysfunction in SCA7 or other polyQ diseases remains unclear. We therefore analysed FUS localisation and function in a stable inducible PC12 cell model expressing the SCA7 polyQ protein ATXN7. We found that there was a high degree of FUS sequestration, which was associated with a more cytoplasmic FUS localisation, as well as a decreased expression of FUS regulated mRNAs. In contrast, the role of FUS in the formation of γH2AX positive DNA damage foci was unaffected. In fact, a statistical increase in the number of γH2AX foci, as well as an increased trend of single and double strand DNA breaks, detected by comet assay, could be observed in mutant ATXN7 cells. These results were further corroborated by a clear trend towards increased DNA damage in SCA7 patient fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that both alterations in the RNA regulatory functions of FUS, and increased DNA damage, may contribute to the pathology of SCA7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Niss
- Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wajiha Zaidi
- Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Einar Hallberg
- Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Ström
- Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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The Dark Side of UV-Induced DNA Lesion Repair. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121450. [PMID: 33276692 PMCID: PMC7761550 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In their life cycle, plants are exposed to various unfavorable environmental factors including ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the Sun. UV-A and UV-B, which are partially absorbed by the ozone layer, reach the surface of the Earth causing harmful effects among the others on plant genetic material. The energy of UV light is sufficient to induce mutations in DNA. Some examples of DNA damage induced by UV are pyrimidine dimers, oxidized nucleotides as well as single and double-strand breaks. When exposed to light, plants can repair major UV-induced DNA lesions, i.e., pyrimidine dimers using photoreactivation. However, this highly efficient light-dependent DNA repair system is ineffective in dim light or at night. Moreover, it is helpless when it comes to the repair of DNA lesions other than pyrimidine dimers. In this review, we have focused on how plants cope with deleterious DNA damage that cannot be repaired by photoreactivation. The current understanding of light-independent mechanisms, classified as dark DNA repair, indispensable for the maintenance of plant genetic material integrity has been presented.
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16
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Durut N, Mittelsten Scheid O. The Role of Noncoding RNAs in Double-Strand Break Repair. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1155. [PMID: 31611891 PMCID: PMC6776598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Genome stability is constantly threatened by DNA lesions generated by different environmental factors as well as endogenous processes. If not properly and timely repaired, damaged DNA can lead to mutations or chromosomal rearrangements, well-known reasons for genetic diseases or cancer in mammals, or growth abnormalities and/or sterility in plants. To prevent deleterious consequences of DNA damage, a sophisticated system termed DNA damage response (DDR) detects DNA lesions and initiates DNA repair processes. In addition to many well-studied canonical proteins involved in this process, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecules have recently been discovered as important regulators of the DDR pathway, extending the broad functional repertoire of ncRNAs to the maintenance of genome stability. These ncRNAs are mainly connected with double-strand breaks (DSBs), the most dangerous type of DNA lesions. The possibility to intentionally generate site-specific DSBs in the genome with endonucleases constitutes a powerful tool to study, in vivo, how DSBs are processed and how ncRNAs participate in this crucial event. In this review, we will summarize studies reporting the different roles of ncRNAs in DSB repair and discuss how genome editing approaches, especially CRISPR/Cas systems, can assist DNA repair studies. We will summarize knowledge concerning the functional significance of ncRNAs in DNA repair and their contribution to genome stability and integrity, with a focus on plants.
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17
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Flex E, Martinelli S, Van Dijck A, Ciolfi A, Cecchetti S, Coluzzi E, Pannone L, Andreoli C, Radio FC, Pizzi S, Carpentieri G, Bruselles A, Catanzaro G, Pedace L, Miele E, Carcarino E, Ge X, Chijiwa C, Lewis MES, Meuwissen M, Kenis S, Van der Aa N, Larson A, Brown K, Wasserstein MP, Skotko BG, Begtrup A, Person R, Karayiorgou M, Roos JL, Van Gassen KL, Koopmans M, Bijlsma EK, Santen GWE, Barge-Schaapveld DQCM, Ruivenkamp CAL, Hoffer MJV, Lalani SR, Streff H, Craigen WJ, Graham BH, van den Elzen APM, Kamphuis DJ, Õunap K, Reinson K, Pajusalu S, Wojcik MH, Viberti C, Di Gaetano C, Bertini E, Petrucci S, De Luca A, Rota R, Ferretti E, Matullo G, Dallapiccola B, Sgura A, Walkiewicz M, Kooy RF, Tartaglia M. Aberrant Function of the C-Terminal Tail of HIST1H1E Accelerates Cellular Senescence and Causes Premature Aging. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 105:493-508. [PMID: 31447100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histones mediate dynamic packaging of nuclear DNA in chromatin, a process that is precisely controlled to guarantee efficient compaction of the genome and proper chromosomal segregation during cell division and to accomplish DNA replication, transcription, and repair. Due to the important structural and regulatory roles played by histones, it is not surprising that histone functional dysregulation or aberrant levels of histones can have severe consequences for multiple cellular processes and ultimately might affect development or contribute to cell transformation. Recently, germline frameshift mutations involving the C-terminal tail of HIST1H1E, which is a widely expressed member of the linker histone family and facilitates higher-order chromatin folding, have been causally linked to an as-yet poorly defined syndrome that includes intellectual disability. We report that these mutations result in stable proteins that reside in the nucleus, bind to chromatin, disrupt proper compaction of DNA, and are associated with a specific methylation pattern. Cells expressing these mutant proteins have a dramatically reduced proliferation rate and competence, hardly enter into the S phase, and undergo accelerated senescence. Remarkably, clinical assessment of a relatively large cohort of subjects sharing these mutations revealed a premature aging phenotype as a previously unrecognized feature of the disorder. Our findings identify a direct link between aberrant chromatin remodeling, cellular senescence, and accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Flex
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161 Italy; Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Simone Martinelli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161 Italy
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Edegem, 2650 Belgium; Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, 2650 Belgium
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Microscopy Area, Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161 Italy
| | - Elisa Coluzzi
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Luca Pannone
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161 Italy; Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Cristina Andreoli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161 Italy
| | - Francesca Clementina Radio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Simone Pizzi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Giovanna Carpentieri
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161 Italy; Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, 00161 Italy
| | | | - Lucia Pedace
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Evelina Miele
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Elena Carcarino
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146 Italy; Current affiliation: Cordeliers Research Centre, Inserm 1138, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75006 France
| | - Xiaoyan Ge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Current affiliation: Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Chieko Chijiwa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - M E Suzanne Lewis
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Marije Meuwissen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Edegem, 2650 Belgium
| | - Sandra Kenis
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, 2650 Belgium
| | | | - Austin Larson
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen Brown
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Melissa P Wasserstein
- Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Brian G Skotko
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Karayiorgou
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - J Louw Roos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pretoria, Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
| | - Koen L Van Gassen
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 AB the Netherlands
| | - Marije Koopmans
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 AB the Netherlands
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC the Netherlands
| | - Gijs W E Santen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC the Netherlands
| | | | - Claudia A L Ruivenkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC the Netherlands
| | - Mariette J V Hoffer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2300 RC the Netherlands
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haley Streff
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William J Craigen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brett H Graham
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Daan J Kamphuis
- Departement of Neurology, Reinier de Graaf Ziekenhuis, Delft, 2600 GA the Netherlands
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, 50406 Estonia; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50406 Estonia
| | - Karit Reinson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, 50406 Estonia; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50406 Estonia
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, 50406 Estonia; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50406 Estonia; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Monica H Wojcik
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Clara Viberti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126 Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, 10126 Italy
| | - Cornelia Di Gaetano
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126 Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, 10126 Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Simona Petrucci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, 00189 Italy; Division of Medical Genetics, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Italy
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Division of Medical Genetics, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Italy
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Pediatric Onco-Hematology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, 00161 Italy; Istituto Neuromed, IRCCS, Pozzilli, 86077 Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, 10126 Italy; Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, 10126 Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Antonella Sgura
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, 00146 Italy
| | - Magdalena Walkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Current affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Edegem, 2650 Belgium.
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, 00146 Italy.
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18
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Khan AJ, LaCava S, Mehta M, Schiff D, Thandoni A, Jhawar S, Danish S, Haffty BG, Chen S. The glutamate release inhibitor riluzole increases DNA damage and enhances cytotoxicity in human glioma cells, in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2824-2834. [PMID: 31073373 PMCID: PMC6497458 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose High-grade gliomas are lethal malignancies that cause morbidity and mortality due to local progression rather than metastatic spread. Our group has previously demonstrated that human GRM1 (hGRM1) is ectopically expressed in melanocytes leading to a transformed phenotype. Riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor, leads to apoptotic cell death via DNA damage. Recent work has demonstrated the pathological significance of the related mGluR3/GRM3 (protein or gene: hGRM3) in gliomas. We evaluated the effect of riluzole on glioma cells. Experimental Design Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence was performed to assess for GRM3 expression in commercially available and patient-derived glioma cells and for functional analysis of GRM3 using receptor agonist/antagonists and downstream effectors, ERK and AKT phosphorylation, as the read-out. Glutamate secretion by glioma cells was measured using ELISA. Flank and intracranial mouse xenograft models were used to assess growth delay with the glutamate release inhibitor, riluzole (RIL). Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate 53BP1 or γ-H2AX foci after RIL. Results GRM3 was expressed in most tested glioma samples, and strongly expressed in some. Glioma cells were found to secrete glutamate in the extracellular space and to respond to receptor stimulation by activating downstream ERK. This signaling was abrogated by pretreatment with RIL. Treatment with RIL caused an increase in DNA damage markers, and an increase in cellular cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions We have demonstrated that pretreatment with the glutamate-release inhibitor riluzole sensitizes glioma cells to radiation and leads to greater cytotoxicity; these results have clinical implications for patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif J Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Stephanie LaCava
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.,Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Monal Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Devora Schiff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Aditya Thandoni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Sachin Jhawar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Shabbar Danish
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Bruce G Haffty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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19
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Tu W, Dong C, Fu J, Pan Y, Kobayashi A, Furusawa Y, Konishi T, Shao C. Both irradiated and bystander effects link with DNA repair capacity and the linear energy transfer. Life Sci 2019; 222:228-234. [PMID: 30858123 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In comparison with a low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, a high-LET radiation induces more complex DNA damage. This study wonders whether radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is dependent of LET. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chinese hamster ovary CHO-9 cells and its subline EM-C11 cells (SSB repair deficient) and XR-C1 cells (DSB repair deficient) were irradiated by γ-rays, α-particles, or carbon ions with different LETs of 13, 30 and 70 keV/μm. Cell proliferation, cell death, DNA damage, cell cycle distribution and some protein expressions were measured with the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, micronuclei (MN), flow cytometry and western blot, respectively. KEY FINDINGS A series of cell responses were induced by these radiations in a LET-dependent manner, including proliferation inhibition, cell death, MN induction, G2/M phase arrest and the expression of γH2AX protein. These cell injuries were also depended on DNA repair capacity, and XR-C1 cells were the most sensitive to each radiation. Furthermore, when the cells were treated with the conditioned medium (CM) collected from irradiated CHO-9 cells, the MN induction and cell death response in the bystander cells of EM-C11 or XR-C1 increased along with LET of irradiation, and the bystander damage was easier to be induced in EM-C11 and XR-C1 cells than that in CHO-9 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Both cellular DNA repair capacity and the LET value of radiation could deeply influence damage extents of not only the irradiated cells but also the bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Tu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; The Comprehensive Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiamei Fu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Alisa Kobayashi
- Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Teruaki Konishi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Inage, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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20
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Qi W, Chen H, Lu C, Bu Q, Wang X, Han L. BRG1 Promotes chromatin remodeling around DNA damage sites. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2018; 22:360-367. [PMID: 30533258 PMCID: PMC6282460 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2018.1525429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling complexes play important roles in various DNA metabolism processes, including DNA damage repair. BRG1 is the core subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, which plays critical roles in cell cycle regulation, cell development, cell differentiation, and tumorigenesis. In the present study, we report that BRG1 depletion increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in etoposide-treated cells. Moreover, western blotting and immunofluorescence data showed that BRG1 depletion decreased H2AX phosphorylation and caused defective phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) clearance. Furthermore, we found that in both SW13 and U2OS cells, BRG1 expression could increase the sensitivity of genomic DNA to micrococcal nuclease (MNase) and facilitate chromatin relaxation around DNA damage sites. Thus, the results provide evidence that BRG1 plays an important role in early DNA damage repair by remodeling the chromatin structure near DNA damage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qi
- Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwen Lu
- Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingpan Bu
- Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Bioscience, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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21
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Sun Y, Wang H, Zhang K, Liu J, Wang P, Wang X, Liu Q. Sonodynamic therapy induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis in glioma cells. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36245-36256. [PMID: 35558463 PMCID: PMC9088833 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07099g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma remains one of the most challenging diseases to treat because of the invasive growth of glioma cells and the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which blocks drug delivery to the brain. New strategies are urgently needed to overcome these shortcomings and improve the outcomes. Ultrasound represents a promising noninvasive and reversible BBB opening approach and the related sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is rapidly emerging. This study aims to explore the ultrasound parameters for BBB opening and the cell killing effect of SDT in human glioma U373 cells by using a recently reported sonosensitizer, sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS). The in vitro BBB model indicated that SDT caused a time-dependent permeability increase, which peaked at 2 h post treatment and then recovered gradually. The results of toxicology tests showed significant U373 cell viability loss and apoptosis increase after DVDMS-SDT, accompanied by enhanced cleaved-caspase-3 level and DNA fragmentation, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) were a major triggering intermediate during DVDMS-SDT. Furthermore, DVDMS-SDT produced DNA damage and the underlying mechanisms were evaluated, in order to provide a fundamental basis for DVDMS-SDT application in glioma therapy. The findings indicated that the DNA molecules could be temporarily regulated by SDT and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which increased the difficulty of cellular self-repair, thus aggravating cell apoptosis and inhibiting glioma cell invasive growth. Therefore, this study supports the use of SDT as an alternative approach for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 People's Republic of China +86-029-85310275
| | - Haiping Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 People's Republic of China +86-029-85310275
| | - Kun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 People's Republic of China +86-029-85310275
| | - Jingfei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 People's Republic of China +86-029-85310275
| | - Pan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 People's Republic of China +86-029-85310275
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 People's Republic of China +86-029-85310275
| | - Quanhong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, The Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 People's Republic of China +86-029-85310275
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22
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Xu Z, Zhang J, Xu M, Ji W, Yu M, Tao Y, Gong Z, Gu M, Yu H. Rice RAD51 paralogs play essential roles in somatic homologous recombination for DNA repair. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:282-295. [PMID: 29729110 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis-dependent strand annealing (SDSA) and single-strand annealing (SSA) are the two main homologous recombination (HR) pathways in double-strand break (DSB) repair. The involvement of rice RAD51 paralogs in HR is well known in meiosis, although the molecular mechanism in somatic HR remains obscure. Loss-of-function mutants of rad51 paralogs show increased sensitivity to the DSB-inducer bleomycin, which results in greatly compromised somatic recombination efficiencies (xrcc3 in SDSA, rad51b and xrcc2 in SSA, rad51c and rad51d in both). Using immunostaining, we found that mutations in RAD51 paralogs (XRCC3, RAD51C, or RAD51D) lead to tremendous impairment in RAD51 focus formation at DSBs. Intriguingly, the RAD51C mutation has a strong effect on the protein loading of its partners (XRCC3 and RAD51B) at DSBs, which is similar to the phenomenon observed in the case of blocking PI3K-like kinases in wild-type plant. We conclude that the rice CDX3 complex acts in SDSA recombination while the BCDX2 complex acts in SSA recombination in somatic DSB repair. Importantly, RAD51C serves as a fulcrum for the local recruitment of its partners (XRCC3 for SDSA and RAD51B for SSA) and is positively modulated by PI3K-like kinases to facilitate both the SDSA and SSA pathways in RAD51 paralog-dependent somatic HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Meng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wen Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Meimei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yajun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhiyun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Minghong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hengxiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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23
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Cheung P, Vallania F, Dvorak M, Chang SE, Schaffert S, Donato M, Rao AM, Mao R, Utz PJ, Khatri P, Kuo AJ. Single-cell epigenetics - Chromatin modification atlas unveiled by mass cytometry. Clin Immunol 2018; 196:40-48. [PMID: 29960011 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of histone proteins are fundamental to the regulation of epigenetic phenotypes. Dysregulations of histone modifications have been linked to the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases. However, identifying differential histone modifications in patients with immune-mediated diseases has been challenging, in part due to the lack of a powerful analytic platform to study histone modifications in the complex human immune system. We recently developed a highly multiplexed platform, Epigenetic landscape profiling using cytometry by Time-Of-Flight (EpiTOF), to analyze the global levels of a broad array of histone modifications in single cells using mass cytometry. In this review, we summarize the development of EpiTOF and discuss its potential applications in biomedical research. We anticipate that this platform will provide new insights into the roles of epigenetic regulation in hematopoiesis, immune cell functions, and immune system aging, and reveal aberrant epigenetic patterns associated with immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggie Cheung
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Francesco Vallania
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mai Dvorak
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sarah E Chang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Steven Schaffert
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michele Donato
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Aditya M Rao
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rong Mao
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | - Alex J Kuo
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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24
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Ohsaki A, Miyano Y, Tanaka R, Tanuma SI, Kojima S, Tsukimoto M. A Novel Mechanism of γ-Irradiation-Induced IL-6 Production Mediated by P2Y11 Receptor in Epidermal Keratinocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:925-936. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Airi Ohsaki
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Yuki Miyano
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Rei Tanaka
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Sei-ichi Tanuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shuji Kojima
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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25
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Khan AJ, Misenko SM, Thandoni A, Schiff D, Jhawar SR, Bunting SF, Haffty BG. VX-984 is a selective inhibitor of non-homologous end joining, with possible preferential activity in transformed cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25833-25841. [PMID: 29899825 PMCID: PMC5995231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). We demonstrate the selectivity of VX-984, a DNA-PK inhibitor, using assays not previously reported. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The class switch recombination assay (CSR) in primary B cells was used to measure efficiency of NHEJ. A cellular reporter assay (U2OS EJ-DR) was used to assess the efficiency of HR and NHEJ in cells treated with VX-984. Immunofluorescence assays (IF) evaluated γ-H2AX foci for DSB repair kinetics in human astrocytes and T98G glioma cells. Western blotting was used to evaluate phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs substrates. RESULTS We found a dose-dependent reduction in CSR efficiency with VX-984, and through the EJ-DR assay, dramatic dose-dependent increases in HR and mNHEJ. Immunofluorescence assays showed an inability of malignant cells to resolve γ-H2AX foci in the presence of VX-984. Radiation-induced phosphorylation of DNA-PK substrates was further reduced by treatment with VX-984. CONCLUSIONS VX-984 efficiently inhibits NHEJ, resulting in compensatory increases in alternative repair pathways, increases DSBs, and appears to affect transformed cells preferentially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif J. Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10011, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sarah M. Misenko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Aditya Thandoni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Devora Schiff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sachin R. Jhawar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Samuel F. Bunting
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Bruce G. Haffty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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26
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Coroglaucigenin enhances the radiosensitivity of human lung cancer cells through Nrf2/ROS pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32807-32820. [PMID: 28415625 PMCID: PMC5464829 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven cardenolides isolated from the ethanol extract of the stems of Calotropis gigantea were evaluated in vitro against human cancer cells and the structure-activity relationships were discussed. The results demonstrated that a compound, named CGN (coroglaucigenin), had better anti-proliferative activity with the IC50 value less than 6 μM among these compounds. Further, we found that CGN displayed much lower cytotoxicity to normal lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) than cancer cells (A549). Especially, our results demonstrated that treatment with CGN (1 μM) combined with X-ray irradiation induced higher radiosensitivity in human lung cancer cells (A549, NCI-H460, NCI-H446) but not in BEAS-2B. The expression levels of nuclear transcription factor Nrf2 and Nrf2-driven antioxidant molecule NQO-1 reduced in A549 cells after combined treatment compared to the radiation only. However, CGN had no toxicity and the levels of antioxidant molecules expression were higher in BEAS-2B cells when given the similar treatment as A549 cells. These results suggest that CGN is a very promising potential sensitizer for cancer radiotherapy, which not only inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells but also enhances the radiosensitivity of cancer cells through suppressing the expression of antioxidant molecules while there is no influence for normal cells.
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27
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Zhuang L, Liu F, Peng P, Xiong H, Qiu H, Fu X, Xiao Z, Huang X. Effect of Ku80 on the radiosensitization of cisplatin in the cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:147-154. [PMID: 29375707 PMCID: PMC5766065 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy is the primary therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cervical cancer; however, the underlying molecular mechanism for cisplatin radiosensitization remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Ku80, a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair protein, on cisplatin radiosensitization in cervical cancer. The pre-established Ku80 suppression cervical cancer cell line HeLa/Ku80-siRNA and the normal HeLa cell line underwent 6 MV X-ray irradiation (6 Gy) individually or in combination with 5 µg/ml cisplatin treatment. Alterations in apoptosis, the cell cycle and γH2AX expression were detected. Following irradiation individually and combined with cisplatin, compared with normal HeLa cells, HeLa/Ku80-siRNAexhibited an increased rate of apoptosis (P<0.05). It was identified that the earlier cisplatin was administered following irradiation, the higher the rate of apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis indicated that, following irradiation combined with cisplatin, the cells were arrested in G1 and S phase rather than in G2/M phase following irradiation alone. Microscopic imaging of immunofluorescence staining and western blotting identified that HeLa/Ku80-siRNA cells exhibited more γH2AX foci remaining following treatment with irradiation and cisplatin, particularly in the group treated with 6 Gy irradiation for 1 h together with 23 h of exposure to cisplatin. Irradiation in combination with cisplatin promoted the apoptosis of HeLa cells in association with the inhibition of Ku80, and it was identified that the earlier cisplatin was administered following irradiation, the more apoptosis was induced. This maybe because irradiation combined with cisplatin is able to arrest cells in G1 and S phase to rapidly repair damaged DNA, and the lack of Ku80 induces the inability to repair DSB, resulting in increased apoptosis. The results of the present study suggest that Ku80 may be a potent molecular target in cisplatin radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhuang
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ping Peng
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Huihua Xiong
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiugen Fu
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Xiao
- Cancer Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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28
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Nanavaty V, Sandhu R, Jehi SE, Pandya UM, Li B. Trypanosoma brucei RAP1 maintains telomere and subtelomere integrity by suppressing TERRA and telomeric RNA:DNA hybrids. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:5785-5796. [PMID: 28334836 PMCID: PMC5449629 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei causes human African trypanosomiasis and regularly switches its major surface antigen, VSG, thereby evading the host's immune response. VSGs are monoallelically expressed from subtelomeric expression sites (ESs), and VSG switching exploits subtelomere plasticity. However, subtelomere integrity is essential for T. brucei viability. The telomeric transcript, TERRA, was detected in T. brucei previously. We now show that the active ES-adjacent telomere is transcribed. We find that TbRAP1, a telomere protein essential for VSG silencing, suppresses VSG gene conversion-mediated switching. Importantly, TbRAP1 depletion increases the TERRA level, which appears to result from longer read-through into the telomere downstream of the active ES. Depletion of TbRAP1 also results in more telomeric RNA:DNA hybrids and more double strand breaks (DSBs) at telomeres and subtelomeres. In TbRAP1-depleted cells, expression of excessive TbRNaseH1, which cleaves the RNA strand of the RNA:DNA hybrid, brought telomeric RNA:DNA hybrids, telomeric/subtelomeric DSBs and VSG switching frequency back to WT levels. Therefore, TbRAP1-regulated appropriate levels of TERRA and telomeric RNA:DNA hybrid are fundamental to subtelomere/telomere integrity. Our study revealed for the first time an important role of a long, non-coding RNA in antigenic variation and demonstrated a link between telomeric silencing and subtelomere/telomere integrity through TbRAP1-regulated telomere transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Nanavaty
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Ranjodh Sandhu
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Sanaa E Jehi
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Unnati M Pandya
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Bibo Li
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.,The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Ex vivo γH2AX radiation sensitivity assay in prostate cancer: Inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity. Radiother Oncol 2017; 124:386-394. [PMID: 28919005 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study is to assess inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity in tumour cell radiosensitivity using the ex vivo γH2AX assay in prostate cancer specimens. METHODS Excised specimens from untreated prostate cancer patients were cultivated 24h in media, irradiated ex vivo and fixed after 24h. Residual γH2AX foci were counted and the slope of the dose response was calculated. Intra-patient heterogeneity was studied from three to seven different biopsies. RESULTS In pathology-confirmed tumour samples from 21 patients the slope of residual γH2AX foci and radiation dose showed a substantial heterogeneity ranging from 0.82 to 3.17 foci/Gy. No correlation was observed between the slope values and the Gleason score (p=0.37), prostate specific antigen (p=0.48) and tumour stage (p=0.89). ANOVA indicated that only in 1 out of 9 patients, biopsies from different tumour locations yielded statistically significant differences. Variance component analysis indicated higher inter-patient than intra-patient variability. Bootstrap simulation study demonstrated that one biopsy is sufficient to estimate the mean value of residual γH2AX per dose level and account for intra-patient heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS In prostate cancer inter-patient heterogeneity in tumour cell radiation sensitivity is pronounced and higher than intra-patient heterogeneity supporting the further development of the γH2AX ex vivo assay as a biomarker for individualized treatment.
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Khattab M, Walker DM, Albertini RJ, Nicklas JA, Lundblad LK, Vacek PM, Walker VE. Frequencies of micronucleated reticulocytes, a dosimeter of DNA double-strand breaks, in infants receiving computed tomography or cardiac catheterization. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2017; 820:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Patne K, Rakesh R, Arya V, Chanana UB, Sethy R, Swer PB, Muthuswami R. BRG1 and SMARCAL1 transcriptionally co-regulate DROSHA, DGCR8 and DICER in response to doxorubicin-induced DNA damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:936-951. [PMID: 28716689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent investigations have emphasized the role of miRNA biogenesis proteins in the synthesis of non-coding RNA when double-strand DNA breaks are induced by ionizing radiations. However, the role of these non-coding RNA and their regulation in response to doxorubicin-induced DNA damage is not known. In this paper, BRG1 and SMARCAL1, members of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling family, are shown to co-regulate the transcription of DROSHA, DGCR8, and DICER in response to double-strand DNA breaks induced by doxorubicin. Both BRG1 and SMARCAL1 are needed for the upregulation of the three miRNA biogenesis genes as absence of BRG1 results in downregulation of DGCR8 and DICER while absence of SMARCAL1 results in downregulation of DROSHA. These two proteins act in coordination to upregulate expression of DROSHA, DGCR8, and DICER when cells are treated with doxorubicin. This transcriptional regulation of the miRNA biogenesis proteins is needed for the formation of 53BP1 foci as downregulation of either BRG1 or SMARCAL1 reduced the number of 53BP1 foci in DNA damaged cells. The foci formation was restored when the downregulated cells were treated with ncRNA purified from doxorubicin treated HeLa cells. From the results obtained, we conclude that the regulation of miRNA biogenesis proteins by SMARCAL1 and BRG1 is needed for the formation of non-coding RNA and thus, 53BP1 foci in response to doxorubicin-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Patne
- Chromatin Remodelling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Rakesh
- Chromatin Remodelling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vijendra Arya
- Chromatin Remodelling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Upasana Bedi Chanana
- Chromatin Remodelling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ramesh Sethy
- Chromatin Remodelling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pynskhem Bok Swer
- Chromatin Remodelling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- Chromatin Remodelling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Modi P, Balakrishnan K, Yang Q, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, Gandhi V. Idelalisib and bendamustine combination is synergistic and increases DNA damage response in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16259-16274. [PMID: 28187444 PMCID: PMC5369961 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idelalisib is a targeted agent that potently inhibits PI3Kδ which is exclusively expressed in hematological cells. Bendamustine is a well-tolerated cytotoxic alkylating agent which has been extensively used for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Both these agents are FDA-approved for CLL. To increase the potency of idelalisib and bendamustine, we tested their combination in primary CLL lymphocytes. While each compound alone produced a moderate response, combination at several concentrations resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity. Idelalisib enhanced the bendamustine-mediated DNA damage/repair response, indicated by the phosphorylation of ATM, Chk2, and p53. Each drug alone activated γH2AX but combination treatment further increased the expression of this DNA damage marker. Compared with the control, idelalisib treatment decreased global RNA synthesis, resulting in a decline of early-response and short-lived MCL1 transcripts. In concert, there was a decline in total Mcl-1 protein in CLL lymphocytes. Isogenic mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking MCL1 had higher sensitivity to bendamustine alone or in combination compared to MCL1 proficient cells. Collectively, these data indicate that bendamustine and idelalisib combination therapy should be investigated for treating patients with CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prexy Modi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kumudha Balakrishnan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingshan Yang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Varsha Gandhi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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miR-24-mediated knockdown of H2AX damages mitochondria and the insulin signaling pathway. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e313. [PMID: 28386126 PMCID: PMC5420797 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial deficits or altered expressions of microRNAs are associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases, and microRNA-operated control of mitochondrial activity has been reported. Using a retrovirus-mediated short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) system, we observed that miR-24-mediated H2AX knockdown (H2AX-KD) impaired both mitochondria and the insulin signaling pathway. The overexpression of miR-24 decreased mitochondrial H2AX and disrupted mitochondrial function, as indicated by the ATP content, membrane potential and oxygen consumption. Similar mitochondrial damage was observed in shH2AX-mediated specific H2AX-KD cells. The H2AX-KD reduced the expression levels of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and mitochondrial DNA-dependent transcripts. H2AX-KD mitochondria were swollen, and their cristae were destroyed. H2AX-KD also blocked the import of precursor proteins into mitochondria and the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1 (Y632) and Akt (S473 and T308). The rescue of H2AX, but not the nuclear form of ΔC24-H2AX, restored all features of miR-24- or shH2AX-mediated impairment of mitochondria. Hepatic miR-24 levels were significantly increased in db/db and ob/ob mice. A strong feedback loop may be present among miR-24, H2AX, mitochondria and the insulin signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that H2AX-targeting miR-24 may be a novel negative regulator of mitochondrial function and is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.
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Pan Y, Gao G, Ruan JL, Liu JX. Study on γH2AX Expression of Lymphocytes as a Biomarker In Radiation Biodosimetry. Genome Integr 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 28217286 PMCID: PMC5292907 DOI: 10.4103/2041-9414.197167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the changes of γH2AX protein expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. In the dose-effect study, the expression of γH2AX was detected 1 h after irradiation with 60Co γ-rays at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 Gy. Blood was cultivated for 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after 4 Gy 60Co γ-rays irradiation for the time-effect study. At the same time, the blood was divided into four treatment groups (ultraviolet [UV] irradiation, 60Co γ-rays irradiation, UV plus 60Co γ-rays irradiation, and control group) to detect the changes of protein expression of γH2AX. The results showed that the γH2AX protein expression was in dose-effect and time-effect relationship with 60Co γ-rays. The peak expression of γH2AX was at 1 h after 60Co γ-ray irradiation and began to decrease quickly. Compared to irradiation with 60Co γ-rays alone, the expression of γH2AX was not significantly changed after irradiation with 60Co γ-rays plus UV. Dose rate did not significantly change the expression of γH2AX. The expression of γH2AX induced by 60Co γ-rays was basically consistent with the mice in vivo and in vitro. The results revealed that the detection of γH2AX protein expression changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte by flow cytometry analysis is reasonable and may be useful for biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Beijing 100088, PR China; National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China; Chinese Center for Medical Response to Radiation Emergency, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Gang Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Beijing 100088, PR China; National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China; Chinese Center for Medical Response to Radiation Emergency, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Jian Lei Ruan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Beijing 100088, PR China; National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China; Chinese Center for Medical Response to Radiation Emergency, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100088, PR China
| | - Jian Xiang Liu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, Beijing 100088, PR China; National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100088, PR China; Chinese Center for Medical Response to Radiation Emergency, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100088, PR China
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Higelin J, Demestre M, Putz S, Delling JP, Jacob C, Lutz AK, Bausinger J, Huber AK, Klingenstein M, Barbi G, Speit G, Huebers A, Weishaupt JH, Hermann A, Liebau S, Ludolph AC, Boeckers TM. FUS Mislocalization and Vulnerability to DNA Damage in ALS Patients Derived hiPSCs and Aging Motoneurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:290. [PMID: 28082870 PMCID: PMC5183648 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the FUS gene (Fused in Sarcoma) are known to cause Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motoneurons. The FUS gene codes for a multifunctional RNA/DNA-binding protein that is primarily localized in the nucleus and is involved in cellular processes such as splicing, translation, mRNA transport and DNA damage response. In this study, we analyzed pathophysiological alterations associated with ALS related FUS mutations (mFUS) in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and hiPSC derived motoneurons. To that end, we compared cells carrying a mild or severe mFUS in physiological- and/or stress conditions as well as after induced DNA damage. Following hyperosmolar stress or irradiation, mFUS hiPS cells recruited significantly more cytoplasmatic FUS into stress granules accompanied by impaired DNA-damage repair. In motoneurons wild-type FUS was localized in the nucleus but also deposited as small punctae within neurites. In motoneurons expressing mFUS the protein was additionally detected in the cytoplasm and a significantly increased number of large, densely packed FUS positive stress granules were seen along neurites. The amount of FUS mislocalization correlated positively with both the onset of the human disease (the earlier the onset the higher the FUS mislocalization) and the maturation status of the motoneurons. Moreover, even in non-stressed post-mitotic mFUS motoneurons clear signs of DNA-damage could be detected. In summary, we found that the susceptibility to cell stress was higher in mFUS hiPSCs and hiPSC derived motoneurons than in controls and the degree of FUS mislocalization correlated well with the clinical severity of the underlying ALS related mFUS. The accumulation of DNA damage and the cellular response to DNA damage stressors was more pronounced in post-mitotic mFUS motoneurons than in dividing hiPSCs suggesting that mFUS motoneurons accumulate foci of DNA damage, which in turn might be directly linked to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Higelin
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Demestre
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Putz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany; Department of Neurology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Jan P Delling
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Jacob
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Moritz Klingenstein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gotthold Barbi
- Institute for Human Genetics, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | - Günter Speit
- Institute for Human Genetics, Ulm University Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesDresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität DresdenDresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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Li Z, Wang C, Zhu J, Bai Y, Wang W, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Liu X, Zhou S, Huang W, Bi Y, Wang H. The possible role of liver kinase B1 in hydroquinone-induced toxicity of murine fetal liver and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:830-841. [PMID: 25534963 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that the increasing incidence of childhood leukemia may be due to maternal exposure to benzene, which is a known human carcinogen; however, the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) acts as a regulator of cellular energy metabolism and functions to regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis. We hypothesize that LKB1 contributes to the deregulation of fetal or bone hematopoiesis caused by the benzene metabolite hydroquinone (HQ). To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared the effects of HQ on murine fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells (FL-HSCs) and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (BM-HSCs). FL-HSCs and BM-HSCs were isolated and enriched by a magnetic cell sorting system and exposed to various concentrations of HQ (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μM) for 24 h. We found that the inhibition of differentiation and growth, as well as the apoptosis rate of FL-HSCs, induced by HQ were consistent with the changes in BM-HSCs. Furthermore, G1 cell cycle arrest was observed in BM-HSCs and FL-HSCs in response to HQ. Importantly, FL-HSCs were more sensitive than BM-HSCs after exposure to HQ. The highest induction of LKB1 and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was observed with a much lower concentration of HQ in FL-HSCs than in BM-HSCs. LKB1 may play a critical role in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of HQ-treated HSCs. This research has developed innovative ideas concerning benzene-induced hematopoietic toxicity or embryotoxicity, which can provide a new experimental evidence for preventing childhood leukemia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 830-841, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - YuE Bai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyi Bi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Biomass-Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology Key Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Šamanić I, Cvitanić R, Simunić J, Puizina J. Arabidopsis thalianaMRE11 is essential for activation of cell cycle arrest, transcriptional regulation and DNA repair upon the induction of double-stranded DNA breaks. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:681-694. [PMID: 27007017 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Given the fundamental role of MRE11 in many aspects of DNA metabolism and signalling in eukaryotes, we analysed the impact of several MRE11 mutations on DNA damage response (DDR) and DNA repair in Arabidopsis thaliana. Three different atmre11 and an atatm-2 mutant lines, together with the wild type (WT), were compared using a new Arabidopsis genotoxic assay for in situ evaluation of genome integrity and DNA damage repair efficiency after double strand break (DSB) induction. The results showed that, despite the phenotypic differences and different lengths of the putative truncated AtMRE11 proteins, all three atmre11 and the atatm-2 mutant lines exhibited common hypersensitivity to bleomycin treatment, where they only slightly reduced mitotic activity, indicating a G2/M checkpoint abrogation. In contrast to the WT, which reduced the frequency of chromosomal aberrations throughout the recovery period after treatment, none of the three atmre11 and atatm-2 mutants recovered. Moreover, atmre11-3 mutants, similarly to atatm-2 mutants, failed to transcriptionally induce several DDR genes and had altered expression of the CYCB1;1::GUS protein. Nevertheless, numerous chromosomal fusions in the atmre11 mutants, observed after DNA damage induction, suggest intensive DNA repair activity. These results indicate that functional and full-length AtMRE11 is essential for activation of the cell cycle arrest, transcriptional regulation and DNA repair upon induction of DSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Šamanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - R Cvitanić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - J Simunić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Puizina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Nishino K, Tanamachi K, Nakanishi Y, Ide S, Kojima S, Tanuma SI, Tsukimoto M. Radiosensitizing Effect of TRPV1 Channel Inhibitors in Cancer Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1224-30. [PMID: 27150432 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiosensitizers are used in cancer therapy to increase the γ-irradiation susceptibility of cancer cells, including radioresistant hypoxic cancer cells within solid tumors, so that radiotherapy can be applied at doses sufficiently low to minimize damage to adjacent normal tissues. Radiation-induced DNA damage is repaired by multiple repair systems, and therefore these systems are potential targets for radiosensitizers. We recently reported that the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel is involved in early responses to DNA damage after γ-irradiation of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that TRPV1 channel inhibitors would have a radiosensitizing effect by blocking repair of radiation-induced cell damage. Here, we show that pretreatment of A549 cells with the TRPV1 channel inhibitors capsazepine, AMG9810, SB366791 and BCTC suppressed the γ-ray-induced activation of early DNA damage responses, i.e., activation of the protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and accumulation of p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1). Further, the decrease of survival fraction at one week after γ-irradiation (2.0 Gy) was enhanced by pretreatment of cells with these inhibitors. On the other hand, inhibitor pretreatment did not affect cell viability, the number of apoptotic or necrotic cells, or DNA synthesis at 24 h after irradiation. These results suggest that inhibition of DNA repair by TRPV1 channel inhibitors in irradiated A549 cells caused gradual loss of proliferative ability, rather than acute facilitation of apoptosis or necrosis. TRPV1 channel inhibitors could be novel candidates for radiosensitizers to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy, either alone or in combination with other types of radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Nishino
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Hong S, Kim JH, Yoon S, Kim K, Sim S, Park WY, Yu JR. Expression of Cryptosporidium parvum thioredoxin peroxidase in COS-7 cells confers radioprotection. Exp Parasitol 2016; 163:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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40
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Shang Y, Huang EJ. Mechanisms of FUS mutations in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res 2016; 1647:65-78. [PMID: 27033831 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have provided key mechanistic insights to the pathogenesis of this devastating neurodegenerative disease. Among many etiologies for ALS, the identification of mutations and proteinopathies in two RNA binding proteins, TDP-43 (TARDBP or TAR DNA binding protein 43) and its closely related RNA/DNA binding protein FUS (fused in sarcoma), raises the intriguing possibility that perturbations to the RNA homeostasis and metabolism in neurons may contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Although the similarities between TDP-43 and FUS suggest that mutations and proteinopathy involving these two proteins may converge on the same mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration, there is increasing evidence that FUS mutations target distinct mechanisms to cause early disease onset and aggressive progression of disease. This review focuses on the recent advances on the molecular, cellular and genetic approaches to uncover the mechanisms of wild type and mutant FUS proteins during development and in neurodegeneration. These findings provide important insights to understand how FUS mutations may perturb the maintenance of dendrites through fundamental processes in RNA splicing, RNA transport and DNA damage response/repair. These results contribute to the understanding of phenotypic manifestations in neurodegeneration related to FUS mutations, and to identify important directions for future investigations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Shang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; Pathology Service 113B, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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41
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Wang HLV, Chekanova JA. Small RNAs: essential regulators of gene expression and defenses against environmental stresses in plants. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 7:356-81. [PMID: 26924473 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes produce thousands of diverse small RNAs (smRNAs), which play vital roles in regulating gene expression in all conditions, including in survival of biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. SmRNA pathways intersect with most of the pathways regulating different steps in the life of a messenger RNA (mRNA), starting from transcription and ending at mRNA decay. SmRNAs function in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments; the regulation of mRNA stability and translation in the cytoplasm and the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the nucleus are the main and best-known modes of smRNA action. However, recent evidence from animal systems indicates that smRNAs and RNA interference (RNAi) also participate in the regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing, one of the most crucial steps in the fast, efficient global reprogramming of gene expression required for survival under stress. Emerging evidence from bioinformatics studies indicates that a specific class of plant smRNAs, induced by various abiotic stresses, the sutr-siRNAs, has the potential to target regulatory regions within introns and thus may act in the regulation of splicing in response to stresses. This review summarizes the major types of plant smRNAs in the context of their mechanisms of action and also provides examples of their involvement in regulation of gene expression in response to environmental cues and developmental stresses. In addition, we describe current advances in our understanding of how smRNAs function in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:356-381. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1340 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Lin V Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Julia A Chekanova
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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Menegakis A, De Colle C, Yaromina A, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Scharpf M, Fend F, Noell S, Tatagiba M, Brucker S, Wallwiener D, Boeke S, Ricardi U, Baumann M, Zips D. Residual γH2AX foci after ex vivo irradiation of patient samples with known tumour-type specific differences in radio-responsiveness. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:480-5. [PMID: 26297183 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To apply our previously published residual ex vivo γH2AX foci method to patient-derived tumour specimens covering a spectrum of tumour-types with known differences in radiation response. In addition, the data were used to simulate different experimental scenarios to simplify the method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Evaluation of residual γH2AX foci in well-oxygenated tumour areas of ex vivo irradiated patient-derived tumour specimens with graded single doses was performed. Immediately after surgical resection, the samples were cultivated for 24h in culture medium prior to irradiation and fixed 24h post-irradiation for γH2AX foci evaluation. Specimens from a total of 25 patients (including 7 previously published) with 10 different tumour types were included. RESULTS Linear dose response of residual γH2AX foci was observed in all specimens with highly variable slopes among different tumour types ranging from 0.69 (95% CI: 1.14-0.24) to 3.26 (95% CI: 4.13-2.62) for chondrosarcomas (radioresistant) and classical seminomas (radiosensitive) respectively. Simulations suggest that omitting dose levels might simplify the assay without compromising robustness. CONCLUSION Here we confirm clinical feasibility of the assay. The slopes of the residual foci number are well in line with the expected differences in radio-responsiveness of different tumour types implying that intrinsic radiation sensitivity contributes to tumour radiation response. Thus, this assay has a promising potential for individualized radiation therapy and prospective validation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Menegakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Chiara De Colle
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ala Yaromina
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Maastro), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Joerg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Scharpf
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susan Noell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcos Tatagiba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Brucker
- Department of and Research Institute for Women's Health, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diethelm Wallwiener
- Department of and Research Institute for Women's Health, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Boeke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany
| | - Umberto Ricardi
- Department of Oncology, Radiation Oncology, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Michael Baumann
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Dresden, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Germany; OncoRay - National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) Partner Sites Tübingen, Germany
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γH2AX assay in ex vivo irradiated tumour specimens: A novel method to determine tumour radiation sensitivity in patient-derived material. Radiother Oncol 2015; 116:473-9. [PMID: 25866027 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a clinically applicable protocol for quantification of residual γH2AX foci in ex vivo irradiated tumour samples and to apply this method in a proof-of-concept feasibility study to patient-derived tumour specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS Evaluation of γH2AX foci formation and disappearance in excised FaDu tumour specimens after (a) different incubation times in culture medium, 4Gy irradiation and fixation after 24h (cell recovery), (b) 10h medium incubation, 4Gy irradiation and fixation after various time points (double strand break repair kinetics), and (c) 10h medium incubation, irradiation with graded single radiation doses and fixation after 24h (dose-response). The optimised protocol was applied to patient-derived samples of seminoma, prostate cancer and glioblastoma multiforme. RESULTS Post excision or biopsy, tumour tissues showed stable radiation-induced γH2AX foci values in oxic cells after >6h of recovery in medium. Kinetics of foci disappearance indicated a plateau of residual foci after >12h following ex vivo irradiation. Fitting the dose-response of residual γH2AX foci yielded slopes comparable with in situ irradiation of FaDu tumours. Significant differences in the slopes of ex vivo irradiated patient-derived tumour samples were found. CONCLUSION A novel clinically applicable method to quantify residual γH2AX foci in ex vivo irradiated tumour samples was established. The first clinical results suggest that this method allows to distinguish between radiosensitive and radioresistant tumour types. These findings support further translational evaluation of this assay to individualise radiation therapy.
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Li X, Nan A, Xiao Y, Chen Y, Lai Y. PP2A-B56ϵ complex is involved in dephosphorylation of γ-H2AX in the repair process of CPT-induced DNA double-strand breaks. Toxicology 2015; 331:57-65. [PMID: 25772433 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) should be eliminated from the sites of DNA damage to fulfill the DNA repair and release cells from the growth arrest. Previous study showed that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) interact with γ-H2AX that lead to the dephosphorylation of γ-H2AX. Here, we examined the effects of suppression of PP2A regulatory subunits on dephosphorylation of γ-H2AX in human embryonic kidney epithelial cells (HEK) treated by topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin (CPT). We found that cells with suppression of B55α or B56ϵ were more sensitive to DNA damage agents. Suppression of B56ϵ led to persistence of γ-H2AX, resulting in prolonged DSBs repair and increased chromatin instability measured by comet assay. In addition, the deficiency of B56ϵ impaired the cell cycle regulation and the DNA repair pathway of homologous recombination (HR). Notably, we detected that PP2A B56ϵ subunit was involved directly in dephosphorylation of γ-H2AX and translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus upon the treatment of CPT. Our findings demonstrate that PP2A holoenzyme containing B56ϵ is responsible for the dephosphorylation of γ-H2AX and regulation of DNA repair of DSBs induced by CPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Li
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Anuo Nan
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yongzhong Chen
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Yandong Lai
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China.
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45
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Gurard-Levin ZA, Quivy JP, Almouzni G. Histone chaperones: assisting histone traffic and nucleosome dynamics. Annu Rev Biochem 2015; 83:487-517. [PMID: 24905786 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060713-035536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The functional organization of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin uses histones as components of its building block, the nucleosome. Histone chaperones, which are proteins that escort histones throughout their cellular life, are key actors in all facets of histone metabolism; they regulate the supply and dynamics of histones at chromatin for its assembly and disassembly. Histone chaperones can also participate in the distribution of histone variants, thereby defining distinct chromatin landscapes of importance for genome function, stability, and cell identity. Here, we discuss our current knowledge of the known histone chaperones and their histone partners, focusing on histone H3 and its variants. We then place them into an escort network that distributes these histones in various deposition pathways. Through their distinct interfaces, we show how they affect dynamics during DNA replication, DNA damage, and transcription, and how they maintain genome integrity. Finally, we discuss the importance of histone chaperones during development and describe how misregulation of the histone flow can link to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Gurard-Levin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche; CNRS UMR 3664; Equipe Labellisée, Ligue contre le Cancer; and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris F-75248, France;
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Bassett SA, Barnett MPG. The role of dietary histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors in health and disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:4273-301. [PMID: 25322459 PMCID: PMC4210916 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of the histone proteins associated with DNA is an important process in the epigenetic regulation of DNA structure and function. There are several known modifications to histones, including methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, and a range of factors influence each of these. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove the acetyl group from lysine residues within a range of proteins, including transcription factors and histones. Whilst this means that their influence on cellular processes is more complex and far-reaching than histone modifications alone, their predominant function appears to relate to histones; through deacetylation of lysine residues they can influence expression of genes encoded by DNA linked to the histone molecule. HDAC inhibitors in turn regulate the activity of HDACs, and have been widely used as therapeutics in psychiatry and neurology, in which a number of adverse outcomes are associated with aberrant HDAC function. More recently, dietary HDAC inhibitors have been shown to have a regulatory effect similar to that of pharmacological HDAC inhibitors without the possible side-effects. Here, we discuss a number of dietary HDAC inhibitors, and how they may have therapeutic potential in the context of a whole food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalome A Bassett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew P G Barnett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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González-Ramírez I, Soto-Reyes E, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Herrera LA, García-Cuellar C. Histones and long non-coding RNAs: the new insights of epigenetic deregulation involved in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:691-5. [PMID: 24844984 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a category of aggressive malignancies that represent clinically, molecularly, and etiologically heterogeneous tumors. The majority of OSCCs are associated with tobacco and alcohol use, acting both independently and synergistically, which suggests that the environment plays an important role in carcinogenesis; however, the mechanisms associated with the development of OSCC are not well understood. It has been proposed that the epigenetic components could be implicated in the initiation and progression of OSCC. Primarily, aberrant DNA methylation patterns have been widely addressed in the study of OSCC. Diverse studies have proposed that other epigenetic processes such as post-translational histone modification, the deposition of histone variants, histone chaperones, and recently non-coding RNA, can be also involved in the development of oral cancer. In this review we focus on describing the new insights of the epigenetics processes that are related with OSCC as histones variants and long non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I González-Ramírez
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - E Soto-Reyes
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - Y Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, 14080 México City, Mexico
| | - L A Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, INCan; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
| | - C García-Cuellar
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, 14080 México City, Mexico.
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Ellinger J, Bachmann A, Göke F, Behbahani TE, Baumann C, Heukamp LC, Rogenhofer S, Müller SC. Alterations of Global Histone H3K9 and H3K27 Methylation Levels in Bladder Cancer. Urol Int 2014; 93:113-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000355467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Kurat CF, Recht J, Radovani E, Durbic T, Andrews B, Fillingham J. Regulation of histone gene transcription in yeast. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:599-613. [PMID: 23974242 PMCID: PMC11113579 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Histones are the primary protein component of chromatin, the mixture of DNA and proteins that packages the genetic material in eukaryotes. Large amounts of histones are required during the S phase of the cell cycle when genome replication occurs. However, ectopic expression of histones during other cell cycle phases is toxic; thus, histone expression is restricted to the S phase and is tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of regulation of histone gene expression with emphasis on the transcriptional regulation of the replication-dependent histone genes in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph F. Kurat
- The Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | | | - Ernest Radovani
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Tanja Durbic
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3 Canada
| | - Brenda Andrews
- The Donnelly Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1 Canada
| | - Jeffrey Fillingham
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3 Canada
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Amiard S, Gallego ME, White CI. Signaling of double strand breaks and deprotected telomeres in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:405. [PMID: 24137170 PMCID: PMC3797388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Failure to repair DNA double strand breaks (DSB) can lead to chromosomal rearrangements and eventually to cancer or cell death. Radiation and environmental pollutants induce DSB and this is of particular relevance to plants due to their sessile life style. DSB also occur naturally in cells during DNA replication and programmed induction of DSB initiates the meiotic recombination essential for gametogenesis in most eukaryotes. The linear nature of most eukaryotic chromosomes means that each chromosome has two "broken" ends. Chromosome ends, or telomeres, are protected by nucleoprotein caps which avoid their recognition as DSB by the cellular DNA repair machinery. Deprotected telomeres are recognized as DSB and become substrates for recombination leading to chromosome fusions, the "bridge-breakage-fusion" cycle, genome rearrangements and cell death. The importance of repair of DSB and the severity of the consequences of their misrepair have led to the presence of multiple, robust mechanisms for their detection and repair. After a brief overview of DSB repair pathways to set the context, we present here an update of current understanding of the detection and signaling of DSB in the plant, Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles I. White
- Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, UMR CNRS 6293/U1103 INSERM/Clermont Université, Université Blaise PascalAubiére cedex, France
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