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Ketelaars HAM, Wagenvoort AJ, Peters MCFM, Wunderer J, Hijnen WAM. Taxonomic diversity and biomass of the invertebrate fauna of nine drinking water treatment plants and their non-chlorinated distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120269. [PMID: 37393812 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates such as Asellus aquaticus, halacarid mites, copepods and cladocerans are known to regularly occur in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS). An eight-year study investigated the biomass and taxonomic composition of invertebrates in the finished water of nine Dutch drinking water treatment plants (using surface water, ground water or dune-infiltrated water) and their non-chlorinated distribution systems. The main aims of the study were to examine the source waters' influence on invertebrate biomass and composition in the distribution networks and to describe invertebrate ecology in relation to the habitat of filters and the DWDS. Invertebrate biomass of the finished drinking waters of the surface water treatment plants was significantly higher than in the finished waters of the other treatment plants. This difference was due to the higher nutrient levels of the source water. The main part of the biomass in the finished water of the treatment plants consisted of rotifers, harpacticoid copepods, copepod larvae, cladocerans and oligochaetes, which are small-sized, euryoecious and tolerate broad environmental conditions. Most of them reproduce asexually. Most species found in the DWDS are known to be detritivores, but all are benthic and euryoecious organisms, many of which have a cosmopolitan distribution. The euryoeciousness of these freshwater species was also shown by their occurrence in brackish waters and ground or hyporheic waters and the ability of many eurythermic species to overwinter in the DWDS habitat. These species are preadapted to the oligotrophic environment of the DWDS and can develop stable populations there. Most species can reproduce asexually and the sexually reproducing invertebrates (Asellus aquaticus, cyclopoids and probably also halacarids) have obviously overcome the potential problem of finding a mating partner. This study also showed a significant correlation of DOC in the drinking water with the invertebrate biomass. A. aquaticus was the dominant biomass component in six out of nine locations and was highly correlated with the Aeromonas counts in the DWDS. Thus, invertebrate monitoring in DWDS is an important additional parameter in understanding biological stability conditions in non-chlorinated DWDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk A M Ketelaars
- Evides Water Company, PO BOX 4472, Rotterdam, AL 3006, the Netherlands; Rubiconsult Water Quality Services, Vest 162, Dordrecht, TX 3311, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | - Julia Wunderer
- Evides Water Company, PO BOX 4472, Rotterdam, AL 3006, the Netherlands
| | - Wim A M Hijnen
- Evides Water Company, PO BOX 4472, Rotterdam, AL 3006, the Netherlands
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Ren X, Li J, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang D, Tang X, Chen H. Impact of invertebrates on water quality safety and their sheltering effect on bacteria in water supply systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121750. [PMID: 37149252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrates in drinking water not only affect human health, but also provide migration and shelter for pathogenic microorganisms. Their residues and metabolites also produce DBPs (disinfection by-products), which have adverse effects on the health of residents. In this study, the contributions of the rotifers and nematodes to the BDOC (biodegradable dissolved organic carbon), BRP (bacterial regrowth potential) and DBPs in drinking water were explored, and the sheltering effects of chlorine-resistant invertebrates on indigenous bacteria and pathogenic bacteria were studied, and the health and safety risk of invertebrates in drinking water was also assessed. The contributions of rotifer BAPs (biomass-associated products), UAPs (utilization-associated products) of rotifer, and nematode BAPs to the BRP were 46, 1240, and 24 CFU/mL. Nematodes were found to have a sheltering effect on indigenous bacteria and pathogenic bacteria, allowing them to resist chlorine disinfection and UV (ultraviolet) disinfection. When subjected to a UV dose of 40 mJ/cm2, the inactivation rates of indigenous bacteria and three pathogenic bacteria decreased by 85% and 39-50% when bacteria were sheltered by the living nematodes; while decreased by 66% and 15-41% when they were sheltered by nematode residue. The safety risk posed by invertebrates in the drinking water was mainly due to their ability to promote bacterial regeneration and carry bacteria. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the risk control of invertebrates' pollution, and provides references for ensuring the safety of drinking water and formulating standards for the levels of invertebrates in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China; College of Environmental Science and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu Province, 214122, China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zeting Zhou
- Shanghai Zhongyao Environmental Protection Industry Co., Ltd, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co., Ltd, China
| | - Xianchun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Perera IU, Fujiyoshi S, Nishiuchi Y, Nakai T, Maruyama F. Zooplankton act as cruise ships promoting the survival and pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:564-578. [PMID: 36128640 PMCID: PMC10091822 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria in general interact with zooplankton in aquatic ecosystems. These zooplankton-bacterial interactions help to shape the bacterial community by regulating bacterial abundances. Such interactions are even more significant and crucially in need of investigation in the case of pathogenic bacteria, which cause severe diseases in humans and animals. Among the many associations between a host metazoan and pathogenic bacteria, zooplankton provide nutrition and protection from stressful conditions, promote the horizontal transfer of virulence genes, and act as a mode of pathogen transport. These interactions allow the pathogen to survive and proliferate in aquatic environments and to endure water treatment processes, thereby creating a potential risk to human health. This review highlights current knowledge on the contributions of zooplankton to the survival and pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. We also discuss the need to consider these interactions as a risk factor in water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishara U Perera
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - So Fujiyoshi
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nishiuchi
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakai
- Takehara Marine Science Station, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Takehara City, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Center for the Planetary Health and Innovation Science (PHIS), The IDEC Institute, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Holobiome and Built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, Japan
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Zhang M, Altan-Bonnet N, Shen Y, Shuai D. Waterborne Human Pathogenic Viruses in Complex Microbial Communities: Environmental Implication on Virus Infectivity, Persistence, and Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5381-5389. [PMID: 35434991 PMCID: PMC9073700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human pathogenic viruses challenge global health and economy. Viruses were long believed to transmit among hosts as individual, free particles. However, recent evidence indicates that viruses also transmit in populations, so-called en bloc transmission, by either interacting with coexisting bacteria, free-living amoebas, and other higher organisms through endosymbiosis and surface binding, or by being clustered inside membrane-bound vesicles or simply self-aggregating with themselves. En bloc transmission of viruses and virus-microbiome interactions could enable viruses to enhance their infectivity, increase environmental persistence, and resist inactivation from disinfection. Overlooking this type of transmission and virus-microbiome interactions may underestimate the environmental and public health risks of the viruses. We herein provide a critical perspective on waterborne human pathogenic viruses in complex microbial communities to elucidate the environmental implication of virus-microbiome interactions on virus infectivity, persistence, and disinfection. This perspective also provides insights on advancing disinfection and sanitation guidelines and regulations to protect the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
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Larbi JA, Addo SO, Ofosu‐Amoako G, Offong UC, Odurah EM, Akompong SK. Burdens of Ascaris spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. parasites in farm pigs in Ghana. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1119-1125. [PMID: 35106957 PMCID: PMC9122417 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, intestinal parasites significantly affect the health and production of pigs. OBJECTIVE This study assessed the prevalence of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium infection in pigs in the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality of Ghana. METHOD Faecal samples from two hundred (200) pigs on four different farms (labelled A, B, C, D) were processed using the Kinyoun modified Ziehl-Neelsen method for Cryptosporidium and the Formol-ether sedimentation method for Ascaris and microscopically examined to identify parasites to the genus level. RESULTS The prevalence of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium in the pigs was 76% and 77%, respectively. The weaners had the highest Ascaris prevalence (96.15%) with the piglets recording the least (59.25%). On the other hand, the piglets had the highest prevalence (88.89%) for Cryptosporidium with the boars, sows and weaners recording 75.86%, 75.42% and 73.08% respectively. The prevalence of Ascaris was high in farm D (78.57%) while Cryptosporidium was highest in farm C (86.11%). Generally, there was a significant difference (p = 0.044) in the mean distribution of Cryptosporidium in the pigs. CONCLUSION The high burden of Ascaris and Cryptosporidium infections in the pigs suggest the need to adopt and implement effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Asiedu Larbi
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, PMBKumasiGhana
| | - Seth Offei Addo
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, PMBKumasiGhana
- Parasitology DepartmentNoguchi Memorial Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of Ghana, LegonAccraGhana
| | - George Ofosu‐Amoako
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, PMBKumasiGhana
| | | | - Efua Maclean Odurah
- Department of Theoretical and Applied BiologyCollege of ScienceKNUST, PMBKumasiGhana
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Climate Change: Water Temperature and Invertebrate Propagation in Drinking-Water Distribution Systems, Effects, and Risk Assessment. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14081246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a summary of the knowledge of drinking-water temperature increases and present daily, seasonal, and yearly temperature data of drinking-water distribution systems (DWDS). The increasing water temperatures lead to challenges in DWDS management, and we must assume a promotion of invertebrates as pipe inhabitants. Macro-, meio-, and microinvertebrates were found in nearly all DWDS. Data in relation to diversity and abundance clearly point out a high probability of mass development, and invertebrate monitoring must be the focus of any DWDS management. The water temperature of DWDS is increasing due to climate change effects, and as a consequence, the growth and reproduction of invertebrates is increasing. The seasonal development of a chironomid (Paratanytarus grimmii) and longtime development of water lice (Asellus aquaticus) are given. Due to increased water temperatures, a third generation of water lice per year has been observed, which is one reason for the observed mass development. This leads to an impact on drinking-water quality and an increased health risk, as invertebrates can serve as a host or vehicle for potential harmful microbes. More research is needed especially on (i) water temperature monitoring in drinking-water distribution systems, (ii) invertebrate development, and (iii) health risks.
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He Z, Zheng N, Zhang L, Tian Y, Hu Z, Shu L. Efficient inactivation of intracellular bacteria in dormant amoeba spores by FeP. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127996. [PMID: 34902724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens and related diseases are a severe public health threat worldwide. Recent studies suggest that microbial interactions among infectious agents can significantly disrupt the disinfection processes, and current disinfection methods cannot inactivate intracellular pathogens effectively, posing an emerging threat to the safety of drinking water. This study developed a novel strategy, the FeP/persulfate (PS) system, to effectively inactivate intracellular bacteria within the amoeba spore. We found that the sulfate radical (SO4•-) produced by the FeP/PS system can be quickly converted into hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and •OH can penetrate the amoeba spores and inactivate the bacteria hidden inside amoeba spores. Therefore, this study proposes a novel technique to overcome the protective effects of microbial interactions and provides a new direction to inactivate intracellular pathogens efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ningchao Zheng
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuehui Tian
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuofeng Hu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Longfei Shu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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8
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Soler P, Moreno-Mesonero L, Zornoza A, Macián VJ, Moreno Y. Characterization of eukaryotic microbiome and associated bacteria communities in a drinking water treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149070. [PMID: 34303230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of drinking water treatment is critical to achieve an optimal and safe drinking water. Disinfection is one of the most important steps to eliminate the health concern caused by the microbial population in this type of water. However, no study has evaluated the changes in its microbiome, specially the eukaryotic microbiome, and the fates of opportunistic pathogens generated by UV disinfection with medium-pressure mercury lamps in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). In this work, the eukaryotic community composition of a DWTP with UV disinfection was evaluated before and after a UV disinfection treatment by means of Illumina 18S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing. Among the physicochemical parameters analysed, flow and nitrate appeared to be related with the changes in the eukaryotic microbiome shape. Public health concern eukaryotic organisms such as Blastocystis, Entamoeba, Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, Naegleria, Microsporidium or Caenorhabditis were identified. Additionally, the relation between the occurrence of some human bacterial pathogens and the presence of some eukaryotic organisms has been studied. The presence of some human bacterial pathogens such as Arcobacter, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas and Parachlamydia were statistically correlated with the presence of some eukaryotic carriers showing the public health risk due to the bacterial pathogens they could shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Soler
- Empresa Mixta Valenciana de Aguas, S.A. (EMIVASA), Av. del Regne de València, 28, 46005, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Laura Moreno-Mesonero
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Andrés Zornoza
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; H2OCITIES, SL. Arte Mayor de la Seda, 15, 46950 Xirivella, Valencia, Spain.
| | - V Javier Macián
- Empresa Mixta Valenciana de Aguas, S.A. (EMIVASA), Av. del Regne de València, 28, 46005, Valencia, Spain; Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Moreno
- Research Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Chen T, Li J, Xu L, Zhang D, Wang Z, Chen H. Deactivation of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in drinking water by PMS/UV-C: efficiency and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:58606-58616. [PMID: 34117548 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and infestations of chlorine-resistant invertebrates in drinking water distributions have attracted concerns on water quality in China, making effective deactivation imperative. This study presents a novel strategy for nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) deactivation using peroxymonosulfate (PMS)/UV-C. The results indicated that 100% deactivation efficiency was obtained under optimal conditions. An acidic pH and 0.25 mg/L Fe(II) were beneficial to the PMS/UV-C-triggered deactivation of nematodes. A mechanism study demonstrated that [Formula: see text] was activated by UV-C to produce ·OH and [Formula: see text], which resulted in oxidative stress and stimulated the occurrence of cell apoptosis, leading to nematode deactivation. The results reveal PMS/UV-C as an alternative to chlorination in water treatment plants (WTP) or an emergency application when chlorine-resistant invertebrates breed in a second-supply water tank is a promising strategy for disinfection. This approach possessed the advantages of avoiding the production of chlorine disinfection by-products (DBP) and greater efficacy of nematode deactivation. This work will provide ideas for on-going research efforts into chlorine-resistant invertebrate deactivation and eventually achieve the direct drinking of municipal tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jinzhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Jiang W, Dong S, Xu F, Chen J, Gong C, Wang A, Hu Z. Mechanisms of thermal treatment on two dominant copepod species in O 3/BAC processing of drinking water. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:945-953. [PMID: 33791896 PMCID: PMC8154755 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus and Heliodiaptomus falxus are dominant copepods species in drinking water processing plants in southern China. With a potential penetration risk, the breeding and leakage of copepods are drawing more and more attention in recent years. The current study provided a thermal treatment method to control copepods and their eggs. Results showed that: (1) the immediate death rates of P. tunguidus and H. falxus after heated to 34-40 °C for 5 min are positively correlated to the treatment temperatures (P < 0.01), and all individuals of the both species were eliminated after heated at 40 °C for 5 min; (2) overall hatching rates of P. tunguidus eggs were negatively correlated with treatment temperatures (P < 0.01) between 39-45 °C, with zero percent hatched after treatment at 45 °C for 5 min; (3) hatching rates of H. falxus were negatively correlated with treatment temperatures (P < 0.01) between 37-41 °C, with no nauplii hatched when treated at 41 °C for 5 min; (4) paraffin section histological examination indicated that thermal treatment caused severe damage to internal organs and egg structure. Finally, based on the experimental data, the application of the thermal treatment method was discussed in ozonation combined with biological activated carbon (O3/BAC) processing of drink water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Dong
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chen Gong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Antai Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource & Eco-environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China.
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Li Q, Yu S, Yang S, Yang W, Que S, Li W, Qin Y, Yu W, Jiang H, Zhao D. Eukaryotic community diversity and pathogenic eukaryotes in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant determined by 18S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:17417-17430. [PMID: 33394404 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 18S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was applied to investigate the eukaryotic community in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. Eukaryotic species and microbial functions in raw water and filter biofilms were identified by metagenomic sequencing. The eukaryotic species richness and diversity presented declining trends throughout the treatment process. The lowest eukaryotic species richness was observed in disinfected water. Arthropoda, Ciliophora, Ochrophyta, and Rotifera were the dominant eukaryotic phyla and exhibited high variations in relative abundance among the different treatment units. Sedimentation significantly decreased the abundance of all eukaryotes except Arthropoda. Biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration and chlorine disinfection exerted strong effects on community composition. The eukaryotic communities in water were distinct from those in filter biofilms, as were the communities of different filter biofilms from each other. In contrast, communities were functionally similar among different filter biofilms, with the category metabolism being the dominant category represented, within which amino acid transport and metabolism (E) and energy production and conversion (C) dominated among subcategories. Seventy-one eukaryotic species pathogenic to humans were identified in raw water and filter biofilms. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) results showed that Acanthamoeba spp. and Vermamoeba vermiformis were present during some treatment processes, with concentrations of 12-1.2 × 105 copies/mL and 1 copy/mL, respectively. Neither of the two pathogenic amoebae was found in disinfected water. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that pH was the most important environmental factor affecting eukaryotic community composition. Overall, the results provide insights into the eukaryotic community diversity in drinking water treatment plants and the potential eukaryotic hazards involved in drinking water production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China.
| | - Shuili Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Shengfa Yang
- National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Wei Yang
- National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Sisi Que
- National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- National Inland Waterway Regulation Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Engineering Laboratory of Environmental & Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Weiwei Yu
- Engineering Laboratory of Environmental & Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Engineering Laboratory of Environmental & Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
| | - Deqiang Zhao
- Engineering Laboratory of Environmental & Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
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12
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Water Lice and Other Macroinvertebrates in Drinking Water Pipes: Diversity, Abundance and Health Risk. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13030276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activities to ensure and maintain water quality in drinking water networks, including flushing, are presented after standardized hydrant sampling combined with a stainless-steel low pressure–high flow rate (NDHF) filter and a 100 µm mesh size was used to separate pipe inhabitants. A databank of more than 1000 hydrant samples in European lowland areas was developed and used to analyze the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in drinking water networks. Load classes for water louse (Asellus aquaticus) and oligochaetes are given with three evaluation classes: normal colonization, increased colonization, and mass development. The response of Asellus aquaticus in drinking water networks to environmental conditions are presented as are their growth and reproduction, promotion of a third generation by climate change effects, food limitations, and the composition and stability of their feces. Finally, the health risks posed by dead water lice and water lice feces with bacterial regrowth and the promotion of microbe development on house filters are analyzed.
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13
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Dean K, Tamrakar S, Huang Y, Rose JB, Mitchell J. Modeling the Dose Response Relationship of Waterborne Acanthamoeba. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:79-91. [PMID: 33047815 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study developed dose response models for determining the probability of eye or central nervous system infections from previously conducted studies using different strains of Acanthamoeba spp. The data were a result of animal experiments using mice and rats exposed corneally and intranasally to the pathogens. The corneal inoculations of Acanthamoeba isolate Ac 118 included varied amounts of Corynebacterium xerosis and were best fit by the exponential model. Virulence increased with higher levels of C. xerosis. The Acanthamoeba culbertsoni intranasal study with death as an endpoint of response was best fit by the beta-Poisson model. The HN-3 strain of A. castellanii was studied with an intranasal exposure and three different endpoints of response. For all three studies, the exponential model was the best fit. A model based on pooling data sets of the intranasal exposure and death endpoint resulted in an LD50 of 19,357 amebae. The dose response models developed in this study are an important step towards characterizing the risk associated with free-living amoeba like Acanthamoeba in drinking water distribution systems. Understanding the human health risk posed by free-living amoeba will allow for quantitative microbial risk assessments that support building design decisions to minimize opportunities for pathogen growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Dean
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sushil Tamrakar
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Freelancer
| | - Yin Huang
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Current address: Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jade Mitchell
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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14
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Petterson S, Li Q, Ashbolt N. Screening Level Risk Assessment (SLRA) of human health risks from faecal pathogens associated with a Natural Swimming Pond (NSP). WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116501. [PMID: 33091804 PMCID: PMC7535628 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural swimming ponds (NSPs) are artificially created bodies of water intended for human recreation, characterised by the substitution of chemical disinfection with natural biological processes for water purification. NSPs are growing in popularity, however little is known regarding the public health risks. A screening level risk assessment was undertaken as an initial step in assessing the first Canadian public NSP located in Edmonton, Alberta. Risk of enteric pathogens originating from pool bathers was assessed under normal conditions and following accidental faecal release events. The performance of the natural treatment train for health protection was quantified with and without the addition of UV disinfection of naturally-treated water, and compared to the US EPA benchmark to provide a reference point to consider acceptability. Estimated levels of pathogen contamination of the pond were dependant upon the discrete number of shedders present, which in turn depended upon the prevalence of infection in the population. Overall performance of the natural disinfection system was dependant upon the filtration rate of the natural treatment system or turnover time. Addition of UV disinfection reduced the uncertainty around the removal efficacy, and mitigated the impact of larger shedding events, however the impact of UV disinfection on the natural treatment biome is unknown. Further information is needed on the performance of natural barriers for pathogen removal, and therefore challenge studies are recommended. Given the identified risks, the pool is posted that there is risk from accidental faecal releases, as in any natural water body with swimmers. Screening level risk assessment was a valuable first step in understanding the processes driving the system and in identifying important data gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Petterson
- Water & Health Pty Ltd, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia; School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Qiaozhi Li
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Nicholas Ashbolt
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada; Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
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15
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Vavourakis CD, Heijnen L, Peters MCFM, Marang L, Ketelaars HAM, Hijnen WAM. Spatial and Temporal Dynamics in Attached and Suspended Bacterial Communities in Three Drinking Water Distribution Systems with Variable Biological Stability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14535-14546. [PMID: 33135888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial presence and regrowth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) is routinely monitored to assess the biological stability of drinking water without a residual disinfectant, but the conventional microbiological culture methods currently used target only a very small fraction of the complete DWDS microbiome. Here, we sequenced 16S rRNA gene amplicons to elucidate the attached and suspended prokaryotic community dynamics within three nonchlorinated DWDSs with variable regrowth conditions distributing similarly treated surface water from the same source. One rural location, with less regrowth related issues, differed most strikingly from the other two urban locations by the exclusive presence of Pseudonocardia (Actinobacteria) in the biofilm and the absence of Limnobacter (Betaproteobacteriales) in the water and loose deposits during summer. There was a dominant seasonal effect on the drinking water microbiomes at all three locations. For one urban location, it was established that the most significant changes in the microbial community composition on a spatial scale occurred shortly after freshly treated water entered the DWDS. However, summerly regrowth of Limnobacter, one of the dominant genera in the distributed drinking water, already occurred in the clean water reservoir at the treatment plant before further distribution. The highlighted bacterial lineages within these highly diverse DWDS communities might be important new indicators for undesirable regrowth conditions affecting the final drinking water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo Heijnen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Leonie Marang
- Evides Water Company, P.O. Box 4472, 3006 AL, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A M Ketelaars
- Evides Water Company, P.O. Box 4472, 3006 AL, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim A M Hijnen
- Evides Water Company, P.O. Box 4472, 3006 AL, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Dong Z, Yin W, Yang J, Zhang J, Jiang C. Risk assessment and inactivation of invertebrate-internalized bacteria in pilot-scale biological activated carbon filtration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 676:321-332. [PMID: 31048163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that invertebrates can ingest and transport pathogenic bacteria, thus protecting the bacteria against disinfection in the laboratory. However, the risk assessment of and corresponding disinfection methods for natural invertebrate-internalized bacteria in biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration systems remain poorly understood. In this study, the risk of natural invertebrate-internalized bacteria was comprehensively assessed and methods to inactivate these bacteria were compared in a pilot-scale BAC filtration column study lasting one year. Seven groups of invertebrates dominated by rotifers and crustaceans were detected in the filtration column, five of which were collected for quantitative/qualitative identification of the bacteria they internalized. The community composition of internalized bacteria was analyzed via polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) coupled with sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Results showed that the average numbers of internalized bacteria per organism ranged from 160 to 6000, which increased exponentially with invertebrate body length. Some of the invertebrate-internalized bacteria were identified as opportunistic human pathogens, but no direct human pathogens were detected. A model was developed to calculate the residual bacteria concentration. Using this model, it was determined that an average of 800-100,000 CFU/m3 internalized bacteria would be protected and then released into the distribution mains after chlorination of 50 mg/L·min, with rotifers and copepods the dominant sources. Ozonation was more effective than both chlorination and UV radiation for inactivating the invertebrate-internalized bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Dong
- Urban Water Benign Cycle Engineering R&D Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenchao Yin
- Green Design and Research Department, China Architecture Design Group, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Jingxin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Shenzhen Water (Group) Co., Ltd., No.1019 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen 518031, China
| | - Chengchun Jiang
- Urban Water Benign Cycle Engineering R&D Center, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
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17
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Inkinen J, Jayaprakash B, Siponen S, Hokajärvi AM, Pursiainen A, Ikonen J, Ryzhikov I, Täubel M, Kauppinen A, Paananen J, Miettinen IT, Torvinen E, Kolehmainen M, Pitkänen T. Active eukaryotes in drinking water distribution systems of ground and surface waterworks. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:99. [PMID: 31269979 PMCID: PMC6610866 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotes are ubiquitous in natural environments such as soil and freshwater. Little is known of their presence in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) or of the environmental conditions that affect their activity and survival. METHODS Eukaryotes were characterized by Illumina high-throughput sequencing targeting 18S rRNA gene (DNA) that estimates the total community and the 18S rRNA gene transcript (RNA) that is more representative of the active part of the community. DWDS cold water (N = 124), hot water (N = 40), and biofilm (N = 16) samples were collected from four cities in Finland. The sampled DWDSs were from two waterworks A-B with non-disinfected, recharged groundwater as source water and from three waterworks utilizing chlorinated water (two DWDSs of surface waterworks C-D and one of ground waterworks E). In each DWDS, samples were collected from three locations during four seasons of 1 year. RESULTS A beta-diversity analysis revealed that the main driver shaping the eukaryotic communities was the DWDS (A-E) (R = 0.73, P < 0.001, ANOSIM). The kingdoms Chloroplastida (green plants and algae), Metazoa (animals: rotifers, nematodes), Fungi (e.g., Cryptomycota), Alveolata (ciliates, dinoflagellates), and Stramenopiles (algae Ochrophyta) were well represented and active-judging based on the rRNA gene transcripts-depending on the surrounding conditions. The unchlorinated cold water of systems (A-B) contained a higher estimated total number of taxa (Chao1, average 380-480) than chlorinated cold water in systems C-E (Chao1 ≤ 210). Within each DWDS, unique eukaryotic communities were identified at different locations as was the case also for cold water, hot water, and biofilms. A season did not have a consistent impact on the eukaryotic community among DWDSs. CONCLUSIONS This study comprehensively characterized the eukaryotic community members within the DWDS of well-maintained ground and surface waterworks providing good quality water. The study gives an indication that each DWDS houses a unique eukaryotic community, mainly dependent on the raw water source and water treatment processes in place at the corresponding waterworks. In particular, disinfection as well as hot water temperature seemed to represent a strong selection pressure that controlled the number of active eukaryotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Inkinen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Sallamaari Siponen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box, 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Hokajärvi
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Pursiainen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Ikonen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ivan Ryzhikov
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box, 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Täubel
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka T. Miettinen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eila Torvinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box, 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kolehmainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box, 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Zhou Y, Fu Y, Bai Z, Li P, Zhao B, Han Y, Xu T, Zhang N, Lin L, Cheng J, Zhang J, Zhang J. Neural Differentiation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells as a Tool to Assess Developmental Neurotoxicity of Drinking Water in Taihu Lake. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:172-186. [PMID: 30465171 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used neural stem cells (NSCs) as a toxicology tool to assess the potential developmental neurotoxicity of drinking water from Taihu Lake. We found that the condensed drinking water could inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of NSCs, especially the tap water. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that nickel was detected in the tap water with a high concentration. Our study revealed that nickel could inhibit NSCs proliferation and differentiation, which is induced not only by the intracellular reactive oxygen species generation, but also by the protein levels upregulation of p-c-Raf, p-MEK1/2 and p-Erk1/2 through the axon guidance signal pathways. These findings will provide a new way of research insight for investigation of nickel-induced neurotoxicity. Meanwhile, our test method confirmed the feasibility and reliability of stem cell assays for developmental neurotoxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Bai
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Li
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Han
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, People's Republic of China.
- Tongji Hospital, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 389 Xincun Road, 200065, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Zoccarato L, Grossart HP. Relationship Between Lifestyle and Structure of Bacterial Communities and Their Functionality in Aquatic Systems. ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16775-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Lin T, Tan Y, Chen W. Inhibition of Daphnia magna's occurrence in drinking water treatment process by controlling its phototactic behavior. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:126-137. [PMID: 29424726 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cladocera zooplankton as carriers of bacteria result in biological risk due to their occurrence in drinking water treatment systems. In this paper, bench-scale experiments were performed to investigate the inhibition effect on Daphnia magna (D. magna) by controlling its phototactic behavior. The results showed that UVA had a negative effect on the phototaxis of D. magna, indicating an active movement away from light source, while blue light was positive in inducing phototactic behavior. The water quality could influence the phototactic behavior of D. magna. When the turbidity value was higher than 10 NTU or total organic carbon (TOC) concentration was beyond 4 mg/L, the phototaxis of D. magna to UVA (25 μw/cm2 intensity) or blue light (1,000 Lux intensity) was significantly weakened. It was difficult for D. magna to offset the effect of water flow by its phototactic movement when the flow rate was higher than 10 mm/s. According to the above results, with suitable process parameters in full-scale experiments, the occurrence of D. magna in the effluent of sedimentation tank and activated carbon filter was obviously inhibited by the UVA irradiation and blue light induction, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China and College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China E-mail:
| | - Yiwen Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China and College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China E-mail:
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China and College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China E-mail:
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21
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Markman DW, Antolin MF, Bowen RA, Wheat WH, Woods M, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Jackson M. Yersinia pestis Survival and Replication in Potential Ameba Reservoir. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:294-302. [PMID: 29350155 PMCID: PMC5782900 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.171065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plague ecology is characterized by sporadic epizootics, then periods of dormancy. Building evidence suggests environmentally ubiquitous amebae act as feral macrophages and hosts to many intracellular pathogens. We conducted environmental genetic surveys and laboratory co-culture infection experiments to assess whether plague bacteria were resistant to digestion by 5 environmental ameba species. First, we demonstrated that Yersinia pestis is resistant or transiently resistant to various ameba species. Second, we showed that Y. pestis survives and replicates intracellularly within Dictyostelium discoideum amebae for ˃48 hours postinfection, whereas control bacteria were destroyed in <1 hour. Finally, we found that Y. pestis resides within ameba structures synonymous with those found in infected human macrophages, for which Y. pestis is a competent pathogen. Evidence supporting amebae as potential plague reservoirs stresses the importance of recognizing pathogen-harboring amebae as threats to public health, agriculture, conservation, and biodefense.
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Burnet JB, Faraj T, Cauchie HM, Joaquim-Justo C, Servais P, Prévost M, Dorner SM. How does the cladoceran Daphnia pulex affect the fate of Escherichia coli in water? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171705. [PMID: 28178322 PMCID: PMC5298254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The faecal indicator Escherichia coli plays a central role in water quality assessment and monitoring. It is therefore essential to understand its fate under various environmental constraints such as predation by bacterivorous zooplankton. Whereas most studies have examined how protozooplankton communities (heterotrophic nanoflagellates and ciliates) affect the fate of E. coli in water, the capacity of metazooplankton to control the faecal indicator remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated how the common filter-feeding cladoceran, Daphnia pulex, affects the fate of E. coli under different experimental conditions. Daphnia ingested E. coli and increased its loss rates in water, but the latter rates decreased from 1.65 d-1 to 0.62 d-1 after a 1,000-fold reduction in E. coli initial concentrations, due to lower probability of encounter between Daphnia and E. coli. The combined use of culture and PMA qPCR (viability-qPCR) demonstrated that exposure to Daphnia did not result into the formation of viable but non-culturable E. coli cells. In lake water, a significant part of E. coli population loss was associated with matrix-related factors, most likely due to predation by other bacterivorous biota and/or bacterial competition. However, when exposing E. coli to a D. pulex gradient (from 0 to 65 ind.L-1), we observed an increasing impact of Daphnia on E. coli loss rates, which reached 0.47 d-1 in presence of 65 ind.L-1. Our results suggest that the filter-feeder can exert a non-negligible predation pressure on E. coli, especially during seasonal Daphnia population peaks. Similar trials using other Daphnia species as well as stressed E. coli cells will increase our knowledge on the capacity of this widespread zooplankter to control E. coli in freshwater resources. Based on our results, we strongly advocate the use of natural matrices to study these biotic interactions in order to avoid overestimation of Daphnia impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarek Faraj
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Henry-Michel Cauchie
- Environmental Research and Innovation, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Célia Joaquim-Justo
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Animale et d’Écotoxicologie, Institut de Chimie, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pierre Servais
- Écologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP 221, Boulevard du Triomphe, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michèle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah M. Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Siqueira-Castro ICV, Greinert-Goulart JA, Bonatti TR, Yamashiro S, Franco RMB. First report of predation of Giardia sp. cysts by ciliated protozoa and confirmation of predation of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts by ciliate species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:11357-11362. [PMID: 27098881 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ciliated protozoa are important components of the microbial food web in various habitats, especially aquatic environments. These organisms are useful bioindicators for both environmental quality assessment and the wastewater purification process. The pathogenic parasitic protozoan species Giardia and Cryptosporidium represent a significant concern for human health, being responsible for numerous disease outbreaks worldwide. The predation of cysts and oocysts in 15 ciliate species from water and sewage samples collected in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil were verified under laboratory conditions. The ciliated protozoan species were selected based on their mode of nutrition, and only bacterivorous and suspension-feeders were considered for the experiments. The species Blepharisma sinuosum, Euplotes aediculatus, Sterkiella cavicola, Oxytricha granulifera, Vorticella infusionum, Spirostomum minus, and Stentor coeruleus ingested cysts and oocysts, the resistance forms of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp., respectively. This is the first time that the ingestion of Giardia cysts by ciliated protozoa has been reported. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the biological removal of these pathogens from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Vidal Siqueira-Castro
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, CEP 13.083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Araújo Greinert-Goulart
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Parasitology Laboratory, Regional University of Blumenau (FURB), Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Tais Rondello Bonatti
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yamashiro
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Protozoology Laboratory, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prest EI, Hammes F, van Loosdrecht MCM, Vrouwenvelder JS. Biological Stability of Drinking Water: Controlling Factors, Methods, and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:45. [PMID: 26870010 PMCID: PMC4740787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological stability of drinking water refers to the concept of providing consumers with drinking water of same microbial quality at the tap as produced at the water treatment facility. However, uncontrolled growth of bacteria can occur during distribution in water mains and premise plumbing, and can lead to hygienic (e.g., development of opportunistic pathogens), aesthetic (e.g., deterioration of taste, odor, color) or operational (e.g., fouling or biocorrosion of pipes) problems. Drinking water contains diverse microorganisms competing for limited available nutrients for growth. Bacterial growth and interactions are regulated by factors, such as (i) type and concentration of available organic and inorganic nutrients, (ii) type and concentration of residual disinfectant, (iii) presence of predators, such as protozoa and invertebrates, (iv) environmental conditions, such as water temperature, and (v) spatial location of microorganisms (bulk water, sediment, or biofilm). Water treatment and distribution conditions in water mains and premise plumbing affect each of these factors and shape bacterial community characteristics (abundance, composition, viability) in distribution systems. Improved understanding of bacterial interactions in distribution systems and of environmental conditions impact is needed for better control of bacterial communities during drinking water production and distribution. This article reviews (i) existing knowledge on biological stability controlling factors and (ii) how these factors are affected by drinking water production and distribution conditions. In addition, (iii) the concept of biological stability is discussed in light of experience with well-established and new analytical methods, enabling high throughput analysis and in-depth characterization of bacterial communities in drinking water. We discussed, how knowledge gained from novel techniques will improve design and monitoring of water treatment and distribution systems in order to maintain good drinking water microbial quality up to consumer's tap. A new definition and methodological approach for biological stability is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle I Prest
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology Delft, Netherlands
| | - Frederik Hammes
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mark C M van Loosdrecht
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology Delft, Netherlands
| | - Johannes S Vrouwenvelder
- Environmental Biotechnology Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of TechnologyDelft, Netherlands; Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia; Wetsus - European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyLeeuwarden, Netherlands
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Lin T, Cai B, Chen W. Limnoithona sinensis as refuge for bacteria: protection from UV radiation and chlorine disinfection in drinking water treatment. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:745-52. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the potential of Limnoithona sinensis to provide its attached bacteria refuge against disinfection. The experimental results indicated that in water devoid of zooplankton, both UV radiation and chlorine disinfection significantly decreased the viability of free-living bacteria. In the presence of L. sinensis, however, the attached bacteria could survive and rapidly recover from disinfection. This demonstrated that L. sinensis provided protection from external damage to various aquatic bacteria that were attached to its body. The surviving bacteria remained on L. sinensis after disinfection exposure, which enabled a rapid increase in the bacterial population followed by their subsequent release into the surrounding water. Compared with UV radiation, chlorine disinfection was more effective in terms of inactivating attached bacteria. Both UV radiation and chlorine disinfection had little effect in terms of preventing the spread of undesirable bacteria, due to the incomplete inactivation of the bacteria associated with L. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People’s Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Cai
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People’s Republic of China
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Bichai F, Dullemont Y, Hijnen W, Barbeau B. Predation and transport of persistent pathogens in GAC and slow sand filters: a threat to drinking water safety? WATER RESEARCH 2014; 64:296-308. [PMID: 25086303 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zooplankton has been shown to transport internalized pathogens throughout engineered drinking water systems. In this study, experimental measurements from GAC and SSF filtration tests using high influent concentrations of Cryptosporidium (1.3 × 10(6) and 3.3 × 10(4) oocysts L(-1)) and Giardia (4.8 × 10(4) cysts L(-1)) are presented and compared. A predation and transport conceptual model was developed to extrapolate these results to environmental conditions of typical (oo)cyst concentrations in surface water in order to predict concentrations of internalized (oo)cysts in filtered water. Pilot test results were used to estimate transport and survival ratios of internalized (oo)cysts following predation by rotifers in the filter beds. Preliminary indications of lower transport and survival ratios in SSF were found as compared with GAC filters. A probability of infection due to internalized (oo)cysts in filtered water was calculated under likeliest environmental conditions and under a worst-case scenario. Estimated risks under the likeliest environmental scenario were found to fall below the tolerable risk target of 10(-4) infections per person per year. A discussion is presented on the health significance of persistent pathogens that are internalized by zooplankton during granular filtration processes and released into treated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bichai
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, École Polytechnique de Montreal, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, P.O. Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7.
| | | | - Wim Hijnen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Postbus 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, École Polytechnique de Montreal, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, P.O. Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7.
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27
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Pachepsky Y, Shelton D, Dorner S, Whelan G. Can E. coli or thermotolerant coliform concentrations predict pathogen presence or prevalence in irrigation waters? Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 42:384-93. [PMID: 25198779 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.954524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An increase in food-borne illnesses in the United States has been associated with fresh produce consumption. Irrigation water presents recognized risks for microbial contamination of produce. Water quality criteria rely on indicator bacteria. The objective of this review was to collate and summarize experimental data on the relationships between pathogens and thermotolerant coliform (THT) and/or generic E. coli, specifically focusing on surface fresh waters used in or potentially suitable for irrigation agriculture. We analyzed peer-reviewed publications in which concentrations of E. coli or THT coliforms in surface fresh waters were measured along with concentrations of one or more of waterborne and food-borne pathogenic organisms. The proposed relationships were significant in 35% of all instances and not significant in 65% of instances. Coliform indicators alone cannot provide conclusive, non-site-specific and non-pathogen-specific information about the presence and/or concentrations of most important pathogens in surface waters suitable for irrigation. Standards of microbial water quality for irrigation can rely not only on concentrations of indicators and/or pathogens, but must include references to crop management. Critical information on microbial composition of actual irrigation waters to support criteria of microbiological quality of irrigation waters appears to be lacking and needs to be collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov Pachepsky
- a USDA-ARS, Environmental Mirobial and Food Safety Laboratory , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Daniel Shelton
- a USDA-ARS, Environmental Mirobial and Food Safety Laboratory , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Sarah Dorner
- b Department of Civil , Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal , Montreal , Quebec , Canada , and
| | - Gene Whelan
- c US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory , Athens , GA , USA
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28
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Hernlem BJ, Ravva SV, Sarreal CZ. Rapid detection of predation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and sorting of bacterivorous Tetrahymena by flow cytometry. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:57. [PMID: 24847471 PMCID: PMC4017142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoa are known to harbor bacterial pathogens, alter their survival in the environment and make them hypervirulent. Rapid non-culture based detection methods are required to determine the environmental survival and transport of enteric pathogens from point sources such as dairies and feedlots to food crops grown in proximity. Grazing studies were performed on a soil isolate of Tetrahymena fed green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing Escherichia coli O157:H7 to determine the suitability of the use of such fluorescent prey bacteria to locate and sort bacterivorous protozoa by flow cytometry. In order to overcome autofluorescence of the target organism and to clearly discern Tetrahymena with ingested prey vs. those without, a ratio of prey to host of at least 100:1 was determined to be preferable. Under these conditions, we successfully sorted the two populations using short 5–45 min exposures of the prey and verified the internalization of E. coli O157:H7 cells in protozoa by confocal microscopy. This technique can be easily adopted for environmental monitoring of rates of enteric pathogen destruction vs. protection in protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Hernlem
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Albany, CA, USA
| | - Subbarao V Ravva
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Albany, CA, USA
| | - Chester Z Sarreal
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Albany, CA, USA
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29
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Wang Q, You W, Li X, Yang Y, Liu L. Seasonal changes in the invertebrate community of granular activated carbon filters and control technologies. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 51:216-227. [PMID: 24268057 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Invertebrate colonization of granular activated carbon (GAC) filters in the waterworks is one of the most frequently occurring and least studied biological problems of water processing in China. A survey of invertebrate colonization of GAC filters was carried out weekly from October 2010 to December 2011 at a reservoir water treatment works in South China. Twenty-six kinds of invertebrates were observed. The abundance was as high as 5600ind.m(-3) with a mean of 860ind.m(-3). Large variations in abundance were observed among different seasons and before and after GAC filtration. The dominant organisms were rotifers and copepods. The average invertebrate abundance in the filtrate was 12-18.7 times of that in the pre-filtered water. Results showed that the GAC filters were colonized by invertebrates which may lead to a higher output of organisms in the filtrate than in the pre-filtered water. The invertebrate abundance in the GAC filters was statistically correlated with the water temperature. Seasonal patterns were observed. The invertebrate abundance grew faster in the spring and summer. Copepods were dominant in the summer while rotifers dominated in all other seasons of the year. There was a transition of small invertebrates (rotifers) gradually being substituted by larger invertebrates (copepods) from spring to summer. Control measures such as backwashing with chloric water, drying filter beds and soaking with saliferous water were implemented in the waterworks to reduce invertebrate abundances in the GAC filters. The results showed that soaking with saliferous water (99%, reduction in percent) was best but drying the filter beds (84%) was more economical. Soaking filter beds with 20g/L saliferous water for one day can be implemented in case of emergency. In order to keep invertebrate abundance in the acceptable range, some of these measures should be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Wei You
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Lijun Liu
- Shenzhen Water (Group) Co., Ltd, No. 1019, Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen 518031, PR China
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30
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Sterk A, Schijven J, de Nijs T, de Roda Husman AM. Direct and indirect effects of climate change on the risk of infection by water-transmitted pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12648-12660. [PMID: 24125400 DOI: 10.1021/es403549s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is likely to affect the infectious disease burden from exposure to pathogens in water used for drinking and recreation. Effective intervention measures require quantification of impacts of climate change on the distribution of pathogens in the environment and their potential effects on human health. Objectives of this systematic review were to summarize current knowledge available to estimate how climate change may directly and indirectly affect infection risks due to Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, norovirus, and Vibrio. Secondary objectives were to prioritize natural processes and interactions that are susceptible to climate change and to identify knowledge gaps. Search strategies were determined based on a conceptual model and scenarios with the main emphasis on The Netherlands. The literature search resulted in a large quantity of publications on climate variables affecting pathogen input and behavior in aquatic environments. However, not all processes and pathogens are evenly covered by the literature, and in many cases, the direction of change is still unclear. To make useful predictions of climate change, it is necessary to combine both negative and positive effects. This review provides an overview of the most important effects of climate change on human health and shows the importance of QMRA to quantify the net effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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31
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Accumulation and inactivation of avian influenza virus by the filter-feeding invertebrate Daphnia magna. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7249-55. [PMID: 24038705 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02439-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal mode of avian influenza A virus (AIV) transmission among wild birds is thought to occur via an indirect fecal-oral route, whereby individuals are exposed to virus from the environment through contact with virus-contaminated water. AIV can remain viable for an extended time in water; however, little is known regarding the influence of the biotic community (i.e., aquatic invertebrates) on virus persistence and infectivity in aquatic environments. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the ability of an aquatic filter-feeding invertebrate, Daphnia magna, to accumulate virus from AIV-dosed water under the hypothesis that they represent a potential vector of AIV to waterfowl hosts. We placed live daphnids in test tubes dosed with low-pathogenicity AIV (H3N8 subtype isolated from a wild duck) and sampled Daphnia tissue and the surrounding water using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3- to 120-min intervals for up to 960 min following dosing. Concentrations of viral RNA averaged 3 times higher in Daphnia tissue than the surrounding water shortly after viral exposure, but concentrations decreased exponentially through time for both. Extracts from Daphnia tissue were negative for AIV by cell culture, whereas AIV remained viable in water without Daphnia present. Our results suggest daphnids can accumulate AIV RNA and effectively remove virus particles from water. Although concentrations of viral RNA were consistently higher in Daphnia tissue than the water, additional research is needed on the time scale of AIV inactivation after Daphnia ingestion to fully elucidate Daphnia's role as a potential vector of AIV infection to aquatic birds.
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32
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van Lieverloo JHM, Hoogenboezem W, Veenendaal G, van der Kooij D. Variability of invertebrate abundance in drinking water distribution systems in the Netherlands in relation to biostability and sediment volumes. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:4918-32. [PMID: 22840474 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A survey of invertebrates in drinking water from treatment works, internal taps and hydrants on mains was carried out by almost all water companies in the Netherlands from September 1993 to August 1995. Aquatic sow bugs (Asellidae, 1-12 mm) and oligochaeta worms (Oligochaeta, 1-100 mm), both known to have caused rare though embarrassing consumer complaints, were found to form 98% of the mean biomass in water flushed from mains. Their numbers in the mains water ranged up to 1500 (mean 37) Asellidae m(-3) and up to 9900 (mean 135) Oligochaeta m(-3). Smaller crustaceans (0.5-2 mm) dominated the numbers in water from mains. e.g. water fleas (Cladocera and Copepoda up to 14,000 m(-3)). Common invertebrates in treated water and in tap water were Rotifera (<1 mm) and nematode worms (Nematoda, <2 mm). No Asellidae, large Oligochaeta (>5 mm) or other large invertebrates were found in 1560 samples of 200 l treated water or tap water. Large variations in invertebrate abundance were found within and between distribution systems. Of the variability of mean biomass in mains per system, 55%, 60% and 63% could statistically be explained by differences in the Biofilm Formation Rate, non-particulate organic matter and the permanganate index of the treated water of the treatment works respectively. A similar correlation was found between mean invertebrate biomass and mean sediment volumes in the distribution systems (R(2) = 52%).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hein M van Lieverloo
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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33
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First MR, Park NY, Berrang ME, Meinersmann RJ, Bernhard JM, Gast RJ, Hollibaugh JT. Ciliate ingestion and digestion: flow cytometric measurements and regrowth of a digestion-resistant Campylobacter jejuni. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2011; 59:12-9. [PMID: 22092598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We measured ingestion and digestion rates of the pathogenic bacterium Campylobacter jejuni by a freshwater ciliate Colpoda sp. to determine whether Campylobacter is able to resist protist digestion. Campylobacter and the nonpathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas putida LH1 were labeled with a 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate, which fluoresces in intact and active cells but fades when exposed to low pH environments, such as protistan food vacuoles. Ingestion and digestion rates were measured via flow cytometry as the change in ciliate fluorescence over time, which corresponded to the quantity of intracellular bacteria. The rate of Campylobacter ingestion exceeded the digestion rate. Ciliates retained labeled Campylobacter 5 h after ingestion was stopped. In contrast, ciliates grazing upon P. putida returned to baseline fluorescence within 5 h, indicating that P. putida were completely digested. The ability of intracellular Campylobacter to remain viable after ingestion was tested by sorting individual ciliates and bacterial cells into Campylobacter-selective media. Campylobacter growth occurred in 15% (± 5 SE) of wells seeded with highly fluorescent ciliates, whereas only 4% (± 1) of wells seeded with free-living Campylobacter exhibited growth. A key advantage of this approach is that it is rapid and should be applicable to other phagocytotis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R First
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
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Koubar M, Rodier MH, Garduño RA, Frère J. Passage through Tetrahymena tropicalis enhances the resistance to stress and the infectivity of Legionella pneumophila. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 325:10-5. [PMID: 22092856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative bacterium prevalent in fresh water which accidentally infects humans and is responsible for the disease called legionellosis. Intracellular growth of L. pneumophila in Tetrahymena is inconsistent; in the species Tetrahymena tropicalis stationary-phase forms (SPFs) of L. pneumophila differentiate into mature intracellular forms (MIFs) without apparent bacterial replication and are expelled from the ciliate as pellets containing numerous MIFS. In the present work, we tested the impact of L. pneumophila passage through T. tropicalis. We observed that MIFs released from T. tropicalis are more resistant to various stresses than SPFs. Under our conditions, MIFs harboured a higher gentamicin resistance, maintained even after 3 months as pellets. Long-term survival essays revealed that MIFs survived better in a nutrient-poor environment than SFPs, as a reduction of only about 3 logs was observed after 4 months in the MIF population, whereas no cultivable SPFs were detected after 3 months in the same medium, corresponding to a loss of about 7 logs. We have also observed that MIFs are significantly more infectious in human pneumocyte cells compared with SPFs. These results strongly suggest a potential role of ciliates in increasing the risk of legionellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Koubar
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Microbiologie de l'Eau, UMR CNRS 6008, Poitiers University, Poitiers, France
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35
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Otterholt E, Charnock C. Identification and phylogeny of the small eukaryote population of raw and drinking waters. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:2527-38. [PMID: 21382633 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Culture-dependent and -independent methods were used to investigate the small eukaryote composition of raw and finished waters in the Norwegian cities of Oslo, Tromsø, Fredrikstad and Oppegård. Probes with general applicability to the 18S rRNA genes of the small eukaryote consortium were used for PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and in the generation of clone libraries using the TOPO™ cloning and sequencing system. The chosen probes invariably gave a single band in agarose gel electrophoresis, indicating amplification of an area of similar size. DGGE and cloning analyses resolved the bands into components representing many unique amplicons. Diversity and composition in the collection were studied by DNA-sequencing, and visual examination of DGGE patterns. The cloning approach enabled the putative identification of a total of approximately 100 unique small eukaryotes. The major fraction of these represented ciliated and flagellated protozoal species. This was in keeping with the findings from protozoal cultivation. DNA from a number of multicellular eukaryotes was also detected. Amoebal and fungal DNA was rarely found. The latter may indicate a low incidence or a bias in the analysis technique. The population of small eukaryotes appears typical for pristine waters and no primary pathogens were detected by culture-independent techniques. However, the potentially pathogenic protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii was grown on one occasion from Oslo's drinking water. DGGE allowed the identification of fewer amplicons (by excision and sequencing of bands) than by the cloning-transformation approach. The DGGE analysis revealed clear similarities between the compositions of the raw and treated waters, indicating that cells or DNA in the raw water pass through the treatment trains. Protozoal culture and heterotrophic plate count analysis consistently revealed viable cells in both raw and treated waters in Oslo. This indicates that a fraction of the clone library represents eukaryotic species surviving the treatment trains. The analyses here presented represent the first published study of the general small eukaryotic fraction of the Capital's drinking water, and those of three other Norwegian cities. We suggest that DGGE profiles may have a value in judging physical treatment efficacy (removal of cells), but that direct cloning and sequencing studies is more amenable for characterization of uncultured microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Otterholt
- Department of Health Sciences, Oslo University College, Pilestredet 46, 0167 Oslo, Norway.
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36
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Thomas JM, Ashbolt NJ. Do free-living amoebae in treated drinking water systems present an emerging health risk? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:860-9. [PMID: 21194220 DOI: 10.1021/es102876y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an expanding body of evidence that free-living amoebae (FLA) increase both the numbers and virulence of water-based, human-pathogenic, amoeba-resisting microorganisms (ARM). Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., and other opportunistic human pathogens are known to be both ARM and also the etiologic agents of potentially fatal human lung infections. However, comparatively little is known about the FLA that may facilitate ARM growth in drinking water. This review examines the available literature on FLA in treated drinking water systems; in total 26 studies from 18 different countries. FLA were reported to breakthrough the water treatment barrier and enter distribution systems, in addition to the expected post-treatment system ingress. Once in the distribution system there is evidence of FLA colonization and regrowth especially in reservoirs and in-premise plumbing storage tanks. At the point of use the average FLA detection rate was 45% but highly variable (n = 16, σ = 31) due to both differences in both assay methods and the type of water systems examined. This review reveals that FLA are consistently detected in treated drinking water systems around the world and present a yet unquantified emerging health risk. However, more research is urgently required before accurate risks assessments can be undertaken to assess the impacts on human health, in households and institutions, due to exposure to FLA facilitated pathogenic ARM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Thomas
- Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 Australia.
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Dupuy M, Mazoua S, Berne F, Bodet C, Garrec N, Herbelin P, Ménard-Szczebara F, Oberti S, Rodier MH, Soreau S, Wallet F, Héchard Y. Efficiency of water disinfectants against Legionella pneumophila and Acanthamoeba. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1087-94. [PMID: 21093012 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae might be pathogenic by themselves and be a reservoir for bacterial pathogens, such as Legionella pneumophila. Not only could amoebae protect intra-cellular Legionella but Legionella grown within amoebae could undergo physiological modifications and become more resistant and more virulent. Therefore, it is important to study the efficiency of treatments on amoebae and Legionella grown within these amoebae to improve their application and to limit their impact on the environment. With this aim, we compared various water disinfectants against trophozoites of three Acanthamoeba strains and L. pneumophila alone or in co-culture. Three oxidizing disinfectants (chlorine, monochloramine, and chlorine dioxide) were assessed. All the samples were treated with disinfectants for 1 h and the disinfectant concentration was followed to calculate disinfectant exposure (Ct). We noticed that there were significant differences of susceptibility among the Acanthamoeba strains. However no difference was observed between infected and non-infected amoebae. Also, the comparison between the three disinfectants indicates that monochloramine was efficient at the same level towards free or co-cultured L. pneumophila while chlorine and chlorine dioxide were less efficient on co-cultured L. pneumophila. It suggests that these disinfectants should have different modes of action. Finally, our results provide for the first time disinfectant exposure values for Acanthamoeba treatments that might be used as references for disinfection of water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Dupuy
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Chimie et Microbiologie de l'Eau, CNRS UMR 6008, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
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Tang KW, Dziallas C, Grossart HP. Zooplankton and aggregates as refuge for aquatic bacteria: protection from UV, heat and ozone stresses used for water treatment. Environ Microbiol 2010; 13:378-90. [PMID: 20849447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2010.02335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aggregates and zooplankton may provide refuge for aquatic bacteria against external hazards. The ability of attached bacteria to survive and recover from stressors commonly used for water treatment was tested in the laboratory. Without zooplankton or aggregates, both UV and ozone significantly reduced abundance of free-living bacteria in both freshwater and marine medium. The presence of zooplankton carcasses and aggregates, however, allowed some of the attached bacteria to survive and recover quickly within 3 days. Heat exposure was the least effective as both free-living and attached bacteria were able to recover quickly. Selective survival of bacterial phylotypes led to large changes in bacterial community composition after stress exposures, and some of the bacteria that recovered belonged to groups with known pathogens. This study demonstrates that zooplankton and aggregates protected various aquatic bacteria from external stressors, and organic remains generated from zooplankton and aggregates after stress exposure even enabled the surviving bacteria to quickly regrow and subsequently be released into the surrounding water. Hence, water disinfection treatments that overlooked the potential persistence of bacteria associated with organisms and aggregates may not be effective in preventing the spread of undesirable bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam W Tang
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
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Megacities as sources for pathogenic bacteria in rivers and their fate downstream. Int J Microbiol 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20885968 PMCID: PMC2946570 DOI: 10.1155/2011/798292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor sanitation, poor treatments of waste water, as well as catastrophic floods introduce pathogenic bacteria into rivers, infecting and killing many people. The goal of clean water for everyone has to be achieved with a still growing human population and their rapid concentration in large cities, often megacities. How long introduced pathogens survive in rivers and what their niches are remain poorly known but essential to control water-borne diseases in megacities. Biofilms are often niches for various pathogens because they possess high resistances against environmental stress. They also facilitate gene transfers of antibiotic resistance genes which become an increasing health problem. Beside biofilms, amoebae are carriers of pathogenic bacteria and niches for their survival. An overview about our current understanding of the fate and niches of pathogens in rivers, the multitude of microbial community interactions, and the impact of severe flooding, a prerequisite to control pathogens in polluted rivers, is given.
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Morse TO, Morey SJ, Gunsch CK. Microbial inactivation of Pseudomonas putida and Pichia pastoris using gene silencing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:3293-3297. [PMID: 20364871 DOI: 10.1021/es901404a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Antisense deoxyoligonucleotide (ASO) gene silencing was investigated as a potential disinfection tool for industrial and drinking water treatment application. ASOs bind with their reverse complementary mRNA transcripts thereby blocking protein translation. While ASO silencing has mainly been studied in medicine, it may be useful for modulating gene expression and inactivating microorganisms in environmental applications. In this proof of concept work, gene targets were sh ble (zeocin resistance) and todE (catechol-2,3-dioxygenase) in Pichia pastoris and npt (kanamycin resistance) in Pseudomonas putida. A maximum 0.5-fold decrease in P. pastoris cell numbers was obtained following a 120 min incubation with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 200 nM as compared to the no ssDNA control. In P. putida, a maximum 5.2-fold decrease was obtained after 90 min with 400 nM ssDNA. While the silencing efficiencies varied for the 25 targets tested, these results suggest that protein activity as well as microbial growth can be altered using ASO gene silencing-based tools. If successful, this technology has the potential to eliminate some of the environmental and health issues associated with the use of strong chemical biocides. However, prior to its dissemination, more research is needed to increase silencing efficiency and develop effective delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Morse
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Hijnen WAM, Suylen GMH, Bahlman JA, Brouwer-Hanzens A, Medema GJ. GAC adsorption filters as barriers for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:1224-1234. [PMID: 19892384 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) adsorption filtration is commonly used in drinking water treatment to remove NOM and micro-pollutants and on base of the process conditions a certain capacity to eliminate pathogenic micro-organisms was expected. The experiences with the mandatory quantitative microbial risk assessment of Dutch drinking water revealed a lack of knowledge on the elimination capacity of this process for pathogens. The objective of the current study was to determine the capacity of GAC filtration to remove MS2, Escherichia coli and spores of Clostridium bifermentans as process indicators for pathogens and more directly of (oo)cysts of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Challenge tests with fresh and loaded GAC were performed in pilot plant GAC filters supplied with pre-treated surface water at a contact time which was half of the contact time of the full-scale GAC filters. MS2 phages were not removed and the removal of E. coli and the anaerobic spores was limited ranging from < or =0.1-1.1 log. The (oo)cysts of C. parvum and G. lamblia, however, were removed significantly (1.3-2.7 log). On base of the results of the experiments and the filtration conditions the removal of the indicator bacteria and (oo)cysts was largely attributed to attachment. The model of the Colloid Filtration Theory was used to describe the removal of the dosed biocolloids in the GAC filters, but the results demonstrated that there is a lack of quantitative knowledge about the influence of collector characteristics on the two major CFT parameters, the single collector and the sticking efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A M Hijnen
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, PO Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
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Bichai F, Barbeau B, Dullemont Y, Hijnen W. Role of predation by zooplankton in transport and fate of protozoan (oo)cysts in granular activated carbon filtration. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:1072-1081. [PMID: 19853879 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The significance of zooplankton in the transport and fate of pathogenic organisms in drinking water is poorly understood, although many hints of the role of predation in the persistence of microorganisms through water treatment processes can be found in literature. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of predation by natural zooplankton on the transport and fate of protozoan (oo)cysts in granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration process. UV-irradiated unlabelled Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia (oo)cysts were seeded into two pilot-scale GAC filtration columns operated under full-scale conditions. In a two-week period after seeding, a reduction of free (oo)cysts retained in the filter bed was observed. Zooplankton was isolated from the filter bed and effluent water on a 30 microm net before and during the two-week period after seeding; it was enumerated and identified. Rotifers, which are potential predators of (oo)cysts, accounted for the major part of the isolated zooplankton. Analytical methods were developed to detect (oo)cysts internalized in natural zooplankton isolated from the filter bed and effluent water. Sample sonication was optimized to disrupt zooplankton organisms and release internalized microorganisms. (Oo)cysts released from zooplankton after sonication were isolated by IMS and stained (EasyStain) for microscopic counting. Both Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts were detected in association with zooplankton in the filter bed samples as well as in the effluent of GAC filters. The results of this study suggest that predation by zooplankton can play a role in the remobilization of persistent pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia (oo)cysts retained in GAC filter beds, and consequently in the transmission of these pathogens in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Bichai
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, P.O. Box 6079, Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Pushkareva VI, Ermolaeva SA. Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor Listeriolysin O favors bacterial growth in co-culture with the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, causes protozoan encystment and promotes bacterial survival inside cysts. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:26. [PMID: 20109168 PMCID: PMC2827469 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gram-positive pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is widely spread in the nature. L. monocytogenes was reported to be isolated from soil, water, sewage and sludge. Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a L. monocytogenes major virulence factor. In the course of infection in mammals, LLO is required for intracellular survival and apoptosis induction in lymphocytes. In this study, we explored the potential of LLO to promote interactions between L. monocytogenes and the ubiquitous inhabitant of natural ecosystems bacteriovorous free-living ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Results Wild type L. monocytogenes reduced T. pyriformis trophozoite counts and stimulated encystment. The effects were observed starting from 48 h of co-incubation. On the day 14, trophozoites were eliminated from the co-culture while about 5 × 104 cells/ml remained in the axenic T. pyriformis culture. The deficient in the LLO-encoding hly gene L. monocytogenes strain failed to cause mortality among protozoa and to trigger protozoan encystment. Replenishment of the hly gene in the mutant strain restored toxicity towards protozoa and induction of protozoan encystment. The saprophytic non-haemolytic species L. innocua transformed with the LLO-expressing plasmid caused extensive mortality and encystment in ciliates. During the first week of co-incubation, LLO-producing L. monocytogenes demonstrated higher growth rates in association with T. pyriformis than the LLO-deficient isogenic strain. At latter stages of co-incubation bacterial counts were similar for both strains. T. pyriformis cysts infected with wild type L. monocytogenes caused listerial infection in guinea pigs upon ocular and oral inoculation. The infection was proved by bacterial plating from the internal organs. Conclusions The L. monocytogenes virulence factor LLO promotes bacterial survival and growth in the presence of bacteriovorous ciliate T. pyriformis. LLO is responsible for L. monocytogenes toxicity for protozoa and induction of protozoan encystment. L. monocytogenes entrapped in cysts remained viable and virulent. In whole, LLO activity seems to support bacterial survival in the natural habitat outside of a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina I Pushkareva
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Poitelon JB, Joyeux M, Welté B, Duguet JP, Peplies J, DuBow MS. Identification and phylogeny of eukaryotic 18S rDNA phylotypes detected in chlorinated finished drinking water samples from three Parisian surface water treatment plants. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:589-95. [PMID: 19793192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We performed a preliminary assessment of the eukaryotic 18S rDNA diversity present in finished drinking water samples from three different surface water treatment plants supplying water to the city of Paris (France). METHODS AND RESULTS A molecular analysis was performed on a sample from each site based on sequencing of PCR amplified and cloned 18S ribosomal RNA genes. Overall, the 18S rDNA sequences combined from all samples could be affiliated to the Amoebozoa (20.8% of the phylotypes), Ciliophora (25%), Metazoa (33.3%), Fungi (8.3%), Cercozoa (4.2%) and unclassified eukaryotes (8.3%) groups. CONCLUSIONS The 18S rDNA sequences affiliated to the Amoebozoa, Ciliophora and Metazoa lineages were found to be the most abundant phylotypes observed in the drinking water samples. Phylotypes found to be present in two, or all three, samples (41.7% of the total) may represent groups with members adapted to drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) ecosystem conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study shows that finished drinking water can contain 18S rDNA sequences representing a variety of eukaryotic taxa. Further research is needed to better characterize the eukaryotic biodiversity of DWTPs and the effects of the finished drinking water diversity on the downstream water distribution network.
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Recent advances in the microbial safety of fresh fruits and vegetables. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2009; 57:155-208. [PMID: 19595387 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(09)57004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illness outbreaks linked to fresh produce are becoming more frequent and widespread. High impact outbreaks, such as that associated with spinach contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, resulted in almost 200 cases of foodborne illness across North America and >$300 m market losses. Over the last decade there has been intensive research into gaining an understanding on the interactions of human pathogens with plants and how microbiological safety of fresh produce can be improved. The following review will provide an update on the food safety issues linked to fresh produce. An overview of recent foodborne illness outbreaks linked to fresh produce. The types of human pathogens encountered will be described and how they can be transferred from their normal animal or human host to fresh produce. The interaction of human pathogens with growing plants will be discussed, in addition to novel intervention methods to enhance the microbiological safety of fresh produce.
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